d_heap 0.1.0 → 0.4.0

data/Rakefile

@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "bundler/gem_tasks"
 require "rspec/core/rake_task"
 
 RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:spec)
 
+require "rubocop/rake_task"
+
+RuboCop::RakeTask.new
+
 require "rake/extensiontask"
 
-task :build => :compile
+task build: :compile
 
 Rake::ExtensionTask.new("d_heap") do |ext|
   ext.lib_dir = "lib/d_heap"
 end
 
-task :default => [:clobber, :compile, :spec]
+task default: %i[clobber compile spec rubocop]

data/benchmarks/push_n.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+---
+prelude: |
+  system("#{RbConfig.ruby} bin/rake compile", err: :out, exception: true)
+  require "d_heap/benchmarks"
+  include DHeap::Benchmarks
+  fill_random_vals
+
+  n = ENV.fetch("BENCH_N", 1000).to_i
+
+benchmark:
+  - script: &script |
+       q.clear
+       i = 0
+       while i < n
+         q << random_val
+         i += 1
+       end
+    # name:    "push N (findmin)"
+    # prelude: "q = initq FindMin"
+  # - script: *script
+    name:    "push N (bsearch)"
+    prelude: "q = initq BSearch"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push N (rb_heap)"
+    prelude: "q = initq RbHeap"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push N (c_dheap)"
+    prelude: "q = initq DHeap"

data/benchmarks/push_n_pop_n.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+---
+prelude: |
+  system("#{RbConfig.ruby} bin/rake compile", err: :out, exception: true)
+  require "d_heap/benchmarks"
+  include DHeap::Benchmarks
+  fill_random_vals
+
+  n = ENV.fetch("BENCH_N", 1000).to_i
+  i = 0
+
+benchmark:
+  - script: &script |
+       while i < n
+         q << random_val
+         i += 1
+       end
+       while 0 < i
+         q.pop
+         i -= 1
+       end
+    name:    "push N + pop N (findmin)"
+    prelude: "q = initq FindMin"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push N + pop N (bsearch)"
+    prelude: "q = initq BSearch"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push N + pop N (rb_heap)"
+    prelude: "q = initq RbHeap"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push N + pop N (c_dheap)"
+    prelude: "q = initq DHeap"

data/benchmarks/push_pop.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+---
+prelude: |
+  system("#{RbConfig.ruby} bin/rake compile", err: :out, exception: true)
+  require "d_heap/benchmarks"
+  include DHeap::Benchmarks
+  fill_random_vals
+
+  n = ENV.fetch("BENCH_N", 1000).to_i
+
+benchmark:
+  - script: &script |
+       q << random_val
+       q.pop
+    name:    "push + pop (findmin)"
+    prelude: "q = initq FindMin, n"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push + pop (bsearch)"
+    prelude: "q = initq BSearch, n"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push + pop (rb_heap)"
+    prelude: "q = initq RbHeap, n"
+  - script: *script
+    name:    "push + pop (c_dheap)"
+    prelude: "q = initq DHeap, n"

data/bin/bench_n

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+set -eu
+
+export BENCH_N="$1"
+shift
+
+exec ruby "$@"

data/bin/benchmark-driver

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+#
+# This file was generated by Bundler.
+#
+# The application 'benchmark-driver' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
+
+require "pathname"
+ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] ||= File.expand_path("../../Gemfile",
+  Pathname.new(__FILE__).realpath)
+
+bundle_binstub = File.expand_path("../bundle", __FILE__)
+
+if File.file?(bundle_binstub)
+  if File.read(bundle_binstub, 300) =~ /This file was generated by Bundler/
+    load(bundle_binstub)
+  else
+    abort("Your `bin/bundle` was not generated by Bundler, so this binstub cannot run.
+Replace `bin/bundle` by running `bundle binstubs bundler --force`, then run this command again.")
+  end
+end
+
+require "rubygems"
+require "bundler/setup"
+
+load Gem.bin_path("benchmark_driver", "benchmark-driver")

data/bin/benchmarks

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "pathname"
+ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] ||= File.expand_path("../Gemfile", __dir__)
+require "rubygems"
+require "bundler/setup"
+
+require "d_heap/benchmarks/benchmarker"
+DHeap::Benchmarks::Benchmarker.new.call

data/bin/console

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "bundler/setup"
 require "d_heap"

data/bin/profile

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "pathname"
+ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] ||= File.expand_path("../Gemfile", __dir__)
+require "rubygems"
+require "bundler/setup"
+
+require "d_heap/benchmarks/profiler"
+DHeap::Benchmarks::Profiler.new.call

data/bin/rubocop

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+#
+# This file was generated by Bundler.
+#
+# The application 'rubocop' is installed as part of a gem, and
+# this file is here to facilitate running it.
+#
+
+require "pathname"
+ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] ||= File.expand_path("../../Gemfile",
+  Pathname.new(__FILE__).realpath)
+
+bundle_binstub = File.expand_path("../bundle", __FILE__)
+
+if File.file?(bundle_binstub)
+  if File.read(bundle_binstub, 300) =~ /This file was generated by Bundler/
+    load(bundle_binstub)
+  else
+    abort("Your `bin/bundle` was not generated by Bundler, so this binstub cannot run.
+Replace `bin/bundle` by running `bundle binstubs bundler --force`, then run this command again.")
+  end
+end
+
+require "rubygems"
+require "bundler/setup"
+
+load Gem.bin_path("rubocop", "rubocop")

data/d_heap.gemspec

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-require_relative 'lib/d_heap/version'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "lib/d_heap/version"
 
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name          = "d_heap"
@@ -6,7 +8,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.authors       = ["nicholas a. evans"]
   spec.email         = ["nicholas.evans@gmail.com"]
 
-  spec.summary       = %q{A d-ary heap implementation, for priority queues}
+  spec.summary       = "A d-ary heap implementation, for priority queues"
   spec.description   = <<~DESC
     A C extension implementation of a d-ary heap data structure, suitable for
     use in e.g. priority queues or Djikstra's algorithm.
@@ -21,11 +23,14 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
 
   # Specify which files should be added to the gem when it is released.
   # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
-  spec.files         = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('..', __FILE__)) do
-    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
-  end
+  spec.files = Dir.chdir(File.expand_path(__dir__)) {
+    `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject {|f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  }
   spec.bindir        = "exe"
-  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) {|f| File.basename(f) }
   spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
   spec.extensions    = ["ext/d_heap/extconf.rb"]
+
+  spec.add_development_dependency "benchmark_driver"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "ruby-prof"
 end

data/docs/benchmarks-2.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+Benchmarking run at 2021-01-11 23:29:03 -0500
+ruby v2.7.2, DHeap v0.4.0
+
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)           12.852k i/s -     13.364k times in 1.039832s (77.81μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)            1.531M i/s -      1.603M times in 1.047477s (653.25ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)          485.963k i/s -    500.745k times in 1.030417s (2.06μs/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)            3.070M i/s -      3.147M times in 1.025047s (325.74ns/i, 687clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+                     bin/bench_n 20000  bin/bench_n 40000  bin/bench_n 60000  bin/bench_n 80000  bin/bench_n 100000  bin/bench_n 120000  bin/bench_n 140000
+push + pop (findmin)           14.131k             6.039k             3.760k             2.727k              2.136k              1.736k              1.477k i/s -     38.556k times in 2.728481s 6.384254s 10.254074s 14.136144s 18.049587s 22.204711s 26.106433s
+push + pop (bsearch)            1.544M             1.312M             1.118M           877.817k            697.832k            570.122k            459.166k i/s -      4.592M times in 2.975164s 3.500284s 4.107319s 5.231671s 6.581027s 8.055201s 10.001713s
+push + pop (rb_heap)          539.712k           512.212k           499.451k           484.457k            452.217k            497.861k            412.057k i/s -      1.458M times in 2.701239s 2.846265s 2.918984s 3.009325s 3.223875s 2.928307s 3.538075s
+push + pop (c_dheap)            3.153M             2.756M             2.831M             2.912M              2.539M              2.552M              2.587M i/s -      9.210M times in 2.921285s 3.341750s 3.252966s 3.162880s 3.627868s 3.608295s 3.560563s
+
+Comparison:
+             push + pop (findmin)
+   bin/bench_n 20000:     14130.9 i/s
+   bin/bench_n 40000:      6039.2 i/s - 2.34x  slower
+   bin/bench_n 60000:      3760.1 i/s - 3.76x  slower
+   bin/bench_n 80000:      2727.5 i/s - 5.18x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 100000:      2136.1 i/s - 6.62x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 120000:      1736.4 i/s - 8.14x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 140000:      1476.9 i/s - 9.57x  slower
+
+             push + pop (bsearch)
+   bin/bench_n 20000:   1543594.7 i/s
+   bin/bench_n 40000:   1312021.6 i/s - 1.18x  slower
+   bin/bench_n 60000:   1118113.4 i/s - 1.38x  slower
+   bin/bench_n 80000:    877816.6 i/s - 1.76x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 100000:    697831.5 i/s - 2.21x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 120000:    570122.1 i/s - 2.71x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 140000:    459166.2 i/s - 3.36x  slower
+
+             push + pop (rb_heap)
+   bin/bench_n 20000:    539711.6 i/s
+   bin/bench_n 40000:    512211.7 i/s - 1.05x  slower
+   bin/bench_n 60000:    499451.1 i/s - 1.08x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 120000:    497861.1 i/s - 1.08x  slower
+   bin/bench_n 80000:    484457.5 i/s - 1.11x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 100000:    452216.7 i/s - 1.19x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 140000:    412057.4 i/s - 1.31x  slower
+
+             push + pop (c_dheap)
+   bin/bench_n 20000:   3152657.6 i/s
+   bin/bench_n 80000:   2911843.5 i/s - 1.08x  slower
+   bin/bench_n 60000:   2831204.1 i/s - 1.11x  slower
+   bin/bench_n 40000:   2755984.2 i/s - 1.14x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 140000:   2586616.8 i/s - 1.22x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 120000:   2552399.7 i/s - 1.24x  slower
+  bin/bench_n 100000:   2538628.9 i/s - 1.24x  slower
+

data/docs/benchmarks.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+Benchmarking run at 2021-01-11 23:29:03 -0500
+ruby v2.7.2, DHeap v0.4.0
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=5 (t=10sec/benchmark)
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=5) ================================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)   931.441k i/s -      1.879M times in 2.017047s (1.07μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     1.012M i/s -      2.029M times in 2.005686s (988.29ns/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)     1.665M i/s -      3.351M times in 2.012998s (600.72ns/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)   946.364k i/s -      5.589M times in 5.905389s (1.06μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)   971.614k i/s -      6.071M times in 6.248476s (1.03μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)     1.701M i/s -      9.988M times in 5.870725s (587.77ns/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):   1701338.1 i/s 
+    push N (rb_heap):    971614.1 i/s - 1.75x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):    946363.7 i/s - 1.80x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=5) ====================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)   816.694k i/s -      1.656M times in 2.028176s (1.22μs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)   770.442k i/s -      1.566M times in 2.032470s (1.30μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)   467.156k i/s -    971.112k times in 2.078774s (2.14μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     1.072M i/s -      2.164M times in 2.018623s (933.02ns/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)   841.708k i/s -      4.900M times in 5.821693s (1.19μs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)   773.253k i/s -      4.623M times in 5.978188s (1.29μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)   471.853k i/s -      2.803M times in 5.940275s (2.12μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     1.088M i/s -      6.431M times in 5.910898s (919.16ns/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):   1087944.8 i/s 
+push N + pop N (findmin):    841708.1 i/s - 1.29x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):    773252.7 i/s - 1.41x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):    471852.9 i/s - 2.31x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=5) ==============================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     5.151M i/s -     10.467M times in 2.032075s (194.13ns/i, 464clocks/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     4.021M i/s -      8.148M times in 2.026548s (248.72ns/i, 664clocks/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     2.158M i/s -      4.445M times in 2.059708s (463.35ns/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     5.185M i/s -     10.373M times in 2.000519s (192.86ns/i, 483clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     5.004M i/s -     30.906M times in 6.176454s (199.84ns/i, 413clocks/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     4.321M i/s -     24.124M times in 5.583405s (231.45ns/i, 647clocks/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     2.207M i/s -     12.949M times in 5.867179s (453.10ns/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     5.525M i/s -     31.111M times in 5.630456s (180.98ns/i, 458clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   5525418.8 i/s 
+push + pop (findmin):   5003904.8 i/s - 1.10x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):   4320581.8 i/s - 1.28x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):   2207042.0 i/s - 2.50x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=21 (t=10sec/benchmark)
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=21) ==============================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)   170.251k i/s -    355.419k times in 2.087615s (5.87μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)   212.048k i/s -    442.865k times in 2.088508s (4.72μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)   391.469k i/s -    801.504k times in 2.047426s (2.55μs/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)   169.583k i/s -      1.022M times in 6.023633s (5.90μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)   212.275k i/s -      1.272M times in 5.993587s (4.71μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)   408.307k i/s -      2.349M times in 5.752569s (2.45μs/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):    408307.0 i/s 
+    push N (rb_heap):    212275.2 i/s - 1.92x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):    169583.2 i/s - 2.41x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=21) ====================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)   166.784k i/s -    344.938k times in 2.068173s (6.00μs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)   145.768k i/s -    304.502k times in 2.088957s (6.86μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)    69.234k i/s -    143.020k times in 2.065750s (14.44μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)   198.924k i/s -    414.304k times in 2.082722s (5.03μs/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)   162.025k i/s -      1.001M times in 6.176244s (6.17μs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)   146.284k i/s -    874.605k times in 5.978803s (6.84μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)    72.289k i/s -    415.403k times in 5.746419s (13.83μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)   199.435k i/s -      1.194M times in 5.984617s (5.01μs/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):    199435.5 i/s 
+push N + pop N (findmin):    162024.5 i/s - 1.23x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):    146284.3 i/s - 1.36x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):     72289.0 i/s - 2.76x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=21) ==============================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     4.230M i/s -      8.548M times in 2.020984s (236.43ns/i, 633clocks/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     3.257M i/s -      6.630M times in 2.035714s (307.06ns/i, 669clocks/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.544M i/s -      3.159M times in 2.045247s (647.47ns/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     4.705M i/s -      9.501M times in 2.019236s (212.53ns/i, 533clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     4.467M i/s -     25.378M times in 5.680532s (223.84ns/i, 551clocks/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     3.345M i/s -     19.540M times in 5.840823s (298.91ns/i, 831clocks/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.560M i/s -      9.267M times in 5.938451s (640.83ns/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     4.837M i/s -     28.231M times in 5.836574s (206.75ns/i, 591clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   4836860.0 i/s 
+push + pop (findmin):   4467453.9 i/s - 1.08x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):   3345458.4 i/s - 1.45x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):   1560476.3 i/s - 3.10x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=85 (t=10sec/benchmark)
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=85) ==============================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)    33.491k i/s -     69.846k times in 2.085516s (29.86μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)    43.880k i/s -     91.665k times in 2.089004s (22.79μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    93.190k i/s -    193.557k times in 2.077020s (10.73μs/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)    33.118k i/s -    200.945k times in 6.067575s (30.20μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)    47.069k i/s -    263.278k times in 5.593458s (21.25μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    96.077k i/s -    559.138k times in 5.819670s (10.41μs/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):     96077.3 i/s 
+    push N (rb_heap):     47068.9 i/s - 2.04x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):     33117.8 i/s - 2.90x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=85) ====================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)    27.530k i/s -     57.351k times in 2.083246s (36.32μs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)    29.264k i/s -     59.283k times in 2.025786s (34.17μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)    13.281k i/s -     27.783k times in 2.091902s (75.29μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)    42.532k i/s -     87.318k times in 2.052993s (23.51μs/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)    27.615k i/s -    165.177k times in 5.981465s (36.21μs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)    29.643k i/s -    175.585k times in 5.923305s (33.73μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)    13.267k i/s -     79.687k times in 6.006463s (75.38μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)    41.943k i/s -    255.192k times in 6.084224s (23.84μs/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):     41943.2 i/s 
+push N + pop N (bsearch):     29643.1 i/s - 1.41x  slower
+push N + pop N (findmin):     27614.8 i/s - 1.52x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):     13266.9 i/s - 3.16x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=85) ==============================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     3.070M i/s -      6.171M times in 2.009864s (325.70ns/i, 854clocks/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     2.693M i/s -      5.458M times in 2.026866s (371.36ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.285M i/s -      2.598M times in 2.021618s (778.13ns/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     4.250M i/s -      8.596M times in 2.022749s (235.30ns/i, 676clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     3.221M i/s -     18.422M times in 5.719316s (310.46ns/i, 843clocks/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     2.721M i/s -     16.157M times in 5.937334s (367.48ns/i, 815clocks/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)     1.219M i/s -      7.711M times in 6.326403s (820.46ns/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     4.309M i/s -     25.499M times in 5.917551s (232.07ns/i, 615clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   4309094.2 i/s 
+push + pop (findmin):   3221024.5 i/s - 1.34x  slower
+push + pop (bsearch):   2721221.4 i/s - 1.58x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):   1218828.1 i/s - 3.54x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=341 (t=10sec/benchmark)
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=341) ==============================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)     6.749k i/s -     13.500k times in 2.000413s (148.18μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)    11.089k i/s -     23.142k times in 2.086845s (90.18μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    24.122k i/s -     50.652k times in 2.099804s (41.46μs/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)     6.480k i/s -     40.491k times in 6.248994s (154.33μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)    11.533k i/s -     66.536k times in 5.769108s (86.71μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    24.443k i/s -    144.733k times in 5.921130s (40.91μs/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):     24443.5 i/s 
+    push N (rb_heap):     11533.2 i/s - 2.12x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):      6479.6 i/s - 3.77x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=341) ==================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)     3.022k i/s -      6.100k times in 2.018293s (330.87μs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     5.731k i/s -     11.660k times in 2.034429s (174.48μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)     2.587k i/s -      5.200k times in 2.009894s (386.52μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     9.199k i/s -     19.341k times in 2.102558s (108.71μs/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)     2.987k i/s -     18.134k times in 6.070835s (334.78μs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     6.084k i/s -     34.388k times in 5.651801s (164.35μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)     2.485k i/s -     15.523k times in 6.246007s (402.37μs/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     9.378k i/s -     55.192k times in 5.885032s (106.63μs/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):      9378.4 i/s 
+push N + pop N (bsearch):      6084.4 i/s - 1.54x  slower
+push N + pop N (findmin):      2987.1 i/s - 3.14x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):      2485.3 i/s - 3.77x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=341) ============================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     1.521M i/s -      3.136M times in 2.061814s (657.42ns/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     2.204M i/s -      4.426M times in 2.007702s (453.65ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   979.272k i/s -      2.030M times in 2.073290s (1.02μs/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     3.709M i/s -      7.536M times in 2.031644s (269.60ns/i, 700clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     1.546M i/s -      9.127M times in 5.904088s (646.91ns/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     2.183M i/s -     13.226M times in 6.058119s (458.04ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   973.052k i/s -      5.876M times in 6.038353s (1.03μs/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     3.896M i/s -     22.255M times in 5.712835s (256.69ns/i, 748clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   3895683.1 i/s 
+push + pop (bsearch):   2183202.6 i/s - 1.78x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):   1545816.8 i/s - 2.52x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):    973051.6 i/s - 4.00x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=1365 (t=10sec/benchmark)
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=1365) ============================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)     1.371k i/s -      2.800k times in 2.041823s (729.22μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     2.863k i/s -      6.006k times in 2.097685s (349.26μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)     5.730k i/s -     11.840k times in 2.066292s (174.52μs/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)     1.362k i/s -      8.227k times in 6.041325s (734.33μs/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     2.615k i/s -     17.178k times in 6.568916s (382.40μs/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)     5.775k i/s -     34.380k times in 5.953356s (173.16μs/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):      5774.9 i/s 
+    push N (rb_heap):      2615.0 i/s - 2.21x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):      1361.8 i/s - 4.24x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=1365) ==================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)    196.660 i/s -     400.000 times in 2.033965s (5.08ms/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     1.197k i/s -      2.457k times in 2.052435s (835.34μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)    539.093 i/s -      1.080k times in 2.003367s (1.85ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     2.012k i/s -      4.158k times in 2.066145s (496.91μs/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)    193.288 i/s -      1.179k times in 6.099704s (5.17ms/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     1.282k i/s -      7.182k times in 5.602801s (780.12μs/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)    528.397 i/s -      3.234k times in 6.120397s (1.89ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     2.073k i/s -     12.074k times in 5.824461s (482.40μs/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):      2073.0 i/s 
+push N + pop N (bsearch):      1281.9 i/s - 1.62x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):       528.4 i/s - 3.92x  slower
+push N + pop N (findmin):       193.3 i/s - 10.72x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=1365) ============================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)   493.933k i/s -      1.023M times in 2.071688s (2.02μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     1.972M i/s -      3.978M times in 2.017663s (507.20ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   813.919k i/s -      1.646M times in 2.021751s (1.23μs/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     2.969M i/s -      6.033M times in 2.032182s (336.83ns/i, 846clocks/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)   493.104k i/s -      2.964M times in 6.010080s (2.03μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     2.002M i/s -     11.830M times in 5.908100s (499.43ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   831.926k i/s -      4.884M times in 5.870129s (1.20μs/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     3.117M i/s -     17.813M times in 5.714019s (320.77ns/i, 787clocks/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   3117453.6 i/s 
+push + pop (bsearch):   2002296.0 i/s - 1.56x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):    831926.4 i/s - 3.75x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):    493104.4 i/s - 6.32x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=5461 (t=10sec/benchmark)
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=5461) ============================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)    271.804 i/s -     567.000 times in 2.086065s (3.68ms/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)    708.260 i/s -      1.440k times in 2.033152s (1.41ms/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)     1.523k i/s -      3.171k times in 2.082653s (656.78μs/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)    268.014 i/s -      1.630k times in 6.081766s (3.73ms/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)    682.522 i/s -      4.249k times in 6.225438s (1.47ms/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)     1.494k i/s -      9.135k times in 6.113865s (669.28μs/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):      1494.1 i/s 
+    push N (rb_heap):       682.5 i/s - 2.19x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):       268.0 i/s - 5.57x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=5461) ==================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)     12.484 i/s -      26.000 times in 2.082741s (80.11ms/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)    250.220 i/s -     520.000 times in 2.078172s (4.00ms/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)    115.535 i/s -     240.000 times in 2.077301s (8.66ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)    454.895 i/s -     920.000 times in 2.022444s (2.20ms/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)     12.423 i/s -      74.000 times in 5.956886s (80.50ms/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)    247.409 i/s -      1.501k times in 6.066870s (4.04ms/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)    112.159 i/s -     693.000 times in 6.178754s (8.92ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)    452.913 i/s -      2.729k times in 6.025436s (2.21ms/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):       452.9 i/s 
+push N + pop N (bsearch):       247.4 i/s - 1.83x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):       112.2 i/s - 4.04x  slower
+push N + pop N (findmin):        12.4 i/s - 36.46x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=5461) ============================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)   124.542k i/s -    250.908k times in 2.014649s (8.03μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     1.610M i/s -      3.242M times in 2.013150s (620.93ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   704.201k i/s -      1.416M times in 2.010517s (1.42μs/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     2.563M i/s -      5.170M times in 2.017119s (390.19ns/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)   122.316k i/s -    747.250k times in 6.109176s (8.18μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     1.794M i/s -      9.663M times in 5.387620s (557.55ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   707.140k i/s -      4.225M times in 5.975062s (1.41μs/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     2.718M i/s -     15.377M times in 5.656979s (367.89ns/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   2718225.1 i/s 
+push + pop (bsearch):   1793546.4 i/s - 1.52x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):    707139.9 i/s - 3.84x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):    122316.0 i/s - 22.22x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=21845 (t=10sec/benchmark)
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=21845) ============================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)     35.384 i/s -      72.000 times in 2.034790s (28.26ms/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)    172.946 i/s -     360.000 times in 2.081571s (5.78ms/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    364.900 i/s -     740.000 times in 2.027956s (2.74ms/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)     34.023 i/s -     212.000 times in 6.231133s (29.39ms/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)    174.336 i/s -      1.037k times in 5.948268s (5.74ms/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)    368.253 i/s -      2.189k times in 5.944276s (2.72ms/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):       368.3 i/s 
+    push N (rb_heap):       174.3 i/s - 2.11x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):        34.0 i/s - 10.82x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=21845) ================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)      0.779 i/s -       2.000 times in 2.566006s (1.28s/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     34.145 i/s -      72.000 times in 2.108676s (29.29ms/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)     24.870 i/s -      51.000 times in 2.050656s (40.21ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)    102.725 i/s -     209.000 times in 2.034560s (9.73ms/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)      0.777 i/s -       4.000 times in 5.148214s (1.29s/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)     33.931 i/s -     204.000 times in 6.012272s (29.47ms/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)     25.005 i/s -     149.000 times in 5.958910s (39.99ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)    101.482 i/s -     616.000 times in 6.070050s (9.85ms/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):       101.5 i/s 
+push N + pop N (bsearch):        33.9 i/s - 2.99x  slower
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):        25.0 i/s - 4.06x  slower
+push N + pop N (findmin):         0.8 i/s - 130.61x  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=21845) ==========================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)    13.737k i/s -     27.540k times in 2.004757s (72.79μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     1.512M i/s -      3.037M times in 2.008949s (661.44ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   606.616k i/s -      1.239M times in 2.042544s (1.65μs/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     2.034M i/s -      4.134M times in 2.032566s (491.70ns/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)    15.583k i/s -     82.423k times in 5.289229s (64.17μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)     1.575M i/s -      9.071M times in 5.760389s (635.03ns/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   611.005k i/s -      3.640M times in 5.956897s (1.64μs/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     2.264M i/s -     12.203M times in 5.389179s (441.64ns/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   2264291.2 i/s 
+push + pop (bsearch):   1574732.8 i/s - 1.44x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):    611005.2 i/s - 3.71x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):     15583.2 i/s - 145.30x  slower
+
+################################################################################
+# Benchmarks with N=87381 (t=10sec/benchmark)
+################################################################################
+
+== push N (N=87381) ============================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)      2.973 i/s -       6.000 times in 2.017930s (336.32ms/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     43.444 i/s -      90.000 times in 2.071609s (23.02ms/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)     93.043 i/s -     190.000 times in 2.042069s (10.75ms/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+    push N (bsearch)      2.929 i/s -      17.000 times in 5.805017s (341.47ms/i)
+    push N (rb_heap)     43.528 i/s -     260.000 times in 5.973114s (22.97ms/i)
+    push N (c_dheap)     92.841 i/s -     558.000 times in 6.010303s (10.77ms/i)
+
+Comparison:
+    push N (c_dheap):        92.8 i/s 
+    push N (rb_heap):        43.5 i/s - 2.13x  slower
+    push N (bsearch):         2.9 i/s - 31.70x  slower
+
+== push N then pop N (N=87381) ================================================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)0.0 i/s - 0.0 times in 15.004208s (Infs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)      2.904 i/s -       6.000 times in 2.066042s (344.34ms/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)      5.506 i/s -      12.000 times in 2.179391s (181.62ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     22.529 i/s -      48.000 times in 2.130599s (44.39ms/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push N + pop N (findmin)0.0 i/s - 0.0 times in 15.004208s (Infs/i)
+push N + pop N (bsearch)      2.861 i/s -      17.000 times in 5.942237s (349.54ms/i)
+push N + pop N (rb_heap)      5.540 i/s -      33.000 times in 5.956511s (180.50ms/i)
+push N + pop N (c_dheap)     22.614 i/s -     135.000 times in 5.969706s (44.22ms/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push N + pop N (c_dheap):        22.6 i/s 
+push N + pop N (rb_heap):         5.5 i/s - 4.08x  slower
+push N + pop N (bsearch):         2.9 i/s - 7.90x  slower
+push N + pop N (findmin):         0.0 i/s - Infx  slower
+
+== Push/pop with pre-filled queue (size=N) (N=87381) ==========================
+Warming up --------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     2.275k i/s -      4.683k times in 2.058769s (439.63μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)   682.628k i/s -      1.372M times in 2.010489s (1.46μs/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   519.439k i/s -      1.058M times in 2.037582s (1.93μs/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     1.713M i/s -      3.455M times in 2.016970s (583.83ns/i)
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+push + pop (findmin)     2.263k i/s -     13.647k times in 6.031111s (441.94μs/i)
+push + pop (bsearch)   762.343k i/s -      4.096M times in 5.372602s (1.31μs/i)
+push + pop (rb_heap)   535.914k i/s -      3.117M times in 5.815555s (1.87μs/i)
+push + pop (c_dheap)     1.815M i/s -     10.277M times in 5.661404s (550.88ns/i)
+
+Comparison:
+push + pop (c_dheap):   1815277.3 i/s 
+push + pop (bsearch):    762343.2 i/s - 2.38x  slower
+push + pop (rb_heap):    535913.6 i/s - 3.39x  slower
+push + pop (findmin):      2262.8 i/s - 802.24x  slower
+