cul_image_props 0.1.0

data/lib/cul_image_props/image/properties/exif/constants.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1075 @@
+require 'cul_image_props/image/properties/exif/types'
+module Cul
+module Image
+module Properties
+module Exif
+
+# Don't throw an exception when given an out of range character.
+def self.make_string(seq)
+    str = ''
+    seq.each { |c|
+        # Screen out non-printing characters
+        if 32 <= c and c < 256
+            str += chr(c)
+        end
+    }
+    # If no printing chars
+    if not str.length == 0
+        return seq
+    end
+    return str
+end
+# Special version to deal with the code in the first 8 bytes of a user comment.
+# First 8 bytes gives coding system e.g. ASCII vs. JIS vs Unicode
+def self.make_string_uc(seq)
+    code = seq[0, 8]
+    seq = seq[8 ... seq.length]
+    # Of course, this is only correct if ASCII, and the standard explicitly
+    # allows JIS and Unicode.
+    return make_string(seq)
+end
+
+# decode Olympus SpecialMode tag in MakerNote
+def self.olympus_special_mode(v)
+    a=[
+        'Normal',
+        'Unknown',
+        'Fast',
+        'Panorama']
+    b=[
+        'Non-panoramic',
+        'Left to right',
+        'Right to left',
+        'Bottom to top',
+        'Top to bottom']
+    if v[0] >= a.length or v[2] >= b.length
+        return v
+    end
+    return format("%s - sequence %d - %s", a[v[0]], v[1], b[v[2]])
+end
+
+# http =>//tomtia.plala.jp/DigitalCamera/MakerNote/index.asp
+def self.nikon_ev_bias(seq)
+    # First digit seems to be in steps of 1/6 EV.
+    # Does the third value mean the step size?  It is usually 6,
+    # but it is 12 for the ExposureDifference.
+    #
+    # Check for an error condition that could cause a crash.
+    # This only happens if something has gone really wrong in
+    # reading the Nikon MakerNote.
+    return "" if len( seq ) < 4 
+    #
+    case seq
+    when [252, 1, 6, 0]
+        return "-2/3 EV"
+    when [253, 1, 6, 0]
+        return "-1/2 EV"
+    when [254, 1, 6, 0]
+        return "-1/3 EV"
+    when [0, 1, 6, 0]
+        return "0 EV"
+    when [2, 1, 6, 0]
+        return "+1/3 EV"
+    when [3, 1, 6, 0]
+        return "+1/2 EV"
+    when [4, 1, 6, 0]
+        return "+2/3 EV"
+    end
+    # Handle combinations not in the table.
+    a = seq[0]
+    # Causes headaches for the +/- logic, so special case it.
+    if a == 0
+        return "0 EV"
+    elsif a > 127
+        a = 256 - a
+        ret_str = "-"
+    else
+        ret_str = "+"
+    end
+    b = seq[2]	# Assume third value means the step size
+    whole = a / b
+    a = a % b
+    if whole != 0
+        ret_str = ret_str + str(whole) + " "
+    end
+    if a == 0
+        ret_str = ret_str + "EV"
+    else
+        r = Ratio(a, b)
+        ret_str = ret_str + r.__repr__() + " EV"
+    end
+    return ret_str
+  end
+
+
+# field type descriptions as (length, abbreviation, full name) tuples
+FIELD_TYPES = [
+    FieldType.new(0, 'X', 'Proprietary'), # no such type
+    FieldType.new(1, 'B', 'Byte'),
+    FieldType.new(1, 'A', 'ASCII'),
+    FieldType.new(2, 'S', 'Short'),
+    FieldType.new(4, 'L', 'Long'),
+    FieldType.new(8, 'R', 'Ratio'),
+    FieldType.new(1, 'SB', 'Signed Byte'),
+    FieldType.new(1, 'U', 'Undefined'),
+    FieldType.new(2, 'SS', 'Signed Short'),
+    FieldType.new(4, 'SL', 'Signed Long'),
+    FieldType.new(8, 'SR', 'Signed Ratio')
+    ]
+
+# dictionary of main EXIF tag names
+EXIF_TAGS = {
+    0x0100 => TagName.new('ImageWidth'),
+    0x0101 => TagName.new('ImageLength'),
+    0x0102 => TagName.new('BitsPerSample'),
+    0x0103 => TagName.new('Compression',
+             {1 => 'Uncompressed',
+              2 => 'CCITT 1D',
+              3 => 'T4/Group 3 Fax',
+              4 => 'T6/Group 4 Fax',
+              5 => 'LZW',
+              6 => 'JPEG (old-style)',
+              7 => 'JPEG',
+              8 => 'Adobe Deflate',
+              9 => 'JBIG B&W',
+              10 => 'JBIG Color',
+              32766 => 'Next',
+              32769 => 'Epson ERF Compressed',
+              32771 => 'CCIRLEW',
+              32773 => 'PackBits',
+              32809 => 'Thunderscan',
+              32895 => 'IT8CTPAD',
+              32896 => 'IT8LW',
+              32897 => 'IT8MP',
+              32898 => 'IT8BL',
+              32908 => 'PixarFilm',
+              32909 => 'PixarLog',
+              32946 => 'Deflate',
+              32947 => 'DCS',
+              34661 => 'JBIG',
+              34676 => 'SGILog',
+              34677 => 'SGILog24',
+              34712 => 'JPEG 2000',
+              34713 => 'Nikon NEF Compressed',
+              65000 => 'Kodak DCR Compressed',
+              65535 => 'Pentax PEF Compressed'}),
+    0x0106 => TagName.new('PhotometricInterpretation'),
+    0x0107 => TagName.new('Thresholding'),
+    0x010A => TagName.new('FillOrder'),
+    0x010D => TagName.new('DocumentName'),
+    0x010E => TagName.new('ImageDescription'),
+    0x010F => TagName.new('Make'),
+    0x0110 => TagName.new('Model'),
+    0x0111 => TagName.new('StripOffsets'),
+    0x0112 => TagName.new('Orientation',
+             {1 => 'Horizontal (normal)',
+              2 => 'Mirrored horizontal',
+              3 => 'Rotated 180',
+              4 => 'Mirrored vertical',
+              5 => 'Mirrored horizontal then rotated 90 CCW',
+              6 => 'Rotated 90 CW',
+              7 => 'Mirrored horizontal then rotated 90 CW',
+              8 => 'Rotated 90 CCW'}),
+    0x0115 => TagName.new('SamplesPerPixel'),
+    0x0116 => TagName.new('RowsPerStrip'),
+    0x0117 => TagName.new('StripByteCounts'),
+    0x011A => TagName.new('XResolution'),
+    0x011B => TagName.new('YResolution'),
+    0x011C => TagName.new('PlanarConfiguration'),
+    0x011D => TagName.new('PageName', self.method(:make_string)),
+    0x0128 => TagName.new('ResolutionUnit',
+             { 1 => 'Not Absolute',
+               2 => 'Pixels/Inch',
+               3 => 'Pixels/Centimeter' }),
+    0x012D => TagName.new('TransferFunction'),
+    0x0131 => TagName.new('Software'),
+    0x0132 => TagName.new('DateTime'),
+    0x013B => TagName.new('Artist'),
+    0x013E => TagName.new('WhitePoint'),
+    0x013F => TagName.new('PrimaryChromaticities'),
+    0x0156 => TagName.new('TransferRange'),
+    0x0200 => TagName.new('JPEGProc'),
+    0x0201 => TagName.new('JPEGInterchangeFormat'),
+    0x0202 => TagName.new('JPEGInterchangeFormatLength'),
+    0x0211 => TagName.new('YCbCrCoefficients'),
+    0x0212 => TagName.new('YCbCrSubSampling'),
+    0x0213 => TagName.new('YCbCrPositioning',
+             {1 => 'Centered',
+              2 => 'Co-sited'}),
+    0x0214 => TagName.new('ReferenceBlackWhite'),
+    
+    0x4746 => TagName.new('Rating'),
+    
+    0x828D => TagName.new('CFARepeatPatternDim'),
+    0x828E => TagName.new('CFAPattern'),
+    0x828F => TagName.new('BatteryLevel'),
+    0x8298 => TagName.new('Copyright'),
+    0x829A => TagName.new('ExposureTime'),
+    0x829D => TagName.new('FNumber'),
+    0x83BB => TagName.new('IPTC/NAA'),
+    0x8769 => TagName.new('ExifOffset'),
+    0x8773 => TagName.new('InterColorProfile'),
+    0x8822 => TagName.new('ExposureProgram',
+             {0 => 'Unidentified',
+              1 => 'Manual',
+              2 => 'Program Normal',
+              3 => 'Aperture Priority',
+              4 => 'Shutter Priority',
+              5 => 'Program Creative',
+              6 => 'Program Action',
+              7 => 'Portrait Mode',
+              8 => 'Landscape Mode'}),
+    0x8824 => TagName.new('SpectralSensitivity'),
+    0x8825 => TagName.new('GPSInfo'),
+    0x8827 => TagName.new('ISOSpeedRatings'),
+    0x8828 => TagName.new('OECF'),
+    0x9000 => TagName.new('ExifVersion', self.method(:make_string)),
+    0x9003 => TagName.new('DateTimeOriginal'),
+    0x9004 => TagName.new('DateTimeDigitized'),
+    0x9101 => TagName.new('ComponentsConfiguration',
+             {0 => '',
+              1 => 'Y',
+              2 => 'Cb',
+              3 => 'Cr',
+              4 => 'Red',
+              5 => 'Green',
+              6 => 'Blue'}),
+    0x9102 => TagName.new('CompressedBitsPerPixel'),
+    0x9201 => TagName.new('ShutterSpeedValue'),
+    0x9202 => TagName.new('ApertureValue'),
+    0x9203 => TagName.new('BrightnessValue'),
+    0x9204 => TagName.new('ExposureBiasValue'),
+    0x9205 => TagName.new('MaxApertureValue'),
+    0x9206 => TagName.new('SubjectDistance'),
+    0x9207 => TagName.new('MeteringMode',
+             {0 => 'Unidentified',
+              1 => 'Average',
+              2 => 'CenterWeightedAverage',
+              3 => 'Spot',
+              4 => 'MultiSpot',
+              5 => 'Pattern'}),
+    0x9208 => TagName.new('LightSource',
+             {0 => 'Unknown',
+              1 => 'Daylight',
+              2 => 'Fluorescent',
+              3 => 'Tungsten',
+              9 => 'Fine Weather',
+              10 => 'Flash',
+              11 => 'Shade',
+              12 => 'Daylight Fluorescent',
+              13 => 'Day White Fluorescent',
+              14 => 'Cool White Fluorescent',
+              15 => 'White Fluorescent',
+              17 => 'Standard Light A',
+              18 => 'Standard Light B',
+              19 => 'Standard Light C',
+              20 => 'D55',
+              21 => 'D65',
+              22 => 'D75',
+              255 => 'Other'}),
+    0x9209 => TagName.new('Flash',
+             {0 => 'No',
+              1 => 'Fired',
+              5 => 'Fired (?)', # no return sensed
+              7 => 'Fired (!)', # return sensed
+              9 => 'Fill Fired',
+              13 => 'Fill Fired (?)',
+              15 => 'Fill Fired (!)',
+              16 => 'Off',
+              24 => 'Auto Off',
+              25 => 'Auto Fired',
+              29 => 'Auto Fired (?)',
+              31 => 'Auto Fired (!)',
+              32 => 'Not Available'}),
+    0x920A => TagName.new('FocalLength'),
+    0x9214 => TagName.new('SubjectArea'),
+    0x927C => TagName.new('MakerNote'),
+    0x9286 => TagName.new('UserComment', self.method(:make_string_uc)),
+    0x9290 => TagName.new('SubSecTime'),
+    0x9291 => TagName.new('SubSecTimeOriginal'),
+    0x9292 => TagName.new('SubSecTimeDigitized'),
+    
+    # used by Windows Explorer
+    0x9C9B => TagName.new('XPTitle'),
+    0x9C9C => TagName.new('XPComment'),
+    0x9C9D => TagName.new('XPAuthor'), #(ignored by Windows Explorer if Artist exists)
+    0x9C9E => TagName.new('XPKeywords'),
+    0x9C9F => TagName.new('XPSubject'),
+
+    0xA000 => TagName.new('FlashPixVersion', self.method(:make_string)),
+    0xA001 => TagName.new('ColorSpace',
+             {1 => 'sRGB',
+              2 => 'Adobe RGB',
+              65535 => 'Uncalibrated'}),
+    0xA002 => TagName.new('ExifImageWidth'),
+    0xA003 => TagName.new('ExifImageLength'),
+    0xA005 => TagName.new('InteroperabilityOffset'),
+    0xA20B => TagName.new('FlashEnergy'),               # 0x920B in TIFF/EP
+    0xA20C => TagName.new('SpatialFrequencyResponse'),  # 0x920C
+    0xA20E => TagName.new('FocalPlaneXResolution'),     # 0x920E
+    0xA20F => TagName.new('FocalPlaneYResolution'),     # 0x920F
+    0xA210 => TagName.new('FocalPlaneResolutionUnit'),  # 0x9210
+    0xA214 => TagName.new('SubjectLocation'),           # 0x9214
+    0xA215 => TagName.new('ExposureIndex'),             # 0x9215
+    0xA217 => TagName.new('SensingMethod',                # 0x9217
+             {1 => 'Not defined',
+              2 => 'One-chip color area',
+              3 => 'Two-chip color area',
+              4 => 'Three-chip color area',
+              5 => 'Color sequential area',
+              7 => 'Trilinear',
+              8 => 'Color sequential linear'}),             
+    0xA300 => TagName.new('FileSource',
+             {1 => 'Film Scanner',
+              2 => 'Reflection Print Scanner',
+              3 => 'Digital Camera'}),
+    0xA301 => TagName.new('SceneType',
+             {1 => 'Directly Photographed'}),
+    0xA302 => TagName.new('CVAPattern'),
+    0xA401 => TagName.new('CustomRendered',
+             {0 => 'Normal',
+              1 => 'Custom'}),
+    0xA402 => TagName.new('ExposureMode',
+             {0 => 'Auto Exposure',
+              1 => 'Manual Exposure',
+              2 => 'Auto Bracket'}),
+    0xA403 => TagName.new('WhiteBalance',
+             {0 => 'Auto',
+              1 => 'Manual'}),
+    0xA404 => TagName.new('DigitalZoomRatio'),
+    0xA405 => TagName.new('FocalLengthIn35mmFilm'),
+    0xA406 => TagName.new('SceneCaptureType',
+             {0 => 'Standard',
+              1 => 'Landscape',
+              2 => 'Portrait',
+              3 => 'Night)'}),
+    0xA407 => TagName.new('GainControl',
+             {0 => 'None',
+              1 => 'Low gain up',
+              2 => 'High gain up',
+              3 => 'Low gain down',
+              4 => 'High gain down'}),
+    0xA408 => TagName.new('Contrast',
+             {0 => 'Normal',
+              1 => 'Soft',
+              2 => 'Hard'}),
+    0xA409 => TagName.new('Saturation',
+             {0 => 'Normal',
+              1 => 'Soft',
+              2 => 'Hard'}),
+    0xA40A => TagName.new('Sharpness',
+             {0 => 'Normal',
+              1 => 'Soft',
+              2 => 'Hard'}),
+    0xA40B => TagName.new('DeviceSettingDescription'),
+    0xA40C => TagName.new('SubjectDistanceRange'),
+    0xA500 => TagName.new('Gamma'),
+    0xC4A5 => TagName.new('PrintIM'),
+    0xEA1C =>	TagName.new('Padding')
+    }
+
+# interoperability tags
+INTR_TAGS = {
+    0x0001 => TagName.new('InteroperabilityIndex'),
+    0x0002 => TagName.new('InteroperabilityVersion'),
+    0x1000 => TagName.new('RelatedImageFileFormat'),
+    0x1001 => TagName.new('RelatedImageWidth'),
+    0x1002 => TagName.new('RelatedImageLength')
+    }
+
+# Ignore these tags when quick processing
+# 0x927C is MakerNote Tags
+# 0x9286 is user comment
+IGNORE_TAGS = [0x9286, 0x927C]
+
+
+MAKERNOTE_OLYMPUS_TAGS = {
+    # ah HAH! those sneeeeeaky bastids! this is how they get past the fact
+    # that a JPEG thumbnail is not allowed in an uncompressed TIFF file
+    0x0100 => TagName.new('JPEGThumbnail'),
+    0x0200 => TagName.new('SpecialMode', self.method(:olympus_special_mode)),
+    0x0201 => TagName.new('JPEGQual',
+             {1 => 'SQ',
+              2 => 'HQ',
+              3 => 'SHQ'}),
+    0x0202 => TagName.new('Macro',
+             {0 => 'Normal',
+             1 => 'Macro',
+             2 => 'SuperMacro'}),
+    0x0203 => TagName.new('BWMode',
+             {0 => 'Off',
+             1 => 'On'}),
+    0x0204 => TagName.new('DigitalZoom'),
+    0x0205 => TagName.new('FocalPlaneDiagonal'),
+    0x0206 => TagName.new('LensDistortionParams'),
+    0x0207 => TagName.new('SoftwareRelease'),
+    0x0208 => TagName.new('PictureInfo'),
+    0x0209 => TagName.new('CameraID', self.method(:make_string)), # print as string
+    0x0F00 => TagName.new('DataDump'),
+    0x0300 => TagName.new('PreCaptureFrames'),
+    0x0404 => TagName.new('SerialNumber'),
+    0x1000 => TagName.new('ShutterSpeedValue'),
+    0x1001 => TagName.new('ISOValue'),
+    0x1002 => TagName.new('ApertureValue'),
+    0x1003 => TagName.new('BrightnessValue'),
+    0x1004 => TagName.new('FlashMode'),
+    0x1004 => TagName.new('FlashMode',
+       {2 => 'On',
+        3 => 'Off'}),
+    0x1005 => TagName.new('FlashDevice',
+       {0 => 'None',
+        1 => 'Internal',
+        4 => 'External',
+        5 => 'Internal + External'}),
+    0x1006 => TagName.new('ExposureCompensation'),
+    0x1007 => TagName.new('SensorTemperature'),
+    0x1008 => TagName.new('LensTemperature'),
+    0x100b => TagName.new('FocusMode',
+       {0 => 'Auto',
+        1 => 'Manual'}),
+    0x1017 => TagName.new('RedBalance'),
+    0x1018 => TagName.new('BlueBalance'),
+    0x101a => TagName.new('SerialNumber'),
+    0x1023 => TagName.new('FlashExposureComp'),
+    0x1026 => TagName.new('ExternalFlashBounce',
+       {0 => 'No',
+        1 => 'Yes'}),
+    0x1027 => TagName.new('ExternalFlashZoom'),
+    0x1028 => TagName.new('ExternalFlashMode'),
+    0x1029 => TagName.new('Contrast 	int16u',
+       {0 => 'High',
+        1 => 'Normal',
+        2 => 'Low'}),
+    0x102a => TagName.new('SharpnessFactor'),
+    0x102b => TagName.new('ColorControl'),
+    0x102c => TagName.new('ValidBits'),
+    0x102d => TagName.new('CoringFilter'),
+    0x102e => TagName.new('OlympusImageWidth'),
+    0x102f => TagName.new('OlympusImageHeight'),
+    0x1034 => TagName.new('CompressionRatio'),
+    0x1035 => TagName.new('PreviewImageValid',
+       {0 => 'No',
+        1 => 'Yes'}),
+    0x1036 => TagName.new('PreviewImageStart'),
+    0x1037 => TagName.new('PreviewImageLength'),
+    0x1039 => TagName.new('CCDScanMode',
+       {0 => 'Interlaced',
+        1 => 'Progressive'}),
+    0x103a => TagName.new('NoiseReduction',
+       {0 => 'Off',
+        1 => 'On'}),
+    0x103b => TagName.new('InfinityLensStep'),
+    0x103c => TagName.new('NearLensStep'),
+
+    # TODO - these need extra definitions
+    # http =>//search.cpan.org/src/EXIFTOOL/Image-ExifTool-6.90/html/TagNames/Olympus.html
+    0x2010 => TagName.new('Equipment'),
+    0x2020 => TagName.new('CameraSettings'),
+    0x2030 => TagName.new('RawDevelopment'),
+    0x2040 => TagName.new('ImageProcessing'),
+    0x2050 => TagName.new('FocusInfo'),
+    0x3000 => TagName.new('RawInfo '),
+    }
+
+# 0x2020 CameraSettings
+MAKERNOTE_OLYMPUS_TAG_0x2020={
+    0x0100 => TagName.new('PreviewImageValid',
+             {0 => 'No',
+              1 => 'Yes'}),
+    0x0101 => TagName.new('PreviewImageStart'),
+    0x0102 => TagName.new('PreviewImageLength'),
+    0x0200 => TagName.new('ExposureMode',
+             {1 => 'Manual',
+              2 => 'Program',
+              3 => 'Aperture-priority AE',
+              4 => 'Shutter speed priority AE',
+              5 => 'Program-shift'}),
+    0x0201 => TagName.new('AELock',
+             {0 => 'Off',
+              1 => 'On'}),
+    0x0202 => TagName.new('MeteringMode',
+             {2 => 'Center Weighted',
+              3 => 'Spot',
+              5 => 'ESP',
+              261 => 'Pattern+AF',
+              515 => 'Spot+Highlight control',
+              1027 => 'Spot+Shadow control'}),
+    0x0300 => TagName.new('MacroMode',
+             {0 => 'Off',
+              1 => 'On'}),
+    0x0301 => TagName.new('FocusMode',
+             {0 => 'Single AF',
+              1 => 'Sequential shooting AF',
+              2 => 'Continuous AF',
+              3 => 'Multi AF',
+              10 => 'MF'}),
+    0x0302 => TagName.new('FocusProcess',
+             {0 => 'AF Not Used',
+              1 => 'AF Used'}),
+    0x0303 => TagName.new('AFSearch',
+             {0 => 'Not Ready',
+              1 => 'Ready'}),
+    0x0304 => TagName.new('AFAreas'),
+    0x0401 => TagName.new('FlashExposureCompensation'),
+    0x0500 => TagName.new('WhiteBalance2',
+             {0 => 'Auto',
+             16 => '7500K (Fine Weather with Shade)',
+             17 => '6000K (Cloudy)',
+             18 => '5300K (Fine Weather)',
+             20 => '3000K (Tungsten light)',
+             21 => '3600K (Tungsten light-like)',
+             33 => '6600K (Daylight fluorescent)',
+             34 => '4500K (Neutral white fluorescent)',
+             35 => '4000K (Cool white fluorescent)',
+             48 => '3600K (Tungsten light-like)',
+             256 => 'Custom WB 1',
+             257 => 'Custom WB 2',
+             258 => 'Custom WB 3',
+             259 => 'Custom WB 4',
+             512 => 'Custom WB 5400K',
+             513 => 'Custom WB 2900K',
+             514 => 'Custom WB 8000K', }),
+    0x0501 => TagName.new('WhiteBalanceTemperature'),
+    0x0502 => TagName.new('WhiteBalanceBracket'),
+    0x0503 => TagName.new('CustomSaturation'), # (3 numbers => 1. CS Value, 2. Min, 3. Max)
+    0x0504 => TagName.new('ModifiedSaturation',
+             {0 => 'Off',
+              1 => 'CM1 (Red Enhance)',
+              2 => 'CM2 (Green Enhance)',
+              3 => 'CM3 (Blue Enhance)',
+              4 => 'CM4 (Skin Tones)'}),
+    0x0505 => TagName.new('ContrastSetting'), # (3 numbers => 1. Contrast, 2. Min, 3. Max)
+    0x0506 => TagName.new('SharpnessSetting'), # (3 numbers => 1. Sharpness, 2. Min, 3. Max)
+    0x0507 => TagName.new('ColorSpace',
+             {0 => 'sRGB',
+              1 => 'Adobe RGB',
+              2 => 'Pro Photo RGB'}),
+    0x0509 => TagName.new('SceneMode',
+             {0 => 'Standard',
+              6 => 'Auto',
+              7 => 'Sport',
+              8 => 'Portrait',
+              9 => 'Landscape+Portrait',
+             10 => 'Landscape',
+             11 => 'Night scene',
+             13 => 'Panorama',
+             16 => 'Landscape+Portrait',
+             17 => 'Night+Portrait',
+             19 => 'Fireworks',
+             20 => 'Sunset',
+             22 => 'Macro',
+             25 => 'Documents',
+             26 => 'Museum',
+             28 => 'Beach&Snow',
+             30 => 'Candle',
+             35 => 'Underwater Wide1',
+             36 => 'Underwater Macro',
+             39 => 'High Key',
+             40 => 'Digital Image Stabilization',
+             44 => 'Underwater Wide2',
+             45 => 'Low Key',
+             46 => 'Children',
+             48 => 'Nature Macro'}),
+    0x050a => TagName.new('NoiseReduction',
+             {0 => 'Off',
+              1 => 'Noise Reduction',
+              2 => 'Noise Filter',
+              3 => 'Noise Reduction + Noise Filter',
+              4 => 'Noise Filter (ISO Boost)',
+              5 => 'Noise Reduction + Noise Filter (ISO Boost)'}),
+    0x050b => TagName.new('DistortionCorrection',
+             {0 => 'Off',
+              1 => 'On'}),
+    0x050c => TagName.new('ShadingCompensation',
+             {0 => 'Off',
+              1 => 'On'}),
+    0x050d => TagName.new('CompressionFactor'),
+    0x050f => TagName.new('Gradation',
+             {'-1 -1 1' => 'Low Key',
+              '0 -1 1' => 'Normal',
+              '1 -1 1' => 'High Key'}),
+    0x0520 => TagName.new('PictureMode',
+             {1 => 'Vivid',
+              2 => 'Natural',
+              3 => 'Muted',
+              256 => 'Monotone',
+              512 => 'Sepia'}),
+    0x0521 => TagName.new('PictureModeSaturation'),
+    0x0522 => TagName.new('PictureModeHue?'),
+    0x0523 => TagName.new('PictureModeContrast'),
+    0x0524 => TagName.new('PictureModeSharpness'),
+    0x0525 => TagName.new('PictureModeBWFilter',
+             {0 => 'n/a',
+              1 => 'Neutral',
+              2 => 'Yellow',
+              3 => 'Orange',
+              4 => 'Red',
+              5 => 'Green'}),
+    0x0526 => TagName.new('PictureModeTone',
+             {0 => 'n/a',
+              1 => 'Neutral',
+              2 => 'Sepia',
+              3 => 'Blue',
+              4 => 'Purple',
+              5 => 'Green'}),
+    0x0600 => TagName.new('Sequence'), # 2 or 3 numbers => 1. Mode, 2. Shot number, 3. Mode bits
+    0x0601 => TagName.new('PanoramaMode'), # (2 numbers => 1. Mode, 2. Shot number)
+    0x0603 => TagName.new('ImageQuality2',
+             {1 => 'SQ',
+              2 => 'HQ',
+              3 => 'SHQ',
+              4 => 'RAW'}),
+    0x0901 => TagName.new('ManometerReading')
+    }
+
+
+MAKERNOTE_CASIO_TAGS={
+    0x0001 => TagName.new('RecordingMode',
+             {1 => 'Single Shutter',
+              2 => 'Panorama',
+              3 => 'Night Scene',
+              4 => 'Portrait',
+              5 => 'Landscape'}),
+    0x0002 => TagName.new('Quality',
+             {1 => 'Economy',
+              2 => 'Normal',
+              3 => 'Fine'}),
+    0x0003 => TagName.new('FocusingMode',
+             {2 => 'Macro',
+              3 => 'Auto Focus',
+              4 => 'Manual Focus',
+              5 => 'Infinity'}),
+    0x0004 => TagName.new('FlashMode',
+             {1 => 'Auto',
+              2 => 'On',
+              3 => 'Off',
+              4 => 'Red Eye Reduction'}),
+    0x0005 => TagName.new('FlashIntensity',
+             {11 => 'Weak',
+              13 => 'Normal',
+              15 => 'Strong'}),
+    0x0006 => TagName.new('Object Distance'),
+    0x0007 => TagName.new('WhiteBalance',
+             {1 => 'Auto',
+              2 => 'Tungsten',
+              3 => 'Daylight',
+              4 => 'Fluorescent',
+              5 => 'Shade',
+              129 => 'Manual'}),
+    0x000B => TagName.new('Sharpness',
+             {0 => 'Normal',
+              1 => 'Soft',
+              2 => 'Hard'}),
+    0x000C => TagName.new('Contrast',
+             {0 => 'Normal',
+              1 => 'Low',
+              2 => 'High'}),
+    0x000D => TagName.new('Saturation',
+             {0 => 'Normal',
+              1 => 'Low',
+              2 => 'High'}),
+    0x0014 => TagName.new('CCDSpeed',
+             {64 => 'Normal',
+              80 => 'Normal',
+              100 => 'High',
+              125 => '+1.0',
+              244 => '+3.0',
+              250 => '+2.0'})
+    }
+
+MAKERNOTE_FUJIFILM_TAGS={
+    0x0000 => TagName.new('NoteVersion', self.method(:make_string)),
+    0x1000 => TagName.new('Quality'),
+    0x1001 => TagName.new('Sharpness',
+             {1 => 'Soft',
+              2 => 'Soft',
+              3 => 'Normal',
+              4 => 'Hard',
+              5 => 'Hard'}),
+    0x1002 => TagName.new('WhiteBalance',
+             {0 => 'Auto',
+              256 => 'Daylight',
+              512 => 'Cloudy',
+              768 => 'DaylightColor-Fluorescent',
+              769 => 'DaywhiteColor-Fluorescent',
+              770 => 'White-Fluorescent',
+              1024 => 'Incandescent',
+              3840 => 'Custom'}),
+    0x1003 => TagName.new('Color',
+             {0 => 'Normal',
+              256 => 'High',
+              512 => 'Low'}),
+    0x1004 => TagName.new('Tone',
+             {0 => 'Normal',
+              256 => 'High',
+              512 => 'Low'}),
+    0x1010 => TagName.new('FlashMode',
+             {0 => 'Auto',
+              1 => 'On',
+              2 => 'Off',
+              3 => 'Red Eye Reduction'}),
+    0x1011 => TagName.new('FlashStrength'),
+    0x1020 => TagName.new('Macro',
+             {0 => 'Off',
+              1 => 'On'}),
+    0x1021 => TagName.new('FocusMode',
+             {0 => 'Auto',
+              1 => 'Manual'}),
+    0x1030 => TagName.new('SlowSync',
+             {0 => 'Off',
+              1 => 'On'}),
+    0x1031 => TagName.new('PictureMode',
+             {0 => 'Auto',
+              1 => 'Portrait',
+              2 => 'Landscape',
+              4 => 'Sports',
+              5 => 'Night',
+              6 => 'Program AE',
+              256 => 'Aperture Priority AE',
+              512 => 'Shutter Priority AE',
+              768 => 'Manual Exposure'}),
+    0x1100 => TagName.new('MotorOrBracket',
+             {0 => 'Off',
+              1 => 'On'}),
+    0x1300 => TagName.new('BlurWarning',
+             {0 => 'Off',
+              1 => 'On'}),
+    0x1301 => TagName.new('FocusWarning',
+             {0 => 'Off',
+              1 => 'On'}),
+    0x1302 => TagName.new('AEWarning',
+             {0 => 'Off',
+              1 => 'On'})
+    }
+
+MAKERNOTE_CANON_TAGS = {
+    0x0006 => TagName.new('ImageType'),
+    0x0007 => TagName.new('FirmwareVersion'),
+    0x0008 => TagName.new('ImageNumber'),
+    0x0009 => TagName.new('OwnerName')
+    }
+
+# this is in element offset, name, optional value dictionary format
+MAKERNOTE_CANON_TAG_0x001 = {
+    1 => TagName.new('Macromode',
+        {1 => 'Macro',
+         2 => 'Normal'}),
+    2 => TagName.new('SelfTimer'),
+    3 => TagName.new('Quality',
+        {2 => 'Normal',
+         3 => 'Fine',
+         5 => 'Superfine'}),
+    4 => TagName.new('FlashMode',
+        {0 => 'Flash Not Fired',
+         1 => 'Auto',
+         2 => 'On',
+         3 => 'Red-Eye Reduction',
+         4 => 'Slow Synchro',
+         5 => 'Auto + Red-Eye Reduction',
+         6 => 'On + Red-Eye Reduction',
+         16 => 'external flash'}),
+    5 => TagName.new('ContinuousDriveMode',
+        {0 => 'Single Or Timer',
+         1 => 'Continuous'}),
+    7 => TagName.new('FocusMode',
+        {0 => 'One-Shot',
+         1 => 'AI Servo',
+         2 => 'AI Focus',
+         3 => 'MF',
+         4 => 'Single',
+         5 => 'Continuous',
+         6 => 'MF'}),
+    10 => TagName.new('ImageSize',
+         {0 => 'Large',
+          1 => 'Medium',
+          2 => 'Small'}),
+    11 => TagName.new('EasyShootingMode',
+         {0 => 'Full Auto',
+          1 => 'Manual',
+          2 => 'Landscape',
+          3 => 'Fast Shutter',
+          4 => 'Slow Shutter',
+          5 => 'Night',
+          6 => 'B&W',
+          7 => 'Sepia',
+          8 => 'Portrait',
+          9 => 'Sports',
+          10 => 'Macro/Close-Up',
+          11 => 'Pan Focus'}),
+    12 => TagName.new('DigitalZoom',
+         {0 => 'None',
+          1 => '2x',
+          2 => '4x'}),
+    13 => TagName.new('Contrast',
+         {0xFFFF => 'Low',
+          0 => 'Normal',
+          1 => 'High'}),
+    14 => TagName.new('Saturation',
+         {0xFFFF => 'Low',
+          0 => 'Normal',
+          1 => 'High'}),
+    15 => TagName.new('Sharpness',
+         {0xFFFF => 'Low',
+          0 => 'Normal',
+          1 => 'High'}),
+    16 => TagName.new('ISO',
+         {0 => 'See ISOSpeedRatings Tag',
+          15 => 'Auto',
+          16 => '50',
+          17 => '100',
+          18 => '200',
+          19 => '400'}),
+    17 => TagName.new('MeteringMode',
+         {3 => 'Evaluative',
+          4 => 'Partial',
+          5 => 'Center-weighted'}),
+    18 => TagName.new('FocusType',
+         {0 => 'Manual',
+          1 => 'Auto',
+          3 => 'Close-Up (Macro)',
+          8 => 'Locked (Pan Mode)'}),
+    19 => TagName.new('AFPointSelected',
+         {0x3000 => 'None (MF)',
+          0x3001 => 'Auto-Selected',
+          0x3002 => 'Right',
+          0x3003 => 'Center',
+          0x3004 => 'Left'}),
+    20 => TagName.new('ExposureMode',
+         {0 => 'Easy Shooting',
+          1 => 'Program',
+          2 => 'Tv-priority',
+          3 => 'Av-priority',
+          4 => 'Manual',
+          5 => 'A-DEP'}),
+    23 => TagName.new('LongFocalLengthOfLensInFocalUnits'),
+    24 => TagName.new('ShortFocalLengthOfLensInFocalUnits'),
+    25 => TagName.new('FocalUnitsPerMM'),
+    28 => TagName.new('FlashActivity',
+         {0 => 'Did Not Fire',
+          1 => 'Fired'}),
+    29 => TagName.new('FlashDetails',
+         {14 => 'External E-TTL',
+          13 => 'Internal Flash',
+          11 => 'FP Sync Used',
+          7 => '2nd("Rear")-Curtain Sync Used',
+          4 => 'FP Sync Enabled'}),
+    32 => TagName.new('FocusMode',
+         {0 => 'Single',
+          1 => 'Continuous'})
+    }
+
+MAKERNOTE_CANON_TAG_0x004 = {
+    7 => TagName.new('WhiteBalance',
+        {0 => 'Auto',
+         1 => 'Sunny',
+         2 => 'Cloudy',
+         3 => 'Tungsten',
+         4 => 'Fluorescent',
+         5 => 'Flash',
+         6 => 'Custom'}),
+    9 => TagName.new('SequenceNumber'),
+    14 => TagName.new('AFPointUsed'),
+    15 => TagName.new('FlashBias',
+         {0xFFC0 => '-2 EV',
+          0xFFCC => '-1.67 EV',
+          0xFFD0 => '-1.50 EV',
+          0xFFD4 => '-1.33 EV',
+          0xFFE0 => '-1 EV',
+          0xFFEC => '-0.67 EV',
+          0xFFF0 => '-0.50 EV',
+          0xFFF4 => '-0.33 EV',
+          0x0000 => '0 EV',
+          0x000C => '0.33 EV',
+          0x0010 => '0.50 EV',
+          0x0014 => '0.67 EV',
+          0x0020 => '1 EV',
+          0x002C => '1.33 EV',
+          0x0030 => '1.50 EV',
+          0x0034 => '1.67 EV',
+          0x0040 => '2 EV'}),
+    19 => TagName.new('SubjectDistance')
+    }
+
+# Nikon E99x MakerNote Tags
+MAKERNOTE_NIKON_NEWER_TAGS={
+    0x0001 => TagName.new('MakernoteVersion', self.method(:make_string)),	# Sometimes binary
+    0x0002 => TagName.new('ISOSetting', self.method(:make_string)),
+    0x0003 => TagName.new('ColorMode'),
+    0x0004 => TagName.new('Quality'),
+    0x0005 => TagName.new('Whitebalance'),
+    0x0006 => TagName.new('ImageSharpening'),
+    0x0007 => TagName.new('FocusMode'),
+    0x0008 => TagName.new('FlashSetting'),
+    0x0009 => TagName.new('AutoFlashMode'),
+    0x000B => TagName.new('WhiteBalanceBias'),
+    0x000C => TagName.new('WhiteBalanceRBCoeff'),
+    0x000D => TagName.new('ProgramShift', self.method(:nikon_ev_bias)),
+    # Nearly the same as the other EV vals, but step size is 1/12 EV (?)
+    0x000E => TagName.new('ExposureDifference', self.method(:nikon_ev_bias)),
+    0x000F => TagName.new('ISOSelection'),
+    0x0011 => TagName.new('NikonPreview'),
+    0x0012 => TagName.new('FlashCompensation', self.method(:nikon_ev_bias)),
+    0x0013 => TagName.new('ISOSpeedRequested'),
+    0x0016 => TagName.new('PhotoCornerCoordinates'),
+    0x0018 => TagName.new('FlashBracketCompensationApplied', self.method(:nikon_ev_bias)),
+    0x0019 => TagName.new('AEBracketCompensationApplied'),
+    0x001A => TagName.new('ImageProcessing'),
+    0x001B => TagName.new('CropHiSpeed'),
+    0x001D => TagName.new('SerialNumber'),	# Conflict with 0x00A0 ?
+    0x001E => TagName.new('ColorSpace'),
+    0x001F => TagName.new('VRInfo'),
+    0x0020 => TagName.new('ImageAuthentication'),
+    0x0022 => TagName.new('ActiveDLighting'),
+    0x0023 => TagName.new('PictureControl'),
+    0x0024 => TagName.new('WorldTime'),
+    0x0025 => TagName.new('ISOInfo'),
+    0x0080 => TagName.new('ImageAdjustment'),
+    0x0081 => TagName.new('ToneCompensation'),
+    0x0082 => TagName.new('AuxiliaryLens'),
+    0x0083 => TagName.new('LensType'),
+    0x0084 => TagName.new('LensMinMaxFocalMaxAperture'),
+    0x0085 => TagName.new('ManualFocusDistance'),
+    0x0086 => TagName.new('DigitalZoomFactor'),
+    0x0087 => TagName.new('FlashMode',
+             {0x00 => 'Did Not Fire',
+              0x01 => 'Fired, Manual',
+              0x07 => 'Fired, External',
+              0x08 => 'Fired, Commander Mode ',
+              0x09 => 'Fired, TTL Mode'}),
+    0x0088 => TagName.new('AFFocusPosition',
+             {0x0000 => 'Center',
+              0x0100 => 'Top',
+              0x0200 => 'Bottom',
+              0x0300 => 'Left',
+              0x0400 => 'Right'}),
+    0x0089 => TagName.new('BracketingMode',
+             {0x00 => 'Single frame, no bracketing',
+              0x01 => 'Continuous, no bracketing',
+              0x02 => 'Timer, no bracketing',
+              0x10 => 'Single frame, exposure bracketing',
+              0x11 => 'Continuous, exposure bracketing',
+              0x12 => 'Timer, exposure bracketing',
+              0x40 => 'Single frame, white balance bracketing',
+              0x41 => 'Continuous, white balance bracketing',
+              0x42 => 'Timer, white balance bracketing'}),
+    0x008A => TagName.new('AutoBracketRelease'),
+    0x008B => TagName.new('LensFStops'),
+    0x008C => TagName.new('NEFCurve1'),	# ExifTool calls this 'ContrastCurve'
+    0x008D => TagName.new('ColorMode'),
+    0x008F => TagName.new('SceneMode'),
+    0x0090 => TagName.new('LightingType'),
+    0x0091 => TagName.new('ShotInfo'),	# First 4 bytes are a version number in ASCII
+    0x0092 => TagName.new('HueAdjustment'),
+    # ExifTool calls this 'NEFCompression', should be 1-4
+    0x0093 => TagName.new('Compression'),
+    0x0094 => TagName.new('Saturation',
+             {-3 => 'B&W',
+              -2 => '-2',
+              -1 => '-1',
+              0 => '0',
+              1 => '1',
+              2 => '2'}),
+    0x0095 => TagName.new('NoiseReduction'),
+    0x0096 => TagName.new('NEFCurve2'),	# ExifTool calls this 'LinearizationTable'
+    0x0097 => TagName.new('ColorBalance'),	# First 4 bytes are a version number in ASCII
+    0x0098 => TagName.new('LensData'),	# First 4 bytes are a version number in ASCII
+    0x0099 => TagName.new('RawImageCenter'),
+    0x009A => TagName.new('SensorPixelSize'),
+    0x009C => TagName.new('Scene Assist'),
+    0x009E => TagName.new('RetouchHistory'),
+    0x00A0 => TagName.new('SerialNumber'),
+    0x00A2 => TagName.new('ImageDataSize'),
+    # 00A3 => unknown - a single byte 0
+    # 00A4 => In NEF, looks like a 4 byte ASCII version number ('0200')
+    0x00A5 => TagName.new('ImageCount'),
+    0x00A6 => TagName.new('DeletedImageCount'),
+    0x00A7 => TagName.new('TotalShutterReleases'),
+    # First 4 bytes are a version number in ASCII, with version specific
+    # info to follow.  Its hard to treat it as a string due to embedded nulls.
+    0x00A8 => TagName.new('FlashInfo'),
+    0x00A9 => TagName.new('ImageOptimization'),
+    0x00AA => TagName.new('Saturation'),
+    0x00AB => TagName.new('DigitalVariProgram'),
+    0x00AC => TagName.new('ImageStabilization'),
+    0x00AD => TagName.new('Responsive AF'),	# 'AFResponse'
+    0x00B0 => TagName.new('MultiExposure'),
+    0x00B1 => TagName.new('HighISONoiseReduction'),
+    0x00B7 => TagName.new('AFInfo'),
+    0x00B8 => TagName.new('FileInfo'),
+    # 00B9 => unknown
+    0x0100 => TagName.new('DigitalICE'),
+    0x0103 => TagName.new('PreviewCompression',
+             {1 => 'Uncompressed',
+              2 => 'CCITT 1D',
+              3 => 'T4/Group 3 Fax',
+              4 => 'T6/Group 4 Fax',
+              5 => 'LZW',
+              6 => 'JPEG (old-style)',
+              7 => 'JPEG',
+              8 => 'Adobe Deflate',
+              9 => 'JBIG B&W',
+              10 => 'JBIG Color',
+              32766 => 'Next',
+              32769 => 'Epson ERF Compressed',
+              32771 => 'CCIRLEW',
+              32773 => 'PackBits',
+              32809 => 'Thunderscan',
+              32895 => 'IT8CTPAD',
+              32896 => 'IT8LW',
+              32897 => 'IT8MP',
+              32898 => 'IT8BL',
+              32908 => 'PixarFilm',
+              32909 => 'PixarLog',
+              32946 => 'Deflate',
+              32947 => 'DCS',
+              34661 => 'JBIG',
+              34676 => 'SGILog',
+              34677 => 'SGILog24',
+              34712 => 'JPEG 2000',
+              34713 => 'Nikon NEF Compressed',
+              65000 => 'Kodak DCR Compressed',
+              65535 => 'Pentax PEF Compressed',}),
+    0x0201 => TagName.new('PreviewImageStart'),
+    0x0202 => TagName.new('PreviewImageLength'),
+    0x0213 => TagName.new('PreviewYCbCrPositioning',
+             {1 => 'Centered',
+              2 => 'Co-sited'}), 
+    0x0010 => TagName.new('DataDump'),
+    }
+
+MAKERNOTE_NIKON_OLDER_TAGS = {
+    0x0003 => TagName.new('Quality',
+             {1 => 'VGA Basic',
+              2 => 'VGA Normal',
+              3 => 'VGA Fine',
+              4 => 'SXGA Basic',
+              5 => 'SXGA Normal',
+              6 => 'SXGA Fine'}),
+    0x0004 => TagName.new('ColorMode',
+             {1 => 'Color',
+              2 => 'Monochrome'}),
+    0x0005 => TagName.new('ImageAdjustment',
+             {0 => 'Normal',
+              1 => 'Bright+',
+              2 => 'Bright-',
+              3 => 'Contrast+',
+              4 => 'Contrast-'}),
+    0x0006 => TagName.new('CCDSpeed',
+             {0 => 'ISO 80',
+              2 => 'ISO 160',
+              4 => 'ISO 320',
+              5 => 'ISO 100'}),
+    0x0007 => TagName.new('WhiteBalance',
+             {0 => 'Auto',
+              1 => 'Preset',
+              2 => 'Daylight',
+              3 => 'Incandescent',
+              4 => 'Fluorescent',
+              5 => 'Cloudy',
+              6 => 'Speed Light'}),
+    }
+
+end # ::Exif
+end # ::Properties
+end # ::Image
+end # ::Cul