dadapush_client 1.0.0 → 1.0.1

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.3.0/gems/addressable-2.5.2/lib/addressable/uri.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2492 @@
+# encoding:utf-8
+#--
+# Copyright (C) Bob Aman
+#
+#    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#    limitations under the License.
+#++
+
+
+require "addressable/version"
+require "addressable/idna"
+require "public_suffix"
+
+##
+# Addressable is a library for processing links and URIs.
+module Addressable
+  ##
+  # This is an implementation of a URI parser based on
+  # <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">RFC 3986</a>,
+  # <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">RFC 3987</a>.
+  class URI
+    ##
+    # Raised if something other than a uri is supplied.
+    class InvalidURIError < StandardError
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Container for the character classes specified in
+    # <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">RFC 3986</a>.
+    module CharacterClasses
+      ALPHA = "a-zA-Z"
+      DIGIT = "0-9"
+      GEN_DELIMS = "\\:\\/\\?\\#\\[\\]\\@"
+      SUB_DELIMS = "\\!\\$\\&\\'\\(\\)\\*\\+\\,\\;\\="
+      RESERVED = GEN_DELIMS + SUB_DELIMS
+      UNRESERVED = ALPHA + DIGIT + "\\-\\.\\_\\~"
+      PCHAR = UNRESERVED + SUB_DELIMS + "\\:\\@"
+      SCHEME = ALPHA + DIGIT + "\\-\\+\\."
+      HOST = UNRESERVED + SUB_DELIMS + "\\[\\:\\]"
+      AUTHORITY = PCHAR
+      PATH = PCHAR + "\\/"
+      QUERY = PCHAR + "\\/\\?"
+      FRAGMENT = PCHAR + "\\/\\?"
+    end
+
+    SLASH = '/'
+    EMPTY_STR = ''
+
+    URIREGEX = /^(([^:\/?#]+):)?(\/\/([^\/?#]*))?([^?#]*)(\?([^#]*))?(#(.*))?$/
+
+    PORT_MAPPING = {
+      "http" => 80,
+      "https" => 443,
+      "ftp" => 21,
+      "tftp" => 69,
+      "sftp" => 22,
+      "ssh" => 22,
+      "svn+ssh" => 22,
+      "telnet" => 23,
+      "nntp" => 119,
+      "gopher" => 70,
+      "wais" => 210,
+      "ldap" => 389,
+      "prospero" => 1525
+    }
+
+    ##
+    # Returns a URI object based on the parsed string.
+    #
+    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] uri
+    #   The URI string to parse.
+    #   No parsing is performed if the object is already an
+    #   <code>Addressable::URI</code>.
+    #
+    # @return [Addressable::URI] The parsed URI.
+    def self.parse(uri)
+      # If we were given nil, return nil.
+      return nil unless uri
+      # If a URI object is passed, just return itself.
+      return uri.dup if uri.kind_of?(self)
+
+      # If a URI object of the Ruby standard library variety is passed,
+      # convert it to a string, then parse the string.
+      # We do the check this way because we don't want to accidentally
+      # cause a missing constant exception to be thrown.
+      if uri.class.name =~ /^URI\b/
+        uri = uri.to_s
+      end
+
+      # Otherwise, convert to a String
+      begin
+        uri = uri.to_str
+      rescue TypeError, NoMethodError
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{uri.class} into String."
+      end if not uri.is_a? String
+
+      # This Regexp supplied as an example in RFC 3986, and it works great.
+      scan = uri.scan(URIREGEX)
+      fragments = scan[0]
+      scheme = fragments[1]
+      authority = fragments[3]
+      path = fragments[4]
+      query = fragments[6]
+      fragment = fragments[8]
+      user = nil
+      password = nil
+      host = nil
+      port = nil
+      if authority != nil
+        # The Regexp above doesn't split apart the authority.
+        userinfo = authority[/^([^\[\]]*)@/, 1]
+        if userinfo != nil
+          user = userinfo.strip[/^([^:]*):?/, 1]
+          password = userinfo.strip[/:(.*)$/, 1]
+        end
+        host = authority.gsub(
+          /^([^\[\]]*)@/, EMPTY_STR
+        ).gsub(
+          /:([^:@\[\]]*?)$/, EMPTY_STR
+        )
+        port = authority[/:([^:@\[\]]*?)$/, 1]
+      end
+      if port == EMPTY_STR
+        port = nil
+      end
+
+      return new(
+        :scheme => scheme,
+        :user => user,
+        :password => password,
+        :host => host,
+        :port => port,
+        :path => path,
+        :query => query,
+        :fragment => fragment
+      )
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Converts an input to a URI. The input does not have to be a valid
+    # URI — the method will use heuristics to guess what URI was intended.
+    # This is not standards-compliant, merely user-friendly.
+    #
+    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] uri
+    #   The URI string to parse.
+    #   No parsing is performed if the object is already an
+    #   <code>Addressable::URI</code>.
+    # @param [Hash] hints
+    #   A <code>Hash</code> of hints to the heuristic parser.
+    #   Defaults to <code>{:scheme => "http"}</code>.
+    #
+    # @return [Addressable::URI] The parsed URI.
+    def self.heuristic_parse(uri, hints={})
+      # If we were given nil, return nil.
+      return nil unless uri
+      # If a URI object is passed, just return itself.
+      return uri.dup if uri.kind_of?(self)
+
+      # If a URI object of the Ruby standard library variety is passed,
+      # convert it to a string, then parse the string.
+      # We do the check this way because we don't want to accidentally
+      # cause a missing constant exception to be thrown.
+      if uri.class.name =~ /^URI\b/
+        uri = uri.to_s
+      end
+
+      if !uri.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{uri.class} into String."
+      end
+      # Otherwise, convert to a String
+      uri = uri.to_str.dup.strip
+      hints = {
+        :scheme => "http"
+      }.merge(hints)
+      case uri
+      when /^http:\/+/
+        uri.gsub!(/^http:\/+/, "http://")
+      when /^https:\/+/
+        uri.gsub!(/^https:\/+/, "https://")
+      when /^feed:\/+http:\/+/
+        uri.gsub!(/^feed:\/+http:\/+/, "feed:http://")
+      when /^feed:\/+/
+        uri.gsub!(/^feed:\/+/, "feed://")
+      when /^file:\/+/
+        uri.gsub!(/^file:\/+/, "file:///")
+      when /^\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}/
+        uri.gsub!(/^/, hints[:scheme] + "://")
+      end
+      match = uri.match(URIREGEX)
+      fragments = match.captures
+      authority = fragments[3]
+      if authority && authority.length > 0
+        new_authority = authority.gsub(/\\/, '/').gsub(/ /, '%20')
+        # NOTE: We want offset 4, not 3!
+        offset = match.offset(4)
+        uri[offset[0]...offset[1]] = new_authority
+      end
+      parsed = self.parse(uri)
+      if parsed.scheme =~ /^[^\/?#\.]+\.[^\/?#]+$/
+        parsed = self.parse(hints[:scheme] + "://" + uri)
+      end
+      if parsed.path.include?(".")
+        new_host = parsed.path[/^([^\/]+\.[^\/]*)/, 1]
+        if new_host
+          parsed.defer_validation do
+            new_path = parsed.path.gsub(
+              Regexp.new("^" + Regexp.escape(new_host)), EMPTY_STR)
+            parsed.host = new_host
+            parsed.path = new_path
+            parsed.scheme = hints[:scheme] unless parsed.scheme
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      return parsed
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Converts a path to a file scheme URI. If the path supplied is
+    # relative, it will be returned as a relative URI. If the path supplied
+    # is actually a non-file URI, it will parse the URI as if it had been
+    # parsed with <code>Addressable::URI.parse</code>. Handles all of the
+    # various Microsoft-specific formats for specifying paths.
+    #
+    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] path
+    #   Typically a <code>String</code> path to a file or directory, but
+    #   will return a sensible return value if an absolute URI is supplied
+    #   instead.
+    #
+    # @return [Addressable::URI]
+    #   The parsed file scheme URI or the original URI if some other URI
+    #   scheme was provided.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   base = Addressable::URI.convert_path("/absolute/path/")
+    #   uri = Addressable::URI.convert_path("relative/path")
+    #   (base + uri).to_s
+    #   #=> "file:///absolute/path/relative/path"
+    #
+    #   Addressable::URI.convert_path(
+    #     "c:\\windows\\My Documents 100%20\\foo.txt"
+    #   ).to_s
+    #   #=> "file:///c:/windows/My%20Documents%20100%20/foo.txt"
+    #
+    #   Addressable::URI.convert_path("http://example.com/").to_s
+    #   #=> "http://example.com/"
+    def self.convert_path(path)
+      # If we were given nil, return nil.
+      return nil unless path
+      # If a URI object is passed, just return itself.
+      return path if path.kind_of?(self)
+      if !path.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{path.class} into String."
+      end
+      # Otherwise, convert to a String
+      path = path.to_str.strip
+
+      path.gsub!(/^file:\/?\/?/, EMPTY_STR) if path =~ /^file:\/?\/?/
+      path = SLASH + path if path =~ /^([a-zA-Z])[\|:]/
+      uri = self.parse(path)
+
+      if uri.scheme == nil
+        # Adjust windows-style uris
+        uri.path.gsub!(/^\/?([a-zA-Z])[\|:][\\\/]/) do
+          "/#{$1.downcase}:/"
+        end
+        uri.path.gsub!(/\\/, SLASH)
+        if File.exist?(uri.path) &&
+            File.stat(uri.path).directory?
+          uri.path.gsub!(/\/$/, EMPTY_STR)
+          uri.path = uri.path + '/'
+        end
+
+        # If the path is absolute, set the scheme and host.
+        if uri.path =~ /^\//
+          uri.scheme = "file"
+          uri.host = EMPTY_STR
+        end
+        uri.normalize!
+      end
+
+      return uri
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Joins several URIs together.
+    #
+    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] *uris
+    #   The URIs to join.
+    #
+    # @return [Addressable::URI] The joined URI.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   base = "http://example.com/"
+    #   uri = Addressable::URI.parse("relative/path")
+    #   Addressable::URI.join(base, uri)
+    #   #=> #<Addressable::URI:0xcab390 URI:http://example.com/relative/path>
+    def self.join(*uris)
+      uri_objects = uris.collect do |uri|
+        if !uri.respond_to?(:to_str)
+          raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{uri.class} into String."
+        end
+        uri.kind_of?(self) ? uri : self.parse(uri.to_str)
+      end
+      result = uri_objects.shift.dup
+      for uri in uri_objects
+        result.join!(uri)
+      end
+      return result
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Percent encodes a URI component.
+    #
+    # @param [String, #to_str] component The URI component to encode.
+    #
+    # @param [String, Regexp] character_class
+    #   The characters which are not percent encoded. If a <code>String</code>
+    #   is passed, the <code>String</code> must be formatted as a regular
+    #   expression character class. (Do not include the surrounding square
+    #   brackets.)  For example, <code>"b-zB-Z0-9"</code> would cause
+    #   everything but the letters 'b' through 'z' and the numbers '0' through
+    #  '9' to be percent encoded. If a <code>Regexp</code> is passed, the
+    #   value <code>/[^b-zB-Z0-9]/</code> would have the same effect. A set of
+    #   useful <code>String</code> values may be found in the
+    #   <code>Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses</code> module. The default
+    #   value is the reserved plus unreserved character classes specified in
+    #   <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">RFC 3986</a>.
+    #
+    # @param [Regexp] upcase_encoded
+    #   A string of characters that may already be percent encoded, and whose
+    #   encodings should be upcased. This allows normalization of percent
+    #   encodings for characters not included in the
+    #   <code>character_class</code>.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The encoded component.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   Addressable::URI.encode_component("simple/example", "b-zB-Z0-9")
+    #   => "simple%2Fex%61mple"
+    #   Addressable::URI.encode_component("simple/example", /[^b-zB-Z0-9]/)
+    #   => "simple%2Fex%61mple"
+    #   Addressable::URI.encode_component(
+    #     "simple/example", Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
+    #   )
+    #   => "simple%2Fexample"
+    def self.encode_component(component, character_class=
+        CharacterClasses::RESERVED + CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED,
+        upcase_encoded='')
+      return nil if component.nil?
+
+      begin
+        if component.kind_of?(Symbol) ||
+            component.kind_of?(Numeric) ||
+            component.kind_of?(TrueClass) ||
+            component.kind_of?(FalseClass)
+          component = component.to_s
+        else
+          component = component.to_str
+        end
+      rescue TypeError, NoMethodError
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{component.class} into String."
+      end if !component.is_a? String
+
+      if ![String, Regexp].include?(character_class.class)
+        raise TypeError,
+          "Expected String or Regexp, got #{character_class.inspect}"
+      end
+      if character_class.kind_of?(String)
+        character_class = /[^#{character_class}]/
+      end
+      # We can't perform regexps on invalid UTF sequences, but
+      # here we need to, so switch to ASCII.
+      component = component.dup
+      component.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+      # Avoiding gsub! because there are edge cases with frozen strings
+      component = component.gsub(character_class) do |sequence|
+        (sequence.unpack('C*').map { |c| "%" + ("%02x" % c).upcase }).join
+      end
+      if upcase_encoded.length > 0
+        component = component.gsub(/%(#{upcase_encoded.chars.map do |char|
+          char.unpack('C*').map { |c| '%02x' % c }.join
+        end.join('|')})/i) { |s| s.upcase }
+      end
+      return component
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      alias_method :encode_component, :encode_component
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Unencodes any percent encoded characters within a URI component.
+    # This method may be used for unencoding either components or full URIs,
+    # however, it is recommended to use the <code>unencode_component</code>
+    # alias when unencoding components.
+    #
+    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] uri
+    #   The URI or component to unencode.
+    #
+    # @param [Class] return_type
+    #   The type of object to return.
+    #   This value may only be set to <code>String</code> or
+    #   <code>Addressable::URI</code>. All other values are invalid. Defaults
+    #   to <code>String</code>.
+    #
+    # @param [String] leave_encoded
+    #   A string of characters to leave encoded. If a percent encoded character
+    #   in this list is encountered then it will remain percent encoded.
+    #
+    # @return [String, Addressable::URI]
+    #   The unencoded component or URI.
+    #   The return type is determined by the <code>return_type</code>
+    #   parameter.
+    def self.unencode(uri, return_type=String, leave_encoded='')
+      return nil if uri.nil?
+
+      begin
+        uri = uri.to_str
+      rescue NoMethodError, TypeError
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{uri.class} into String."
+      end if !uri.is_a? String
+      if ![String, ::Addressable::URI].include?(return_type)
+        raise TypeError,
+          "Expected Class (String or Addressable::URI), " +
+          "got #{return_type.inspect}"
+      end
+      uri = uri.dup
+      # Seriously, only use UTF-8. I'm really not kidding!
+      uri.force_encoding("utf-8")
+      leave_encoded = leave_encoded.dup.force_encoding("utf-8")
+      result = uri.gsub(/%[0-9a-f]{2}/iu) do |sequence|
+        c = sequence[1..3].to_i(16).chr
+        c.force_encoding("utf-8")
+        leave_encoded.include?(c) ? sequence : c
+      end
+      result.force_encoding("utf-8")
+      if return_type == String
+        return result
+      elsif return_type == ::Addressable::URI
+        return ::Addressable::URI.parse(result)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      alias_method :unescape, :unencode
+      alias_method :unencode_component, :unencode
+      alias_method :unescape_component, :unencode
+    end
+
+
+    ##
+    # Normalizes the encoding of a URI component.
+    #
+    # @param [String, #to_str] component The URI component to encode.
+    #
+    # @param [String, Regexp] character_class
+    #   The characters which are not percent encoded. If a <code>String</code>
+    #   is passed, the <code>String</code> must be formatted as a regular
+    #   expression character class. (Do not include the surrounding square
+    #   brackets.)  For example, <code>"b-zB-Z0-9"</code> would cause
+    #   everything but the letters 'b' through 'z' and the numbers '0'
+    #   through '9' to be percent encoded. If a <code>Regexp</code> is passed,
+    #   the value <code>/[^b-zB-Z0-9]/</code> would have the same effect. A
+    #   set of useful <code>String</code> values may be found in the
+    #   <code>Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses</code> module. The default
+    #   value is the reserved plus unreserved character classes specified in
+    #   <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">RFC 3986</a>.
+    #
+    # @param [String] leave_encoded
+    #   When <code>character_class</code> is a <code>String</code> then
+    #   <code>leave_encoded</code> is a string of characters that should remain
+    #   percent encoded while normalizing the component; if they appear percent
+    #   encoded in the original component, then they will be upcased ("%2f"
+    #   normalized to "%2F") but otherwise left alone.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The normalized component.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   Addressable::URI.normalize_component("simpl%65/%65xampl%65", "b-zB-Z")
+    #   => "simple%2Fex%61mple"
+    #   Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
+    #     "simpl%65/%65xampl%65", /[^b-zB-Z]/
+    #   )
+    #   => "simple%2Fex%61mple"
+    #   Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
+    #     "simpl%65/%65xampl%65",
+    #     Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
+    #   )
+    #   => "simple%2Fexample"
+    #   Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
+    #     "one%20two%2fthree%26four",
+    #     "0-9a-zA-Z &/",
+    #     "/"
+    #   )
+    #   => "one two%2Fthree&four"
+    def self.normalize_component(component, character_class=
+        CharacterClasses::RESERVED + CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED,
+        leave_encoded='')
+      return nil if component.nil?
+
+      begin
+        component = component.to_str
+      rescue NoMethodError, TypeError
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{component.class} into String."
+      end if !component.is_a? String
+
+      if ![String, Regexp].include?(character_class.class)
+        raise TypeError,
+          "Expected String or Regexp, got #{character_class.inspect}"
+      end
+      if character_class.kind_of?(String)
+        leave_re = if leave_encoded.length > 0
+          character_class = "#{character_class}%" unless character_class.include?('%')
+
+          "|%(?!#{leave_encoded.chars.map do |char|
+            seq = char.unpack('C*').map { |c| '%02x' % c }.join
+            [seq.upcase, seq.downcase]
+          end.flatten.join('|')})"
+        end
+
+        character_class = /[^#{character_class}]#{leave_re}/
+      end
+      # We can't perform regexps on invalid UTF sequences, but
+      # here we need to, so switch to ASCII.
+      component = component.dup
+      component.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+      unencoded = self.unencode_component(component, String, leave_encoded)
+      begin
+        encoded = self.encode_component(
+          Addressable::IDNA.unicode_normalize_kc(unencoded),
+          character_class,
+          leave_encoded
+        )
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        encoded = self.encode_component(unencoded)
+      end
+      encoded.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
+      return encoded
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Percent encodes any special characters in the URI.
+    #
+    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] uri
+    #   The URI to encode.
+    #
+    # @param [Class] return_type
+    #   The type of object to return.
+    #   This value may only be set to <code>String</code> or
+    #   <code>Addressable::URI</code>. All other values are invalid. Defaults
+    #   to <code>String</code>.
+    #
+    # @return [String, Addressable::URI]
+    #   The encoded URI.
+    #   The return type is determined by the <code>return_type</code>
+    #   parameter.
+    def self.encode(uri, return_type=String)
+      return nil if uri.nil?
+
+      begin
+        uri = uri.to_str
+      rescue NoMethodError, TypeError
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{uri.class} into String."
+      end if !uri.is_a? String
+
+      if ![String, ::Addressable::URI].include?(return_type)
+        raise TypeError,
+          "Expected Class (String or Addressable::URI), " +
+          "got #{return_type.inspect}"
+      end
+      uri_object = uri.kind_of?(self) ? uri : self.parse(uri)
+      encoded_uri = Addressable::URI.new(
+        :scheme => self.encode_component(uri_object.scheme,
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::SCHEME),
+        :authority => self.encode_component(uri_object.authority,
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::AUTHORITY),
+        :path => self.encode_component(uri_object.path,
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::PATH),
+        :query => self.encode_component(uri_object.query,
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::QUERY),
+        :fragment => self.encode_component(uri_object.fragment,
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::FRAGMENT)
+      )
+      if return_type == String
+        return encoded_uri.to_s
+      elsif return_type == ::Addressable::URI
+        return encoded_uri
+      end
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      alias_method :escape, :encode
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Normalizes the encoding of a URI. Characters within a hostname are
+    # not percent encoded to allow for internationalized domain names.
+    #
+    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] uri
+    #   The URI to encode.
+    #
+    # @param [Class] return_type
+    #   The type of object to return.
+    #   This value may only be set to <code>String</code> or
+    #   <code>Addressable::URI</code>. All other values are invalid. Defaults
+    #   to <code>String</code>.
+    #
+    # @return [String, Addressable::URI]
+    #   The encoded URI.
+    #   The return type is determined by the <code>return_type</code>
+    #   parameter.
+    def self.normalized_encode(uri, return_type=String)
+      begin
+        uri = uri.to_str
+      rescue NoMethodError, TypeError
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{uri.class} into String."
+      end if !uri.is_a? String
+
+      if ![String, ::Addressable::URI].include?(return_type)
+        raise TypeError,
+          "Expected Class (String or Addressable::URI), " +
+          "got #{return_type.inspect}"
+      end
+      uri_object = uri.kind_of?(self) ? uri : self.parse(uri)
+      components = {
+        :scheme => self.unencode_component(uri_object.scheme),
+        :user => self.unencode_component(uri_object.user),
+        :password => self.unencode_component(uri_object.password),
+        :host => self.unencode_component(uri_object.host),
+        :port => (uri_object.port.nil? ? nil : uri_object.port.to_s),
+        :path => self.unencode_component(uri_object.path),
+        :query => self.unencode_component(uri_object.query),
+        :fragment => self.unencode_component(uri_object.fragment)
+      }
+      components.each do |key, value|
+        if value != nil
+          begin
+            components[key] =
+              Addressable::IDNA.unicode_normalize_kc(value.to_str)
+          rescue ArgumentError
+            # Likely a malformed UTF-8 character, skip unicode normalization
+            components[key] = value.to_str
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      encoded_uri = Addressable::URI.new(
+        :scheme => self.encode_component(components[:scheme],
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::SCHEME),
+        :user => self.encode_component(components[:user],
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED),
+        :password => self.encode_component(components[:password],
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED),
+        :host => components[:host],
+        :port => components[:port],
+        :path => self.encode_component(components[:path],
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::PATH),
+        :query => self.encode_component(components[:query],
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::QUERY),
+        :fragment => self.encode_component(components[:fragment],
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::FRAGMENT)
+      )
+      if return_type == String
+        return encoded_uri.to_s
+      elsif return_type == ::Addressable::URI
+        return encoded_uri
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Encodes a set of key/value pairs according to the rules for the
+    # <code>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</code> MIME type.
+    #
+    # @param [#to_hash, #to_ary] form_values
+    #   The form values to encode.
+    #
+    # @param [TrueClass, FalseClass] sort
+    #   Sort the key/value pairs prior to encoding.
+    #   Defaults to <code>false</code>.
+    #
+    # @return [String]
+    #   The encoded value.
+    def self.form_encode(form_values, sort=false)
+      if form_values.respond_to?(:to_hash)
+        form_values = form_values.to_hash.to_a
+      elsif form_values.respond_to?(:to_ary)
+        form_values = form_values.to_ary
+      else
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{form_values.class} into Array."
+      end
+
+      form_values = form_values.inject([]) do |accu, (key, value)|
+        if value.kind_of?(Array)
+          value.each do |v|
+            accu << [key.to_s, v.to_s]
+          end
+        else
+          accu << [key.to_s, value.to_s]
+        end
+        accu
+      end
+
+      if sort
+        # Useful for OAuth and optimizing caching systems
+        form_values = form_values.sort
+      end
+      escaped_form_values = form_values.map do |(key, value)|
+        # Line breaks are CRLF pairs
+        [
+          self.encode_component(
+            key.gsub(/(\r\n|\n|\r)/, "\r\n"),
+            CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
+          ).gsub("%20", "+"),
+          self.encode_component(
+            value.gsub(/(\r\n|\n|\r)/, "\r\n"),
+            CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
+          ).gsub("%20", "+")
+        ]
+      end
+      return escaped_form_values.map do |(key, value)|
+        "#{key}=#{value}"
+      end.join("&")
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Decodes a <code>String</code> according to the rules for the
+    # <code>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</code> MIME type.
+    #
+    # @param [String, #to_str] encoded_value
+    #   The form values to decode.
+    #
+    # @return [Array]
+    #   The decoded values.
+    #   This is not a <code>Hash</code> because of the possibility for
+    #   duplicate keys.
+    def self.form_unencode(encoded_value)
+      if !encoded_value.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{encoded_value.class} into String."
+      end
+      encoded_value = encoded_value.to_str
+      split_values = encoded_value.split("&").map do |pair|
+        pair.split("=", 2)
+      end
+      return split_values.map do |(key, value)|
+        [
+          key ? self.unencode_component(
+            key.gsub("+", "%20")).gsub(/(\r\n|\n|\r)/, "\n") : nil,
+          value ? (self.unencode_component(
+            value.gsub("+", "%20")).gsub(/(\r\n|\n|\r)/, "\n")) : nil
+        ]
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Creates a new uri object from component parts.
+    #
+    # @option [String, #to_str] scheme The scheme component.
+    # @option [String, #to_str] user The user component.
+    # @option [String, #to_str] password The password component.
+    # @option [String, #to_str] userinfo
+    #   The userinfo component. If this is supplied, the user and password
+    #   components must be omitted.
+    # @option [String, #to_str] host The host component.
+    # @option [String, #to_str] port The port component.
+    # @option [String, #to_str] authority
+    #   The authority component. If this is supplied, the user, password,
+    #   userinfo, host, and port components must be omitted.
+    # @option [String, #to_str] path The path component.
+    # @option [String, #to_str] query The query component.
+    # @option [String, #to_str] fragment The fragment component.
+    #
+    # @return [Addressable::URI] The constructed URI object.
+    def initialize(options={})
+      if options.has_key?(:authority)
+        if (options.keys & [:userinfo, :user, :password, :host, :port]).any?
+          raise ArgumentError,
+            "Cannot specify both an authority and any of the components " +
+            "within the authority."
+        end
+      end
+      if options.has_key?(:userinfo)
+        if (options.keys & [:user, :password]).any?
+          raise ArgumentError,
+            "Cannot specify both a userinfo and either the user or password."
+        end
+      end
+
+      self.defer_validation do
+        # Bunch of crazy logic required because of the composite components
+        # like userinfo and authority.
+        self.scheme = options[:scheme] if options[:scheme]
+        self.user = options[:user] if options[:user]
+        self.password = options[:password] if options[:password]
+        self.userinfo = options[:userinfo] if options[:userinfo]
+        self.host = options[:host] if options[:host]
+        self.port = options[:port] if options[:port]
+        self.authority = options[:authority] if options[:authority]
+        self.path = options[:path] if options[:path]
+        self.query = options[:query] if options[:query]
+        self.query_values = options[:query_values] if options[:query_values]
+        self.fragment = options[:fragment] if options[:fragment]
+      end
+      self.to_s
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Freeze URI, initializing instance variables.
+    #
+    # @return [Addressable::URI] The frozen URI object.
+    def freeze
+      self.normalized_scheme
+      self.normalized_user
+      self.normalized_password
+      self.normalized_userinfo
+      self.normalized_host
+      self.normalized_port
+      self.normalized_authority
+      self.normalized_site
+      self.normalized_path
+      self.normalized_query
+      self.normalized_fragment
+      self.hash
+      super
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The scheme component for this URI.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The scheme component.
+    def scheme
+      return defined?(@scheme) ? @scheme : nil
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The scheme component for this URI, normalized.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The scheme component, normalized.
+    def normalized_scheme
+      return nil unless self.scheme
+      @normalized_scheme ||= begin
+        if self.scheme =~ /^\s*ssh\+svn\s*$/i
+          "svn+ssh".dup
+        else
+          Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
+            self.scheme.strip.downcase,
+            Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::SCHEME
+          )
+        end
+      end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      @normalized_scheme.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8) if @normalized_scheme
+      @normalized_scheme
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Sets the scheme component for this URI.
+    #
+    # @param [String, #to_str] new_scheme The new scheme component.
+    def scheme=(new_scheme)
+      if new_scheme && !new_scheme.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_scheme.class} into String."
+      elsif new_scheme
+        new_scheme = new_scheme.to_str
+      end
+      if new_scheme && new_scheme !~ /\A[a-z][a-z0-9\.\+\-]*\z/i
+        raise InvalidURIError, "Invalid scheme format: #{new_scheme}"
+      end
+      @scheme = new_scheme
+      @scheme = nil if @scheme.to_s.strip.empty?
+
+      # Reset dependent values
+      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_scheme) if defined?(@normalized_scheme)
+      remove_composite_values
+
+      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
+      validate()
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The user component for this URI.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The user component.
+    def user
+      return defined?(@user) ? @user : nil
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The user component for this URI, normalized.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The user component, normalized.
+    def normalized_user
+      return nil unless self.user
+      return @normalized_user if defined?(@normalized_user)
+      @normalized_user ||= begin
+        if normalized_scheme =~ /https?/ && self.user.strip.empty? &&
+            (!self.password || self.password.strip.empty?)
+          nil
+        else
+          Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
+            self.user.strip,
+            Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
+          )
+        end
+      end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      @normalized_user.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8) if @normalized_user
+      @normalized_user
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Sets the user component for this URI.
+    #
+    # @param [String, #to_str] new_user The new user component.
+    def user=(new_user)
+      if new_user && !new_user.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_user.class} into String."
+      end
+      @user = new_user ? new_user.to_str : nil
+
+      # You can't have a nil user with a non-nil password
+      if password != nil
+        @user = EMPTY_STR if @user.nil?
+      end
+
+      # Reset dependent values
+      remove_instance_variable(:@userinfo) if defined?(@userinfo)
+      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_userinfo) if defined?(@normalized_userinfo)
+      remove_instance_variable(:@authority) if defined?(@authority)
+      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_user) if defined?(@normalized_user)
+      remove_composite_values
+
+      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
+      validate()
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The password component for this URI.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The password component.
+    def password
+      return defined?(@password) ? @password : nil
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The password component for this URI, normalized.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The password component, normalized.
+    def normalized_password
+      return nil unless self.password
+      return @normalized_password if defined?(@normalized_password)
+      @normalized_password ||= begin
+        if self.normalized_scheme =~ /https?/ && self.password.strip.empty? &&
+            (!self.user || self.user.strip.empty?)
+          nil
+        else
+          Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
+            self.password.strip,
+            Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
+          )
+        end
+      end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      if @normalized_password
+        @normalized_password.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
+      end
+      @normalized_password
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Sets the password component for this URI.
+    #
+    # @param [String, #to_str] new_password The new password component.
+    def password=(new_password)
+      if new_password && !new_password.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_password.class} into String."
+      end
+      @password = new_password ? new_password.to_str : nil
+
+      # You can't have a nil user with a non-nil password
+      @password ||= nil
+      @user ||= nil
+      if @password != nil
+        @user = EMPTY_STR if @user.nil?
+      end
+
+      # Reset dependent values
+      remove_instance_variable(:@userinfo) if defined?(@userinfo)
+      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_userinfo) if defined?(@normalized_userinfo)
+      remove_instance_variable(:@authority) if defined?(@authority)
+      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_password) if defined?(@normalized_password)
+      remove_composite_values
+
+      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
+      validate()
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The userinfo component for this URI.
+    # Combines the user and password components.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The userinfo component.
+    def userinfo
+      current_user = self.user
+      current_password = self.password
+      (current_user || current_password) && @userinfo ||= begin
+        if current_user && current_password
+          "#{current_user}:#{current_password}"
+        elsif current_user && !current_password
+          "#{current_user}"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The userinfo component for this URI, normalized.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The userinfo component, normalized.
+    def normalized_userinfo
+      return nil unless self.userinfo
+      return @normalized_userinfo if defined?(@normalized_userinfo)
+      @normalized_userinfo ||= begin
+        current_user = self.normalized_user
+        current_password = self.normalized_password
+        if !current_user && !current_password
+          nil
+        elsif current_user && current_password
+          "#{current_user}:#{current_password}".dup
+        elsif current_user && !current_password
+          "#{current_user}".dup
+        end
+      end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      if @normalized_userinfo
+        @normalized_userinfo.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
+      end
+      @normalized_userinfo
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Sets the userinfo component for this URI.
+    #
+    # @param [String, #to_str] new_userinfo The new userinfo component.
+    def userinfo=(new_userinfo)
+      if new_userinfo && !new_userinfo.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_userinfo.class} into String."
+      end
+      new_user, new_password = if new_userinfo
+        [
+          new_userinfo.to_str.strip[/^(.*):/, 1],
+          new_userinfo.to_str.strip[/:(.*)$/, 1]
+        ]
+      else
+        [nil, nil]
+      end
+
+      # Password assigned first to ensure validity in case of nil
+      self.password = new_password
+      self.user = new_user
+
+      # Reset dependent values
+      remove_instance_variable(:@authority) if defined?(@authority)
+      remove_composite_values
+
+      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
+      validate()
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The host component for this URI.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The host component.
+    def host
+      return defined?(@host) ? @host : nil
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The host component for this URI, normalized.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The host component, normalized.
+    def normalized_host
+      return nil unless self.host
+      @normalized_host ||= begin
+        if !self.host.strip.empty?
+          result = ::Addressable::IDNA.to_ascii(
+            URI.unencode_component(self.host.strip.downcase)
+          )
+          if result =~ /[^\.]\.$/
+            # Single trailing dots are unnecessary.
+            result = result[0...-1]
+          end
+          result = Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
+            result,
+            CharacterClasses::HOST)
+          result
+        else
+          EMPTY_STR.dup
+        end
+      end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      @normalized_host.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8) if @normalized_host
+      @normalized_host
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Sets the host component for this URI.
+    #
+    # @param [String, #to_str] new_host The new host component.
+    def host=(new_host)
+      if new_host && !new_host.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_host.class} into String."
+      end
+      @host = new_host ? new_host.to_str : nil
+
+      # Reset dependent values
+      remove_instance_variable(:@authority) if defined?(@authority)
+      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_host) if defined?(@normalized_host)
+      remove_composite_values
+
+      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
+      validate()
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # This method is same as URI::Generic#host except
+    # brackets for IPv6 (and 'IPvFuture') addresses are removed.
+    #
+    # @see Addressable::URI#host
+    #
+    # @return [String] The hostname for this URI.
+    def hostname
+      v = self.host
+      /\A\[(.*)\]\z/ =~ v ? $1 : v
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # This method is same as URI::Generic#host= except
+    # the argument can be a bare IPv6 address (or 'IPvFuture').
+    #
+    # @see Addressable::URI#host=
+    #
+    # @param [String, #to_str] new_hostname The new hostname for this URI.
+    def hostname=(new_hostname)
+      if new_hostname &&
+          (new_hostname.respond_to?(:ipv4?) || new_hostname.respond_to?(:ipv6?))
+        new_hostname = new_hostname.to_s
+      elsif new_hostname && !new_hostname.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_hostname.class} into String."
+      end
+      v = new_hostname ? new_hostname.to_str : nil
+      v = "[#{v}]" if /\A\[.*\]\z/ !~ v && /:/ =~ v
+      self.host = v
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Returns the top-level domain for this host.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   Addressable::URI.parse("www.example.co.uk").tld # => "co.uk"
+    def tld
+      PublicSuffix.parse(self.host, ignore_private: true).tld
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Returns the public suffix domain for this host.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   Addressable::URI.parse("www.example.co.uk").domain # => "example.co.uk"
+    def domain
+      PublicSuffix.domain(self.host, ignore_private: true)
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The authority component for this URI.
+    # Combines the user, password, host, and port components.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The authority component.
+    def authority
+      self.host && @authority ||= begin
+        authority = String.new
+        if self.userinfo != nil
+          authority << "#{self.userinfo}@"
+        end
+        authority << self.host
+        if self.port != nil
+          authority << ":#{self.port}"
+        end
+        authority
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The authority component for this URI, normalized.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The authority component, normalized.
+    def normalized_authority
+      return nil unless self.authority
+      @normalized_authority ||= begin
+        authority = String.new
+        if self.normalized_userinfo != nil
+          authority << "#{self.normalized_userinfo}@"
+        end
+        authority << self.normalized_host
+        if self.normalized_port != nil
+          authority << ":#{self.normalized_port}"
+        end
+        authority
+      end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      if @normalized_authority
+        @normalized_authority.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
+      end
+      @normalized_authority
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Sets the authority component for this URI.
+    #
+    # @param [String, #to_str] new_authority The new authority component.
+    def authority=(new_authority)
+      if new_authority
+        if !new_authority.respond_to?(:to_str)
+          raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_authority.class} into String."
+        end
+        new_authority = new_authority.to_str
+        new_userinfo = new_authority[/^([^\[\]]*)@/, 1]
+        if new_userinfo
+          new_user = new_userinfo.strip[/^([^:]*):?/, 1]
+          new_password = new_userinfo.strip[/:(.*)$/, 1]
+        end
+        new_host = new_authority.gsub(
+          /^([^\[\]]*)@/, EMPTY_STR
+        ).gsub(
+          /:([^:@\[\]]*?)$/, EMPTY_STR
+        )
+        new_port =
+          new_authority[/:([^:@\[\]]*?)$/, 1]
+      end
+
+      # Password assigned first to ensure validity in case of nil
+      self.password = defined?(new_password) ? new_password : nil
+      self.user = defined?(new_user) ? new_user : nil
+      self.host = defined?(new_host) ? new_host : nil
+      self.port = defined?(new_port) ? new_port : nil
+
+      # Reset dependent values
+      remove_instance_variable(:@userinfo) if defined?(@userinfo)
+      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_userinfo) if defined?(@normalized_userinfo)
+      remove_composite_values
+
+      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
+      validate()
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The origin for this URI, serialized to ASCII, as per
+    # RFC 6454, section 6.2.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The serialized origin.
+    def origin
+      if self.scheme && self.authority
+        if self.normalized_port
+          "#{self.normalized_scheme}://#{self.normalized_host}" +
+          ":#{self.normalized_port}"
+        else
+          "#{self.normalized_scheme}://#{self.normalized_host}"
+        end
+      else
+        "null"
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Sets the origin for this URI, serialized to ASCII, as per
+    # RFC 6454, section 6.2. This assignment will reset the `userinfo`
+    # component.
+    #
+    # @param [String, #to_str] new_origin The new origin component.
+    def origin=(new_origin)
+      if new_origin
+        if !new_origin.respond_to?(:to_str)
+          raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_origin.class} into String."
+        end
+        new_origin = new_origin.to_str
+        new_scheme = new_origin[/^([^:\/?#]+):\/\//, 1]
+        unless new_scheme
+          raise InvalidURIError, 'An origin cannot omit the scheme.'
+        end
+        new_host = new_origin[/:\/\/([^\/?#:]+)/, 1]
+        unless new_host
+          raise InvalidURIError, 'An origin cannot omit the host.'
+        end
+        new_port = new_origin[/:([^:@\[\]\/]*?)$/, 1]
+      end
+
+      self.scheme = defined?(new_scheme) ? new_scheme : nil
+      self.host = defined?(new_host) ? new_host : nil
+      self.port = defined?(new_port) ? new_port : nil
+      self.userinfo = nil
+
+      # Reset dependent values
+      remove_instance_variable(:@userinfo) if defined?(@userinfo)
+      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_userinfo) if defined?(@normalized_userinfo)
+      remove_instance_variable(:@authority) if defined?(@authority)
+      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_authority) if defined?(@normalized_authority)
+      remove_composite_values
+
+      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
+      validate()
+    end
+
+    # Returns an array of known ip-based schemes. These schemes typically
+    # use a similar URI form:
+    # <code>//<user>:<password>@<host>:<port>/<url-path></code>
+    def self.ip_based_schemes
+      return self.port_mapping.keys
+    end
+
+    # Returns a hash of common IP-based schemes and their default port
+    # numbers. Adding new schemes to this hash, as necessary, will allow
+    # for better URI normalization.
+    def self.port_mapping
+      PORT_MAPPING
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The port component for this URI.
+    # This is the port number actually given in the URI. This does not
+    # infer port numbers from default values.
+    #
+    # @return [Integer] The port component.
+    def port
+      return defined?(@port) ? @port : nil
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The port component for this URI, normalized.
+    #
+    # @return [Integer] The port component, normalized.
+    def normalized_port
+      return nil unless self.port
+      return @normalized_port if defined?(@normalized_port)
+      @normalized_port ||= begin
+        if URI.port_mapping[self.normalized_scheme] == self.port
+          nil
+        else
+          self.port
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Sets the port component for this URI.
+    #
+    # @param [String, Integer, #to_s] new_port The new port component.
+    def port=(new_port)
+      if new_port != nil && new_port.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        new_port = Addressable::URI.unencode_component(new_port.to_str)
+      end
+
+      if new_port.respond_to?(:valid_encoding?) && !new_port.valid_encoding?
+        raise InvalidURIError, "Invalid encoding in port"
+      end
+
+      if new_port != nil && !(new_port.to_s =~ /^\d+$/)
+        raise InvalidURIError,
+          "Invalid port number: #{new_port.inspect}"
+      end
+
+      @port = new_port.to_s.to_i
+      @port = nil if @port == 0
+
+      # Reset dependent values
+      remove_instance_variable(:@authority) if defined?(@authority)
+      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_port) if defined?(@normalized_port)
+      remove_composite_values
+
+      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
+      validate()
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The inferred port component for this URI.
+    # This method will normalize to the default port for the URI's scheme if
+    # the port isn't explicitly specified in the URI.
+    #
+    # @return [Integer] The inferred port component.
+    def inferred_port
+      if self.port.to_i == 0
+        self.default_port
+      else
+        self.port.to_i
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The default port for this URI's scheme.
+    # This method will always returns the default port for the URI's scheme
+    # regardless of the presence of an explicit port in the URI.
+    #
+    # @return [Integer] The default port.
+    def default_port
+      URI.port_mapping[self.scheme.strip.downcase] if self.scheme
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The combination of components that represent a site.
+    # Combines the scheme, user, password, host, and port components.
+    # Primarily useful for HTTP and HTTPS.
+    #
+    # For example, <code>"http://example.com/path?query"</code> would have a
+    # <code>site</code> value of <code>"http://example.com"</code>.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The components that identify a site.
+    def site
+      (self.scheme || self.authority) && @site ||= begin
+        site_string = "".dup
+        site_string << "#{self.scheme}:" if self.scheme != nil
+        site_string << "//#{self.authority}" if self.authority != nil
+        site_string
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The normalized combination of components that represent a site.
+    # Combines the scheme, user, password, host, and port components.
+    # Primarily useful for HTTP and HTTPS.
+    #
+    # For example, <code>"http://example.com/path?query"</code> would have a
+    # <code>site</code> value of <code>"http://example.com"</code>.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The normalized components that identify a site.
+    def normalized_site
+      return nil unless self.site
+      @normalized_site ||= begin
+        site_string = "".dup
+        if self.normalized_scheme != nil
+          site_string << "#{self.normalized_scheme}:"
+        end
+        if self.normalized_authority != nil
+          site_string << "//#{self.normalized_authority}"
+        end
+        site_string
+      end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      @normalized_site.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8) if @normalized_site
+      @normalized_site
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Sets the site value for this URI.
+    #
+    # @param [String, #to_str] new_site The new site value.
+    def site=(new_site)
+      if new_site
+        if !new_site.respond_to?(:to_str)
+          raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_site.class} into String."
+        end
+        new_site = new_site.to_str
+        # These two regular expressions derived from the primary parsing
+        # expression
+        self.scheme = new_site[/^(?:([^:\/?#]+):)?(?:\/\/(?:[^\/?#]*))?$/, 1]
+        self.authority = new_site[
+          /^(?:(?:[^:\/?#]+):)?(?:\/\/([^\/?#]*))?$/, 1
+        ]
+      else
+        self.scheme = nil
+        self.authority = nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The path component for this URI.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The path component.
+    def path
+      return defined?(@path) ? @path : EMPTY_STR
+    end
+
+    NORMPATH = /^(?!\/)[^\/:]*:.*$/
+    ##
+    # The path component for this URI, normalized.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The path component, normalized.
+    def normalized_path
+      @normalized_path ||= begin
+        path = self.path.to_s
+        if self.scheme == nil && path =~ NORMPATH
+          # Relative paths with colons in the first segment are ambiguous.
+          path = path.sub(":", "%2F")
+        end
+        # String#split(delimeter, -1) uses the more strict splitting behavior
+        # found by default in Python.
+        result = path.strip.split(SLASH, -1).map do |segment|
+          Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
+            segment,
+            Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::PCHAR
+          )
+        end.join(SLASH)
+
+        result = URI.normalize_path(result)
+        if result.empty? &&
+            ["http", "https", "ftp", "tftp"].include?(self.normalized_scheme)
+          result = SLASH.dup
+        end
+        result
+      end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      @normalized_path.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8) if @normalized_path
+      @normalized_path
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Sets the path component for this URI.
+    #
+    # @param [String, #to_str] new_path The new path component.
+    def path=(new_path)
+      if new_path && !new_path.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_path.class} into String."
+      end
+      @path = (new_path || EMPTY_STR).to_str
+      if !@path.empty? && @path[0..0] != SLASH && host != nil
+        @path = "/#{@path}"
+      end
+
+      # Reset dependent values
+      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_path) if defined?(@normalized_path)
+      remove_composite_values
+
+      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
+      validate()
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The basename, if any, of the file in the path component.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The path's basename.
+    def basename
+      # Path cannot be nil
+      return File.basename(self.path).gsub(/;[^\/]*$/, EMPTY_STR)
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The extname, if any, of the file in the path component.
+    # Empty string if there is no extension.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The path's extname.
+    def extname
+      return nil unless self.path
+      return File.extname(self.basename)
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The query component for this URI.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The query component.
+    def query
+      return defined?(@query) ? @query : nil
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The query component for this URI, normalized.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The query component, normalized.
+    def normalized_query(*flags)
+      return nil unless self.query
+      return @normalized_query if defined?(@normalized_query)
+      @normalized_query ||= begin
+        modified_query_class = Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::QUERY.dup
+        # Make sure possible key-value pair delimiters are escaped.
+        modified_query_class.sub!("\\&", "").sub!("\\;", "")
+        pairs = (self.query || "").split("&", -1)
+        pairs.sort! if flags.include?(:sorted)
+        component = pairs.map do |pair|
+          Addressable::URI.normalize_component(pair, modified_query_class, "+")
+        end.join("&")
+        component == "" ? nil : component
+      end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      @normalized_query.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8) if @normalized_query
+      @normalized_query
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Sets the query component for this URI.
+    #
+    # @param [String, #to_str] new_query The new query component.
+    def query=(new_query)
+      if new_query && !new_query.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_query.class} into String."
+      end
+      @query = new_query ? new_query.to_str : nil
+
+      # Reset dependent values
+      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_query) if defined?(@normalized_query)
+      remove_composite_values
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Converts the query component to a Hash value.
+    #
+    # @param [Class] return_type The return type desired. Value must be either
+    #   `Hash` or `Array`.
+    #
+    # @return [Hash, Array, nil] The query string parsed as a Hash or Array
+    #   or nil if the query string is blank.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   Addressable::URI.parse("?one=1&two=2&three=3").query_values
+    #   #=> {"one" => "1", "two" => "2", "three" => "3"}
+    #   Addressable::URI.parse("?one=two&one=three").query_values(Array)
+    #   #=> [["one", "two"], ["one", "three"]]
+    #   Addressable::URI.parse("?one=two&one=three").query_values(Hash)
+    #   #=> {"one" => "three"}
+    #   Addressable::URI.parse("?").query_values
+    #   #=> {}
+    #   Addressable::URI.parse("").query_values
+    #   #=> nil
+    def query_values(return_type=Hash)
+      empty_accumulator = Array == return_type ? [] : {}
+      if return_type != Hash && return_type != Array
+        raise ArgumentError, "Invalid return type. Must be Hash or Array."
+      end
+      return nil if self.query == nil
+      split_query = self.query.split("&").map do |pair|
+        pair.split("=", 2) if pair && !pair.empty?
+      end.compact
+      return split_query.inject(empty_accumulator.dup) do |accu, pair|
+        # I'd rather use key/value identifiers instead of array lookups,
+        # but in this case I really want to maintain the exact pair structure,
+        # so it's best to make all changes in-place.
+        pair[0] = URI.unencode_component(pair[0])
+        if pair[1].respond_to?(:to_str)
+          # I loathe the fact that I have to do this. Stupid HTML 4.01.
+          # Treating '+' as a space was just an unbelievably bad idea.
+          # There was nothing wrong with '%20'!
+          # If it ain't broke, don't fix it!
+          pair[1] = URI.unencode_component(pair[1].to_str.gsub(/\+/, " "))
+        end
+        if return_type == Hash
+          accu[pair[0]] = pair[1]
+        else
+          accu << pair
+        end
+        accu
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Sets the query component for this URI from a Hash object.
+    # An empty Hash or Array will result in an empty query string.
+    #
+    # @param [Hash, #to_hash, Array] new_query_values The new query values.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   uri.query_values = {:a => "a", :b => ["c", "d", "e"]}
+    #   uri.query
+    #   # => "a=a&b=c&b=d&b=e"
+    #   uri.query_values = [['a', 'a'], ['b', 'c'], ['b', 'd'], ['b', 'e']]
+    #   uri.query
+    #   # => "a=a&b=c&b=d&b=e"
+    #   uri.query_values = [['a', 'a'], ['b', ['c', 'd', 'e']]]
+    #   uri.query
+    #   # => "a=a&b=c&b=d&b=e"
+    #   uri.query_values = [['flag'], ['key', 'value']]
+    #   uri.query
+    #   # => "flag&key=value"
+    def query_values=(new_query_values)
+      if new_query_values == nil
+        self.query = nil
+        return nil
+      end
+
+      if !new_query_values.is_a?(Array)
+        if !new_query_values.respond_to?(:to_hash)
+          raise TypeError,
+            "Can't convert #{new_query_values.class} into Hash."
+        end
+        new_query_values = new_query_values.to_hash
+        new_query_values = new_query_values.map do |key, value|
+          key = key.to_s if key.kind_of?(Symbol)
+          [key, value]
+        end
+        # Useful default for OAuth and caching.
+        # Only to be used for non-Array inputs. Arrays should preserve order.
+        new_query_values.sort!
+      end
+
+      # new_query_values have form [['key1', 'value1'], ['key2', 'value2']]
+      buffer = "".dup
+      new_query_values.each do |key, value|
+        encoded_key = URI.encode_component(
+          key, CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
+        )
+        if value == nil
+          buffer << "#{encoded_key}&"
+        elsif value.kind_of?(Array)
+          value.each do |sub_value|
+            encoded_value = URI.encode_component(
+              sub_value, CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
+            )
+            buffer << "#{encoded_key}=#{encoded_value}&"
+          end
+        else
+          encoded_value = URI.encode_component(
+            value, CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
+          )
+          buffer << "#{encoded_key}=#{encoded_value}&"
+        end
+      end
+      self.query = buffer.chop
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The HTTP request URI for this URI.  This is the path and the
+    # query string.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The request URI required for an HTTP request.
+    def request_uri
+      return nil if self.absolute? && self.scheme !~ /^https?$/i
+      return (
+        (!self.path.empty? ? self.path : SLASH) +
+        (self.query ? "?#{self.query}" : EMPTY_STR)
+      )
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Sets the HTTP request URI for this URI.
+    #
+    # @param [String, #to_str] new_request_uri The new HTTP request URI.
+    def request_uri=(new_request_uri)
+      if !new_request_uri.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_request_uri.class} into String."
+      end
+      if self.absolute? && self.scheme !~ /^https?$/i
+        raise InvalidURIError,
+          "Cannot set an HTTP request URI for a non-HTTP URI."
+      end
+      new_request_uri = new_request_uri.to_str
+      path_component = new_request_uri[/^([^\?]*)\?(?:.*)$/, 1]
+      query_component = new_request_uri[/^(?:[^\?]*)\?(.*)$/, 1]
+      path_component = path_component.to_s
+      path_component = (!path_component.empty? ? path_component : SLASH)
+      self.path = path_component
+      self.query = query_component
+
+      # Reset dependent values
+      remove_composite_values
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The fragment component for this URI.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The fragment component.
+    def fragment
+      return defined?(@fragment) ? @fragment : nil
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The fragment component for this URI, normalized.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The fragment component, normalized.
+    def normalized_fragment
+      return nil unless self.fragment
+      return @normalized_fragment if defined?(@normalized_fragment)
+      @normalized_fragment ||= begin
+        component = Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
+          self.fragment,
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::FRAGMENT
+        )
+        component == "" ? nil : component
+      end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      if @normalized_fragment
+        @normalized_fragment.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
+      end
+      @normalized_fragment
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Sets the fragment component for this URI.
+    #
+    # @param [String, #to_str] new_fragment The new fragment component.
+    def fragment=(new_fragment)
+      if new_fragment && !new_fragment.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_fragment.class} into String."
+      end
+      @fragment = new_fragment ? new_fragment.to_str : nil
+
+      # Reset dependent values
+      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_fragment) if defined?(@normalized_fragment)
+      remove_composite_values
+
+      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
+      validate()
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Determines if the scheme indicates an IP-based protocol.
+    #
+    # @return [TrueClass, FalseClass]
+    #   <code>true</code> if the scheme indicates an IP-based protocol.
+    #   <code>false</code> otherwise.
+    def ip_based?
+      if self.scheme
+        return URI.ip_based_schemes.include?(
+          self.scheme.strip.downcase)
+      end
+      return false
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Determines if the URI is relative.
+    #
+    # @return [TrueClass, FalseClass]
+    #   <code>true</code> if the URI is relative. <code>false</code>
+    #   otherwise.
+    def relative?
+      return self.scheme.nil?
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Determines if the URI is absolute.
+    #
+    # @return [TrueClass, FalseClass]
+    #   <code>true</code> if the URI is absolute. <code>false</code>
+    #   otherwise.
+    def absolute?
+      return !relative?
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Joins two URIs together.
+    #
+    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] The URI to join with.
+    #
+    # @return [Addressable::URI] The joined URI.
+    def join(uri)
+      if !uri.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{uri.class} into String."
+      end
+      if !uri.kind_of?(URI)
+        # Otherwise, convert to a String, then parse.
+        uri = URI.parse(uri.to_str)
+      end
+      if uri.to_s.empty?
+        return self.dup
+      end
+
+      joined_scheme = nil
+      joined_user = nil
+      joined_password = nil
+      joined_host = nil
+      joined_port = nil
+      joined_path = nil
+      joined_query = nil
+      joined_fragment = nil
+
+      # Section 5.2.2 of RFC 3986
+      if uri.scheme != nil
+        joined_scheme = uri.scheme
+        joined_user = uri.user
+        joined_password = uri.password
+        joined_host = uri.host
+        joined_port = uri.port
+        joined_path = URI.normalize_path(uri.path)
+        joined_query = uri.query
+      else
+        if uri.authority != nil
+          joined_user = uri.user
+          joined_password = uri.password
+          joined_host = uri.host
+          joined_port = uri.port
+          joined_path = URI.normalize_path(uri.path)
+          joined_query = uri.query
+        else
+          if uri.path == nil || uri.path.empty?
+            joined_path = self.path
+            if uri.query != nil
+              joined_query = uri.query
+            else
+              joined_query = self.query
+            end
+          else
+            if uri.path[0..0] == SLASH
+              joined_path = URI.normalize_path(uri.path)
+            else
+              base_path = self.path.dup
+              base_path = EMPTY_STR if base_path == nil
+              base_path = URI.normalize_path(base_path)
+
+              # Section 5.2.3 of RFC 3986
+              #
+              # Removes the right-most path segment from the base path.
+              if base_path =~ /\//
+                base_path.gsub!(/\/[^\/]+$/, SLASH)
+              else
+                base_path = EMPTY_STR
+              end
+
+              # If the base path is empty and an authority segment has been
+              # defined, use a base path of SLASH
+              if base_path.empty? && self.authority != nil
+                base_path = SLASH
+              end
+
+              joined_path = URI.normalize_path(base_path + uri.path)
+            end
+            joined_query = uri.query
+          end
+          joined_user = self.user
+          joined_password = self.password
+          joined_host = self.host
+          joined_port = self.port
+        end
+        joined_scheme = self.scheme
+      end
+      joined_fragment = uri.fragment
+
+      return self.class.new(
+        :scheme => joined_scheme,
+        :user => joined_user,
+        :password => joined_password,
+        :host => joined_host,
+        :port => joined_port,
+        :path => joined_path,
+        :query => joined_query,
+        :fragment => joined_fragment
+      )
+    end
+    alias_method :+, :join
+
+    ##
+    # Destructive form of <code>join</code>.
+    #
+    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] The URI to join with.
+    #
+    # @return [Addressable::URI] The joined URI.
+    #
+    # @see Addressable::URI#join
+    def join!(uri)
+      replace_self(self.join(uri))
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Merges a URI with a <code>Hash</code> of components.
+    # This method has different behavior from <code>join</code>. Any
+    # components present in the <code>hash</code> parameter will override the
+    # original components. The path component is not treated specially.
+    #
+    # @param [Hash, Addressable::URI, #to_hash] The components to merge with.
+    #
+    # @return [Addressable::URI] The merged URI.
+    #
+    # @see Hash#merge
+    def merge(hash)
+      if !hash.respond_to?(:to_hash)
+        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{hash.class} into Hash."
+      end
+      hash = hash.to_hash
+
+      if hash.has_key?(:authority)
+        if (hash.keys & [:userinfo, :user, :password, :host, :port]).any?
+          raise ArgumentError,
+            "Cannot specify both an authority and any of the components " +
+            "within the authority."
+        end
+      end
+      if hash.has_key?(:userinfo)
+        if (hash.keys & [:user, :password]).any?
+          raise ArgumentError,
+            "Cannot specify both a userinfo and either the user or password."
+        end
+      end
+
+      uri = self.class.new
+      uri.defer_validation do
+        # Bunch of crazy logic required because of the composite components
+        # like userinfo and authority.
+        uri.scheme =
+          hash.has_key?(:scheme) ? hash[:scheme] : self.scheme
+        if hash.has_key?(:authority)
+          uri.authority =
+            hash.has_key?(:authority) ? hash[:authority] : self.authority
+        end
+        if hash.has_key?(:userinfo)
+          uri.userinfo =
+            hash.has_key?(:userinfo) ? hash[:userinfo] : self.userinfo
+        end
+        if !hash.has_key?(:userinfo) && !hash.has_key?(:authority)
+          uri.user =
+            hash.has_key?(:user) ? hash[:user] : self.user
+          uri.password =
+            hash.has_key?(:password) ? hash[:password] : self.password
+        end
+        if !hash.has_key?(:authority)
+          uri.host =
+            hash.has_key?(:host) ? hash[:host] : self.host
+          uri.port =
+            hash.has_key?(:port) ? hash[:port] : self.port
+        end
+        uri.path =
+          hash.has_key?(:path) ? hash[:path] : self.path
+        uri.query =
+          hash.has_key?(:query) ? hash[:query] : self.query
+        uri.fragment =
+          hash.has_key?(:fragment) ? hash[:fragment] : self.fragment
+      end
+
+      return uri
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Destructive form of <code>merge</code>.
+    #
+    # @param [Hash, Addressable::URI, #to_hash] The components to merge with.
+    #
+    # @return [Addressable::URI] The merged URI.
+    #
+    # @see Addressable::URI#merge
+    def merge!(uri)
+      replace_self(self.merge(uri))
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Returns the shortest normalized relative form of this URI that uses the
+    # supplied URI as a base for resolution. Returns an absolute URI if
+    # necessary. This is effectively the opposite of <code>route_to</code>.
+    #
+    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] uri The URI to route from.
+    #
+    # @return [Addressable::URI]
+    #   The normalized relative URI that is equivalent to the original URI.
+    def route_from(uri)
+      uri = URI.parse(uri).normalize
+      normalized_self = self.normalize
+      if normalized_self.relative?
+        raise ArgumentError, "Expected absolute URI, got: #{self.to_s}"
+      end
+      if uri.relative?
+        raise ArgumentError, "Expected absolute URI, got: #{uri.to_s}"
+      end
+      if normalized_self == uri
+        return Addressable::URI.parse("##{normalized_self.fragment}")
+      end
+      components = normalized_self.to_hash
+      if normalized_self.scheme == uri.scheme
+        components[:scheme] = nil
+        if normalized_self.authority == uri.authority
+          components[:user] = nil
+          components[:password] = nil
+          components[:host] = nil
+          components[:port] = nil
+          if normalized_self.path == uri.path
+            components[:path] = nil
+            if normalized_self.query == uri.query
+              components[:query] = nil
+            end
+          else
+            if uri.path != SLASH and components[:path]
+              self_splitted_path = split_path(components[:path])
+              uri_splitted_path = split_path(uri.path)
+              self_dir = self_splitted_path.shift
+              uri_dir = uri_splitted_path.shift
+              while !self_splitted_path.empty? && !uri_splitted_path.empty? and self_dir == uri_dir
+                self_dir = self_splitted_path.shift
+                uri_dir = uri_splitted_path.shift
+              end
+              components[:path] = (uri_splitted_path.fill('..') + [self_dir] + self_splitted_path).join(SLASH)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      # Avoid network-path references.
+      if components[:host] != nil
+        components[:scheme] = normalized_self.scheme
+      end
+      return Addressable::URI.new(
+        :scheme => components[:scheme],
+        :user => components[:user],
+        :password => components[:password],
+        :host => components[:host],
+        :port => components[:port],
+        :path => components[:path],
+        :query => components[:query],
+        :fragment => components[:fragment]
+      )
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Returns the shortest normalized relative form of the supplied URI that
+    # uses this URI as a base for resolution. Returns an absolute URI if
+    # necessary. This is effectively the opposite of <code>route_from</code>.
+    #
+    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] uri The URI to route to.
+    #
+    # @return [Addressable::URI]
+    #   The normalized relative URI that is equivalent to the supplied URI.
+    def route_to(uri)
+      return URI.parse(uri).route_from(self)
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Returns a normalized URI object.
+    #
+    # NOTE: This method does not attempt to fully conform to specifications.
+    # It exists largely to correct other people's failures to read the
+    # specifications, and also to deal with caching issues since several
+    # different URIs may represent the same resource and should not be
+    # cached multiple times.
+    #
+    # @return [Addressable::URI] The normalized URI.
+    def normalize
+      # This is a special exception for the frequently misused feed
+      # URI scheme.
+      if normalized_scheme == "feed"
+        if self.to_s =~ /^feed:\/*http:\/*/
+          return URI.parse(
+            self.to_s[/^feed:\/*(http:\/*.*)/, 1]
+          ).normalize
+        end
+      end
+
+      return self.class.new(
+        :scheme => normalized_scheme,
+        :authority => normalized_authority,
+        :path => normalized_path,
+        :query => normalized_query,
+        :fragment => normalized_fragment
+      )
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Destructively normalizes this URI object.
+    #
+    # @return [Addressable::URI] The normalized URI.
+    #
+    # @see Addressable::URI#normalize
+    def normalize!
+      replace_self(self.normalize)
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Creates a URI suitable for display to users. If semantic attacks are
+    # likely, the application should try to detect these and warn the user.
+    # See <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">RFC 3986</a>,
+    # section 7.6 for more information.
+    #
+    # @return [Addressable::URI] A URI suitable for display purposes.
+    def display_uri
+      display_uri = self.normalize
+      display_uri.host = ::Addressable::IDNA.to_unicode(display_uri.host)
+      return display_uri
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Returns <code>true</code> if the URI objects are equal. This method
+    # normalizes both URIs before doing the comparison, and allows comparison
+    # against <code>Strings</code>.
+    #
+    # @param [Object] uri The URI to compare.
+    #
+    # @return [TrueClass, FalseClass]
+    #   <code>true</code> if the URIs are equivalent, <code>false</code>
+    #   otherwise.
+    def ===(uri)
+      if uri.respond_to?(:normalize)
+        uri_string = uri.normalize.to_s
+      else
+        begin
+          uri_string = ::Addressable::URI.parse(uri).normalize.to_s
+        rescue InvalidURIError, TypeError
+          return false
+        end
+      end
+      return self.normalize.to_s == uri_string
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Returns <code>true</code> if the URI objects are equal. This method
+    # normalizes both URIs before doing the comparison.
+    #
+    # @param [Object] uri The URI to compare.
+    #
+    # @return [TrueClass, FalseClass]
+    #   <code>true</code> if the URIs are equivalent, <code>false</code>
+    #   otherwise.
+    def ==(uri)
+      return false unless uri.kind_of?(URI)
+      return self.normalize.to_s == uri.normalize.to_s
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Returns <code>true</code> if the URI objects are equal. This method
+    # does NOT normalize either URI before doing the comparison.
+    #
+    # @param [Object] uri The URI to compare.
+    #
+    # @return [TrueClass, FalseClass]
+    #   <code>true</code> if the URIs are equivalent, <code>false</code>
+    #   otherwise.
+    def eql?(uri)
+      return false unless uri.kind_of?(URI)
+      return self.to_s == uri.to_s
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # A hash value that will make a URI equivalent to its normalized
+    # form.
+    #
+    # @return [Integer] A hash of the URI.
+    def hash
+      @hash ||= self.to_s.hash * -1
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Clones the URI object.
+    #
+    # @return [Addressable::URI] The cloned URI.
+    def dup
+      duplicated_uri = self.class.new(
+        :scheme => self.scheme ? self.scheme.dup : nil,
+        :user => self.user ? self.user.dup : nil,
+        :password => self.password ? self.password.dup : nil,
+        :host => self.host ? self.host.dup : nil,
+        :port => self.port,
+        :path => self.path ? self.path.dup : nil,
+        :query => self.query ? self.query.dup : nil,
+        :fragment => self.fragment ? self.fragment.dup : nil
+      )
+      return duplicated_uri
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Omits components from a URI.
+    #
+    # @param [Symbol] *components The components to be omitted.
+    #
+    # @return [Addressable::URI] The URI with components omitted.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   uri = Addressable::URI.parse("http://example.com/path?query")
+    #   #=> #<Addressable::URI:0xcc5e7a URI:http://example.com/path?query>
+    #   uri.omit(:scheme, :authority)
+    #   #=> #<Addressable::URI:0xcc4d86 URI:/path?query>
+    def omit(*components)
+      invalid_components = components - [
+        :scheme, :user, :password, :userinfo, :host, :port, :authority,
+        :path, :query, :fragment
+      ]
+      unless invalid_components.empty?
+        raise ArgumentError,
+          "Invalid component names: #{invalid_components.inspect}."
+      end
+      duplicated_uri = self.dup
+      duplicated_uri.defer_validation do
+        components.each do |component|
+          duplicated_uri.send((component.to_s + "=").to_sym, nil)
+        end
+        duplicated_uri.user = duplicated_uri.normalized_user
+      end
+      duplicated_uri
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Destructive form of omit.
+    #
+    # @param [Symbol] *components The components to be omitted.
+    #
+    # @return [Addressable::URI] The URI with components omitted.
+    #
+    # @see Addressable::URI#omit
+    def omit!(*components)
+      replace_self(self.omit(*components))
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Determines if the URI is an empty string.
+    #
+    # @return [TrueClass, FalseClass]
+    #   Returns <code>true</code> if empty, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+    def empty?
+      return self.to_s.empty?
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Converts the URI to a <code>String</code>.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The URI's <code>String</code> representation.
+    def to_s
+      if self.scheme == nil && self.path != nil && !self.path.empty? &&
+          self.path =~ NORMPATH
+        raise InvalidURIError,
+          "Cannot assemble URI string with ambiguous path: '#{self.path}'"
+      end
+      @uri_string ||= begin
+        uri_string = String.new
+        uri_string << "#{self.scheme}:" if self.scheme != nil
+        uri_string << "//#{self.authority}" if self.authority != nil
+        uri_string << self.path.to_s
+        uri_string << "?#{self.query}" if self.query != nil
+        uri_string << "##{self.fragment}" if self.fragment != nil
+        uri_string.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
+        uri_string
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # URI's are glorified <code>Strings</code>. Allow implicit conversion.
+    alias_method :to_str, :to_s
+
+    ##
+    # Returns a Hash of the URI components.
+    #
+    # @return [Hash] The URI as a <code>Hash</code> of components.
+    def to_hash
+      return {
+        :scheme => self.scheme,
+        :user => self.user,
+        :password => self.password,
+        :host => self.host,
+        :port => self.port,
+        :path => self.path,
+        :query => self.query,
+        :fragment => self.fragment
+      }
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Returns a <code>String</code> representation of the URI object's state.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The URI object's state, as a <code>String</code>.
+    def inspect
+      sprintf("#<%s:%#0x URI:%s>", URI.to_s, self.object_id, self.to_s)
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # This method allows you to make several changes to a URI simultaneously,
+    # which separately would cause validation errors, but in conjunction,
+    # are valid.  The URI will be revalidated as soon as the entire block has
+    # been executed.
+    #
+    # @param [Proc] block
+    #   A set of operations to perform on a given URI.
+    def defer_validation(&block)
+      raise LocalJumpError, "No block given." unless block
+      @validation_deferred = true
+      block.call()
+      @validation_deferred = false
+      validate
+      return nil
+    end
+
+  protected
+    SELF_REF = '.'
+    PARENT = '..'
+
+    RULE_2A = /\/\.\/|\/\.$/
+    RULE_2B_2C = /\/([^\/]*)\/\.\.\/|\/([^\/]*)\/\.\.$/
+    RULE_2D = /^\.\.?\/?/
+    RULE_PREFIXED_PARENT = /^\/\.\.?\/|^(\/\.\.?)+\/?$/
+
+    ##
+    # Resolves paths to their simplest form.
+    #
+    # @param [String] path The path to normalize.
+    #
+    # @return [String] The normalized path.
+    def self.normalize_path(path)
+      # Section 5.2.4 of RFC 3986
+
+      return nil if path.nil?
+      normalized_path = path.dup
+      begin
+        mod = nil
+        mod ||= normalized_path.gsub!(RULE_2A, SLASH)
+
+        pair = normalized_path.match(RULE_2B_2C)
+        parent, current = pair[1], pair[2] if pair
+        if pair && ((parent != SELF_REF && parent != PARENT) ||
+            (current != SELF_REF && current != PARENT))
+          mod ||= normalized_path.gsub!(
+            Regexp.new(
+              "/#{Regexp.escape(parent.to_s)}/\\.\\./|" +
+              "(/#{Regexp.escape(current.to_s)}/\\.\\.$)"
+            ), SLASH
+          )
+        end
+
+        mod ||= normalized_path.gsub!(RULE_2D, EMPTY_STR)
+        # Non-standard, removes prefixed dotted segments from path.
+        mod ||= normalized_path.gsub!(RULE_PREFIXED_PARENT, SLASH)
+      end until mod.nil?
+
+      return normalized_path
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Ensures that the URI is valid.
+    def validate
+      return if !!@validation_deferred
+      if self.scheme != nil && self.ip_based? &&
+          (self.host == nil || self.host.empty?) &&
+          (self.path == nil || self.path.empty?)
+        raise InvalidURIError,
+          "Absolute URI missing hierarchical segment: '#{self.to_s}'"
+      end
+      if self.host == nil
+        if self.port != nil ||
+            self.user != nil ||
+            self.password != nil
+          raise InvalidURIError, "Hostname not supplied: '#{self.to_s}'"
+        end
+      end
+      if self.path != nil && !self.path.empty? && self.path[0..0] != SLASH &&
+          self.authority != nil
+        raise InvalidURIError,
+          "Cannot have a relative path with an authority set: '#{self.to_s}'"
+      end
+      if self.path != nil && !self.path.empty? &&
+          self.path[0..1] == SLASH + SLASH && self.authority == nil
+        raise InvalidURIError,
+          "Cannot have a path with two leading slashes " +
+          "without an authority set: '#{self.to_s}'"
+      end
+      unreserved = CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
+      sub_delims = CharacterClasses::SUB_DELIMS
+      if !self.host.nil? && (self.host =~ /[<>{}\/\\\?\#\@"[[:space:]]]/ ||
+          (self.host[/^\[(.*)\]$/, 1] != nil && self.host[/^\[(.*)\]$/, 1] !~
+          Regexp.new("^[#{unreserved}#{sub_delims}:]*$")))
+        raise InvalidURIError, "Invalid character in host: '#{self.host.to_s}'"
+      end
+      return nil
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Replaces the internal state of self with the specified URI's state.
+    # Used in destructive operations to avoid massive code repetition.
+    #
+    # @param [Addressable::URI] uri The URI to replace <code>self</code> with.
+    #
+    # @return [Addressable::URI] <code>self</code>.
+    def replace_self(uri)
+      # Reset dependent values
+      instance_variables.each do |var|
+        if instance_variable_defined?(var) && var != :@validation_deferred
+          remove_instance_variable(var)
+        end
+      end
+
+      @scheme = uri.scheme
+      @user = uri.user
+      @password = uri.password
+      @host = uri.host
+      @port = uri.port
+      @path = uri.path
+      @query = uri.query
+      @fragment = uri.fragment
+      return self
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Splits path string with "/" (slash).
+    # It is considered that there is empty string after last slash when
+    # path ends with slash.
+    #
+    # @param [String] path The path to split.
+    #
+    # @return [Array<String>] An array of parts of path.
+    def split_path(path)
+      splitted = path.split(SLASH)
+      splitted << EMPTY_STR if path.end_with? SLASH
+      splitted
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Resets composite values for the entire URI
+    #
+    # @api private
+    def remove_composite_values
+      remove_instance_variable(:@uri_string) if defined?(@uri_string)
+      remove_instance_variable(:@hash) if defined?(@hash)
+    end
+  end
+end