d_heap 0.3.0 → 0.7.0

data/d_heap.gemspec

@@ -8,28 +8,40 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.authors       = ["nicholas a. evans"]
   spec.email         = ["nicholas.evans@gmail.com"]
 
-  spec.summary       = "A d-ary heap implementation, for priority queues"
+  spec.summary       = "very fast min-heap priority queue"
   spec.description   = <<~DESC
     A C extension implementation of a d-ary heap data structure, suitable for
     use in e.g. priority queues or Djikstra's algorithm.
   DESC
   spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/nevans/#{spec.name}"
   spec.license       = "MIT"
-  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.5.0")
+  spec.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.4.0")
 
   spec.metadata["homepage_uri"] = spec.homepage
   spec.metadata["source_code_uri"] = spec.homepage
-  spec.metadata["changelog_uri"] = "#{spec.homepage}/blob/master/Changelog.md"
+  spec.metadata["changelog_uri"] = "#{spec.homepage}/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md"
 
-  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
-  # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
-  spec.files = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path(__dir__)) {
-    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject {|f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.  The
+  # `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the gem that have been added into git.
+  git_ls_files = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path(__dir__)) {
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0")
   }
+  exclude_paths_re = %r{
+    \A(
+      \.rspec|
+      Rakefile|
+      Gemfile|
+      N\z|
+      (benchmarks|bin|spec)/|
+      lib/d_heap/benchmarks
+    )
+  }x
+  spec.files = git_ls_files.reject {|f| f.match(exclude_paths_re) }
   spec.bindir        = "exe"
   spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) {|f| File.basename(f) }
   spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
   spec.extensions    = ["ext/d_heap/extconf.rb"]
 
-  spec.add_development_dependency "rspec-benchmark"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "benchmark_driver"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "ruby-prof"
 end

data/docs/benchmarks-2.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+Benchmarking run at 2021-01-25 23:31:48 -0500
+ruby v2.7.2, DHeap v0.6.1
+
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)    135.463 i/s -     686.000 times in 5.064119s (7.38ms/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     5.453k i/s -     27.489k times in 5.040925s (183.38μs/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   647.863k i/s -      3.270M times in 5.048030s (1.54μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     3.923M i/s -     19.658M times in 5.011369s (254.93ns/i, 587clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     5.613M i/s -     28.125M times in 5.010621s (178.16ns/i, 450clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+                      N 1000000  N 10000000   N 3162278    N 316228    N 100000     N 31623     N 10000      N 3162      N 1000       N 316       N 100        N 32        N 10
+push + pop (findmin)    135.943      12.869      41.182     343.249      1.097k      3.587k     12.631k     50.336k    224.814k    948.877k      2.595M      4.202M      5.480M i/s -      2.031k times in 14.940053s 157.815976s 49.317074s 5.916981s 1.850898s 0.566265s 0.160799s 0.040349s 0.009034s 0.002140s 0.000783s 0.000483s 0.000371s
+push + pop (bsearch)     5.356k     281.895     971.955     26.362k     81.121k    412.392k      1.210M      1.829M      2.203M      2.396M      2.904M      3.214M      3.931M i/s -     81.797k times in 15.271966s 290.167837s 84.157151s 3.102831s 1.008328s 0.198348s 0.067624s 0.044714s 0.037127s 0.034134s 0.028165s 0.025451s 0.020806s
+push + pop (rb_heap)   673.578k    467.512k    465.936k    718.419k    732.549k    943.118k    950.389k      1.062M      1.263M      1.356M      1.604M      1.857M      2.326M i/s -      9.718M times in 14.427345s 20.786487s 20.856821s 13.526848s 13.265927s 10.304049s 10.225219s 9.152454s 7.697285s 7.165792s 6.060302s 5.233045s 4.178291s
+push + pop (c++ stl)     4.171M      2.737M      3.458M      4.402M      4.842M      5.503M      5.731M      6.319M      6.899M      7.084M      7.393M      7.772M      7.707M i/s -     58.839M times in 14.106950s 21.496544s 17.014548s 13.366627s 12.150850s 10.692853s 10.266595s 9.311420s 8.528926s 8.305938s 7.958634s 7.570905s 7.634693s
+push + pop (c_dheap)     6.490M      3.735M      5.231M      7.280M      7.150M      7.670M      8.045M      8.704M      9.340M      9.688M      9.669M      9.921M     10.196M i/s -     84.195M times in 12.972480s 22.542978s 16.096451s 11.564531s 11.775039s 10.976519s 10.465346s 9.673356s 9.014859s 8.690250s 8.707992s 8.486921s 8.257262s
+
+Comparison:
+             push + pop (findmin)
+                N 10:   5480288.0 i/s
+                N 32:   4202409.8 i/s - 1.30x  slower
+               N 100:   2595178.8 i/s - 2.11x  slower
+               N 316:    948876.5 i/s - 5.78x  slower
+              N 1000:    224813.9 i/s - 24.38x  slower
+              N 3162:     50336.4 i/s - 108.87x  slower
+             N 10000:     12630.7 i/s - 433.89x  slower
+             N 31623:      3586.7 i/s - 1527.96x  slower
+            N 100000:      1097.3 i/s - 4994.31x  slower
+            N 316228:       343.2 i/s - 15965.91x  slower
+           N 1000000:       135.9 i/s - 40313.05x  slower
+           N 3162278:        41.2 i/s - 133073.25x  slower
+          N 10000000:        12.9 i/s - 425838.01x  slower
+
+             push + pop (bsearch)
+                N 10:   3931408.4 i/s
+                N 32:   3213952.9 i/s - 1.22x  slower
+               N 100:   2904181.8 i/s - 1.35x  slower
+               N 316:   2396374.2 i/s - 1.64x  slower
+              N 1000:   2203157.1 i/s - 1.78x  slower
+              N 3162:   1829352.1 i/s - 2.15x  slower
+             N 10000:   1209584.9 i/s - 3.25x  slower
+             N 31623:    412392.2 i/s - 9.53x  slower
+            N 100000:     81121.4 i/s - 48.46x  slower
+            N 316228:     26362.1 i/s - 149.13x  slower
+           N 1000000:      5356.0 i/s - 734.02x  slower
+           N 3162278:       972.0 i/s - 4044.84x  slower
+          N 10000000:       281.9 i/s - 13946.33x  slower
+
+             push + pop (rb_heap)
+                N 10:   2325816.5 i/s
+                N 32:   1857033.5 i/s - 1.25x  slower
+               N 100:   1603540.3 i/s - 1.45x  slower
+               N 316:   1356156.9 i/s - 1.72x  slower
+              N 1000:   1262515.2 i/s - 1.84x  slower
+              N 3162:   1061785.1 i/s - 2.19x  slower
+             N 10000:    950389.3 i/s - 2.45x  slower
+             N 31623:    943118.5 i/s - 2.47x  slower
+            N 100000:    732548.8 i/s - 3.17x  slower
+            N 316228:    718418.6 i/s - 3.24x  slower
+           N 1000000:    673577.8 i/s - 3.45x  slower
+          N 10000000:    467512.3 i/s - 4.97x  slower
+           N 3162278:    465935.8 i/s - 4.99x  slower
+
+             push + pop (c++ stl)
+                N 32:   7771751.1 i/s
+                N 10:   7706818.6 i/s - 1.01x  slower
+               N 100:   7393127.3 i/s - 1.05x  slower
+               N 316:   7083991.6 i/s - 1.10x  slower
+              N 1000:   6898781.3 i/s - 1.13x  slower
+              N 3162:   6319035.6 i/s - 1.23x  slower
+             N 10000:   5731130.5 i/s - 1.36x  slower
+             N 31623:   5502665.3 i/s - 1.41x  slower
+            N 100000:   4842393.2 i/s - 1.60x  slower
+            N 316228:   4401947.6 i/s - 1.77x  slower
+           N 1000000:   4170936.4 i/s - 1.86x  slower
+           N 3162278:   3458169.7 i/s - 2.25x  slower
+          N 10000000:   2737146.6 i/s - 2.84x  slower
+
+             push + pop (c_dheap)
+                N 10:  10196454.1 i/s
+                N 32:   9920533.6 i/s - 1.03x  slower
+               N 316:   9688419.5 i/s - 1.05x  slower
+               N 100:   9668679.8 i/s - 1.05x  slower
+              N 1000:   9339557.0 i/s - 1.09x  slower
+              N 3162:   8703782.7 i/s - 1.17x  slower
+             N 10000:   8045103.0 i/s - 1.27x  slower
+             N 31623:   7670445.6 i/s - 1.33x  slower
+            N 316228:   7280432.6 i/s - 1.40x  slower
+            N 100000:   7150276.7 i/s - 1.43x  slower
+           N 1000000:   6490261.6 i/s - 1.57x  slower
+           N 3162278:   5230642.9 i/s - 1.95x  slower
+          N 10000000:   3734856.5 i/s - 2.73x  slower
+

data/docs/benchmarks-mem.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+                     bin/bench_n 10000  bin/bench_n 100000  bin/bench_n 1000000  bin/bench_n 10000000
+push + pop (findmin)           40.280M             42.236M              58.956M              204.536M bytes -       1.000 times
+push + pop (bsearch)           40.212M             42.036M              59.012M              204.536M bytes -       1.000 times
+push + pop (rb_heap)           40.264M             41.780M              58.940M              204.364M bytes -       1.000 times
+push + pop (c++ stl)           40.416M             42.268M              56.624M              302.152M bytes -       1.000 times
+push + pop (c_dheap)           40.848M             43.968M              72.888M              568.828M bytes -       1.000 times
+
+Comparison:
+             push + pop (findmin)
+   bin/bench_n 10000:  40280000.0 bytes
+  bin/bench_n 100000:  42236000.0 bytes - 1.05x  larger
+ bin/bench_n 1000000:  58956000.0 bytes - 1.46x  larger
+bin/bench_n 10000000: 204536000.0 bytes - 5.08x  larger
+
+             push + pop (bsearch)
+   bin/bench_n 10000:  40212000.0 bytes
+  bin/bench_n 100000:  42036000.0 bytes - 1.05x  larger
+ bin/bench_n 1000000:  59012000.0 bytes - 1.47x  larger
+bin/bench_n 10000000: 204536000.0 bytes - 5.09x  larger
+
+             push + pop (rb_heap)
+   bin/bench_n 10000:  40264000.0 bytes
+  bin/bench_n 100000:  41780000.0 bytes - 1.04x  larger
+ bin/bench_n 1000000:  58940000.0 bytes - 1.46x  larger
+bin/bench_n 10000000: 204364000.0 bytes - 5.08x  larger
+
+             push + pop (c++ stl)
+   bin/bench_n 10000:  40416000.0 bytes
+  bin/bench_n 100000:  42268000.0 bytes - 1.05x  larger
+ bin/bench_n 1000000:  56624000.0 bytes - 1.40x  larger
+bin/bench_n 10000000: 302152000.0 bytes - 7.48x  larger
+
+             push + pop (c_dheap)
+   bin/bench_n 10000:  40848000.0 bytes
+  bin/bench_n 100000:  43968000.0 bytes - 1.08x  larger
+ bin/bench_n 1000000:  72888000.0 bytes - 1.78x  larger
+bin/bench_n 10000000: 568828000.0 bytes - 13.93x  larger
+

data/docs/benchmarks.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,686 @@
+Benchmarking run at 2021-01-31 08:31:50 -0500
+ruby v2.7.2, DHeap v0.6.1
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=10
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=10) ==============================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (findmin)     9.717M i/s -     30.000M times in 3.087359s (102.91ns/i, 254clocks/i)
+    push N (bsearch)     4.320M i/s -    600.000k times in 0.138891s (231.49ns/i, 496clocks/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     5.404M i/s -     12.000M times in 2.220663s (185.06ns/i, 422clocks/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)     6.378M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.822057s (156.78ns/i, 395clocks/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    10.371M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.892808s (96.43ns/i, 273clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):  10370547.5 i/s
+    push N (findmin):   9717043.7 i/s - 1.07x  slower
+    push N (c++ stl):   6378325.6 i/s - 1.63x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):   5403792.2 i/s - 1.92x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):   4319927.8 i/s - 2.40x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=10) ====================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)     7.721M i/s -    300.000k times in 0.038854s (129.51ns/i, 377clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     6.780M i/s -      1.200M times in 0.177001s (147.50ns/i, 401clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)     4.231M i/s -      6.000M times in 1.418156s (236.36ns/i, 517clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)    10.608M i/s -     18.000M times in 1.696896s (94.27ns/i, 214clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)    12.916M i/s -     18.000M times in 1.393570s (77.42ns/i, 136clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):  12916469.1 i/s
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):  10607602.3 i/s - 1.22x  slower
+push N + pop N (findmin):   7721268.8 i/s - 1.67x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):   6779608.4 i/s - 1.91x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):   4230845.4 i/s - 3.05x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=10) ==============================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     5.119M i/s -      5.238M times in 1.023417s (195.37ns/i, 458clocks/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     3.791M i/s -      3.940M times in 1.039431s (263.79ns/i, 510clocks/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     2.312M i/s -      2.376M times in 1.027837s (432.61ns/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     7.247M i/s -      7.344M times in 1.013381s (137.99ns/i, 366clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     8.918M i/s -      9.151M times in 1.026085s (112.13ns/i, 223clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     5.413M i/s -     15.356M times in 2.837024s (184.75ns/i, 534clocks/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     3.971M i/s -     11.373M times in 2.863579s (251.80ns/i, 604clocks/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     2.296M i/s -      6.935M times in 3.020761s (435.61ns/i, 951clocks/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     7.823M i/s -     21.741M times in 2.778978s (127.82ns/i, 282clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     9.854M i/s -     26.755M times in 2.715009s (101.48ns/i, 243clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   9854472.6 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   7823282.4 i/s - 1.26x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):   5412632.1 i/s - 1.82x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):   3971475.8 i/s - 2.48x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):   2295653.2 i/s - 4.29x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=30
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=30) ==============================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (findmin)    10.040M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.987977s (99.60ns/i, 198clocks/i)
+    push N (bsearch)     3.544M i/s -    600.000k times in 0.169307s (282.18ns/i, 757clocks/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     5.017M i/s -     12.000M times in 2.391690s (199.31ns/i, 471clocks/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)     7.401M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.432254s (135.13ns/i, 282clocks/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    10.496M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.858330s (95.28ns/i, 207clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):  10495639.7 i/s
+    push N (findmin):  10040237.6 i/s - 1.05x  slower
+    push N (c++ stl):   7400542.2 i/s - 1.42x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):   5017372.7 i/s - 2.09x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):   3543867.6 i/s - 2.96x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=30) ====================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)     6.343M i/s -    300.000k times in 0.047296s (157.65ns/i, 353clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     5.591M i/s -      1.200M times in 0.214624s (178.85ns/i, 332clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)     3.162M i/s -      6.000M times in 1.897529s (316.25ns/i, 812clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)    10.068M i/s -     18.000M times in 1.787868s (99.33ns/i, 203clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)    11.903M i/s -     18.000M times in 1.512286s (84.02ns/i, 238clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):  11902512.2 i/s
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):  10067858.5 i/s - 1.18x  slower
+push N + pop N (findmin):   6343031.3 i/s - 1.88x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):   5591174.8 i/s - 2.13x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):   3162007.3 i/s - 3.76x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=32
+################################################################################
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=32) ==============================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     4.146M i/s -      4.168M times in 1.005262s (241.19ns/i, 574clocks/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     3.067M i/s -      3.218M times in 1.049417s (326.09ns/i, 940clocks/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.849M i/s -      1.915M times in 1.036008s (540.96ns/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     6.561M i/s -      6.661M times in 1.015169s (152.40ns/i, 278clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     8.786M i/s -      9.051M times in 1.030185s (113.82ns/i, 258clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     4.478M i/s -     12.438M times in 2.777667s (223.31ns/i, 487clocks/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     3.196M i/s -      9.200M times in 2.878768s (312.91ns/i, 813clocks/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.796M i/s -      5.546M times in 3.087197s (556.68ns/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     7.578M i/s -     19.684M times in 2.597487s (131.96ns/i, 282clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     9.929M i/s -     26.357M times in 2.654479s (100.71ns/i, 239clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   9929261.3 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   7578283.3 i/s - 1.31x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):   4477993.9 i/s - 2.22x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):   3195760.4 i/s - 3.11x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):   1796358.4 i/s - 5.53x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=100
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=100) ==============================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (findmin)     9.981M i/s -     30.000M times in 3.005825s (100.19ns/i, 288clocks/i)
+    push N (bsearch)     2.769M i/s -    600.000k times in 0.216676s (361.13ns/i, 855clocks/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     4.608M i/s -     12.000M times in 2.604252s (217.02ns/i, 522clocks/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)     7.992M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.252363s (125.13ns/i, 314clocks/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    10.523M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.850989s (95.03ns/i, 246clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):  10522662.6 i/s
+    push N (findmin):   9980622.3 i/s - 1.05x  slower
+    push N (c++ stl):   7991608.3 i/s - 1.32x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):   4607849.4 i/s - 2.28x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):   2769106.2 i/s - 3.80x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=100) ==================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)     4.321M i/s -    300.000k times in 0.069422s (231.41ns/i, 481clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     4.809M i/s -      1.200M times in 0.249544s (207.95ns/i, 525clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)     2.467M i/s -      6.000M times in 2.431693s (405.28ns/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)     9.317M i/s -     18.000M times in 1.931923s (107.33ns/i, 258clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)    10.954M i/s -     18.000M times in 1.643165s (91.29ns/i, 262clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):  10954469.2 i/s
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):   9317140.2 i/s - 1.18x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):   4808770.2 i/s - 2.28x  slower
+push N + pop N (findmin):   4321411.9 i/s - 2.53x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):   2467417.0 i/s - 4.44x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=100) ============================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     3.032M i/s -      3.085M times in 1.017682s (329.84ns/i, 793clocks/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     2.602M i/s -      2.672M times in 1.026732s (384.28ns/i, 759clocks/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.551M i/s -      1.609M times in 1.038011s (644.94ns/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     6.826M i/s -      6.861M times in 1.005153s (146.49ns/i, 427clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     8.588M i/s -      8.702M times in 1.013307s (116.44ns/i, 247clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     3.149M i/s -      9.095M times in 2.887963s (317.52ns/i, 768clocks/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     2.854M i/s -      7.807M times in 2.735737s (350.43ns/i, 720clocks/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.571M i/s -      4.652M times in 2.960926s (636.54ns/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     7.579M i/s -     20.479M times in 2.702015s (131.94ns/i, 331clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     9.567M i/s -     25.765M times in 2.693102s (104.53ns/i, 210clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   9566872.5 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   7579103.1 i/s - 1.26x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):   3149419.4 i/s - 3.04x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):   2853617.8 i/s - 3.35x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):   1570998.7 i/s - 6.09x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=300
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=300) ==============================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (findmin)    10.204M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.940004s (98.00ns/i, 159clocks/i)
+    push N (bsearch)     2.360M i/s -    600.000k times in 0.254221s (423.70ns/i, 935clocks/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     4.463M i/s -     12.000M times in 2.689036s (224.09ns/i, 530clocks/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)     8.204M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.193957s (121.89ns/i, 356clocks/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    10.554M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.842477s (94.75ns/i, 276clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):  10554176.5 i/s
+    push N (findmin):  10204068.1 i/s - 1.03x  slower
+    push N (c++ stl):   8204354.5 i/s - 1.29x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):   4462566.4 i/s - 2.37x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):   2360150.2 i/s - 4.47x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=300) ==================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)     2.307M i/s -    300.000k times in 0.130056s (433.52ns/i, 903clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     4.125M i/s -      1.200M times in 0.290889s (242.41ns/i, 593clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)     2.101M i/s -      6.000M times in 2.855417s (475.90ns/i, 844clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)     8.707M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.067240s (114.85ns/i, 318clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)    10.261M i/s -     18.000M times in 1.754140s (97.45ns/i, 277clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):  10261436.2 i/s
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):   8707262.9 i/s - 1.18x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):   4125279.4 i/s - 2.49x  slower
+push N + pop N (findmin):   2306706.5 i/s - 4.45x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):   2101269.3 i/s - 4.88x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=316
+################################################################################
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=316) ============================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     1.627M i/s -      1.651M times in 1.014236s (614.50ns/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     2.260M i/s -      2.313M times in 1.023385s (442.46ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.288M i/s -      1.347M times in 1.045779s (776.16ns/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     6.086M i/s -      6.295M times in 1.034346s (164.31ns/i, 427clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     8.076M i/s -      8.226M times in 1.018582s (123.83ns/i, 324clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     1.668M i/s -      4.882M times in 2.926147s (599.37ns/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     2.345M i/s -      6.780M times in 2.891943s (426.52ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.269M i/s -      3.865M times in 3.045697s (787.98ns/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     6.870M i/s -     18.258M times in 2.657550s (145.55ns/i, 289clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     9.665M i/s -     24.227M times in 2.506716s (103.47ns/i, 221clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   9664758.0 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   6870377.3 i/s - 1.41x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):   2344530.3 i/s - 4.12x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):   1668416.3 i/s - 5.79x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):   1269060.0 i/s - 7.62x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=1,000
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=1000) ============================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (findmin)    10.267M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.921868s (97.40ns/i, 243clocks/i)
+    push N (bsearch)     2.000M i/s -    600.000k times in 0.300058s (500.10ns/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     4.408M i/s -     12.000M times in 2.722517s (226.88ns/i, 488clocks/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)     8.171M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.202936s (122.39ns/i, 254clocks/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    10.455M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.869530s (95.65ns/i, 224clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):  10454672.5 i/s
+    push N (findmin):  10267402.5 i/s - 1.02x  slower
+    push N (c++ stl):   8170912.6 i/s - 1.28x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):   4407685.6 i/s - 2.37x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):   1999614.9 i/s - 5.23x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=1000) ==================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)   735.090k i/s -    300.000k times in 0.408113s (1.36μs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     3.587M i/s -      1.200M times in 0.334586s (278.82ns/i, 742clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)     1.799M i/s -      6.000M times in 3.336039s (556.01ns/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)     8.115M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.218185s (123.23ns/i, 292clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     9.283M i/s -     18.000M times in 1.939036s (107.72ns/i, 253clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):   9282962.9 i/s
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):   8114741.7 i/s - 1.14x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):   3586521.9 i/s - 2.59x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):   1798540.1 i/s - 5.16x  slower
+push N + pop N (findmin):    735090.3 i/s - 12.63x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=1000) ============================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)   657.093k i/s -    672.360k times in 1.023235s (1.52μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     2.094M i/s -      2.182M times in 1.041939s (477.56ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.228M i/s -      1.278M times in 1.040514s (814.00ns/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     6.181M i/s -      6.238M times in 1.009224s (161.78ns/i, 375clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     6.881M i/s -      6.986M times in 1.015318s (145.33ns/i, 347clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)   656.982k i/s -      1.971M times in 3.000502s (1.52μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     2.159M i/s -      6.282M times in 2.909771s (463.19ns/i, 907clocks/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.214M i/s -      3.685M times in 3.035461s (823.62ns/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     6.866M i/s -     18.543M times in 2.700613s (145.64ns/i, 347clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     9.168M i/s -     20.643M times in 2.251669s (109.08ns/i, 223clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   9167926.8 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   6866291.1 i/s - 1.34x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):   2158927.2 i/s - 4.25x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):   1214146.7 i/s - 7.55x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):    656982.4 i/s - 13.95x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=3,000
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=3000) ============================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (findmin)    10.260M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.923922s (97.46ns/i, 237clocks/i)
+    push N (bsearch)     1.694M i/s -    600.000k times in 0.354106s (590.18ns/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     4.415M i/s -     12.000M times in 2.717734s (226.48ns/i, 545clocks/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)     7.991M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.252536s (125.14ns/i, 309clocks/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    10.524M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.850733s (95.02ns/i, 205clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):  10523609.1 i/s
+    push N (findmin):  10260193.1 i/s - 1.03x  slower
+    push N (c++ stl):   7990992.5 i/s - 1.32x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):   4415442.7 i/s - 2.38x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):   1694409.5 i/s - 6.21x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=3000) ==================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     3.095M i/s -      1.200M times in 0.387763s (323.14ns/i, 873clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)     1.617M i/s -      6.000M times in 3.709670s (618.28ns/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)     7.892M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.280843s (126.71ns/i, 307clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     8.742M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.059004s (114.39ns/i, 337clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):   8742091.2 i/s
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):   7891817.5 i/s - 1.11x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):   3094677.1 i/s - 2.82x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):   1617394.7 i/s - 5.41x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=3,162
+################################################################################
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=3162) ============================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)   218.524k i/s -    225.030k times in 1.029772s (4.58μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     1.784M i/s -      1.818M times in 1.018826s (560.50ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   906.303k i/s -    906.848k times in 1.000601s (1.10μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     5.662M i/s -      5.788M times in 1.022279s (176.61ns/i, 397clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     7.653M i/s -      7.799M times in 1.019106s (130.67ns/i, 268clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)   213.811k i/s -    655.572k times in 3.066131s (4.68μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     1.942M i/s -      5.352M times in 2.755670s (514.86ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   945.426k i/s -      2.719M times in 2.875855s (1.06μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     6.251M i/s -     16.987M times in 2.717417s (159.97ns/i, 371clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     8.645M i/s -     22.958M times in 2.655715s (115.68ns/i, 266clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   8644863.6 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   6251071.8 i/s - 1.38x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):   1942294.3 i/s - 4.45x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):    945426.2 i/s - 9.14x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):    213810.8 i/s - 40.43x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=10,000
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=10000) ============================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (findmin)    10.192M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.943544s (98.12ns/i, 210clocks/i)
+    push N (bsearch)     1.214M i/s -    600.000k times in 0.494405s (824.01ns/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     4.369M i/s -     12.000M times in 2.746465s (228.87ns/i, 494clocks/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)     8.211M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.192209s (121.79ns/i, 258clocks/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    10.445M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.872301s (95.74ns/i, 230clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):  10444588.3 i/s
+    push N (findmin):  10191797.4 i/s - 1.02x  slower
+    push N (c++ stl):   8210895.4 i/s - 1.27x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):   4369252.9 i/s - 2.39x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):   1213580.4 i/s - 8.61x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=10000) ================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     2.257M i/s -      1.200M times in 0.531668s (443.06ns/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)     1.439M i/s -      6.000M times in 4.168970s (694.83ns/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)     7.366M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.443772s (135.77ns/i, 353clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     8.084M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.226631s (123.70ns/i, 269clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):   8083962.7 i/s
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):   7365661.8 i/s - 1.10x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):   2257047.9 i/s - 3.58x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):   1439204.3 i/s - 5.62x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=10000) ==========================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)    38.436k i/s -     38.985k times in 1.014294s (26.02μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     1.701M i/s -      1.806M times in 1.061608s (587.89ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   829.401k i/s -    851.418k times in 1.026545s (1.21μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     4.996M i/s -      5.179M times in 1.036658s (200.16ns/i, 533clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     6.884M i/s -      6.916M times in 1.004562s (145.26ns/i, 320clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)    42.033k i/s -    115.306k times in 2.743242s (23.79μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     1.699M i/s -      5.103M times in 3.003166s (588.51ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   844.004k i/s -      2.488M times in 2.948094s (1.18μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     5.720M i/s -     14.988M times in 2.620286s (174.83ns/i, 439clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     8.029M i/s -     20.653M times in 2.572341s (124.55ns/i, 239clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   8028814.5 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   5719855.1 i/s - 1.40x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):   1699219.0 i/s - 4.73x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):    844004.1 i/s - 9.51x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):     42032.8 i/s - 191.01x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=30,000
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=30000) ============================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (findmin)    10.286M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.916695s (97.22ns/i, 246clocks/i)
+    push N (bsearch)   626.769k i/s -    600.000k times in 0.957290s (1.60μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     4.372M i/s -     12.000M times in 2.744993s (228.75ns/i, 586clocks/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)     7.925M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.271289s (126.18ns/i, 363clocks/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    10.471M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.865042s (95.50ns/i, 209clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):  10471051.5 i/s
+    push N (findmin):  10285616.0 i/s - 1.02x  slower
+    push N (c++ stl):   7925015.4 i/s - 1.32x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):   4371595.7 i/s - 2.40x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):    626769.1 i/s - 16.71x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=30000) ================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     1.223M i/s -      1.200M times in 0.981407s (817.84ns/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)     1.305M i/s -      6.000M times in 4.596226s (766.04ns/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)     6.965M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.584494s (143.58ns/i, 379clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     7.438M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.419970s (134.44ns/i, 271clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):   7438108.8 i/s
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):   6964611.7 i/s - 1.07x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):   1305418.8 i/s - 5.70x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):   1222734.6 i/s - 6.08x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=31,623
+################################################################################
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=31623) ==========================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     4.101k i/s -      4.296k times in 1.047474s (243.83μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     1.422M i/s -      1.433M times in 1.007735s (703.26ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   808.387k i/s -    842.904k times in 1.042698s (1.24μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     4.707M i/s -      4.894M times in 1.039760s (212.47ns/i, 498clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     6.838M i/s -      6.889M times in 1.007490s (146.25ns/i, 383clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     4.386k i/s -     12.303k times in 2.805010s (227.99μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     1.416M i/s -      4.266M times in 3.012567s (706.20ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   824.220k i/s -      2.425M times in 2.942372s (1.21μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     5.005M i/s -     14.120M times in 2.821127s (199.80ns/i, 408clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     7.584M i/s -     20.513M times in 2.704950s (131.87ns/i, 319clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   7583504.1 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   5005005.3 i/s - 1.52x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):   1416019.5 i/s - 5.36x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):    824219.7 i/s - 9.20x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):      4386.1 i/s - 1728.99x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=100,000
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=100000) ==========================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (findmin)    10.279M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.918590s (97.29ns/i, 244clocks/i)
+    push N (bsearch)   220.832k i/s -    600.000k times in 2.717000s (4.53μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     4.384M i/s -     12.000M times in 2.736961s (228.08ns/i, 561clocks/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)     7.739M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.325853s (129.21ns/i, 317clocks/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    10.446M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.872022s (95.73ns/i, 170clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):  10445603.0 i/s
+    push N (findmin):  10278935.5 i/s - 1.02x  slower
+    push N (c++ stl):   7739095.9 i/s - 1.35x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):   4384424.4 i/s - 2.38x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):    220831.8 i/s - 47.30x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=100000) ================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (bsearch)   443.386k i/s -      1.200M times in 2.706446s (2.26μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)     1.174M i/s -      6.000M times in 5.112169s (852.03ns/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)     6.467M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.783322s (154.63ns/i, 423clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     6.772M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.658145s (147.67ns/i, 380clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):   6771640.7 i/s
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):   6467092.5 i/s - 1.05x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):   1173670.1 i/s - 5.77x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):    443385.9 i/s - 15.27x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=100000) ==========================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     1.081k i/s -      1.090k times in 1.008121s (924.88μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)    93.746k i/s -     94.380k times in 1.006760s (10.67μs/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   614.413k i/s -    617.988k times in 1.005818s (1.63μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     4.384M i/s -      4.526M times in 1.032424s (228.10ns/i, 367clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     6.357M i/s -      6.395M times in 1.006052s (157.31ns/i, 351clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     1.118k i/s -      3.243k times in 2.901718s (894.76μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)   126.592k i/s -    281.238k times in 2.221611s (7.90μs/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   640.816k i/s -      1.843M times in 2.876396s (1.56μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     4.598M i/s -     13.152M times in 2.860115s (217.47ns/i, 548clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     7.040M i/s -     19.070M times in 2.708918s (142.05ns/i, 402clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   7039813.2 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   4598367.9 i/s - 1.53x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):    640815.8 i/s - 10.99x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):    126591.9 i/s - 55.61x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):      1117.6 i/s - 6298.97x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=300,000
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=300000) ==========================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (findmin)    10.292M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.914849s (97.16ns/i, 216clocks/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     4.366M i/s -     12.000M times in 2.748236s (229.02ns/i, 508clocks/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)     7.606M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.366608s (131.48ns/i, 237clocks/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    10.406M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.882976s (96.10ns/i, 239clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):  10405915.1 i/s
+    push N (findmin):  10292126.6 i/s - 1.01x  slower
+    push N (c++ stl):   7605822.4 i/s - 1.37x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):   4366436.9 i/s - 2.38x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=300000) ================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)     1.090M i/s -      6.000M times in 5.503067s (917.18ns/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)     6.194M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.906249s (161.46ns/i, 397clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     5.898M i/s -     18.000M times in 3.051953s (169.55ns/i, 380clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):   6193550.8 i/s
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):   5897862.5 i/s - 1.05x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):   1090301.2 i/s - 5.68x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=316,228
+################################################################################
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=316228) ==========================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)    329.363 i/s -     340.000 times in 1.032295s (3.04ms/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)    26.855k i/s -     27.870k times in 1.037803s (37.24μs/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   510.061k i/s -    516.120k times in 1.011878s (1.96μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     3.662M i/s -      3.787M times in 1.034233s (273.07ns/i, 485clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     5.829M i/s -      5.952M times in 1.021078s (171.56ns/i, 409clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)    336.903 i/s -     988.000 times in 2.932592s (2.97ms/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)    26.374k i/s -     80.564k times in 3.054645s (37.92μs/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   586.229k i/s -      1.530M times in 2.610215s (1.71μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     4.199M i/s -     10.986M times in 2.616590s (238.17ns/i, 562clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     6.651M i/s -     17.486M times in 2.628997s (150.35ns/i, 320clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   6651247.1 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   4198720.4 i/s - 1.58x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):    586229.1 i/s - 11.35x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):     26374.3 i/s - 252.19x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):       336.9 i/s - 19742.30x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=1,000,000
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=1000000) ==========================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (findmin)     9.964M i/s -     30.000M times in 3.010870s (100.36ns/i, 238clocks/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     4.350M i/s -     12.000M times in 2.758547s (229.88ns/i, 403clocks/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)     7.892M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.280812s (126.71ns/i, 234clocks/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    10.342M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.900741s (96.69ns/i, 217clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):  10342183.7 i/s
+    push N (findmin):   9963898.8 i/s - 1.04x  slower
+    push N (c++ stl):   7891924.8 i/s - 1.31x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):   4350116.0 i/s - 2.38x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=1000000) ==============================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)   976.689k i/s -      6.000M times in 6.143207s (1.02μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)     5.275M i/s -     18.000M times in 3.412544s (189.59ns/i, 371clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     4.731M i/s -     18.000M times in 3.804598s (211.37ns/i, 510clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):   5274657.5 i/s
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):   4731117.9 i/s - 1.11x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):    976688.6 i/s - 5.40x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=1000000) ========================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)    133.958 i/s -     140.000 times in 1.045105s (7.47ms/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     5.157k i/s -      5.170k times in 1.002466s (193.90μs/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   530.099k i/s -    553.995k times in 1.045078s (1.89μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     3.008M i/s -      3.068M times in 1.019941s (332.45ns/i, 961clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     3.792M i/s -      3.850M times in 1.015408s (263.74ns/i, 606clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)    133.988 i/s -     401.000 times in 2.992798s (7.46ms/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     5.009k i/s -     15.471k times in 3.088774s (199.65μs/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   542.219k i/s -      1.590M times in 2.932944s (1.84μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     3.504M i/s -      9.024M times in 2.575239s (285.38ns/i, 601clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     4.702M i/s -     11.375M times in 2.419358s (212.70ns/i, 603clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   4701505.8 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   3504115.7 i/s - 1.34x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):    542219.0 i/s - 8.67x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):      5008.8 i/s - 938.65x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):       134.0 i/s - 35088.93x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=3,000,000
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=3000000) ==========================================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (findmin)    10.061M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.981862s (99.40ns/i, 291clocks/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     4.332M i/s -     12.000M times in 2.769993s (230.83ns/i, 666clocks/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)     7.700M i/s -     18.000M times in 2.337763s (129.88ns/i, 272clocks/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    10.306M i/s -     30.000M times in 2.910863s (97.03ns/i, 231clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):  10306222.6 i/s
+    push N (findmin):  10060827.1 i/s - 1.02x  slower
+    push N (c++ stl):   7699668.9 i/s - 1.34x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):   4332141.2 i/s - 2.38x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=3000000) ==============================================
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)   844.839k i/s -      6.000M times in 7.101946s (1.18μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)     4.417M i/s -     18.000M times in 4.075439s (226.41ns/i, 576clocks/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     4.006M i/s -     18.000M times in 4.493805s (249.66ns/i, 359clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):   4416702.3 i/s
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):   4005514.5 i/s - 1.10x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):    844838.9 i/s - 5.23x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=3,162,278
+################################################################################
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=3162278) ========================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     40.806 i/s -      45.000 times in 1.102775s (24.51ms/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)    959.453 i/s -     968.000 times in 1.008908s (1.04ms/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   465.404k i/s -    502.801k times in 1.080353s (2.15μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     2.153M i/s -      2.167M times in 1.006608s (464.52ns/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     2.301M i/s -      2.320M times in 1.007969s (434.52ns/i, 912clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     41.611 i/s -     122.000 times in 2.931911s (24.03ms/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)    984.072 i/s -      2.878k times in 2.924583s (1.02ms/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   463.971k i/s -      1.396M times in 3.009265s (2.16μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     2.514M i/s -      6.458M times in 2.569153s (397.81ns/i, 749clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     2.845M i/s -      6.904M times in 2.426969s (351.52ns/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   2844751.4 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   2513767.5 i/s - 1.13x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):    463971.4 i/s - 6.13x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):       984.1 i/s - 2890.80x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):        41.6 i/s - 68365.22x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=10,000,000
+################################################################################
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=10000000) ========================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     12.805 i/s -      14.000 times in 1.093356s (78.10ms/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)    286.818 i/s -     308.000 times in 1.073852s (3.49ms/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   450.346k i/s -    452.478k times in 1.004734s (2.22μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     1.816M i/s -      1.816M times in 0.999712s (550.55ns/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     1.720M i/s -      1.725M times in 1.002939s (581.52ns/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     12.962 i/s -      38.000 times in 2.931734s (77.15ms/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)    315.781 i/s -     860.000 times in 2.723405s (3.17ms/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   445.131k i/s -      1.351M times in 3.035144s (2.25μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     1.962M i/s -      5.449M times in 2.777382s (509.70ns/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     1.916M i/s -      5.159M times in 2.692582s (521.93ns/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c++ stl):   1961952.2 i/s
+push + pop (c_dheap):   1915981.2 i/s - 1.02x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):    445131.4 i/s - 4.41x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):       315.8 i/s - 6213.01x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):        13.0 i/s - 151366.37x  slower
+