cyberweb 0.12.35 → 0.13.12

data/lib/cyberweb/toplevel_methods/{misc.rb → toplevel_methods.rb}

@@ -2,12 +2,10 @@
 # Encoding: UTF-8
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 # =========================================================================== #
-# === Cyberweb
+# Different tags are used in the Cyberweb project. These generate HTML
+# tags ultimately.
 #
-# There are different tags used in the Cyberweb project. These generate
-# HTML tags ultimately.
-#
-# Use this general rule when passing arguments to such tags:
+# Use this general rule when passing arguments to such HTML tags:
 #
 #   css_class, id, css_style
 #
@@ -21,7 +19,7 @@
 #
 # Here you can obviously be more flexible.
 # =========================================================================== #
-# require 'cyberweb/toplevel_methods/misc.rb'
+# require 'cyberweb/toplevel_methods/toplevel_methods.rb'
 # Cyberweb.download_webpage
 # Cyberweb.remove_html(ARGV)
 # Cyberweb.html_comment(ARGV)
@@ -34,14 +32,6 @@
 module Cyberweb
 
   require 'yaml'
-  require 'cyberweb/constants/constants.rb'
-  require 'cyberweb/encoding/encoding.rb'
-  require 'cyberweb/javascript/javascript.rb'
-  require 'cyberweb/toplevel_methods/ee.rb'
-  require 'cyberweb/toplevel_methods/is_an_image.rb'
-  require 'cyberweb/toplevel_methods/registered_ids.rb'
-  require 'cyberweb/toplevel_methods/server_base_directory.rb'
-  require 'cyberweb/images/images.rb'
 
   # ========================================================================= #
   # Try to next include coderay, silently.
@@ -50,10 +40,26 @@ module Cyberweb
     require 'coderay'
   rescue LoadError; end
 
+  begin
+    require 'html_tags'
+  rescue LoadError; end
+
   begin
     require 'roebe/modules/remove_html.rb'
   rescue LoadError; end
 
+  require 'cyberweb/constants/constants.rb'
+  require 'cyberweb/encoding/encoding.rb'
+  require 'cyberweb/colours/colours.rb'
+  require 'cyberweb/javascript/javascript.rb'
+  require 'cyberweb/toplevel_methods/close.rb'
+  require 'cyberweb/toplevel_methods/ee.rb'
+  require 'cyberweb/toplevel_methods/is_an_image.rb'
+  require 'cyberweb/toplevel_methods/process_content.rb'
+  require 'cyberweb/toplevel_methods/registered_ids.rb'
+  require 'cyberweb/toplevel_methods/server_base_directory.rb'
+  require 'cyberweb/images/images.rb'
+
   # ========================================================================= #
   # === ARRAY_DEFAULT_JAVASCRIPT_LIBRARIES
   #
@@ -132,207 +138,412 @@ module Cyberweb
   end; alias return_utf return_utf_charset # === return_utf
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.spinbutton
+  # === Cyberweb.string_s                                      (string_s tag)
   #
-  # In December 2023 I confirmed that this code will create a spinbutton.
+  # This method returns the string of a tag.
   #
-  # Note that in HTML, this is more commonly called a "number-input".
+  # You can use that string lateron in your ruby programs. The difference
+  # towards string_tag and this method here is that string_s also gives
+  # back the content, whereas string_tag only gives back the complete
+  # <tag> in question. We will use string_tag in this method here.
   #
-  # The following attributes can be used to specify restrictions:
+  # Usage example to call string_s indirectly:
   #
-  #   max:   specifies the maximum value allowed
-  #   min:   specifies the minimum value allowed
-  #   step:  specifies the step-size
-  #   value: specifies the default value
+  #   Cyberweb.string_s(text,'h4',css_class, the_id, css_style, javascript = ''); n
+  #   Cyberweb.string_s("Hello world!", 'span', '','','margin-left:0.92em; padding-left:6px')
   #
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.spinbutton(
-      start_position =   0,
-      end_position   = 100,
-      increment_size =   1,
-      id_to_be_used   = nil
+  def self.string_s(
+      content         = '', # This variable keeps track of the text to be displayed.
+      which_tag       = 'span',
+      css_class       = '',
+      the_id          = '',
+      css_style       = '',
+      javascript_code = '',
+      &block
     )
-    extra_CSS_rules = '
-<style>
-/* This will always show the spin buttons on the right side */
-input[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button {
-  opacity: 1
-}
-</style>
-'
-    if id_to_be_used # This is the case when a id-value is provided.
-      return extra_CSS_rules+
-             '<input step="'+increment_size.to_s+'" id="'+id_to_be_used+'" '\
-             'type="number" value="'+start_position.to_s+'" min="1" max="'+end_position.to_s+'" />'
-    else
-      return extra_CSS_rules+
-             '<input step="'+increment_size.to_s+'" '\
-             'type="number" value="'+start_position.to_s+'" min="1" max="'+end_position.to_s+'" />'
+    append_a_newline = true
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === Handle Hashes given to the_id variable
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    if the_id.is_a? Hash
+      if the_id.has_key? :style
+        css_style = the_id.delete(:style)
+        the_id = ''
+      end
     end
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.download_webpage
-  #
-  # The argument to this method should be a remote website.
-  #
-  # Usage example:
-  #
-  #   Cyberweb.download_webpage('https://www.cardmarket.com/en/Magic/Orders/Sales/ShoppingCart')
-  #   x = Cyberweb.download_webpage('https://www.cardmarket.com/en/Magic/Orders/Sales/ShoppingCart', { http_basic_authentication: ['shev55y@inbox.ar', 'JJJieie33aeeeggkhlhgejk7878eKIEUIbeue'] })
-  #
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.download_webpage(
-      remote_URL = ARGV,
-      options    = {}
-    )
-    require 'cyberweb/coloured_tags/coloured_tags.rb'
-    require 'open-uri'
-    if remote_URL.is_a? Array
-      remote_URL = remote_URL.first
+    the_id = the_id.to_s.dup
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # Work on the css_class next.
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    if css_class.is_a? Hash
+      if css_class.has_key? :style
+        css_style = css_class.delete(:style)
+        css_class = ''
+      end
+      # ===================================================================== #
+      # === :id
+      # ===================================================================== #
+      if css_class.has_key? :id
+        the_id = css_class.delete :id
+        css_class = ''
+      end
     end
-    if options and options.is_a?(Hash) and options.has_key?(:http_basic_authentication)
-      what = URI.open(remote_URL, options[:http_basic_authentication]).read
-    else
-      what = URI.open(remote_URL).read
+    if css_style.is_a? Hash
+      # ===================================================================== #
+      # === :style
+      # ===================================================================== #
+      if css_style.has_key? :style
+        css_style = css_style.delete(:style)
+        css_style = ''
+      end
     end
-    remote_extension = File.extname(remote_URL)
-    into = File.basename(remote_URL).dup+remote_extension
+    css_class = css_class.to_s.chomp.strip.dup # Sanitize to be on the safe side.
     # ======================================================================= #
-    # === Handle blocks next
+    # Handle some Macros next:
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    css_class = sanitize_for_colours(css_class)
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # Checking for Fixnum arguments.
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    if which_tag.is_a? Integer
+      case which_tag
+      when 1   then which_tag = 'div'
+      when 2   then which_tag = 'p'
+      when 3   then which_tag = 'span'
+      when 4   then which_tag = 'h1'
+      when 5   then which_tag = 'h2'
+      when 6   then which_tag = 'h3'
+      when 7   then which_tag = 'h4'
+      when 8   then which_tag = 'h5'
+      when 9   then which_tag = 'h6'
+      when 's' then which_tag = 'span'
+      end
+    end
+    _ = ''.dup
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # Here follow all types that are not Fixnum Shortcuts, like 'span'
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    which_tag = which_tag.to_s.chomp
     # ======================================================================= #
+    # Register this tag as the one last in use.
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    set_last_tag_used(which_tag)
+    which_tag = which_tag.to_s.dup
     if block_given?
-      yielded = yield
-      case yielded
-      # ===================================================================== #
-      # === :be_verbose
-      # ===================================================================== #
-      when :be_verbose
-        puts 'Now downloading from `'+
-             ::Colours.steelblue(remote_URL)+
-             '` into `'+
-             ::Colours.royalblue(into)+'`.'
+      case yield
+      when :no_newline
+        append_a_newline = false
+      else
       end
     end
     # ======================================================================= #
-    # Save the content into a file next.
+    # Open the tag next, by delegating towards HtmlTags.stag().
     # ======================================================================= #
-    write_what_into(what, into)
+    html_tag_string = HtmlTags.stag(
+      which_tag,
+      css_class,
+      the_id,
+      css_style,
+      javascript_code,
+      &block
+    )
+    _ << html_tag_string
     # ======================================================================= #
-    # And return the string and the filename that was just downloaded
-    # as well, as Array.
+    # Add content of the span-tag, through string_content().
     # ======================================================================= #
-    return [what, into]
+    _ << string_content(content.to_s.dup)
+    _ = _.to_s.dup
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === Append the closing tag next
+    #
+    # We will append the closing-tag next.
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    append_this_string = string_close(which_tag.to_s.dup, &block)
+    _ << append_this_string.to_s.dup
+    _ << NL.to_s.dup if append_a_newline
+    return _.to_s.dup
   end
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.return_program_name
+  # === Cyberweb.extract_date
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.return_program_name(i)
-    return File.basename($PROGRAM_NAME)
+  def self.extract_date(
+      i,
+      regex = /\d{2}\.\d{2}\.\d{4}/
+    )
+    result = i.scan(regex).flatten.first
+    return result.to_s
   end
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.return_utf_charset                                 (utf tag)
-  #
-  # Return the proper UTF charset in the header. Note that UTF-8 is the
-  # default charset for HTML5.
-  #
-  # This would return the string '<meta charset="UTF-8">'.
+  # === Cyberweb.string_span
   #
-  # Note that CSS can also use an encoding charset, via something
-  # like:
+  # This method will ultimately yield a <span> tag, a String object.
   #
-  #   @charset "UTF-8";
+  # Currently two aliases exist to this method; one of these two,
+  # which is Cyberweb.span(), may be subject to change or removal
+  # at a later time - but it may also stay. I have not decided yet.
   #
+  # I recommend to use the more verbose variant called
+  # Cyberweb.string_span() but if you want to, you can also use
+  # Cyberweb.span(); do so at your own risk, though.
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.return_utf_charset
-    "<meta charset=\"UTF-8\">#{NL}"
-  end; self.instance_eval { alias return_utf          return_utf_charset } # === Cyberweb.return_utf
-       self.instance_eval { alias return_unicode_meta return_utf_charset } # === Cyberweb.return_unicode_meta
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === return_iso_8859_charset
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def return_iso_8859_charset
-    ::Cyberweb.return_iso_8859_charset
-  end; alias return_iso          return_iso_8859_charset # === return_iso
-       alias return_iso_encoding return_iso_8859_charset # === return_iso_encoding
+  def self.string_span(
+      content    = '',
+      css_class  = Span.to_s,
+      the_id     = '', 
+      css_style  = '',
+      javascript = '',
+      &block
+    )
+    ::Cyberweb.string_s(
+      content,
+      'span',
+      css_class,
+      the_id,
+      css_style,
+      javascript,
+      &block
+    )
+  end; self.instance_eval { alias string_s2 string_span } # === Cyberweb.string_s2
+       self.instance_eval { alias span      string_span } # === Cyberweb.span
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.return_iso_8859_charset                            (iso tag)
+  # === Cyberweb.string_content
+  #
+  # This method normally only returns a string, however since as of 
+  # 26.03.2008 we also process the input via process_content()
+  #
+  # Since 13.09.2008 we no longer use +NL here.
+  #
+  # If the input contains the special constant called SPACE then we will
+  # replace this with new lines.
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.return_iso_8859_charset
-    "<meta charset=\"ISO-8859-1\">#{NL}"
-  end; self.instance_eval { alias return_iso          return_iso_8859_charset } # === Cyberweb.return_iso
-       self.instance_eval { alias return_iso_encoding return_iso_8859_charset } # === Cyberweb.return_iso_encoding
+  def self.string_content(i)
+    i = i.to_s.dup # Need to work on a copy.
+    i.gsub!(/SPACE/,'&nbsp;') if i.include? 'SPACE'
+    return ::Cyberweb.process_content(i)
+  end #; self.instance_eval { alias string_cont string_content } # === Cyberweb.string_cont
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.arrow_right
+  # === Cyberweb.right_arrow
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.arrow_right
-    '→'
-  end
+  def self.right_arrow
+    '&rarr;'
+  end; self.instance_eval { alias rarrow? right_arrow } # === Cyberweb.rarrow?
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.left_arrow
+  # === Cyberweb.return_time_range_based_on_this_array
+  #
+  # This method was added in February 2024 to support the pdf-to-html
+  # generation of static webpages showing all .pdf files in a given
+  # directory.
+  #
+  # This method must return an Array at all times.
+  #
+  # The method will then either return:
+  #
+  #   - an Array containing the entry 'unknown'.
+  #   - an Array containing just one year entry
+  #   - an Array containing the start-year and the end-year
+  #
+  # Note that the third result of the above listing is the ideal
+  # variant. This method will strive to achieve this, in other
+  # words, having two members.
+  #
+  # Usage example:
+  #
+  #    Cyberweb.return_time_range_based_on_this_array(["AUE_foo/22.10.2004_Ingeborg.pdf", "Bousa/ingeborg.html","20.04.1966_hey"])
+  #
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.left_arrow
-    '&larr;'
+  def self.return_time_range_based_on_this_array(i)
+    result = [] # This Array will be returned.
+    dd_mm_yyyy_regex = /\d{2}\.\d{2}\.\d{4}/
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # Input can be like this:
+    #
+    #   ["AUE_foo/22.10.2004_Ingeborg.pdf", "Bousa/ingeborg.html"]
+    #
+    # So first we select only the entries that have a dd.mm.yyyy format.
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    i.reject! {|entry|
+      entry !~ dd_mm_yyyy_regex
+    }
+    entries = []
+    i.each {|entry|
+      entry = entry.scan(dd_mm_yyyy_regex)
+      entries << entry.first.to_s.dup 
+    }
+    entries.uniq!
+    result = entries.sort_by {|entry|
+      parsed_time = ::Time.parse(entry).to_s
+      parsed_time
+    }
+    result.map! {|entry|
+      if entry.include? '.'
+        entry = entry.split('.').last
+      end
+      entry.to_i
+    }
+    result.uniq! 
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # We only need the years, though:
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    max = result.max
+    min = result.min
+    result = [max, min].compact
+    return result.reverse
   end
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.glob                                             (glob tag)
-  #
-  # Obtain all files from a given directory.
+  # === Cyberweb.bruch
   #
-  # This is essentially similar to Dir[], but we will append a '*'
-  # character if no '*' is in our input argument.
+  # This is a "bruch", aka a fraction. It is written in german mostly because
+  # I am quite lazy.
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.glob(i)
-    i = i.to_s
-    i << '*' unless i.include? '*'
-    return Dir[i]
+  def self.bruch(a, b)
+    return "<sup>#{a}</sup>/<sub>#{b}</sub>"
   end
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.html_comment
-  #
-  # Make use of a html-comment here.
-  #
-  # Since as of June 2021 it will append a newline by default. 
+  # === return_meta_collection
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.html_comment(
-      i,
-      make_newline = true
+  def return_meta_collection(
+      i = 'UTF-8'
     )
-    _ = "<!-- #{i.to_s.rstrip} -->".dup
-    _ << N if make_newline
-    _
-  end; self.instance_eval { alias return_html_comment html_comment } # === Cyberweb.return_html_comment
+    ::Cyberweb.return_meta_collection(i)
+  end
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === glob
+  # === Cyberweb.html_colours?
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def glob(i)
-    ::Cyberweb.glob(i) # We need to scope via :: here.
-  end
+  def self.html_colours?
+    ::Colours.html_colours?
+  end; self.instance_eval { alias array_all_html_colours? html_colours? } # === Cyberweb.array_all_html_colours?
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.create_directory
-  #
-  # Consistently use this method if you want to create a directory.
-  # So far this is only used in the file img.rb
+  # === is_html5?
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.create_directory(d)
-    Dir.mkdir(d)
+  def is_html5?
+    ::Cyberweb.is_html5?
   end
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.return_this_file
+  # === Cyberweb.insert_target_blank_onto_this
+  #
+  # This is an ad-hoc method - I needed to add the substring
+  # 'target="_blank"' to a HTML href hyperlink, a <a> tag. Note
+  # that input to this ad-hoc method is assumed to be a bit
+  # dirty sometimes, meaning we may find more than just the
+  # <a> tag used.
+  #
+  # Usage example and expected input and output:
+  #
+  #   x = '<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WxhjElaBRhE" id="our_id" onclick="change_the_colour_to()">'
+  #   Cyberweb.insert_target_blank_onto_this(x)
+  #   puts x
   #
-  # This method can be used to display the content of a String in a
-  # .cgi page.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.insert_target_blank_onto_this(i)
+    add_this = ' target="_blank"' # This is the String that we will add.
+    original_input = i.dup # This is our original input as-is.
+    work_on_a_copy = i.dup
+    if original_input.include?('>') # In this case we have dirty input.
+      splitted = original_input.split(/>/, 2)
+      first_element = splitted.first
+      # ===================================================================== #
+      # Find the last position of the ' ' character.
+      # ===================================================================== #
+      last_index = first_element.rindex(' ')
+      first_element[last_index, 0] = add_this
+      work_on_a_copy = splitted.join('>')
+    else
+      # ===================================================================== #
+      # Find the last position of the ' ' character.
+      # ===================================================================== #
+      last_index = original_input.rindex(' ')
+      work_on_a_copy[last_index, 0] = add_this
+    end
+    i.replace(work_on_a_copy)
+    return work_on_a_copy # And return it, just in case.
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === print_html_start
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def print_html_start
+    ee return_html_start
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.generate_simple_webpage
+  #
+  # This ad-hoc method will just generate a .html page with all images
+  # in this directory.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.generate_simple_webpage(
+      from_this_directory = Dir.pwd
+    )
+    require 'cyberweb/toplevel_methods/images.rb'
+    all_images = Dir["#{from_this_directory}/*"].select {|entry|
+      File.file?(entry) and is_this_an_image?(entry)
+    }
+    _ = "<html><head><title>Simple Webpage</title></head><body><div>\n\n".dup
+    _ << "<h2>All the images</h2>\n"
+    all_images.each {|this_image|
+      basename = File.basename(this_image)
+      _ << '<img src="'+basename+'" alt="'+basename.downcase+'">'+"\n" 
+    }
+    _ << '</div></body></html>'
+    what = _
+    into = 'simple_webpage.html'
+    puts "Creating the file #{into} next."
+    write_what_into(what, into)
+    if is_on_roebe?
+      require 'open'
+      Open.in_browser(into)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.html_comment
+  #
+  # Make use of a html-comment here.
+  #
+  # Since as of June 2021 it will append a newline by default. 
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.html_comment(
+      i,
+      make_newline = true
+    )
+    _ = "<!-- #{i.to_s.rstrip} -->".dup
+    _ << N if make_newline
+    _
+  end; self.instance_eval { alias return_html_comment html_comment } # === Cyberweb.return_html_comment
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === glob
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def glob(i)
+    ::Cyberweb.glob(i) # We need to scope via :: here.
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.create_directory
+  #
+  # Consistently use this method if you want to create a directory.
+  # So far this is only used in the file img.rb
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.create_directory(d)
+    Dir.mkdir(d)
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.return_this_file
+  #
+  # This method can be used to display the content of a String in a
+  # .cgi page.
   # ========================================================================= #
   def self.return_this_file(
       this_file = :gtk
@@ -366,172 +577,354 @@ input[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button {
   end
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.sanitize_this_string_by_adding_a_newline_after_every_closing_HTML_tag
-  #
-  # The following method is an ad-hoc method - I needed to sanitize a remote
-  # String coming from a .html page that removed all newlines. Ideally this
-  # should be a regex, but for now we just chop away on '>'.
+  # === Cyberweb.download_webpage
   #
-  # If a file is given as argument then its content will be read.
+  # The argument to this method should be a remote website.
   #
-  # Usage example for a local .html file:
+  # Usage example:
   #
-  #   x = Cyberweb.sanitize_this_string_by_adding_a_newline_after_every_closing_HTML_tag('/Depot/j/foobar.html')
+  #   Cyberweb.download_webpage('https://www.cardmarket.com/en/Magic/Orders/Sales/ShoppingCart')
+  #   x = Cyberweb.download_webpage('https://www.cardmarket.com/en/Magic/Orders/Sales/ShoppingCart', { http_basic_authentication: ['shev55y@inbox.ar', 'JJJieie33aeeeggkhlhgejk7878eKIEUIbeue'] })
   #
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.sanitize_this_string_by_adding_a_newline_after_every_closing_HTML_tag(
-      i = ARGV
+  def self.download_webpage(
+      remote_URL = ARGV,
+      options    = {}
     )
-    if i.is_a? Array
-      i = i.join(' ').strip
+    require 'cyberweb/coloured_tags/coloured_tags.rb'
+    require 'open-uri'
+    if remote_URL.is_a? Array
+      remote_URL = remote_URL.first
     end
-    if i and File.file?(i)
-      i = File.read(i) # Add support for existing files here.^
+    if options and options.is_a?(Hash) and options.has_key?(:http_basic_authentication)
+      what = URI.open(remote_URL, options[:http_basic_authentication]).read
+    else
+      what = URI.open(remote_URL).read
     end
-    return i.gsub(/>/, ">\n")
-  end; self.instance_eval { alias sanitizer sanitize_this_string_by_adding_a_newline_after_every_closing_HTML_tag } # === Cyberweb.sanitizer
+    remote_extension = File.extname(remote_URL)
+    into = File.basename(remote_URL).dup
+    into << remote_extension unless into.end_with?(remote_extension)
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === Handle blocks next
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    if block_given?
+      yielded = yield
+      case yielded
+      # ===================================================================== #
+      # === :be_verbose
+      # ===================================================================== #
+      when :be_verbose
+        puts 'Now downloading from `'+
+             ::Colours.steelblue(remote_URL)+
+             '` into `'+
+             ::Colours.royalblue(into)+'`.'
+      end
+    end
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # Save the content into a file next.
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    write_what_into(what, into)
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # And return the string and the filename that was just downloaded
+    # as well, as Array.
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    return [what, into]
+  end
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.display_this_file
+  # === Cyberweb.cgi_header?
+  #
+  # This method will return a proper CGI header, for use in .cgi files.
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.display_this_file(
-      this_file = :gtk
+  def self.cgi_header?(
+      content_type = 'text/html;'
     )
-    print return_this_file(this_file)
+    "Content-Type: #{content_type}#{EOL}"+
+    Cyberweb.return_utf_charset
   end
 
-  require 'cyberweb/toplevel_methods/process_content.rb'
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.return_program_name
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.return_program_name(i)
+    return File.basename($PROGRAM_NAME)
+  end
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.string_content
+  # === Cyberweb.return_utf_charset                                 (utf tag)
   #
-  # This method normally only returns a string, however since as of 
-  # 26.03.2008 we also process the input via process_content()
+  # Return the proper UTF charset in the header. Note that UTF-8 is the
+  # default charset for HTML5.
   #
-  # Since 13.09.2008 we no longer use +NL here.
+  # This would return the string '<meta charset="UTF-8">'.
+  #
+  # Note that CSS can also use an encoding charset, via something
+  # like:
+  #
+  #   @charset "UTF-8";
   #
-  # If the input contains the special constant SPACE then we will replace 
-  # this with new lines.
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.string_content(i)
-    i = i.to_s.dup # Need to work on a copy.
-    i.gsub!(/SPACE/,'&nbsp;') if i.include? 'SPACE'
-    return ::Cyberweb.process_content(i)
-  end; self.instance_eval { alias string_cont string_content } # === Cyberweb.string_cont
+  def self.return_utf_charset
+    "<meta charset=\"UTF-8\">#{NL}"
+  end; self.instance_eval { alias return_utf          return_utf_charset } # === Cyberweb.return_utf
+       self.instance_eval { alias return_unicode_meta return_utf_charset } # === Cyberweb.return_unicode_meta
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === string_cont
+  # === return_iso_8859_charset
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def string_cont(i)
-    ::Cyberweb.string_cont(i)
-  end; alias string_content string_cont # === string_content
+  def return_iso_8859_charset
+    ::Cyberweb.return_iso_8859_charset
+  end; alias return_iso          return_iso_8859_charset # === return_iso
+       alias return_iso_encoding return_iso_8859_charset # === return_iso_encoding
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.return_meta_collection
+  # === Cyberweb.return_iso_8859_charset                            (iso tag)
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.return_iso_8859_charset
+    "<meta charset=\"ISO-8859-1\">#{NL}"
+  end; self.instance_eval { alias return_iso          return_iso_8859_charset } # === Cyberweb.return_iso
+       self.instance_eval { alias return_iso_encoding return_iso_8859_charset } # === Cyberweb.return_iso_encoding
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.view_source
+  #
+  # Use this method to have a little formular with a button to view the
+  # source code on a webpage.
+  #
+  # Note that since as of July 2011 a new convention is used here - you
+  # can use the input class "view_source" to modify the CSS within
+  # the input html.
+  #
+  # Usage example:
+  #
+  #   div { view_source }
   #
-  # Which charset and content type to use can be controlled via this
-  # method here.
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.return_meta_collection(
-      use_this_charset = 'UTF-8'
+  def self.view_source(
+      css_class          = 'wid25',
+      optional_id        = 'view_source',
+      optional_css_style = ''
     )
-    _  = ''.dup
-    # if is_html5?
-    #   _ << return_iso_8859_charset
-    # else
-    case use_this_charset
-    # ======================================================================= #
-    # === :default
-    # ======================================================================= #
-    when :default,
-         nil # Nil is also implying the default charset.
-      use_this_charset = 'UTF-8'
-    end
-    case use_this_charset.downcase # We work on a downcased variant here.
-    when 'utf-8',
-         'utf',
-         'default'
-      _ << return_utf_charset
-    when 'iso'
-      _ << return_iso_encoding  
-    else # Else use a specific charset.
-      _ << '<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset='+use_this_charset+'" >'+NL
+    button_css = 'view_source BG_White Black pad2px'
+    if css_class.is_a? Hash
+      css_class = css_class.delete :css_class
     end
-    # ======================================================================= #
-    # Annoy the hell out of robots:
-    # ======================================================================= #
-    _ << '<meta name="robots"                    content="noindex,nofollow,noarchive,noimageindex">'+NL
-    return _ # Return that string finally.
-  end
+    form '', '', '', optional_id, optional_css_style
+      ee '<input class="'+button_css+' '+css_class+'" type="button" value="View Source" '
+      ee 'onClick=\'window.location = "view-source:"+window.location.href\'>'
+    cform
+  end; self.instance_eval { alias vsource view_source } # === Cyberweb.vsource
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === return_meta_collection
+  # === view_source
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def return_meta_collection(
-      i = 'UTF-8'
+  def view_source(
+      a = 'wid25',
+      b = 'view_source',
+      c = ''
     )
-    ::Cyberweb.return_meta_collection(i)
-  end
+    ::Cyberweb.view_source(a,b,c)
+  end; alias vsource view_source # === vsource
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.html_colours?
+  # === Cyberweb.random_favicon
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.html_colours?
-    ::Colours.html_colours?
-  end; self.instance_eval { alias array_all_html_colours? html_colours? } # === Cyberweb.array_all_html_colours?
-
+  def self.random_favicon
+    ::Cyberweb::WebImages.random.gsub(
+      /\/home\/x\/data\/images\//, ''
+    )
+  end
+
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === is_html5?
+  # === Cyberweb.spacer                               (spacer tag, liner tag)
+  #
+  # This method will create a little spacer icon.
+  #
+  # The first argument to this method will tell us which alignment to
+  # use. Possible main values for this are: :middle, :left and :right.
+  #
+  # If we pass a string, then we will assume that the user wants to
+  # repeat this as the main token instead. 
+  #
+  # You can also use it in block form as well, as in:
+  #
+  #   spacer { div('s1em') { p { 'Hello World' } } }
+  #
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def is_html5?
-    ::Cyberweb.is_html5?
+  def self.spacer(
+      alignment       = :middle, # Possible values are: :left, :middle, :right
+      extra_css_class = ''
+    )
+    use_image_spacer = true
+    case alignment
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === :center
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    when :center,
+         :middle,
+         :m,
+         :default,
+         ''
+      alignment = 'margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; text-align: center;'
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === :left
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    when :left,
+         :l
+      alignment = 'margin-left:0; margin-right:auto; text-align: left;'
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === :right
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    when :right,
+         :r
+      alignment = 'margin-left:auto; margin-right:0; text-align: right;'   
+    else
+      use_image_spacer = false
+      if alignment.is_a? Hash
+        if alignment.has_key? :use_this_token
+          alignment = alignment.delete(:use_this_token)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    if use_image_spacer
+      ::Cyberweb.simg(
+        :spacer,
+        'marb4px BLOCK '+extra_css_class,
+        '',
+        alignment
+      )
+    else
+      e alignment * 250
+    end
+    if block_given?
+      yield
+      if use_image_spacer
+        ::Cyberweb.img(
+          :spacer,
+          'marb4px BLOCK '+extra_css_class,
+          '',
+          alignment # And repeat.
+        )
+        n
+      else
+        e alignment * 250
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.insert_target_blank_onto_this
-  #
-  # This is an ad-hoc method - I needed to add the substring
-  # 'target="_blank"' to a HTML href hyperlink, a <a> tag. Note
-  # that input to this ad-hoc method is assumed to be a bit
-  # dirty sometimes, meaning we may find more than just the
-  # <a> tag used.
+  # === spacer
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def spacer(
+      alignment       = :middle,
+      extra_css_class = ''
+    )
+    "#{::Cyberweb.spacer(alignment, extra_css_class)}#{N}"
+  end; alias trenner          spacer # === trenner
+       alias spalter          spacer # === spalter
+       alias space            spacer # === space
+       alias beautiful_spacer spacer # === beautiful_spacer
+       alias spacer_center    spacer # === spacer_center
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === lspacer
   #
-  # Usage example and expected input and output:
+  # Wrapper towards spacer().
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def lspacer(css = '')
+    spacer :left, css
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === rspacer
   #
-  #   x = '<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WxhjElaBRhE" id="our_id" onclick="change_the_colour_to()">'
-  #   Cyberweb.insert_target_blank_onto_this(x)
-  #   puts x
+  # Wrapper towards spacer().
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def rspacer(css = '')
+    spacer :right, css
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.show_sys_info
   #
+  # This is the method that creates a sys-info app.
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.insert_target_blank_onto_this(i)
-    add_this = ' target="_blank"' # This is the String that we will add.
-    original_input = i.dup # This is our original input as-is.
-    work_on_a_copy = i.dup
-    if original_input.include?('>') # In this case we have dirty input.
-      splitted = original_input.split(/>/, 2)
-      first_element = splitted.first
+  def self.show_sys_info
+    processes = `ps aux` # ← This may yield an US-ASCII encoded String.
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === Convert to the main encoding next:
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    case processes.encoding.to_s
+    when 'US-ASCII'
+      processes = processes.force_encoding(main_encoding?)
+    end
+    processes = processes.split(/\n/) if processes.is_a? String
+    processes.map { |proc| proc.split(/\s+/, 11).join(' | ') }
+    div('mars1em FS0_9em') {
+      div_blue {
+        h2 "Ruby Version: #{RUBY_VERSION}",
+           'mar0px bold'
+      }
+      div {
+        sysinfo_header 'Environment'
+        div('s1em') { ENV.each { |key,value|
+          e "<b>#{key}</b>: #{value}" unless value.empty?
+          }
+        }
+      }
       # ===================================================================== #
-      # Find the last position of the ' ' character.
+      # Environment Information
       # ===================================================================== #
-      last_index = first_element.rindex(' ')
-      first_element[last_index, 0] = add_this
-      work_on_a_copy = splitted.join('>')
-    else
+      sysinfo_header 'Environment Information'
+      begin
+        require 'environment_information'
+      rescue LoadError; end
+      _ = EnvironmentInformation.new(:do_not_run_yet) { :do_not_use_rbt }
+      _.set_n_tokens 68
+      _.disable_colours
+      _.be_silent
+      _.run
+      e 'Your System has the following characteristics:'
+      pre _.string
       # ===================================================================== #
-      # Find the last position of the ' ' character.
+      # Hardware Information
       # ===================================================================== #
-      last_index = original_input.rindex(' ')
-      work_on_a_copy[last_index, 0] = add_this
-    end
-    i.replace(work_on_a_copy)
-    return work_on_a_copy # And return it, just in case.
-  end
+      sysinfo_header 'Hardware Information'
+      _ = HardwareInformation.new(false)
+      _.set_web_mode
+      _.disable_colours
+      _.run
+      pre _.string
+      my_title = %(Processes running on #{ENV['SERVER_NAME'] || `hostname`.strip})
+      h2 sg(:red_dot,'marr5px')+my_title
+      div('mars1em') {
+        h3 'Showing Process Information next', 'yel'
+        e htmlentities( processes.join("\n") ).gsub!( /\n/,"<br>\n" )
+      }
+      sysinfo_header 'Time and Date'
+      display_date
+      display_time :ruby
+    }
+  end; self.instance_eval { alias rubyinfo                   show_sys_info } # === Cyberweb.rubyinfo
+       self.instance_eval { alias display_system_information show_sys_info } # === Cyberweb.display_system_information
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === print_html_start
+  # === show_sys_info
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def print_html_start
-    ee return_html_start
+  def show_sys_info
+    ::Cyberweb.show_sys_info
+  end; alias rubyinfo                   show_sys_info # === rubyinfo
+       alias display_system_information show_sys_info # === display_system_information
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === random_image
+  #
+  # This method will return a random image.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def random_image
+    string_img(
+      ::Cyberweb::ARRAY_LISTING_ALL_PROJECT_IMAGES.sample
+    )
   end
 
   # ========================================================================= #
@@ -591,109 +984,6 @@ input[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button {
     ee CONTENT_TYPE_PLAIN
   end
 
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === output_response_header
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def output_response_header
-    ee HTTP_RESPONSE_HEADER
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.generate_simple_webpage
-  #
-  # This ad-hoc method will just generate a .html page with all images
-  # in this directory.
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.generate_simple_webpage(
-      from_this_directory = Dir.pwd
-    )
-    require 'cyberweb/toplevel_methods/images.rb'
-    all_images = Dir["#{from_this_directory}/*"].select {|entry|
-      File.file?(entry) and is_this_an_image?(entry)
-    }
-    _ = "<html><head><title>Simple Webpage</title></head><body><div>\n\n".dup
-    _ << "<h2>All the images</h2>\n"
-    all_images.each {|this_image|
-      basename = File.basename(this_image)
-      _ << '<img src="'+basename+'" alt="'+basename.downcase+'">'+"\n" 
-    }
-    _ << '</div></body></html>'
-    what = _
-    into = 'simple_webpage.html'
-    puts 'Creating the file '+into+' next.'
-    write_what_into(what, into)
-    if is_on_roebe?
-      require 'open'
-      Open.in_browser(into)
-    end
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.random_favicon
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.random_favicon
-    ::Cyberweb::WebImages.random.gsub(
-      /\/home\/x\/data\/images\//, ''
-    )
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.return_meta_redirect
-  #
-  # You may use this method to meta-redirect html pages.
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.return_meta_redirect(
-      to_this_url
-    )
-    '<meta http-equiv="Refresh" content="1; URL="'+to_this_url.to_s+'">'
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === return_meta_redirect
-  #
-  # You may use this to meta-redirect html pages.
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def return_meta_redirect(to_this_url)
-    Cyberweb.return_meta_redirect(to_this_url)
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.string_body_start                                 (body tag)
-  #
-  # Just start of <body>
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.string_body_start(
-      css_class         = '',
-      the_id            = '', 
-      css_style         = '', 
-      javascript_onload = ''
-    )
-    # ======================================================================= #
-    # === Overrule empty IDs
-    #
-    # Overrule empty id by defining an id for the body set. By default
-    # in this case, it will be set to the name of the page in question.
-    #
-    # This is already done in the id_method so here we can simply set
-    # the id to 'DEF'.
-    # ======================================================================= #
-    the_id = 'DEF' if the_id.empty?
-    # delete if it is only 2 chars
-    javascript = '' if javascript == 'js'
-    _ = '<body'.dup
-    _ << ::Cyberweb.return_css_class(css_class)
-    _ << ::Cyberweb.return_the_id(the_id)
-    _ << ::Cyberweb.return_css_style(css_style)
-    unless javascript_onload.empty?
-      _ << ' onload="'
-      _ << javascript_onload
-      _ << ';' unless _.end_with? ';'
-      _ << '"'
-    end
-    _ << '>'+NL #  closing tag
-    return _
-  end
-
   # ========================================================================= #
   # === body_start
   #
@@ -714,43 +1004,6 @@ input[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button {
        )
   end
 
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.right_arrow
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.right_arrow
-    '&rarr;'
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.bruch
-  #
-  # This is a "bruch", aka a fraction. It is written in german mostly because
-  # I am quite lazy.
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.bruch(a, b)
-    return "<sup>#{a}</sup>/<sub>#{b}</sub>"
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.dropdown_box
-  #
-  # This method will generate a <select><option> listing, a drop-down
-  # interface. The input to this method must be an Array.
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.dropdown_box(i)
-    if i.is_a? Array # Ok.
-      _ = '<select>'.dup
-      i.each {|line|
-        _ << string_option(line)
-      }
-      _ << string_close(:select)
-      return _ # And return the result here.
-    else
-      raise 'The method dropdown_box() requires an Array as argument.'
-    end
-  end; self.instance_eval { alias www_dropdown_box  dropdown_box } # === Cyberweb.www_dropdown_box
-       self.instance_eval { alias html_dropdown_box dropdown_box } # === Cyberweb.html_dropdown_box
-
   # ========================================================================= #
   # === Cyberweb.return_the_name
   #
@@ -816,133 +1069,21 @@ input[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button {
   end
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.edit_configuration_file
-  #
-  # This method allows you to edit configuration files.
+  # === Cyberweb.file_amusement_park
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.edit_configuration_file(
-      use_this_editor = 'vim'
-    )
-    _ = configuration_file?
-    puts 'Next using vim to edit'; puts
-    puts "  #{_}"
-    puts
-    system "#{use_this_editor} #{_}"
+  def self.file_amusement_park
+    "#{Cyberweb.project_base_directory?}svg/standalone/amusement_park.svg"
   end
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.path_to_the_internal_javascript_directory?
+  # === Cyberweb.restore_stdout
+  #
+  # Restore normal output again through this method.
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.path_to_the_internal_javascript_directory?
-    return "#{Cyberweb.project_base_directory?}javascript_code/"
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.return_html_code_for_the_javascript_calculator
-  #
-  # This is the method that will return the table that, in turn, shall
-  # simulate a javascript-calculator.
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.return_html_code_for_the_javascript_calculator(
-      optional_css_class_to_use = ''
-    )
-    return '<table id="simple_javascript_calculator" style="border: 1px solid black" class="'+optional_css_class_to_use.to_s+'">
-<tr>
-<td align="center">
-<input type="text" ID="screen_for_the_simple_javascript_calculator" NAME="screen" style="width:95%; font-size: 30px"><br/>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="7" VALUE="  7  " onclick="updateTextbox(7)">
-<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="8" VALUE="  8  " onclick="updateTextbox(8)">
-<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="9" VALUE="  9  " onclick="updateTextbox(9)">
-<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="+" VALUE="  +  " onclick="updateTextbox(\'+\')">
-<br>
-<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="4" VALUE="  4  " onclick="updateTextbox(4)">
-<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="5" VALUE="  5  " onclick="updateTextbox(5)">
-<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="6" VALUE="  6  " onclick="updateTextbox(6)">
-<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="-" VALUE="  -  " onclick="updateTextbox(\'-\')">
-<br>
-<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="1" VALUE="  1  " onclick="updateTextbox(1)">
-<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="2" VALUE="  2  " onclick="updateTextbox(2)">
-<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="3" VALUE="  3  " onclick="updateTextbox(3)">
-<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="*" VALUE="  x  " onclick="updateTextbox(\'*\')">
-<br>
-<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="c" VALUE="  c  " onclick="reset();">
-<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="0" VALUE="  0  " onclick="updateTextbox(0)">
-<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="=" VALUE="  =  " onclick="result();">
-<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="/" VALUE="  /  " onclick="updateTextbox(\'/\')">
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>'
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.translate_html_string_into_webobject_string
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.translate_html_string_into_webobject_string(
-      i = 
-'<div>
-<h2>Hello world!</h2>
-
-<p>This is the first paragraph.</p>
-
-<p>This is the second paragraph. It includes a bit of HTML
-and <b>newlines</b>.</p>
-
-</div>'
-    )
-    do_more_parsing = true
-    result = ''.dup
-    splitted = i.split("\n")
-    splitted.each {|this_line|
-      if this_line.include?('<') and this_line.include?('>')
-        if do_more_parsing
-          all_html_tags_in_this_line = return_all_html_tags_in_this_line(this_line)
-          first_tag = all_html_tags_in_this_line.first
-          result << first_tag.delete('<>')+" {\n"
-          result << "ee '"
-        else
-          result << this_line
-        end
-        do_more_parsing = false
-      end
-    }
-    result << "'\n}\n"
-    return result
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.remove_html
-  #
-  # This method will attempt to get rid of all html found in a String.
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.remove_html(i)
-    if Object.const_defined?(:Roebe) and
-       Roebe.respond_to?(:remove_html)
-      return Roebe.remove_html(i)
-    else
-      i # Else return it unmodified.
-    end
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.file_amusement_park
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.file_amusement_park
-    "#{Cyberweb.project_base_directory?}svg/standalone/amusement_park.svg"
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.restore_stdout
-  #
-  # Restore normal output again through this method.
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.restore_stdout
-    $stdout = STDOUT
-  end; self.instance_eval { alias cleanup restore_stdout } # === Cyberweb.cleanup
-       self.instance_eval { alias restore restore_stdout } # === Cyberweb.restore
+  def self.restore_stdout
+    $stdout = STDOUT
+  end; self.instance_eval { alias cleanup restore_stdout } # === Cyberweb.cleanup
+       self.instance_eval { alias restore restore_stdout } # === Cyberweb.restore
 
   # ========================================================================= #
   # === Cyberweb.draw_triangle
@@ -1160,315 +1301,117 @@ and <b>newlines</b>.</p>
   end; self.instance_eval { alias return_title_of_this_webpage return_title_of_this_remote_webpage } # === Cyberweb.return_title_of_this_webpage
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.convert_image_to_base64
+  # === Cyberweb.try_to_open_this_URL_via_the_browser
+  #
+  # This method simplifies working with Sinatra. The main use case for
+  # this method is to show the localhost-URL, and then open this in
+  # the browser directly, via the "open" gem.
+  #
+  # The second argument specifies which port is to be used.
   #
   # Usage example:
   #
-  #   Cyberweb.convert_image_to_base64("/home/x/programming/ruby/src/cyberweb/images/cyberweb_logo.png")
+  #   Cyberweb.try_to_open_this_URL_via_the_browser(target, USE_THIS_PORT)
   #
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.convert_image_to_base64(this_image)
-    file_type = File.extname(this_image).delete('.').upcase
-    return `magick #{this_image} #{file_type}:- | base64`
+  def self.try_to_open_this_URL_via_the_browser(
+      target,
+      use_this_port = '4567'
+    )
+    begin
+      require 'open' # Pull in the gem called "open" here.
+      if use_this_port # Avoid nil and false values.
+        target = "http://localhost:#{use_this_port}/"
+        if block_given? and (yield == :be_quiet)
+        else
+          puts ::Colours.sfancy(target)
+        end
+        Thread.new {
+          Open.in_browser(target) {{ delay: '1.0 seconds' }}
+        }
+      end
+    rescue LoadError => error
+      pp error
+    end
   end
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.return_all_html_tags_in_this_line
+  # === get_ip
+  #
+  # This returns the ip.  
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.return_all_html_tags_in_this_line(
-      i = '<p>This <a> <div><h2>ok </h2>'
-    )
-    array = []
-    if i.include? '<'
-      regex = /(<.+?>)/
-      array << i.scan(regex)
-    end
-    return array.flatten
+  def get_ip
+    ENV['REMOTE_ADDR']
   end
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.logo?
+  # === n
   #
-  # This method will return the path to the currently used Cyberweb logo.
+  # This method will simply print a newline (ee is aliased to print).
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def n
+    ee N
+  end unless defined? n
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === remove_html_tags                                       (no html tags)
   #
-  # This method may return a String such as:
+  # This method will simply remove all html tags from a string.
   #
-  #   /home/x/programming/ruby/src/cyberweb/images/cyberweb_logo.png
+  # We will make use of project RemoveHtml for this task, which
+  # will be used through Cyberweb.remove_html().
+  #
+  # Usage example:
+  #
+  #   Cyberweb.remove_html_tags("<span>foobar</span><br><b>test</b>")
+  #   "<span>foobar</span><b>test</b>".gsub(/\<.+\>/,'')
+  #   y = Cyberweb.remove_html_tags( x )
+  #   y = Cyberweb.remove_html_tags( readlines("LINUX_COMMANDS.html").join(' ') )
+  #   MyLogger.write_what_to(y,'/final.html')
   #
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.logo?
-    "#{server_base_directory?}programming/ruby/src/"\
-    "cybwerb/lib/cyberweb/images/cyberweb_logo.png"
-  end
+  def remove_html_tags(input)
+    ::Cyberweb.remove_html(input)
+  end; alias no_html     remove_html_tags # === no_html
+       alias de_html     remove_html_tags # === de_html
+       alias strip_html  remove_html_tags # === strip_html
+       alias remove_html remove_html_tags # === remove_html
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.readlines
+  # === pnl
   #
-  # Preferrentially use this method when you read files, because we
-  # will use the right encoding as we go.
+  # Prints a new line.
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.readlines(i)
-    File.readlines(
-      i,
-      encoding: ::Cyberweb::Encoding::MAIN_ENCODING_TO_USE
-    )
-  end
+  def pnl
+    ee NL
+  end; alias newline pnl # === newline
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === readlines
+  # === print_head_start
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def readlines(file)
-    ::Cyberweb.readlines(file)
+  def print_head_start
+    ee return_head_start
   end
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.remove_newlines
+  # === print_strict_doctype
   #
-  # This simple method will get rid of newlines from the given input
-  # String. The argument to this method should hence be a String. 
+  # Print the doctype to use, by calling the method return_strict_doctype().
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.remove_newlines(i = '')
-    i.delete("\n")
-  end; self.instance_eval { alias remove_newline       remove_newlines } # === Cyberweb.remove_newline
-       self.instance_eval { alias remove_newlines_from remove_newlines } # === Cyberweb.remove_newlines_from
+  def print_strict_doctype
+    ee return_strict_doctype
+  end
 
   # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.disable_right_click
-  #
-  # This is jquery code, which can be used to disable the right-mouse button
-  # click. Personally I dislike it very much, but because other people may
-  # wish to use it, I have decided to include it as part of the cyberweb
-  # framework.
-  #
-  # Note that for this method to work, you must have jquery enabled prior
-  # to calling it, through something such as a use_jquery() directive
-  # or use :jquery or a similar call. Or simply set the project configuration
-  # setting there.
-  #
-  # Usage example:
-  #
-  #   x = Cyberweb.disable_right_click(:return_it)
+  # === get_all_directories_from
   #
+  # Obtain all directories from a target path.
   # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.disable_right_click(
-      what_to_do_with_it = :output_it
+  def get_all_directories_from(
+      where = Dir.pwd,
+      return_full_path = false
     )
-    result = return_javascript('$(document).ready(function(){
-  $(document).bind("contextmenu", function(e){
-    return false;
-  });
-});'+N)
-    case what_to_do_with_it
-    # === :return
-    when :return,
-         :return_it
-      return result # We simple return the result in this case.
-    else
-      ee result
-    end
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === disable_right_click
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def disable_right_click
-    ::Cyberweb.disable_right_click
-  end; alias no_right_click disable_right_click # === no_right_click
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.colourize_ruby_code                               (ruby tag)
-  #
-  # Use this to colourize ruby code. Be careful when using this though and
-  # only use it when you (a) need it and (b) when you have ruby code in
-  # question.
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.colourize_ruby_code(_)
-    _ = _.dup
-    _.gsub!(/class /,
-      '<span class="BG_Black pad1px lightgreen bold">class </span>')
-    _.gsub!(/require/,
-      '<span class="pad1px red FI bold">require</span>')
-    _.gsub!(/end$/,
-      '<span class="BG_Black pad1px red bold">end</span>')
-    _.gsub!(/else/,
-      '<span class="BG_Black pad1px red bold">else</span>')
-    _.gsub!(/if /,
-      '<span class="BG_Black pad1px red bold">if </span>')
-    _.gsub!(/elsif/,
-      '<span class="BG_Black pad1px red bold">elsif</span>')
-    _.gsub!(/__FILE__/,
-      '<span class="BG_Black pad1px pink bold">__FILE__</span>')
-    _.gsub!(/\$PROGRAM_NAME/,
-      '<span class="BG_Black pad1px lightgreen bold">$PROGRAM_NAME</span>')
-    _.gsub!(/class (\w+) </,'<span class="BG_Black pad1px yel bold">class</span> \\1 <')
-    _.gsub!(/super\(\)/,'<span class="BG_Black pad1px cyan bold">super()</span>')
-    _.gsub!(/#!\/System\/Executables\/ruby -w/,'<span class="BG_Black pad1px green bold">#!/System/Executables/ruby -w</span>')
-    _.gsub!(/def (.*)/,
-      '<span class="BG_Black pad1px orange bold">def </span><span class="BG_Black BO pad1px lightblue">\1</span>')
-    _.gsub!(/do/,
-      '<span class="BG_Black pad1px orange bold">do</span>')
-    return _
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.use_this_local_port_or_a_later_port
-  #
-  # This method can be used to scan for an open local port.
-  #
-  # It was necessary because Sinatra may often be already running
-  # on a localhost port.
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.use_this_local_port_or_a_later_port(i = '4567')
-    begin
-      require 'roebe/toplevel_methods/open_ports.rb'
-      if Roebe.is_this_port_open?(i)
-        return i
-      else
-        # else find a fitting open port in the next 50
-        # ports.
-        upper_range = i.to_i + 50
-        i.to_i.upto(upper_range) {|try_this_port|
-          if Roebe.is_this_port_open?(try_this_port)
-            return try_this_port
-          # else # else we must continue.
-          #  return nil
-          end
-        }
-      end
-    rescue LoadError
-    end
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.try_to_open_this_URL_via_the_browser
-  #
-  # This method simplifies working with Sinatra. The main use case for
-  # this method is to show the localhost-URL, and then open this in
-  # the browser directly, via the "open" gem.
-  #
-  # The second argument specifies which port is to be used.
-  #
-  # Usage example:
-  #
-  #   Cyberweb.try_to_open_this_URL_via_the_browser(target, USE_THIS_PORT)
-  #
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.try_to_open_this_URL_via_the_browser(
-      target,
-      use_this_port = '4567'
-    )
-    begin
-      require 'open' # Pull in the gem called "open" here.
-      if use_this_port # Avoid nil and false values.
-        target = "http://localhost:#{use_this_port}/"
-        if block_given? and (yield == :be_quiet)
-        else
-          puts ::Colours.sfancy(target)
-        end
-        Thread.new {
-          Open.in_browser(target) {{ delay: '1.0 seconds' }}
-        }
-      end
-    rescue LoadError => error
-      pp error
-    end
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === Cyberweb.is_a_video_file?
-  #
-  # This method can be used to determine whether xyz is a video file or
-  # whether it is not.
-  #
-  # Usage example:
-  #
-  #   Cyberweb.is_a_video_file?('/tmp/foobar.avi')
-  #
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def self.is_a_video_file?(
-      this_file = 'foobar.mp4'
-    )
-    array = %w( .avi .mp4 .mkv .webm )
-    array.include? File.extname(this_file)
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === get_ip
-  #
-  # This returns the ip.  
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def get_ip
-    ENV['REMOTE_ADDR']
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === n
-  #
-  # This method will simply print a newline (ee is aliased to print).
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def n
-    ee N
-  end unless defined? n
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === remove_html_tags                                       (no html tags)
-  #
-  # This method will simply remove all html tags from a string.
-  #
-  # We will make use of project RemoveHtml for this task, which
-  # will be used through Cyberweb.remove_html().
-  #
-  # Usage example:
-  #
-  #   Cyberweb.remove_html_tags("<span>foobar</span><br><b>test</b>")
-  #   "<span>foobar</span><b>test</b>".gsub(/\<.+\>/,'')
-  #   y = Cyberweb.remove_html_tags( x )
-  #   y = Cyberweb.remove_html_tags( readlines("LINUX_COMMANDS.html").join(' ') )
-  #   MyLogger.write_what_to(y,'/final.html')
-  #
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def remove_html_tags(input)
-    ::Cyberweb.remove_html(input)
-  end; alias no_html     remove_html_tags # === no_html
-       alias de_html     remove_html_tags # === de_html
-       alias strip_html  remove_html_tags # === strip_html
-       alias remove_html remove_html_tags # === remove_html
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === pnl
-  #
-  # Prints a new line.
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def pnl
-    ee NL
-  end; alias newline pnl # === newline
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === print_head_start
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def print_head_start
-    ee return_head_start
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === print_strict_doctype
-  #
-  # Print the doctype to use, by calling the method return_strict_doctype().
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def print_strict_doctype
-    ee return_strict_doctype
-  end
-
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  # === get_all_directories_from
-  #
-  # Obtain all directories from a target path.
-  # ========================================================================= #
-  def get_all_directories_from(
-      where = Dir.pwd,
-      return_full_path = false
-    )
-    return Dir["#{where}/*"].reject {|entry| ! File.directory? entry } 
+    return Dir["#{where}/*"].reject {|entry| ! File.directory? entry } 
   end
 
   # ========================================================================= #
@@ -1885,6 +1828,697 @@ and <b>newlines</b>.</p>
     require COLOURED_TAGS
   end; load_coloured_tags
 
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === output_response_header
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def output_response_header
+    ee HTTP_RESPONSE_HEADER
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.return_meta_redirect
+  #
+  # You may use this method to meta-redirect html pages.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.return_meta_redirect(
+      to_this_url
+    )
+    '<meta http-equiv="Refresh" content="1; URL="'+to_this_url.to_s+'">'
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === return_meta_redirect
+  #
+  # You may use this to meta-redirect html pages.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def return_meta_redirect(to_this_url)
+    Cyberweb.return_meta_redirect(to_this_url)
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.string_body_start                                 (body tag)
+  #
+  # Just start of <body>
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.string_body_start(
+      css_class         = '',
+      the_id            = '', 
+      css_style         = '', 
+      javascript_onload = ''
+    )
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === Overrule empty IDs
+    #
+    # Overrule empty id by defining an id for the body set. By default
+    # in this case, it will be set to the name of the page in question.
+    #
+    # This is already done in the id_method so here we can simply set
+    # the id to 'DEF'.
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    the_id = 'DEF' if the_id.empty?
+    # delete if it is only 2 chars
+    javascript = '' if javascript == 'js'
+    _ = '<body'.dup
+    _ << ::Cyberweb.return_css_class(css_class)
+    _ << ::Cyberweb.return_the_id(the_id)
+    _ << ::Cyberweb.return_css_style(css_style)
+    unless javascript_onload.empty?
+      _ << ' onload="'
+      _ << javascript_onload
+      _ << ';' unless _.end_with? ';'
+      _ << '"'
+    end
+    _ << '>'+NL #  closing tag
+    return _
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.dropdown_box
+  #
+  # This method will generate a <select><option> listing, a drop-down
+  # interface. The input to this method must be an Array.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.dropdown_box(i)
+    if i.is_a? Array # Ok.
+      _ = '<select>'.dup
+      i.each {|line|
+        _ << string_option(line)
+      }
+      _ << string_close(:select)
+      return _ # And return the result here.
+    else
+      raise 'The method dropdown_box() requires an Array as argument.'
+    end
+  end; self.instance_eval { alias www_dropdown_box  dropdown_box } # === Cyberweb.www_dropdown_box
+       self.instance_eval { alias html_dropdown_box dropdown_box } # === Cyberweb.html_dropdown_box
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.convert_image_to_base64
+  #
+  # Usage example:
+  #
+  #   Cyberweb.convert_image_to_base64("/home/x/programming/ruby/src/cyberweb/images/cyberweb_logo.png")
+  #
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.convert_image_to_base64(this_image)
+    file_type = File.extname(this_image).delete('.').upcase
+    return `magick #{this_image} #{file_type}:- | base64`
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.return_all_html_tags_in_this_line
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.return_all_html_tags_in_this_line(
+      i = '<p>This <a> <div><h2>ok </h2>'
+    )
+    array = []
+    if i.include? '<'
+      regex = /(<.+?>)/
+      array << i.scan(regex)
+    end
+    return array.flatten
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.logo?
+  #
+  # This method will return the path to the currently used Cyberweb logo.
+  #
+  # This method may return a String such as:
+  #
+  #   /home/x/programming/ruby/src/cyberweb/images/cyberweb_logo.png
+  #
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.logo?
+    "#{server_base_directory?}programming/ruby/src/"\
+    "cybwerb/lib/cyberweb/images/cyberweb_logo.png"
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.readlines
+  #
+  # Preferrentially use this method when you read files, because we
+  # will use the right encoding as we go.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.readlines(i)
+    File.readlines(
+      i,
+      encoding: ::Cyberweb::Encoding::MAIN_ENCODING_TO_USE
+    )
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === readlines
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def readlines(file)
+    ::Cyberweb.readlines(file)
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.remove_newlines
+  #
+  # This simple method will get rid of newlines from the given input
+  # String. The argument to this method should hence be a String. 
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.remove_newlines(i = '')
+    i.delete("\n")
+  end; self.instance_eval { alias remove_newline       remove_newlines } # === Cyberweb.remove_newline
+       self.instance_eval { alias remove_newlines_from remove_newlines } # === Cyberweb.remove_newlines_from
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.disable_right_click
+  #
+  # This is jquery code, which can be used to disable the right-mouse button
+  # click. Personally I dislike it very much, but because other people may
+  # wish to use it, I have decided to include it as part of the cyberweb
+  # framework.
+  #
+  # Note that for this method to work, you must have jquery enabled prior
+  # to calling it, through something such as a use_jquery() directive
+  # or use :jquery or a similar call. Or simply set the project configuration
+  # setting there.
+  #
+  # Usage example:
+  #
+  #   x = Cyberweb.disable_right_click(:return_it)
+  #
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.disable_right_click(
+      what_to_do_with_it = :output_it
+    )
+    result = return_javascript('$(document).ready(function(){
+  $(document).bind("contextmenu", function(e){
+    return false;
+  });
+});'+N)
+    case what_to_do_with_it
+    # === :return
+    when :return,
+         :return_it
+      return result # We simple return the result in this case.
+    else
+      ee result
+    end
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === disable_right_click
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def disable_right_click
+    ::Cyberweb.disable_right_click
+  end; alias no_right_click disable_right_click # === no_right_click
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.colourize_ruby_code                               (ruby tag)
+  #
+  # Use this to colourize ruby code. Be careful when using this though and
+  # only use it when you (a) need it and (b) when you have ruby code in
+  # question.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.colourize_ruby_code(_)
+    _ = _.dup
+    _.gsub!(/class /,
+      '<span class="BG_Black pad1px lightgreen bold">class </span>')
+    _.gsub!(/require/,
+      '<span class="pad1px red FI bold">require</span>')
+    _.gsub!(/end$/,
+      '<span class="BG_Black pad1px red bold">end</span>')
+    _.gsub!(/else/,
+      '<span class="BG_Black pad1px red bold">else</span>')
+    _.gsub!(/if /,
+      '<span class="BG_Black pad1px red bold">if </span>')
+    _.gsub!(/elsif/,
+      '<span class="BG_Black pad1px red bold">elsif</span>')
+    _.gsub!(/__FILE__/,
+      '<span class="BG_Black pad1px pink bold">__FILE__</span>')
+    _.gsub!(/\$PROGRAM_NAME/,
+      '<span class="BG_Black pad1px lightgreen bold">$PROGRAM_NAME</span>')
+    _.gsub!(/class (\w+) </,'<span class="BG_Black pad1px yel bold">class</span> \\1 <')
+    _.gsub!(/super\(\)/,'<span class="BG_Black pad1px cyan bold">super()</span>')
+    _.gsub!(/#!\/System\/Executables\/ruby -w/,'<span class="BG_Black pad1px green bold">#!/System/Executables/ruby -w</span>')
+    _.gsub!(/def (.*)/,
+      '<span class="BG_Black pad1px orange bold">def </span><span class="BG_Black BO pad1px lightblue">\1</span>')
+    _.gsub!(/do/,
+      '<span class="BG_Black pad1px orange bold">do</span>')
+    return _
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.use_this_local_port_or_a_later_port
+  #
+  # This method can be used to scan for an open local port.
+  #
+  # It was necessary because Sinatra may often be already running
+  # on a localhost port.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.use_this_local_port_or_a_later_port(i = '4567')
+    begin
+      require 'roebe/toplevel_methods/open_ports.rb'
+      if Roebe.is_this_port_open?(i)
+        return i
+      else
+        # else find a fitting open port in the next 50
+        # ports.
+        upper_range = i.to_i + 50
+        i.to_i.upto(upper_range) {|try_this_port|
+          if Roebe.is_this_port_open?(try_this_port)
+            return try_this_port
+          # else # else we must continue.
+          #  return nil
+          end
+        }
+      end
+    rescue LoadError
+    end
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.sanitize_this_string_by_adding_a_newline_after_every_closing_HTML_tag
+  #
+  # The following method is an ad-hoc method - I needed to sanitize a remote
+  # String coming from a .html page that removed all newlines. Ideally this
+  # should be a regex, but for now we just chop away on '>'.
+  #
+  # If a file is given as argument then its content will be read.
+  #
+  # Usage example for a local .html file:
+  #
+  #   x = Cyberweb.sanitize_this_string_by_adding_a_newline_after_every_closing_HTML_tag('/Depot/j/foobar.html')
+  #
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.sanitize_this_string_by_adding_a_newline_after_every_closing_HTML_tag(
+      i = ARGV
+    )
+    if i.is_a? Array
+      i = i.join(' ').strip
+    end
+    if i and File.file?(i)
+      i = File.read(i) # Add support for existing files here.^
+    end
+    return i.gsub(/>/, ">\n")
+  end; self.instance_eval { alias sanitizer sanitize_this_string_by_adding_a_newline_after_every_closing_HTML_tag } # === Cyberweb.sanitizer
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.display_this_file
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.display_this_file(
+      this_file = :gtk
+    )
+    print return_this_file(this_file)
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.edit_configuration_file
+  #
+  # This method allows you to edit configuration files.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.edit_configuration_file(
+      use_this_editor = 'vim'
+    )
+    _ = configuration_file?
+    puts 'Next using vim to edit'; puts
+    puts "  #{_}"
+    puts
+    system "#{use_this_editor} #{_}"
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.path_to_the_internal_javascript_directory?
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.path_to_the_internal_javascript_directory?
+    return "#{Cyberweb.project_base_directory?}javascript_code/"
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.return_html_code_for_the_javascript_calculator
+  #
+  # This is the method that will return the table that, in turn, shall
+  # simulate a javascript-calculator.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.return_html_code_for_the_javascript_calculator(
+      optional_css_class_to_use = ''
+    )
+    return '<table id="simple_javascript_calculator" style="border: 1px solid black" class="'+optional_css_class_to_use.to_s+'">
+<tr>
+<td align="center">
+<input type="text" ID="screen_for_the_simple_javascript_calculator" NAME="screen" style="width:95%; font-size: 30px"><br/>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="7" VALUE="  7  " onclick="updateTextbox(7)">
+<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="8" VALUE="  8  " onclick="updateTextbox(8)">
+<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="9" VALUE="  9  " onclick="updateTextbox(9)">
+<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="+" VALUE="  +  " onclick="updateTextbox(\'+\')">
+<br>
+<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="4" VALUE="  4  " onclick="updateTextbox(4)">
+<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="5" VALUE="  5  " onclick="updateTextbox(5)">
+<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="6" VALUE="  6  " onclick="updateTextbox(6)">
+<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="-" VALUE="  -  " onclick="updateTextbox(\'-\')">
+<br>
+<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="1" VALUE="  1  " onclick="updateTextbox(1)">
+<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="2" VALUE="  2  " onclick="updateTextbox(2)">
+<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="3" VALUE="  3  " onclick="updateTextbox(3)">
+<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="*" VALUE="  x  " onclick="updateTextbox(\'*\')">
+<br>
+<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="c" VALUE="  c  " onclick="reset();">
+<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="0" VALUE="  0  " onclick="updateTextbox(0)">
+<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="=" VALUE="  =  " onclick="result();">
+<input class="input_for_the_calculator" type="button" NAME="/" VALUE="  /  " onclick="updateTextbox(\'/\')">
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>'
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.translate_html_string_into_webobject_string
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.translate_html_string_into_webobject_string(
+      i = 
+'<div>
+<h2>Hello world!</h2>
+
+<p>This is the first paragraph.</p>
+
+<p>This is the second paragraph. It includes a bit of HTML
+and <b>newlines</b>.</p>
+
+</div>'
+    )
+    do_more_parsing = true
+    result = ''.dup
+    splitted = i.split("\n")
+    splitted.each {|this_line|
+      if this_line.include?('<') and this_line.include?('>')
+        if do_more_parsing
+          all_html_tags_in_this_line = return_all_html_tags_in_this_line(this_line)
+          first_tag = all_html_tags_in_this_line.first
+          result << first_tag.delete('<>')+" {\n"
+          result << "ee '"
+        else
+          result << this_line
+        end
+        do_more_parsing = false
+      end
+    }
+    result << "'\n}\n"
+    return result
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.remove_html
+  #
+  # This method will attempt to get rid of all html found in a String.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.remove_html(i)
+    if Object.const_defined?(:Roebe) and
+       Roebe.respond_to?(:remove_html)
+      return Roebe.remove_html(i)
+    else
+      i # Else return it unmodified.
+    end
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === string_cont
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def string_cont(i)
+    ::Cyberweb.string_cont(i)
+  end; alias string_content string_cont # === string_content
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.return_meta_collection
+  #
+  # Which charset and content type to use can be controlled via this
+  # method here.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.return_meta_collection(
+      use_this_charset = 'UTF-8'
+    )
+    _  = ''.dup
+    # if is_html5?
+    #   _ << return_iso_8859_charset
+    # else
+    case use_this_charset
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === :default
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    when :default,
+         nil # Nil is also implying the default charset.
+      use_this_charset = 'UTF-8'
+    end
+    case use_this_charset.downcase # We work on a downcased variant here.
+    when 'utf-8',
+         'utf',
+         'default'
+      _ << return_utf_charset
+    when 'iso'
+      _ << return_iso_encoding  
+    else # Else use a specific charset.
+      _ << '<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset='+use_this_charset+'" >'+NL
+    end
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # Annoy the hell out of robots:
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    _ << '<meta name="robots"                    content="noindex,nofollow,noarchive,noimageindex">'+NL
+    return _ # Return that string finally.
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === string_span
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def string_span(
+      a = '',
+      b = Span.to_s,
+      c = '',
+      d = '',
+      e = ''
+    )
+    ::Cyberweb.string_span(a, b, c, d, e)
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === string_s
+  #
+  # This was disabled in May 2021. Not sure whether we will re-enable it
+  # again one day or not. For now this is simply commented.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # def string_s(
+  #     content   = '',
+  #     which_tag = 'span',
+  #     css_class = '',
+  #     the_id    = '',
+  #     css_style = '',
+  #     javascript_code = ''
+  #   )
+  #   ::Cyberweb.string_s(
+  #     content,
+  #     which_tag,
+  #     css_class,
+  #     the_id,
+  #     css_style,
+  #     javascript_code
+  #   ) 
+  # end; alias string_s2 string_s # === string_s2
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === s                                                             (s tag)
+  #
+  # s is short for a <span> tag.
+  #
+  # Historically it was used for <span> tags, but lateron it was shortened
+  # to become a generic "s" named method. This is a VERY important method.
+  #
+  # With it, you can specify arbitrary html tags.
+  #
+  # It will be often-used. sbr or string_s is an alternative to it.
+  #
+  # You may also use numbers rather than a specific tag, though I
+  # discourage using numbers because they are less readable IMHO.
+  # Anyway, here are the codes for these numbers:
+  #
+  #   <b>1</b> is div, <b>2</b> is paragraph, <b>3</b> is span, 
+  #   <b>4</b> is header1,<b>5</b> h2, <b>6</b> h3, 
+  #   <b>7</b> h4, <b>8</b> h5, <b>9</b> h6
+  #
+  # s is like S() in my old php scripts, so we could do something like:
+  #
+  #   <span class="s2em">YEah</span>
+  #
+  # Some specific usage example for this method:
+  #
+  #   x.s 'Content','h5','s1em','border:1px solid blue','SoomeId'
+  #   x.s 'Content','h5','s1em','border:1px solid blue','SoomeId'
+  #   s 'here comes text','div','marl1em','div_id','padding:2px'
+  #
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def s(
+      content   = '',
+      which_tag = 'span',
+      css_class = '',
+      the_id    = '',
+      css_style = '',
+      optional_javascript_code = ''
+    )
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # Delegate towards the string_s() method next, which resides in the
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # same file here.
+    string_result = string_s(
+      content, 
+      which_tag,
+      css_class, the_id, css_style,
+      optional_javascript_code
+    )
+    if block_given?
+      yielded = yield
+      case yielded
+      # ===================================================================== #
+      # === :editable
+      # ===================================================================== #
+      when :editable
+        position = string_result.index('>') # Finds the first position.
+        string_result[position,0] = ' contenteditable="true"'
+      end
+    end
+    ee string_result
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === span
+  #
+  # We will simply output through the string_span() method here.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def span(
+      content    = '',
+      css_class  = Span.to_s,
+      the_id     = '', 
+      css_style  = '',
+      javascript = '',
+      &block
+    )
+    ee string_span(
+         content,
+         css_class,
+         the_id,
+         css_style,
+         javascript,
+         &block
+       )
+  end; alias espan span # === espan
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === cspan
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def cspan
+    eclose :span
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.arrow_right
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.arrow_right
+    '→'
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.left_arrow
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.left_arrow
+    '&larr;'
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.glob                                             (glob tag)
+  #
+  # Obtain all files from a given directory.
+  #
+  # This is essentially similar to Dir[], but we will append a '*'
+  # character if no '*' is in our input argument.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.glob(i)
+    i = i.to_s
+    i << '*' unless i.include? '*'
+    return Dir[i]
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.string_ebr
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.string_ebr(
+      content    = '',
+      css_class  = Span.to_s,
+      the_id     = '', 
+      css_style  = '',
+      javascript = '',
+      &block
+    )
+    return Cyberweb.string_span(
+      content,
+      css_class,
+      the_id, 
+      css_style,
+      javascript,
+      &block
+    )+"<br>\n"
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.string_p
+  #
+  # This is the string representation for a <p> tag. Since as of January
+  # 2024 this method will delegate towards HtmlTags.stag(), which is
+  # actually doing the real work here.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.string_p(
+      css_class  = '',
+      the_id     = '',
+      css_style  = '',
+      javascript = ''
+    )
+    HtmlTags.stag(:p, css_class, the_id, css_style, javascript)
+  end
+
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cyberweb.spinbutton
+  #
+  # In December 2023 I confirmed that this code will create a spinbutton.
+  #
+  # Note that in HTML, this is more commonly called a "number-input".
+  #
+  # The following attributes can be used to specify restrictions:
+  #
+  #   max:   specifies the maximum value allowed
+  #   min:   specifies the minimum value allowed
+  #   step:  specifies the step-size
+  #   value: specifies the default value
+  #
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  def self.spinbutton(
+      start_position =   0,
+      end_position   = 100,
+      increment_size =   1,
+      id_to_be_used  = nil
+    )
+    extra_CSS_rules = '
+<style>
+/* This will always show the spin buttons on the right side */
+input[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button {
+  opacity: 1
+}
+</style>
+'
+    if id_to_be_used # This is the case when a id-value is provided.
+      return extra_CSS_rules+
+             '<input step="'+increment_size.to_s+'" id="'+id_to_be_used+'" '\
+             'type="number" value="'+start_position.to_s+'" min="1" max="'+end_position.to_s+'" />'
+    else
+      return extra_CSS_rules+
+             '<input step="'+increment_size.to_s+'" '\
+             'type="number" value="'+start_position.to_s+'" min="1" max="'+end_position.to_s+'" />'
+    end
+  end
+
   # ========================================================================= #
   # === Cyberweb.localhost?
   #
@@ -1959,4 +2593,9 @@ if __FILE__ == $PROGRAM_NAME
   e Cyberweb.logo?
   Cyberweb.generate_simple_webpage
   Cyberweb.download_webpage(ARGV)
+  e Cyberweb.string_p('mars1em BOLD','some_id','border: 5px solid red','')
+  text = 'abc def ghi'
+  css_class = 'mars2em BOLD'
+  the_id = 'some_id'
+  e Cyberweb.string_s(text,'h4',css_class, the_id)
 end # cyberwebhtmlcomment