d_heap 0.2.0 → 0.5.0

data/Rakefile

@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "bundler/gem_tasks"
 require "rspec/core/rake_task"
 
 RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:spec)
 
+require "rubocop/rake_task"
+
+RuboCop::RakeTask.new
+
 require "rake/extensiontask"
 
-task :build => :compile
+task build: :compile
 
 Rake::ExtensionTask.new("d_heap") do |ext|
   ext.lib_dir = "lib/d_heap"
 end
 
-task :default => [:clobber, :compile, :spec]
+task default: %i[clobber compile spec rubocop]

data/benchmarks/perf.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "perf"
+
+system("#{RbConfig.ruby} bin/rake compile", err: :out, exception: true)
+require "d_heap/benchmarks"
+include DHeap::Benchmarks # rubocop:disable Style/MixinUsage
+fill_random_vals
+
+n = ENV.fetch("BENCH_N", 5_000_000).to_i
+# interval = ENV.fetch("PROF_INTERVAL", 100).to_i # measured in μs
+
+i = 0
+
+q = initq RbHeap
+n.times { q << n }
+q.clear
+
+Perf.record do
+  while i < n
+    q << random_val
+    i += 1
+  end
+  while 0 < i # rubocop:disable Style/NumericPredicate
+    q.pop
+    i -= 1
+  end
+end

data/benchmarks/push_n.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+---
+prelude: |
+  system("#{RbConfig.ruby} bin/rake compile", err: :out, exception: true)
+  require "d_heap/benchmarks"
+  include DHeap::Benchmarks
+  fill_random_vals
+
+  n = ENV.fetch("BENCH_N", 1000).to_i
+
+benchmark:
+  - script: &script |
+       q.clear
+       i = 0
+       while i < n
+         q << random_val
+         i += 1
+       end
+    name:    "push N (findmin)"
+    prelude: "q = initq FindMin"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push N (bsearch)"
+    prelude: "q = initq BSearch"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push N (rb_heap)"
+    prelude: "q = initq RbHeap"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push N (c++ stl)"
+    prelude: "q = initq CppSTL"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push N (c_dheap)"
+    prelude: "q = initq DHeap"

data/benchmarks/push_n_pop_n.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+prelude: |
+  system("#{RbConfig.ruby} bin/rake compile", err: :out, exception: true)
+  require "d_heap/benchmarks"
+  include DHeap::Benchmarks
+  fill_random_vals
+
+  n = ENV.fetch("BENCH_N", 1000).to_i
+
+  i = 0
+
+benchmark:
+  - script: &script |
+       while i < n
+         q << random_val
+         i += 1
+       end
+       while 0 < i
+         q.pop
+         i -= 1
+       end
+    name:    "push N + pop N (findmin)"
+    prelude: "q = initq FindMin"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push N + pop N (bsearch)"
+    prelude: "q = initq BSearch"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push N + pop N (rb_heap)"
+    prelude: "q = initq RbHeap"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push N + pop N (c++ stl)"
+    prelude: "q = initq CppSTL"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push N + pop N (c_dheap)"
+    prelude: "q = initq DHeap"

data/benchmarks/push_pop.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+---
+prelude: |
+  system("#{RbConfig.ruby} bin/rake compile", err: :out, exception: true)
+  require "d_heap/benchmarks"
+  include DHeap::Benchmarks
+  fill_random_vals
+
+  n = ENV.fetch("BENCH_N", 1000).to_i
+
+benchmark:
+  - script: &script |
+       q << random_val
+       q.pop
+    name:    "push + pop (findmin)"
+    prelude: "q = FindMin.new(n) { random_val }"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push + pop (bsearch)"
+    prelude: "q = BSearch.new(n) { random_val }"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push + pop (rb_heap)"
+    prelude: "q = RbHeap.new(n) { random_val }"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push + pop (c++ stl)"
+    prelude: "q = initq CppSTL, n"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push + pop (c_dheap)"
+    prelude: "q = initq DHeap, n"

data/benchmarks/stackprof.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "stackprof"
+
+system("#{RbConfig.ruby} bin/rake compile", err: :out, exception: true)
+require "d_heap/benchmarks"
+include DHeap::Benchmarks # rubocop:disable Style/MixinUsage
+fill_random_vals
+
+n = ENV.fetch("BENCH_N", 5_000_000).to_i
+interval = ENV.fetch("PROF_INTERVAL", 100).to_i # measured in μs
+
+i = 0
+
+q = initq RbHeap
+n.times { q << n }
+q.clear
+
+StackProf.run(mode: :cpu, out: "stackprof-cpu-push.dump", interval: interval) do
+  while i < n
+    q << random_val
+    i += 1
+  end
+end
+StackProf.run(mode: :cpu, out: "stackprof-cpu-pop.dump", interval: interval) do
+  while 0 < i # rubocop:disable Style/NumericPredicate
+    q.pop
+    i -= 1
+  end
+end

data/bin/bench_n

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+set -eu
+
+export BENCH_N="$1"
+shift
+
+exec ruby "$@"

data/bin/benchmark-driver

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+#
+# This file was generated by Bundler.
+#
+# The application 'benchmark-driver' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
+
+require "pathname"
+ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] ||= File.expand_path("../../Gemfile",
+  Pathname.new(__FILE__).realpath)
+
+bundle_binstub = File.expand_path("../bundle", __FILE__)
+
+if File.file?(bundle_binstub)
+  if File.read(bundle_binstub, 300) =~ /This file was generated by Bundler/
+    load(bundle_binstub)
+  else
+    abort("Your `bin/bundle` was not generated by Bundler, so this binstub cannot run.
+Replace `bin/bundle` by running `bundle binstubs bundler --force`, then run this command again.")
+  end
+end
+
+require "rubygems"
+require "bundler/setup"
+
+load Gem.bin_path("benchmark_driver", "benchmark-driver")

data/bin/benchmarks

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "pathname"
+ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] ||= File.expand_path("../Gemfile", __dir__)
+require "rubygems"
+require "bundler/setup"
+
+require "d_heap/benchmarks/benchmarker"
+DHeap::Benchmarks::Benchmarker.new.call

data/bin/console

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "bundler/setup"
 require "d_heap"

data/bin/profile

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "pathname"
+ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] ||= File.expand_path("../Gemfile", __dir__)
+require "rubygems"
+require "bundler/setup"
+
+require "d_heap/benchmarks/profiler"
+DHeap::Benchmarks::Profiler.new.call

data/bin/rubocop

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+#
+# This file was generated by Bundler.
+#
+# The application 'rubocop' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
+
+require "pathname"
+ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] ||= File.expand_path("../../Gemfile",
+  Pathname.new(__FILE__).realpath)
+
+bundle_binstub = File.expand_path("../bundle", __FILE__)
+
+if File.file?(bundle_binstub)
+  if File.read(bundle_binstub, 300) =~ /This file was generated by Bundler/
+    load(bundle_binstub)
+  else
+    abort("Your `bin/bundle` was not generated by Bundler, so this binstub cannot run.
+Replace `bin/bundle` by running `bundle binstubs bundler --force`, then run this command again.")
+  end
+end
+
+require "rubygems"
+require "bundler/setup"
+
+load Gem.bin_path("rubocop", "rubocop")

data/d_heap.gemspec

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-require_relative 'lib/d_heap/version'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "lib/d_heap/version"
 
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name          = "d_heap"
@@ -6,7 +8,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.authors       = ["nicholas a. evans"]
   spec.email         = ["nicholas.evans@gmail.com"]
 
-  spec.summary       = %q{A d-ary heap implementation, for priority queues}
+  spec.summary       = "A d-ary heap implementation, for priority queues"
   spec.description   = <<~DESC
     A C extension implementation of a d-ary heap data structure, suitable for
     use in e.g. priority queues or Djikstra's algorithm.
@@ -21,11 +23,14 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
 
   # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
   # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
-  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
-    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
-  end
+  spec.files = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path(__dir__)) {
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject {|f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  }
   spec.bindir        = "exe"
-  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) {|f| File.basename(f) }
   spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
   spec.extensions    = ["ext/d_heap/extconf.rb"]
+
+  spec.add_development_dependency "benchmark_driver"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "ruby-prof"
 end

data/docs/benchmarks-2.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)             136.044 i/s -     140.000 times in 1.029078s (7.35ms/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)              5.700k i/s -      5.984k times in 1.049902s (175.45μs/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)            466.447k i/s -    496.977k times in 1.065453s (2.14μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)              3.023M i/s -      3.038M times in 1.004830s (330.81ns/i, 794clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)              3.579M i/s -      3.620M times in 1.011429s (279.40ns/i, 785clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+                     bin/bench_n 1000000  bin/bench_n 10000  bin/bench_n 25000  bin/bench_n 50000  bin/bench_n 100000  bin/bench_n 250000  bin/bench_n 500000  bin/bench_n 10000000  bin/bench_n 2500000  bin/bench_n 5000000
+push + pop (findmin)             136.690            11.014k             4.426k             2.178k              1.084k             408.671             215.680                13.169               52.037               26.307 i/s -     408.000 times in 2.984861s 0.037045s 0.092186s 0.187334s 0.376306s 0.998359s 1.891687s 30.981982s 7.840594s 15.509132s
+push + pop (bsearch)              5.639k           786.334k           364.964k           200.521k             88.607k             34.530k             17.965k               288.811               1.302k              592.009 i/s -     17.098k times in 3.032244s 0.021744s 0.046848s 0.085268s 0.192965s 0.495157s 0.951721s 59.201408s 13.131805s 28.881310s
+push + pop (rb_heap)            513.523k           736.618k           670.187k           618.157k            579.251k            572.795k            543.648k              423.119k             460.849k             445.235k i/s -      1.399M times in 2.724978s 1.899681s 2.087985s 2.263730s 2.415776s 2.443003s 2.573980s 3.307202s 3.036440s 3.142928s
+push + pop (c++ stl)              3.396M             4.902M             4.794M             4.532M              4.316M              4.204M              3.903M                2.022M               2.659M               2.347M i/s -      9.069M times in 2.670712s 1.850114s 1.891786s 2.001185s 2.101354s 2.157093s 2.323676s 4.484351s 3.410224s 3.864573s
+push + pop (c_dheap)              4.403M             7.311M             6.407M             6.738M              6.254M              5.918M              5.126M                2.138M               3.304M               2.665M i/s -     10.737M times in 2.438365s 1.468580s 1.675785s 1.593589s 1.716764s 1.814447s 2.094553s 5.022305s 3.249709s 4.029170s
+
+Comparison:
+             push + pop (findmin)
+   bin/bench_n 10000:     11013.7 i/s
+   bin/bench_n 25000:      4425.8 i/s - 2.49x  slower
+   bin/bench_n 50000:      2177.9 i/s - 5.06x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 100000:      1084.2 i/s - 10.16x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 250000:       408.7 i/s - 26.95x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 500000:       215.7 i/s - 51.06x  slower
+ bin/bench_n 1000000:       136.7 i/s - 80.57x  slower
+ bin/bench_n 2500000:        52.0 i/s - 211.65x  slower
+ bin/bench_n 5000000:        26.3 i/s - 418.66x  slower
+bin/bench_n 10000000:        13.2 i/s - 836.34x  slower
+
+             push + pop (bsearch)
+   bin/bench_n 10000:    786334.2 i/s
+   bin/bench_n 25000:    364963.8 i/s - 2.15x  slower
+   bin/bench_n 50000:    200520.6 i/s - 3.92x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 100000:     88607.0 i/s - 8.87x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 250000:     34530.5 i/s - 22.77x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 500000:     17965.4 i/s - 43.77x  slower
+ bin/bench_n 1000000:      5638.7 i/s - 139.45x  slower
+ bin/bench_n 2500000:      1302.0 i/s - 603.93x  slower
+ bin/bench_n 5000000:       592.0 i/s - 1328.25x  slower
+bin/bench_n 10000000:       288.8 i/s - 2722.66x  slower
+
+             push + pop (rb_heap)
+   bin/bench_n 10000:    736618.2 i/s
+   bin/bench_n 25000:    670186.8 i/s - 1.10x  slower
+   bin/bench_n 50000:    618156.7 i/s - 1.19x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 100000:    579250.7 i/s - 1.27x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 250000:    572795.0 i/s - 1.29x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 500000:    543648.3 i/s - 1.35x  slower
+ bin/bench_n 1000000:    513523.4 i/s - 1.43x  slower
+ bin/bench_n 2500000:    460848.9 i/s - 1.60x  slower
+ bin/bench_n 5000000:    445234.5 i/s - 1.65x  slower
+bin/bench_n 10000000:    423119.0 i/s - 1.74x  slower
+
+             push + pop (c++ stl)
+   bin/bench_n 10000:   4901711.5 i/s
+   bin/bench_n 25000:   4793735.8 i/s - 1.02x  slower
+   bin/bench_n 50000:   4531675.9 i/s - 1.08x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 100000:   4315657.8 i/s - 1.14x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 250000:   4204141.1 i/s - 1.17x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 500000:   3902748.9 i/s - 1.26x  slower
+ bin/bench_n 1000000:   3395620.2 i/s - 1.44x  slower
+ bin/bench_n 2500000:   2659274.8 i/s - 1.84x  slower
+ bin/bench_n 5000000:   2346630.0 i/s - 2.09x  slower
+bin/bench_n 10000000:   2022304.5 i/s - 2.42x  slower
+
+             push + pop (c_dheap)
+   bin/bench_n 10000:   7311366.6 i/s
+   bin/bench_n 50000:   6737824.5 i/s - 1.09x  slower
+   bin/bench_n 25000:   6407340.6 i/s - 1.14x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 100000:   6254396.3 i/s - 1.17x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 250000:   5917684.5 i/s - 1.24x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 500000:   5126307.6 i/s - 1.43x  slower
+ bin/bench_n 1000000:   4403494.1 i/s - 1.66x  slower
+ bin/bench_n 2500000:   3304088.2 i/s - 2.21x  slower
+ bin/bench_n 5000000:   2664897.7 i/s - 2.74x  slower
+bin/bench_n 10000000:   2137927.6 i/s - 3.42x  slower
+

data/docs/benchmarks-mem.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+                     bin/bench_n 10000  bin/bench_n 100000  bin/bench_n 1000000  bin/bench_n 10000000
+push + pop (findmin)           40.280M             42.236M              58.956M              204.536M bytes -       1.000 times
+push + pop (bsearch)           40.212M             42.036M              59.012M              204.536M bytes -       1.000 times
+push + pop (rb_heap)           40.264M             41.780M              58.940M              204.364M bytes -       1.000 times
+push + pop (c++ stl)           40.416M             42.268M              56.624M              302.152M bytes -       1.000 times
+push + pop (c_dheap)           40.848M             43.968M              72.888M              568.828M bytes -       1.000 times
+
+Comparison:
+             push + pop (findmin)
+   bin/bench_n 10000:  40280000.0 bytes
+  bin/bench_n 100000:  42236000.0 bytes - 1.05x  larger
+ bin/bench_n 1000000:  58956000.0 bytes - 1.46x  larger
+bin/bench_n 10000000: 204536000.0 bytes - 5.08x  larger
+
+             push + pop (bsearch)
+   bin/bench_n 10000:  40212000.0 bytes
+  bin/bench_n 100000:  42036000.0 bytes - 1.05x  larger
+ bin/bench_n 1000000:  59012000.0 bytes - 1.47x  larger
+bin/bench_n 10000000: 204536000.0 bytes - 5.09x  larger
+
+             push + pop (rb_heap)
+   bin/bench_n 10000:  40264000.0 bytes
+  bin/bench_n 100000:  41780000.0 bytes - 1.04x  larger
+ bin/bench_n 1000000:  58940000.0 bytes - 1.46x  larger
+bin/bench_n 10000000: 204364000.0 bytes - 5.08x  larger
+
+             push + pop (c++ stl)
+   bin/bench_n 10000:  40416000.0 bytes
+  bin/bench_n 100000:  42268000.0 bytes - 1.05x  larger
+ bin/bench_n 1000000:  56624000.0 bytes - 1.40x  larger
+bin/bench_n 10000000: 302152000.0 bytes - 7.48x  larger
+
+             push + pop (c_dheap)
+   bin/bench_n 10000:  40848000.0 bytes
+  bin/bench_n 100000:  43968000.0 bytes - 1.08x  larger
+ bin/bench_n 1000000:  72888000.0 bytes - 1.78x  larger
+bin/bench_n 10000000: 568828000.0 bytes - 13.93x  larger
+

data/docs/benchmarks.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+Benchmarking run at 2021-01-17 17:17:24 -0500
+ruby v2.7.2, DHeap v0.5.0
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=5 (t=10sec/benchmark)
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=5) ================================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)   921.113k i/s -      1.862M times in 2.021033s (1.09μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)   953.542k i/s -      1.933M times in 2.026956s (1.05μs/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)   989.247k i/s -      2.038M times in 2.060495s (1.01μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)     1.922M i/s -      3.928M times in 2.043907s (520.30ns/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)   921.060k i/s -      5.527M times in 6.000346s (1.09μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)   928.435k i/s -      5.721M times in 6.162252s (1.08μs/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)     1.050M i/s -      5.935M times in 5.654249s (952.62ns/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)     1.970M i/s -     11.532M times in 5.854595s (507.69ns/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):   1969700.7 i/s
+    push N (c++ stl):   1049738.1 i/s - 1.88x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):    928435.2 i/s - 2.12x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):    921060.0 i/s - 2.14x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=5) ====================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)   812.905k i/s -      1.645M times in 2.023946s (1.23μs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)   756.655k i/s -      1.537M times in 2.031407s (1.32μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)   505.268k i/s -      1.051M times in 2.079579s (1.98μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)     1.159M i/s -      2.358M times in 2.035009s (863.13ns/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     1.425M i/s -      2.889M times in 2.028016s (701.91ns/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)   862.913k i/s -      4.877M times in 5.652280s (1.16μs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)   762.887k i/s -      4.540M times in 5.950988s (1.31μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)   506.890k i/s -      3.032M times in 5.980790s (1.97μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)     1.135M i/s -      6.951M times in 6.124666s (881.06ns/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     1.376M i/s -      8.548M times in 6.213139s (726.85ns/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):   1375805.0 i/s
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):   1134997.5 i/s - 1.21x  slower
+push N + pop N (findmin):    862913.1 i/s - 1.59x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):    762887.1 i/s - 1.80x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):    506890.4 i/s - 2.71x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=5) ==============================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     5.115M i/s -     10.399M times in 2.033134s (195.52ns/i, 504clocks/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     4.203M i/s -      8.569M times in 2.038788s (237.92ns/i, 627clocks/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     2.362M i/s -      4.760M times in 2.014718s (423.30ns/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     6.881M i/s -     13.910M times in 2.021416s (145.32ns/i, 269clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     8.354M i/s -     16.814M times in 2.012796s (119.71ns/i, 343clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     5.026M i/s -     30.687M times in 6.105509s (198.96ns/i, 532clocks/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     4.300M i/s -     25.219M times in 5.864447s (232.54ns/i, 607clocks/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     2.299M i/s -     14.174M times in 6.164105s (434.88ns/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     7.535M i/s -     41.288M times in 5.479760s (132.72ns/i, 350clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     9.044M i/s -     50.122M times in 5.541698s (110.57ns/i, 241clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   9044435.5 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   7534583.4 i/s - 1.20x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):   5026155.1 i/s - 1.80x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):   4300260.0 i/s - 2.10x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):   2299499.7 i/s - 3.93x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=21 (t=10sec/benchmark)
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=21) ==============================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)   172.478k i/s -    359.942k times in 2.086881s (5.80μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)   206.237k i/s -    426.074k times in 2.065940s (4.85μs/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)   317.575k i/s -    652.828k times in 2.055665s (3.15μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)   488.947k i/s -    991.484k times in 2.027793s (2.05μs/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)   168.679k i/s -      1.035M times in 6.135155s (5.93μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)   202.804k i/s -      1.237M times in 6.101584s (4.93μs/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)   305.547k i/s -      1.905M times in 6.236198s (3.27μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)   464.231k i/s -      2.934M times in 6.319441s (2.15μs/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):    464231.4 i/s
+    push N (c++ stl):    305546.7 i/s - 1.52x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):    202803.7 i/s - 2.29x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):    168678.7 i/s - 2.75x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=21) ====================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)   160.307k i/s -    331.191k times in 2.065978s (6.24μs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)   136.665k i/s -    280.830k times in 2.054882s (7.32μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)    77.997k i/s -    156.492k times in 2.006388s (12.82μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)   243.819k i/s -    489.279k times in 2.006731s (4.10μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)   295.254k i/s -    597.410k times in 2.023373s (3.39μs/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)   161.999k i/s -    961.842k times in 5.937343s (6.17μs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)   143.432k i/s -    819.988k times in 5.716901s (6.97μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)    79.622k i/s -    467.981k times in 5.877529s (12.56μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)   252.227k i/s -      1.463M times in 5.799983s (3.96μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)   298.350k i/s -      1.772M times in 5.937739s (3.35μs/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):    298350.3 i/s
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):    252227.1 i/s - 1.18x  slower
+push N + pop N (findmin):    161998.7 i/s - 1.84x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):    143432.3 i/s - 2.08x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):     79622.1 i/s - 3.75x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=21) ==============================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     4.383M i/s -      8.832M times in 2.014937s (228.13ns/i, 482clocks/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     3.357M i/s -      6.859M times in 2.042965s (297.84ns/i, 709clocks/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.885M i/s -      3.852M times in 2.043333s (530.48ns/i, 698clocks/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     6.362M i/s -     12.844M times in 2.018810s (157.18ns/i, 438clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     7.644M i/s -     15.337M times in 2.006451s (130.83ns/i, 350clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     4.543M i/s -     26.301M times in 5.789445s (220.12ns/i, 618clocks/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     3.462M i/s -     20.145M times in 5.819157s (288.87ns/i, 721clocks/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.845M i/s -     11.310M times in 6.128707s (541.86ns/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     7.223M i/s -     38.172M times in 5.284687s (138.45ns/i, 383clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     8.855M i/s -     45.863M times in 5.179255s (112.93ns/i, 331clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   8855093.4 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   7223079.5 i/s - 1.23x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):   4542913.7 i/s - 1.95x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):   3461802.4 i/s - 2.56x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):   1845488.7 i/s - 4.80x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=85 (t=10sec/benchmark)
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=85) ==============================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)    33.725k i/s -     70.434k times in 2.088480s (29.65μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)    48.257k i/s -     97.041k times in 2.010935s (20.72μs/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)    89.473k i/s -    179.991k times in 2.011685s (11.18μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)   113.625k i/s -    229.362k times in 2.018582s (8.80μs/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)    32.896k i/s -    202.350k times in 6.151202s (30.40μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)    45.078k i/s -    289.539k times in 6.423085s (22.18μs/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)    90.436k i/s -    536.836k times in 5.936116s (11.06μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)   115.218k i/s -    681.751k times in 5.917030s (8.68μs/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):    115218.4 i/s
+    push N (c++ stl):     90435.6 i/s - 1.27x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):     45077.9 i/s - 2.56x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):     32896.0 i/s - 3.50x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=85) ====================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)    28.014k i/s -     57.855k times in 2.065181s (35.70μs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)    28.759k i/s -     59.829k times in 2.080345s (34.77μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)    14.748k i/s -     29.500k times in 2.000302s (67.81μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)    58.058k i/s -    117.831k times in 2.029553s (17.22μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)    67.639k i/s -    139.587k times in 2.063705s (14.78μs/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)    27.713k i/s -    168.086k times in 6.065197s (36.08μs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)    29.110k i/s -    172.554k times in 5.927752s (34.35μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)    14.908k i/s -     88.486k times in 5.935373s (67.08μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)    54.774k i/s -    348.345k times in 6.359716s (18.26μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)    68.487k i/s -    405.834k times in 5.925729s (14.60μs/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):     68486.8 i/s
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):     54773.7 i/s - 1.25x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):     29109.5 i/s - 2.35x  slower
+push N + pop N (findmin):     27713.2 i/s - 2.47x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):     14908.2 i/s - 4.59x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=85) ==============================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     3.148M i/s -      6.329M times in 2.010240s (317.64ns/i, 872clocks/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     2.616M i/s -      5.241M times in 2.003260s (382.20ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.537M i/s -      3.126M times in 2.033793s (650.57ns/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     6.648M i/s -     13.314M times in 2.002850s (150.43ns/i, 396clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     7.902M i/s -     15.885M times in 2.010277s (126.55ns/i, 282clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     3.327M i/s -     18.889M times in 5.677677s (300.58ns/i, 809clocks/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     2.827M i/s -     15.699M times in 5.553113s (353.73ns/i, 891clocks/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.465M i/s -      9.223M times in 6.293793s (682.42ns/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     7.057M i/s -     39.885M times in 5.651789s (141.70ns/i, 418clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     8.422M i/s -     47.412M times in 5.629438s (118.73ns/i, 281clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   8422216.3 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   7057057.1 i/s - 1.19x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):   3326922.6 i/s - 2.53x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):   2827025.2 i/s - 2.98x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):   1465369.7 i/s - 5.75x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=341 (t=10sec/benchmark)
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=341) ==============================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)     6.761k i/s -     13.860k times in 2.049946s (147.90μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)    11.284k i/s -     23.040k times in 2.041838s (88.62μs/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)    23.839k i/s -     49.266k times in 2.066605s (41.95μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    30.654k i/s -     63.420k times in 2.068901s (32.62μs/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)     6.624k i/s -     40.566k times in 6.123861s (150.96μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)    11.433k i/s -     67.703k times in 5.921638s (87.46μs/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)    23.055k i/s -    143.034k times in 6.204083s (43.37μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    27.951k i/s -    183.923k times in 6.580153s (35.78μs/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):     27951.2 i/s
+    push N (c++ stl):     23054.8 i/s - 1.21x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):     11433.2 i/s - 2.44x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):      6624.3 i/s - 4.22x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=341) ==================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)     3.013k i/s -      6.040k times in 2.004514s (331.87μs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     6.202k i/s -     12.684k times in 2.045306s (161.25μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)     3.028k i/s -      6.100k times in 2.014435s (330.24μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)    13.177k i/s -     27.006k times in 2.049544s (75.89μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)    15.142k i/s -     31.563k times in 2.084497s (66.04μs/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)     3.025k i/s -     18.079k times in 5.976274s (330.56μs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     5.906k i/s -     37.209k times in 6.300596s (169.33μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)     3.008k i/s -     18.168k times in 6.039305s (332.41μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)    13.135k i/s -     79.059k times in 6.018814s (76.13μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)    15.142k i/s -     90.850k times in 5.999735s (66.04μs/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):     15142.3 i/s
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):     13135.3 i/s - 1.15x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):      5905.6 i/s - 2.56x  slower
+push N + pop N (findmin):      3025.1 i/s - 5.01x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):      3008.3 i/s - 5.03x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=341) ============================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     1.508M i/s -      3.048M times in 2.020819s (662.94ns/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     2.149M i/s -      4.337M times in 2.017794s (465.25ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.144M i/s -      2.313M times in 2.021027s (873.78ns/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     5.897M i/s -     11.981M times in 2.031688s (169.57ns/i, 484clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     7.452M i/s -     14.981M times in 2.010401s (134.20ns/i, 367clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     1.548M i/s -      9.051M times in 5.844950s (645.81ns/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     2.257M i/s -     12.896M times in 5.713856s (443.06ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.220M i/s -      6.867M times in 5.628146s (819.63ns/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     6.578M i/s -     35.384M times in 5.379298s (152.03ns/i, 399clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     8.225M i/s -     44.711M times in 5.435966s (121.58ns/i, 327clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   8225038.0 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   6577756.8 i/s - 1.25x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):   2257028.3 i/s - 3.64x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):   1548450.8 i/s - 5.31x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):   1220067.2 i/s - 6.74x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=1365 (t=10sec/benchmark)
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=1365) ============================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)     1.394k i/s -      2.898k times in 2.079633s (717.61μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     2.943k i/s -      5.920k times in 2.011565s (339.79μs/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)     5.621k i/s -     11.676k times in 2.077224s (177.91μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)     7.425k i/s -     15.582k times in 2.098509s (134.68μs/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)     1.346k i/s -      8.361k times in 6.211667s (742.93μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     2.908k i/s -     17.657k times in 6.072601s (343.92μs/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)     5.812k i/s -     33.725k times in 5.802474s (172.05μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)     7.406k i/s -     44.551k times in 6.015756s (135.03μs/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):      7405.7 i/s
+    push N (c++ stl):      5812.2 i/s - 1.27x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):      2907.7 i/s - 2.55x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):      1346.0 i/s - 5.50x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=1365) ==================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)    189.039 i/s -     380.000 times in 2.010168s (5.29ms/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     1.275k i/s -      2.667k times in 2.091317s (784.15μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)    629.327 i/s -      1.260k times in 2.002137s (1.59ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)     3.083k i/s -      6.280k times in 2.036843s (324.34μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     3.434k i/s -      6.880k times in 2.003496s (291.21μs/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)    195.665 i/s -      1.134k times in 5.795620s (5.11ms/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     1.177k i/s -      7.651k times in 6.501332s (849.74μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)    624.066 i/s -      3.775k times in 6.049040s (1.60ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)     3.105k i/s -     18.499k times in 5.958037s (322.07μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     3.475k i/s -     20.603k times in 5.928992s (287.77μs/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):      3475.0 i/s
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):      3104.9 i/s - 1.12x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):      1176.8 i/s - 2.95x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):       624.1 i/s - 5.57x  slower
+push N + pop N (findmin):       195.7 i/s - 17.76x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=1365) ============================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)   496.816k i/s -      1.028M times in 2.069729s (2.01μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     1.964M i/s -      3.956M times in 2.014551s (509.28ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.043M i/s -      2.150M times in 2.061288s (958.58ns/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     5.289M i/s -     10.720M times in 2.026911s (189.07ns/i, 346clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     6.890M i/s -     13.979M times in 2.029039s (145.15ns/i, 411clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)   498.357k i/s -      2.981M times in 5.981452s (2.01μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     2.016M i/s -     11.781M times in 5.844338s (496.07ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.056M i/s -      6.259M times in 5.926221s (946.80ns/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     6.149M i/s -     31.734M times in 5.160646s (162.62ns/i, 357clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     7.240M i/s -     41.337M times in 5.709252s (138.11ns/i, 365clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   7240436.4 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   6149299.4 i/s - 1.18x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):   2015850.6 i/s - 3.59x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):   1056192.6 i/s - 6.86x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):    498356.6 i/s - 14.53x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=5461 (t=10sec/benchmark)
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=5461) ============================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)    269.520 i/s -     560.000 times in 2.077767s (3.71ms/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)    717.703 i/s -      1.440k times in 2.006402s (1.39ms/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)     1.462k i/s -      3.045k times in 2.082734s (683.99μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)     1.823k i/s -      3.780k times in 2.073303s (548.49μs/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)    258.932 i/s -      1.617k times in 6.244873s (3.86ms/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)    723.029 i/s -      4.306k times in 5.955502s (1.38ms/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)     1.407k i/s -      8.772k times in 6.235747s (710.87μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)     1.853k i/s -     10.939k times in 5.904004s (539.72μs/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):      1852.8 i/s
+    push N (c++ stl):      1406.7 i/s - 1.32x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):       723.0 i/s - 2.56x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):       258.9 i/s - 7.16x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=5461) ==================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)     12.207 i/s -      26.000 times in 2.129850s (81.92ms/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)    251.139 i/s -     525.000 times in 2.090473s (3.98ms/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)    137.157 i/s -     280.000 times in 2.041453s (7.29ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)    724.325 i/s -      1.460k times in 2.015670s (1.38ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)    794.655 i/s -      1.600k times in 2.013452s (1.26ms/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)     12.381 i/s -      73.000 times in 5.896102s (80.77ms/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)    249.090 i/s -      1.506k times in 6.046014s (4.01ms/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)    136.820 i/s -     822.000 times in 6.007880s (7.31ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)    699.853 i/s -      4.345k times in 6.208445s (1.43ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)    779.676 i/s -      4.767k times in 6.114082s (1.28ms/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):       779.7 i/s
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):       699.9 i/s - 1.11x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):       249.1 i/s - 3.13x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):       136.8 i/s - 5.70x  slower
+push N + pop N (findmin):        12.4 i/s - 62.97x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=5461) ============================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)   122.350k i/s -    245.280k times in 2.004736s (8.17μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     1.778M i/s -      3.633M times in 2.043729s (562.57ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   918.753k i/s -      1.850M times in 2.013237s (1.09μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     5.000M i/s -     10.088M times in 2.017440s (199.99ns/i, 445clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     6.520M i/s -     13.190M times in 2.023137s (153.39ns/i, 427clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)   120.450k i/s -    734.101k times in 6.094657s (8.30μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     1.799M i/s -     10.665M times in 5.928598s (555.87ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   870.024k i/s -      5.513M times in 6.336058s (1.15μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     5.594M i/s -     30.001M times in 5.363045s (178.76ns/i, 451clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     6.991M i/s -     39.117M times in 5.595561s (143.05ns/i, 373clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   6990729.5 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   5594102.7 i/s - 1.25x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):   1798974.6 i/s - 3.89x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):    870023.6 i/s - 8.04x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):    120449.9 i/s - 58.04x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=21845 (t=10sec/benchmark)
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=21845) ============================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)     29.500 i/s -      60.000 times in 2.033920s (33.90ms/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)    180.110 i/s -     378.000 times in 2.098720s (5.55ms/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)    341.267 i/s -     700.000 times in 2.051181s (2.93ms/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    452.850 i/s -     920.000 times in 2.031579s (2.21ms/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)     34.825 i/s -     176.000 times in 5.053771s (28.71ms/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)    178.444 i/s -      1.080k times in 6.052328s (5.60ms/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)    339.996 i/s -      2.047k times in 6.020652s (2.94ms/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    471.606 i/s -      2.717k times in 5.761168s (2.12ms/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):       471.6 i/s
+    push N (c++ stl):       340.0 i/s - 1.39x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):       178.4 i/s - 2.64x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):        34.8 i/s - 13.54x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=21845) ================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)      0.779 i/s -       2.000 times in 2.567523s (1.28s/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     34.097 i/s -      72.000 times in 2.111648s (29.33ms/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)     30.004 i/s -      63.000 times in 2.099747s (33.33ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)    162.161 i/s -     340.000 times in 2.096682s (6.17ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)    174.422 i/s -     360.000 times in 2.063954s (5.73ms/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)      0.778 i/s -       4.000 times in 5.144549s (1.29s/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     32.991 i/s -     204.000 times in 6.183540s (30.31ms/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)     29.347 i/s -     180.000 times in 6.133559s (34.08ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)    164.692 i/s -     972.000 times in 5.901925s (6.07ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)    171.201 i/s -      1.046k times in 6.109760s (5.84ms/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):       171.2 i/s
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):       164.7 i/s - 1.04x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):        33.0 i/s - 5.19x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):        29.3 i/s - 5.83x  slower
+push N + pop N (findmin):         0.8 i/s - 220.19x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=21845) ==========================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     9.674k i/s -     19.701k times in 2.036569s (103.37μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     1.565M i/s -      3.181M times in 2.032390s (638.93ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   830.840k i/s -      1.701M times in 2.047922s (1.20μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     4.606M i/s -      9.338M times in 2.027286s (217.11ns/i, 525clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     5.854M i/s -     11.791M times in 2.014052s (170.81ns/i, 453clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)    11.522k i/s -     58.041k times in 5.037203s (86.79μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     1.528M i/s -      9.391M times in 6.144507s (654.32ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   802.621k i/s -      4.985M times in 6.210948s (1.25μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     4.959M i/s -     27.636M times in 5.573344s (201.67ns/i, 561clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     6.275M i/s -     35.126M times in 5.597394s (159.35ns/i, 421clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   6275438.5 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   4958577.7 i/s - 1.27x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):   1528297.6 i/s - 4.11x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):    802621.5 i/s - 7.82x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):     11522.5 i/s - 544.63x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=87381 (t=10sec/benchmark)
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=87381) ============================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)      2.860 i/s -       6.000 times in 2.097866s (349.64ms/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     44.082 i/s -      90.000 times in 2.041662s (22.69ms/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)     87.951 i/s -     180.000 times in 2.046591s (11.37ms/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    114.586 i/s -     240.000 times in 2.094502s (8.73ms/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)      2.876 i/s -      17.000 times in 5.910605s (347.68ms/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     44.019 i/s -     264.000 times in 5.997408s (22.72ms/i)
+    push N (c++ stl)     79.328 i/s -     527.000 times in 6.643283s (12.61ms/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    115.006 i/s -     687.000 times in 5.973623s (8.70ms/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):       115.0 i/s
+    push N (c++ stl):        79.3 i/s - 1.45x  slower
+    push N (rb_heap):        44.0 i/s - 2.61x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):         2.9 i/s - 39.99x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=87381) ================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)0.0 i/s - 0.0 times in 15.004015s (Infs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)      2.818 i/s -       6.000 times in 2.129230s (354.87ms/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)      6.587 i/s -      14.000 times in 2.125416s (151.82ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)     38.095 i/s -      80.000 times in 2.100037s (26.25ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     39.934 i/s -      80.000 times in 2.003287s (25.04ms/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)0.0 i/s - 0.0 times in 15.004015s (Infs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)      2.905 i/s -      16.000 times in 5.507260s (344.20ms/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)      6.675 i/s -      39.000 times in 5.843054s (149.82ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c++ stl)     38.576 i/s -     228.000 times in 5.910361s (25.92ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     39.508 i/s -     239.000 times in 6.049426s (25.31ms/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):        39.5 i/s
+push N + pop N (c++ stl):        38.6 i/s - 1.02x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):         6.7 i/s - 5.92x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):         2.9 i/s - 13.60x  slower
+push N + pop N (findmin):         0.0 i/s - Infx  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=87381) ==========================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     1.301k i/s -      2.646k times in 2.033177s (768.40μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)   399.722k i/s -    802.368k times in 2.007313s (2.50μs/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   693.504k i/s -      1.416M times in 2.042452s (1.44μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     3.984M i/s -      7.970M times in 2.000250s (250.98ns/i, 578clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     5.101M i/s -     10.348M times in 2.028583s (196.05ns/i, 321clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     1.305k i/s -      7.808k times in 5.983727s (766.36μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)   516.666k i/s -      2.398M times in 4.641947s (1.94μs/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   695.029k i/s -      4.161M times in 5.986830s (1.44μs/i)
+push + pop (c++ stl)     4.478M i/s -     23.906M times in 5.338832s (223.32ns/i, 577clocks/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     5.968M i/s -     30.605M times in 5.128099s (167.56ns/i, 426clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   5968137.3 i/s
+push + pop (c++ stl):   4477815.8 i/s - 1.33x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):    695029.1 i/s - 8.59x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):    516665.5 i/s - 11.55x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):      1304.9 i/s - 4573.73x  slower
+