csv 3.1.5 → 3.2.0

data/doc/csv/recipes/recipes.rdoc

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+== Recipes for \CSV
+
+The recipes are specific code examples for specific tasks. See:
+- {Recipes for Parsing CSV}[./parsing_rdoc.html]
+- {Recipes for Generating CSV}[./generating_rdoc.html]
+- {Recipes for Filtering CSV}[./filtering_rdoc.html]

data/lib/csv.rb

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 # I'm sure I'll miss something, but I'll try to mention most of the major
 # differences I am aware of, to help others quickly get up to speed:
 #
-# === CSV Parsing
+# === \CSV Parsing
 #
 # * This parser is m17n aware. See CSV for full details.
 # * This library has a stricter parser and will throw MalformedCSVErrors on
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 #
 # === Interface
 #
-# * CSV now uses Hash-style parameters to set options.
+# * CSV now uses keyword parameters to set options.
 # * CSV no longer has generate_row() or parse_row().
 # * The old CSV's Reader and Writer classes have been dropped.
 # * CSV::open() is now more like Ruby's open().
@@ -103,82 +103,225 @@ require_relative "csv/writer"
 
 using CSV::MatchP if CSV.const_defined?(:MatchP)
 
-# This class provides a complete interface to CSV files and data. It offers
-# tools to enable you to read and write to and from Strings or IO objects, as
-# needed.
+# == \CSV
 #
-# The most generic interface of the library is:
+# === In a Hurry?
 #
-#    csv = CSV.new(io, **options)
+# If you are familiar with \CSV data and have a particular task in mind,
+# you may want to go directly to the:
+# - {Recipes for CSV}[doc/csv/recipes/recipes_rdoc.html].
 #
-#    # Reading: IO object should be open for read
-#    csv.read # => array of rows
-#    # or
-#    csv.each do |row|
-#      # ...
-#    end
-#    # or
-#    row = csv.shift
+# Otherwise, read on here, about the API: classes, methods, and constants.
 #
-#    # Writing: IO object should be open for write
-#    csv << row
+# === \CSV Data
 #
-# There are several specialized class methods for one-statement reading or writing,
-# described in the Specialized Methods section.
+# \CSV (comma-separated values) data is a text representation of a table:
+# - A _row_ _separator_ delimits table rows.
+#   A common row separator is the newline character <tt>"\n"</tt>.
+# - A _column_ _separator_ delimits fields in a row.
+#   A common column separator is the comma character <tt>","</tt>.
 #
-# If a String is passed into ::new, it is internally wrapped into a StringIO object.
+# This \CSV \String, with row separator <tt>"\n"</tt>
+# and column separator <tt>","</tt>,
+# has three rows and two columns:
+#   "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
 #
-# +options+ can be used for specifying the particular CSV flavor (column
-# separators, row separators, value quoting and so on), and for data conversion,
-# see Data Conversion section for the description of the latter.
+# Despite the name \CSV, a \CSV representation can use different separators.
 #
-# == Specialized Methods
+# For more about tables, see the Wikipedia article
+# "{Table (information)}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(information)]",
+# especially its section
+# "{Simple table}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(information)#Simple_table]"
 #
-# === Reading
+# == \Class \CSV
 #
-#   # From a file: all at once
-#   arr_of_rows = CSV.read("path/to/file.csv", **options)
-#   # iterator-style:
-#   CSV.foreach("path/to/file.csv", **options) do |row|
-#     # ...
-#   end
+# Class \CSV provides methods for:
+# - Parsing \CSV data from a \String object, a \File (via its file path), or an \IO object.
+# - Generating \CSV data to a \String object.
 #
-#   # From a string
-#   arr_of_rows = CSV.parse("CSV,data,String", **options)
-#   # or
-#   CSV.parse("CSV,data,String", **options) do |row|
-#     # ...
-#   end
+# To make \CSV available:
+#   require 'csv'
 #
-# === Writing
+# All examples here assume that this has been done.
 #
-#   # To a file
-#   CSV.open("path/to/file.csv", "wb") do |csv|
-#     csv << ["row", "of", "CSV", "data"]
-#     csv << ["another", "row"]
-#     # ...
-#   end
+# == Keeping It Simple
+#
+# A \CSV object has dozens of instance methods that offer fine-grained control
+# of parsing and generating \CSV data.
+# For many needs, though, simpler approaches will do.
+#
+# This section summarizes the singleton methods in \CSV
+# that allow you to parse and generate without explicitly
+# creating \CSV objects.
+# For details, follow the links.
+#
+# === Simple Parsing
+#
+# Parsing methods commonly return either of:
+# - An \Array of Arrays of Strings:
+#   - The outer \Array is the entire "table".
+#   - Each inner \Array is a row.
+#   - Each \String is a field.
+# - A CSV::Table object.  For details, see
+#   {\CSV with Headers}[#class-CSV-label-CSV+with+Headers].
+#
+# ==== Parsing a \String
+#
+# The input to be parsed can be a string:
+#   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+#
+# \Method CSV.parse returns the entire \CSV data:
+#   CSV.parse(string) # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# \Method CSV.parse_line returns only the first row:
+#   CSV.parse_line(string) # => ["foo", "0"]
+#
+# \CSV extends class \String with instance method String#parse_csv,
+# which also returns only the first row:
+#   string.parse_csv # => ["foo", "0"]
+#
+# ==== Parsing Via a \File Path
+#
+# The input to be parsed can be in a file:
+#   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+#   path = 't.csv'
+#   File.write(path, string)
+#
+# \Method CSV.read returns the entire \CSV data:
+#  CSV.read(path) # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# \Method CSV.foreach iterates, passing each row to the given block:
+#  CSV.foreach(path) do |row|
+#    p row
+#  end
+# Output:
+#   ["foo", "0"]
+#   ["bar", "1"]
+#   ["baz", "2"]
+#
+# \Method CSV.table returns the entire \CSV data as a CSV::Table object:
+#   CSV.table(path) # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:3>
+#
+# ==== Parsing from an Open \IO Stream
+#
+# The input to be parsed can be in an open \IO stream:
 #
-#   # To a String
-#   csv_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
-#     csv << ["row", "of", "CSV", "data"]
-#     csv << ["another", "row"]
-#     # ...
+# \Method CSV.read returns the entire \CSV data:
+#   File.open(path) do |file|
+#     CSV.read(file)
+#   end # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# As does method CSV.parse:
+#   File.open(path) do |file|
+#     CSV.parse(file)
+#   end # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# \Method CSV.parse_line returns only the first row:
+#   File.open(path) do |file|
+#    CSV.parse_line(file)
+#   end # => ["foo", "0"]
+#
+# \Method CSV.foreach iterates, passing each row to the given block:
+#   File.open(path) do |file|
+#     CSV.foreach(file) do |row|
+#       p row
+#     end
 #   end
+# Output:
+#   ["foo", "0"]
+#   ["bar", "1"]
+#   ["baz", "2"]
+#
+# \Method CSV.table returns the entire \CSV data as a CSV::Table object:
+#   File.open(path) do |file|
+#     CSV.table(file)
+#   end # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:3>
+#
+# === Simple Generating
+#
+# \Method CSV.generate returns a \String;
+# this example uses method CSV#<< to append the rows
+# that are to be generated:
+#   output_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
+#     csv << ['foo', 0]
+#     csv << ['bar', 1]
+#     csv << ['baz', 2]
+#   end
+#   output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
 #
-# === Shortcuts
+# \Method CSV.generate_line returns a \String containing the single row
+# constructed from an \Array:
+#   CSV.generate_line(['foo', '0']) # => "foo,0\n"
 #
-#   # Core extensions for converting one line
-#   csv_string = ["CSV", "data"].to_csv   # to CSV
-#   csv_array  = "CSV,String".parse_csv   # from CSV
+# \CSV extends class \Array with instance method <tt>Array#to_csv</tt>,
+# which forms an \Array into a \String:
+#   ['foo', '0'].to_csv # => "foo,0\n"
 #
-#   # CSV() method
-#   CSV             { |csv_out| csv_out << %w{my data here} }  # to $stdout
-#   CSV(csv = "")   { |csv_str| csv_str << %w{my data here} }  # to a String
-#   CSV($stderr)    { |csv_err| csv_err << %w{my data here} }  # to $stderr
-#   CSV($stdin)     { |csv_in|  csv_in.each { |row| p row } }  # from $stdin
+# === "Filtering" \CSV
 #
-# == Options
+# \Method CSV.filter provides a Unix-style filter for \CSV data.
+# The input data is processed to form the output data:
+#   in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+#   out_string = ''
+#   CSV.filter(in_string, out_string) do |row|
+#     row[0] = row[0].upcase
+#     row[1] *= 4
+#   end
+#   out_string # => "FOO,0000\nBAR,1111\nBAZ,2222\n"
+#
+# == \CSV Objects
+#
+# There are three ways to create a \CSV object:
+# - \Method CSV.new returns a new \CSV object.
+# - \Method CSV.instance returns a new or cached \CSV object.
+# - \Method \CSV() also returns a new or cached \CSV object.
+#
+# === Instance Methods
+#
+# \CSV has three groups of instance methods:
+# - Its own internally defined instance methods.
+# - Methods included by module Enumerable.
+# - Methods delegated to class IO. See below.
+#
+# ==== Delegated Methods
+#
+# For convenience, a CSV object will delegate to many methods in class IO.
+# (A few have wrapper "guard code" in \CSV.) You may call:
+# * IO#binmode
+# * #binmode?
+# * IO#close
+# * IO#close_read
+# * IO#close_write
+# * IO#closed?
+# * #eof
+# * #eof?
+# * IO#external_encoding
+# * IO#fcntl
+# * IO#fileno
+# * #flock
+# * IO#flush
+# * IO#fsync
+# * IO#internal_encoding
+# * #ioctl
+# * IO#isatty
+# * #path
+# * IO#pid
+# * IO#pos
+# * IO#pos=
+# * IO#reopen
+# * #rewind
+# * IO#seek
+# * #stat
+# * IO#string
+# * IO#sync
+# * IO#sync=
+# * IO#tell
+# * #to_i
+# * #to_io
+# * IO#truncate
+# * IO#tty?
+#
+# === Options
 #
 # The default values for options are:
 #   DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
@@ -208,59 +351,90 @@ using CSV::MatchP if CSV.const_defined?(:MatchP)
 #     strip:              false,
 #   }
 #
-# === Options for Parsing
+# ==== Options for Parsing
 #
-# :include: ../doc/col_sep.rdoc
+# Options for parsing, described in detail below, include:
+# - +row_sep+: Specifies the row separator; used to delimit rows.
+# - +col_sep+: Specifies the column separator; used to delimit fields.
+# - +quote_char+: Specifies the quote character; used to quote fields.
+# - +field_size_limit+: Specifies the maximum field size allowed.
+# - +converters+: Specifies the field converters to be used.
+# - +unconverted_fields+: Specifies whether unconverted fields are to be available.
+# - +headers+: Specifies whether data contains headers,
+#   or specifies the headers themselves.
+# - +return_headers+: Specifies whether headers are to be returned.
+# - +header_converters+: Specifies the header converters to be used.
+# - +skip_blanks+: Specifies whether blanks lines are to be ignored.
+# - +skip_lines+: Specifies how comments lines are to be recognized.
+# - +strip+: Specifies whether leading and trailing whitespace are
+#   to be stripped from fields..
+# - +liberal_parsing+: Specifies whether \CSV should attempt to parse
+#   non-compliant data.
+# - +nil_value+: Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each null (no-text) field.
+# - +empty_value+: Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each empty field.
 #
-# :include: ../doc/row_sep.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/common/row_sep.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/quote_char.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/common/col_sep.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/field_size_limit.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/common/quote_char.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/converters.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/field_size_limit.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/unconverted_fields.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/converters.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/headers.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/unconverted_fields.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/return_headers.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/headers.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/header_converters.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/return_headers.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/skip_blanks.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/header_converters.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/skip_lines.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/skip_blanks.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/liberal_parsing.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/skip_lines.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/nil_value.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/strip.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/empty_value.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/liberal_parsing.rdoc
 #
-# === Options for Generating
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/nil_value.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/col_sep.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/empty_value.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/row_sep.rdoc
+# ==== Options for Generating
 #
-# :include: ../doc/quote_char.rdoc
+# Options for generating, described in detail below, include:
+# - +row_sep+: Specifies the row separator; used to delimit rows.
+# - +col_sep+: Specifies the column separator; used to delimit fields.
+# - +quote_char+: Specifies the quote character; used to quote fields.
+# - +write_headers+: Specifies whether headers are to be written.
+# - +force_quotes+: Specifies whether each output field is to be quoted.
+# - +quote_empty+: Specifies whether each empty output field is to be quoted.
+# - +write_converters+: Specifies the field converters to be used in writing.
+# - +write_nil_value+: Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each +nil+-valued field.
+# - +write_empty_value+: Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each empty field.
 #
-# :include: ../doc/write_headers.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/common/row_sep.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/force_quotes.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/common/col_sep.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/quote_empty.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/common/quote_char.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/write_converters.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/generating/write_headers.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/write_nil_value.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/generating/force_quotes.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/write_empty_value.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/generating/quote_empty.rdoc
 #
-# :include: ../doc/strip.rdoc
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/generating/write_converters.rdoc
 #
-# == CSV with headers
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/generating/write_nil_value.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/generating/write_empty_value.rdoc
+#
+# === \CSV with Headers
 #
 # CSV allows to specify column names of CSV file, whether they are in data, or
 # provided separately. If headers are specified, reading methods return an instance
@@ -282,54 +456,188 @@ using CSV::MatchP if CSV.const_defined?(:MatchP)
 #   data = CSV.parse('Bob,Engineering,1000', headers: %i[name department salary])
 #   data.first      #=> #<CSV::Row name:"Bob" department:"Engineering" salary:"1000">
 #
-# == \CSV \Converters
-#
-# By default, each field parsed by \CSV is formed into a \String.
-# You can use a _converter_ to convert certain fields into other Ruby objects.
-#
-# When you specify a converter for parsing,
-# each parsed field is passed to the converter;
-# its return value becomes the new value for the field.
+# === \Converters
+#
+# By default, each value (field or header) parsed by \CSV is formed into a \String.
+# You can use a _field_ _converter_ or  _header_ _converter_
+# to intercept and modify the parsed values:
+# - See {Field Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Field+Converters].
+# - See {Header Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Header+Converters].
+#
+# Also by default, each value to be written during generation is written 'as-is'.
+# You can use a _write_ _converter_ to modify values before writing.
+# - See {Write Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Write+Converters].
+#
+# ==== Specifying \Converters
+#
+# You can specify converters for parsing or generating in the +options+
+# argument to various \CSV methods:
+# - Option +converters+ for converting parsed field values.
+# - Option +header_converters+ for converting parsed header values.
+# - Option +write_converters+ for converting values to be written (generated).
+#
+# There are three forms for specifying converters:
+# - A converter proc: executable code to be used for conversion.
+# - A converter name: the name of a stored converter.
+# - A converter list: an array of converter procs, converter names, and converter lists.
+#
+# ===== Converter Procs
+#
+# This converter proc, +strip_converter+, accepts a value +field+
+# and returns <tt>field.strip</tt>:
+#   strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }
+# In this call to <tt>CSV.parse</tt>,
+# the keyword argument <tt>converters: string_converter</tt>
+# specifies that:
+# - \Proc +string_converter+ is to be called for each parsed field.
+# - The converter's return value is to replace the +field+ value.
+# Example:
+#   string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
+#   array = CSV.parse(string, converters: strip_converter)
+#   array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# A converter proc can receive a second argument, +field_info+,
+# that contains details about the field.
+# This modified +strip_converter+ displays its arguments:
+#   strip_converter = proc do |field, field_info|
+#     p [field, field_info]
+#     field.strip
+#   end
+#   string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
+#   array = CSV.parse(string, converters: strip_converter)
+#   array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+# Output:
+#  [" foo ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=1, header=nil>]
+#  [" 0 ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=1, header=nil>]
+#  [" bar ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=2, header=nil>]
+#  [" 1 ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=2, header=nil>]
+#  [" baz ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=3, header=nil>]
+#  [" 2 ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=3, header=nil>]
+# Each CSV::Info object shows:
+# - The 0-based field index.
+# - The 1-based line index.
+# - The field header, if any.
+#
+# ===== Stored \Converters
+#
+# A converter may be given a name and stored in a structure where
+# the parsing methods can find it by name.
+#
+# The storage structure for field converters is the \Hash CSV::Converters.
+# It has several built-in converter procs:
+# - <tt>:integer</tt>: converts each \String-embedded integer into a true \Integer.
+# - <tt>:float</tt>: converts each \String-embedded float into a true \Float.
+# - <tt>:date</tt>: converts each \String-embedded date into a true \Date.
+# - <tt>:date_time</tt>: converts each \String-embedded date-time into a true \DateTime
+# .
+# This example creates a converter proc, then stores it:
+#   strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }
+#   CSV::Converters[:strip] = strip_converter
+# Then the parsing method call can refer to the converter
+# by its name, <tt>:strip</tt>:
+#   string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
+#   array = CSV.parse(string, converters: :strip)
+#   array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# The storage structure for header converters is the \Hash CSV::HeaderConverters,
+# which works in the same way.
+# It also has built-in converter procs:
+# - <tt>:downcase</tt>: Downcases each header.
+# - <tt>:symbol</tt>: Converts each header to a \Symbol.
+#
+# There is no such storage structure for write headers.
+#
+# ===== Converter Lists
+#
+# A _converter_ _list_ is an \Array that may include any assortment of:
+# - Converter procs.
+# - Names of stored converters.
+# - Nested converter lists.
+#
+# Examples:
+#   numeric_converters = [:integer, :float]
+#   date_converters = [:date, :date_time]
+#   [numeric_converters, strip_converter]
+#   [strip_converter, date_converters, :float]
+#
+# Like a converter proc, a converter list may be named and stored in either
+# \CSV::Converters or CSV::HeaderConverters:
+#   CSV::Converters[:custom] = [strip_converter, date_converters, :float]
+#   CSV::HeaderConverters[:custom] = [:downcase, :symbol]
+#
+# There are two built-in converter lists:
+#   CSV::Converters[:numeric] # => [:integer, :float]
+#   CSV::Converters[:all] # => [:date_time, :numeric]
+#
+# ==== Field \Converters
+#
+# With no conversion, all parsed fields in all rows become Strings:
+#   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+#   ary = CSV.parse(string)
+#   ary # => # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# When you specify a field converter, each parsed field is passed to the converter;
+# its return value becomes the stored value for the field.
 # A converter might, for example, convert an integer embedded in a \String
 # into a true \Integer.
 # (In fact, that's what built-in field converter +:integer+ does.)
 #
-# There are additional built-in \converters, and custom \converters are also supported.
-#
-# All \converters try to transcode fields to UTF-8 before converting.
-# The conversion will fail if the data cannot be transcoded, leaving the field unchanged.
-#
-# === Field \Converters
-#
-# There are three ways to use field \converters;
-# these examples use built-in field converter +:integer+,
-# which converts each parsed integer string to a true \Integer.
-#
-# Option +converters+ with a singleton parsing method:
-#   ary = CSV.parse_line('0,1,2', converters: :integer)
-#   ary # => [0, 1, 2]
-#
-# Option +converters+ with a new \CSV instance:
-#   csv = CSV.new('0,1,2', converters: :integer)
-#   # Field converters in effect:
-#   csv.converters # => [:integer]
-#   csv.shift # => [0, 1, 2]
-#
-# Method #convert adds a field converter to a \CSV instance:
-#   csv = CSV.new('0,1,2')
+# There are three ways to use field \converters.
+#
+# - Using option {converters}[#class-CSV-label-Option+converters] with a parsing method:
+#     ary = CSV.parse(string, converters: :integer)
+#     ary # => [0, 1, 2] # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
+# - Using option {converters}[#class-CSV-label-Option+converters] with a new \CSV instance:
+#     csv = CSV.new(string, converters: :integer)
+#     # Field converters in effect:
+#     csv.converters # => [:integer]
+#     csv.read # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
+# - Using method #convert to add a field converter to a \CSV instance:
+#     csv = CSV.new(string)
+#     # Add a converter.
+#     csv.convert(:integer)
+#     csv.converters # => [:integer]
+#     csv.read # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
+#
+# Installing a field converter does not affect already-read rows:
+#   csv = CSV.new(string)
+#   csv.shift # => ["foo", "0"]
 #   # Add a converter.
 #   csv.convert(:integer)
 #   csv.converters # => [:integer]
-#   csv.shift # => [0, 1, 2]
-#
-# ---
+#   csv.read # => [["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
 #
-# The built-in field \converters are in \Hash CSV::Converters.
-# The \Symbol keys there are the names of the \converters:
-#
-#   CSV::Converters.keys # => [:integer, :float, :numeric, :date, :date_time, :all]
+# There are additional built-in \converters, and custom \converters are also supported.
 #
-# Converter +:integer+ converts each field that +Integer()+ accepts:
+# ===== Built-In Field \Converters
+#
+# The built-in field converters are in \Hash CSV::Converters:
+# - Each key is a field converter name.
+# - Each value is one of:
+#   - A \Proc field converter.
+#   - An \Array of field converter names.
+#
+# Display:
+#   CSV::Converters.each_pair do |name, value|
+#     if value.kind_of?(Proc)
+#       p [name, value.class]
+#     else
+#       p [name, value]
+#     end
+#   end
+# Output:
+#   [:integer, Proc]
+#   [:float, Proc]
+#   [:numeric, [:integer, :float]]
+#   [:date, Proc]
+#   [:date_time, Proc]
+#   [:all, [:date_time, :numeric]]
+#
+# Each of these converters transcodes values to UTF-8 before attempting conversion.
+# If a value cannot be transcoded to UTF-8 the conversion will
+# fail and the value will remain unconverted.
+#
+# Converter +:integer+ converts each field that Integer() accepts:
 #   data = '0,1,2,x'
 #   # Without the converter
 #   csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
@@ -338,7 +646,7 @@ using CSV::MatchP if CSV.const_defined?(:MatchP)
 #   csv = CSV.parse_line(data, converters: :integer)
 #   csv # => [0, 1, 2, "x"]
 #
-# Converter +:float+ converts each field that +Float()+ accepts:
+# Converter +:float+ converts each field that Float() accepts:
 #   data = '1.0,3.14159,x'
 #   # Without the converter
 #   csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
@@ -349,7 +657,7 @@ using CSV::MatchP if CSV.const_defined?(:MatchP)
 #
 # Converter +:numeric+ converts with both +:integer+ and +:float+..
 #
-# Converter +:date+ converts each field that +Date::parse()+ accepts:
+# Converter +:date+ converts each field that Date::parse accepts:
 #   data = '2001-02-03,x'
 #   # Without the converter
 #   csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
@@ -358,7 +666,7 @@ using CSV::MatchP if CSV.const_defined?(:MatchP)
 #   csv = CSV.parse_line(data, converters: :date)
 #   csv # => [#<Date: 2001-02-03 ((2451944j,0s,0n),+0s,2299161j)>, "x"]
 #
-# Converter +:date_time+ converts each field that +DateTime::parse() accepts:
+# Converter +:date_time+ converts each field that DateTime::parse accepts:
 #   data = '2020-05-07T14:59:00-05:00,x'
 #   # Without the converter
 #   csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
@@ -378,63 +686,64 @@ using CSV::MatchP if CSV.const_defined?(:MatchP)
 #   csv.convert(:date)
 #   csv.converters # => [:integer, :date]
 #
-# You can add a custom field converter to \Hash CSV::Converters:
-#   strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip}
-#   CSV::Converters[:strip] = strip_converter
-#   CSV::Converters.keys # => [:integer, :float, :numeric, :date, :date_time, :all, :strip]
-#
-# Then use it to convert fields:
-#   str = ' foo , 0 '
-#   ary = CSV.parse_line(str, converters: :strip)
-#   ary # => ["foo", "0"]
+# ===== Custom Field \Converters
 #
-# See {Custom Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Custom+Converters].
+# You can define a custom field converter:
+#   strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }
+#   string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
+#   array = CSV.parse(string, converters: strip_converter)
+#   array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+# You can register the converter in \Converters \Hash,
+# which allows you to refer to it by name:
+#   CSV::Converters[:strip] = strip_converter
+#   string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
+#   array = CSV.parse(string, converters: :strip)
+#   array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
 #
-# === Header \Converters
+# ==== Header \Converters
 #
 # Header converters operate only on headers (and not on other rows).
 #
 # There are three ways to use header \converters;
-# these examples use built-in header converter +:dowhcase+,
+# these examples use built-in header converter +:downcase+,
 # which downcases each parsed header.
 #
-# Option +header_converters+ with a singleton parsing method:
-#   str = "Name,Count\nFoo,0\n,Bar,1\nBaz,2"
-#   tbl = CSV.parse(str, headers: true, header_converters: :downcase)
-#   tbl.class # => CSV::Table
-#   tbl.headers # => ["name", "count"]
-#
-# Option +header_converters+ with a new \CSV instance:
-#   csv = CSV.new(str, header_converters: :downcase)
-#   # Header converters in effect:
-#   csv.header_converters # => [:downcase]
-#   tbl = CSV.parse(str, headers: true)
-#   tbl.headers # => ["Name", "Count"]
-#
-# Method #header_convert adds a header converter to a \CSV instance:
-#   csv = CSV.new(str)
-#   # Add a header converter.
-#   csv.header_convert(:downcase)
-#   csv.header_converters # => [:downcase]
-#   tbl = CSV.parse(str, headers: true)
-#   tbl.headers # => ["Name", "Count"]
-#
-# ---
-#
-# The built-in header \converters are in \Hash CSV::Converters.
-# The \Symbol keys there are the names of the \converters:
-#
+# - Option +header_converters+ with a singleton parsing method:
+#     string = "Name,Count\nFoo,0\n,Bar,1\nBaz,2"
+#     tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: :downcase)
+#     tbl.class # => CSV::Table
+#     tbl.headers # => ["name", "count"]
+#
+# - Option +header_converters+ with a new \CSV instance:
+#     csv = CSV.new(string, header_converters: :downcase)
+#     # Header converters in effect:
+#     csv.header_converters # => [:downcase]
+#     tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true)
+#     tbl.headers # => ["Name", "Count"]
+#
+# - Method #header_convert adds a header converter to a \CSV instance:
+#     csv = CSV.new(string)
+#     # Add a header converter.
+#     csv.header_convert(:downcase)
+#     csv.header_converters # => [:downcase]
+#     tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true)
+#     tbl.headers # => ["Name", "Count"]
+#
+# ===== Built-In Header \Converters
+#
+# The built-in header \converters are in \Hash CSV::HeaderConverters.
+# The keys there are the names of the \converters:
 #   CSV::HeaderConverters.keys # => [:downcase, :symbol]
 #
 # Converter +:downcase+ converts each header by downcasing it:
-#   str = "Name,Count\nFoo,0\n,Bar,1\nBaz,2"
-#   tbl = CSV.parse(str, headers: true, header_converters: :downcase)
+#   string = "Name,Count\nFoo,0\n,Bar,1\nBaz,2"
+#   tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: :downcase)
 #   tbl.class # => CSV::Table
 #   tbl.headers # => ["name", "count"]
 #
-# Converter +:symbol+ by making it into a \Symbol:
-#   str = "Name,Count\nFoo,0\n,Bar,1\nBaz,2"
-#   tbl = CSV.parse(str, headers: true, header_converters: :symbol)
+# Converter +:symbol+ converts each header by making it into a \Symbol:
+#   string = "Name,Count\nFoo,0\n,Bar,1\nBaz,2"
+#   tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: :symbol)
 #   tbl.headers # => [:name, :count]
 # Details:
 # - Strips leading and trailing whitespace.
@@ -443,46 +752,47 @@ using CSV::MatchP if CSV.const_defined?(:MatchP)
 # - Removes non-word characters.
 # - Makes the string into a \Symbol.
 #
-# You can add a custom header converter to \Hash CSV::HeaderConverters:
-#   strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip}
-#   CSV::HeaderConverters[:strip] = strip_converter
-#   CSV::HeaderConverters.keys # => [:downcase, :symbol, :strip]
-#
-# Then use it to convert headers:
-#   str = " Name , Value \nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2"
-#   tbl = CSV.parse(str, headers: true, header_converters: :strip)
-#   tbl.headers # => ["Name", "Value"]
-#
-# See {Custom Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Custom+Converters].
-#
-# === Custom \Converters
-#
-# You can define custom \converters.
-#
-# The \converter is a \Proc that is called with two arguments,
-# \String +field+ and CSV::FieldInfo +field_info+;
-# it returns a \String that will become the field value:
-#   converter = proc {|field, field_info| <some_string> }
-#
-# To illustrate:
-#   converter = proc {|field, field_info| p [field, field_info]; field}
-#   ary = CSV.parse_line('foo,0', converters: converter)
-#
-# Produces:
-#   ["foo", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=1, header=nil>]
-#   ["0", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=1, header=nil>]
-#
-# In each of the output lines:
-# - The first \Array element is the passed \String field.
-# - The second is a \FieldInfo structure containing information about the field:
-#   - The 0-based column index.
-#   - The 1-based line number.
-#   - The header for the column, if available.
+# ===== Custom Header \Converters
+#
+# You can define a custom header converter:
+#   upcase_converter = proc {|header| header.upcase }
+#   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+#   table = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: upcase_converter)
+#   table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+#   table.headers # => ["NAME", "VALUE"]
+# You can register the converter in \HeaderConverters \Hash,
+# which allows you to refer to it by name:
+#   CSV::HeaderConverters[:upcase] = upcase_converter
+#   table = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: :upcase)
+#   table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+#   table.headers # => ["NAME", "VALUE"]
+#
+# ===== Write \Converters
+#
+# When you specify a write converter for generating \CSV,
+# each field to be written is passed to the converter;
+# its return value becomes the new value for the field.
+# A converter might, for example, strip whitespace from a field.
 #
-# If the \converter does not need +field_info+, it can be omitted:
-#   converter = proc {|field| ... }
+# Using no write converter (all fields unmodified):
+#   output_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
+#     csv << [' foo ', 0]
+#     csv << [' bar ', 1]
+#     csv << [' baz ', 2]
+#   end
+#   output_string # => " foo ,0\n bar ,1\n baz ,2\n"
+# Using option +write_converters+ with two custom write converters:
+#   strip_converter = proc {|field| field.respond_to?(:strip) ? field.strip : field }
+#   upcase_converter = proc {|field| field.respond_to?(:upcase) ? field.upcase : field }
+#   write_converters = [strip_converter, upcase_converter]
+#   output_string = CSV.generate(write_converters: write_converters) do |csv|
+#     csv << [' foo ', 0]
+#     csv << [' bar ', 1]
+#     csv << [' baz ', 2]
+#   end
+#   output_string # => "FOO,0\nBAR,1\nBAZ,2\n"
 #
-# == CSV and Character Encodings (M17n or Multilingualization)
+# === Character Encodings (M17n or Multilingualization)
 #
 # This new CSV parser is m17n savvy.  The parser works in the Encoding of the IO
 # or String object being read from or written to. Your data is never transcoded
@@ -563,30 +873,12 @@ class CSV
   # The encoding used by all converters.
   ConverterEncoding = Encoding.find("UTF-8")
 
+  # A \Hash containing the names and \Procs for the built-in field converters.
+  # See {Built-In Field Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Built-In+Field+Converters].
   #
-  # This Hash holds the built-in converters of CSV that can be accessed by name.
-  # You can select Converters with CSV.convert() or through the +options+ Hash
-  # passed to CSV::new().
-  #
-  # <b><tt>:integer</tt></b>::    Converts any field Integer() accepts.
-  # <b><tt>:float</tt></b>::      Converts any field Float() accepts.
-  # <b><tt>:numeric</tt></b>::    A combination of <tt>:integer</tt>
-  #                               and <tt>:float</tt>.
-  # <b><tt>:date</tt></b>::       Converts any field Date::parse() accepts.
-  # <b><tt>:date_time</tt></b>::  Converts any field DateTime::parse() accepts.
-  # <b><tt>:all</tt></b>::        All built-in converters.  A combination of
-  #                               <tt>:date_time</tt> and <tt>:numeric</tt>.
-  #
-  # All built-in converters transcode field data to UTF-8 before attempting a
-  # conversion.  If your data cannot be transcoded to UTF-8 the conversion will
-  # fail and the field will remain unchanged.
-  #
-  # This Hash is intentionally left unfrozen and users should feel free to add
-  # values to it that can be accessed by all CSV objects.
-  #
-  # To add a combo field, the value should be an Array of names.  Combo fields
-  # can be nested with other combo fields.
-  #
+  # This \Hash is intentionally left unfrozen, and may be extended with
+  # custom field converters.
+  # See {Custom Field Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Custom+Field+Converters].
   Converters  = {
     integer:   lambda { |f|
       Integer(f.encode(ConverterEncoding)) rescue f
@@ -614,27 +906,12 @@ class CSV
     all:       [:date_time, :numeric],
   }
 
+  # A \Hash containing the names and \Procs for the built-in header converters.
+  # See {Built-In Header Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Built-In+Header+Converters].
   #
-  # This Hash holds the built-in header converters of CSV that can be accessed
-  # by name. You can select HeaderConverters with CSV.header_convert() or
-  # through the +options+ Hash passed to CSV::new().
-  #
-  # <b><tt>:downcase</tt></b>::  Calls downcase() on the header String.
-  # <b><tt>:symbol</tt></b>::    Leading/trailing spaces are dropped, string is
-  #                              downcased, remaining spaces are replaced with
-  #                              underscores, non-word characters are dropped,
-  #                              and finally to_sym() is called.
-  #
-  # All built-in header converters transcode header data to UTF-8 before
-  # attempting a conversion. If your data cannot be transcoded to UTF-8 the
-  # conversion will fail and the header will remain unchanged.
-  #
-  # This Hash is intentionally left unfrozen and users should feel free to add
-  # values to it that can be accessed by all CSV objects.
-  #
-  # To add a combo field, the value should be an Array of names. Combo fields
-  # can be nested with other combo fields.
-  #
+  # This \Hash is intentionally left unfrozen, and may be extended with
+  # custom field converters.
+  # See {Custom Header Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Custom+Header+Converters].
   HeaderConverters = {
     downcase: lambda { |h| h.encode(ConverterEncoding).downcase },
     symbol:   lambda { |h|
@@ -671,18 +948,47 @@ class CSV
   }.freeze
 
   class << self
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   instance(string, **options)
+    #   instance(io = $stdout, **options)
+    #   instance(string, **options) {|csv| ... }
+    #   instance(io = $stdout, **options) {|csv| ... }
+    #
+    # Creates or retrieves cached \CSV objects.
+    # For arguments and options, see CSV.new.
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With no block given, returns a \CSV object.
     #
-    # This method will return a CSV instance, just like CSV::new(), but the
-    # instance will be cached and returned for all future calls to this method for
-    # the same +data+ object (tested by Object#object_id()) with the same
-    # +options+.
+    # The first call to +instance+ creates and caches a \CSV object:
+    #   s0 = 's0'
+    #   csv0 = CSV.instance(s0)
+    #   csv0.class # => CSV
     #
-    # See {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing]
-    # and {Options for Generating}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Generating].
+    # Subsequent calls to +instance+ with that _same_ +string+ or +io+
+    # retrieve that same cached object:
+    #   csv1 = CSV.instance(s0)
+    #   csv1.class # => CSV
+    #   csv1.equal?(csv0) # => true # Same CSV object
     #
-    # If a block is given, the instance is passed to the block and the return
-    # value becomes the return value of the block.
+    # A subsequent call to +instance+ with a _different_ +string+ or +io+
+    # creates and caches a _different_ \CSV object.
+    #   s1 = 's1'
+    #   csv2 = CSV.instance(s1)
+    #   csv2.equal?(csv0) # => false # Different CSV object
     #
+    # All the cached objects remains available:
+    #   csv3 = CSV.instance(s0)
+    #   csv3.equal?(csv0) # true # Same CSV object
+    #   csv4 = CSV.instance(s1)
+    #   csv4.equal?(csv2) # true # Same CSV object
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # When a block is given, calls the block with the created or retrieved
+    # \CSV object; returns the block's return value:
+    #   CSV.instance(s0) {|csv| :foo } # => :foo
     def instance(data = $stdout, **options)
       # create a _signature_ for this method call, data object and options
       sig = [data.object_id] +
@@ -699,33 +1005,186 @@ class CSV
       end
     end
 
-    #
     # :call-seq:
-    #   filter( **options ) { |row| ... }
-    #   filter( input, **options ) { |row| ... }
-    #   filter( input, output, **options ) { |row| ... }
+    #   filter(in_string_or_io, **options) {|row| ... } -> array_of_arrays or csv_table
+    #   filter(in_string_or_io, out_string_or_io, **options) {|row| ... } -> array_of_arrays or csv_table
+    #   filter(**options) {|row| ... } -> array_of_arrays or csv_table
+    #
+    # - Parses \CSV from a source (\String, \IO stream, or ARGF).
+    # - Calls the given block with each parsed row:
+    #   - Without headers, each row is an \Array.
+    #   - With headers, each row is a CSV::Row.
+    # - Generates \CSV to an output (\String, \IO stream, or STDOUT).
+    # - Returns the parsed source:
+    #   - Without headers, an \Array of \Arrays.
+    #   - With headers, a CSV::Table.
+    #
+    # When +in_string_or_io+ is given, but not +out_string_or_io+,
+    # parses from the given +in_string_or_io+
+    # and generates to STDOUT.
+    #
+    # \String input without headers:
+    #
+    #   in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2"
+    #   CSV.filter(in_string) do |row|
+    #     row[0].upcase!
+    #     row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #   end # => [["FOO", 0], ["BAR", -1], ["BAZ", -2]]
+    #
+    # Output (to STDOUT):
+    #
+    #   FOO,0
+    #   BAR,-1
+    #   BAZ,-2
+    #
+    # \String input with headers:
+    #
+    #   in_string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2"
+    #   CSV.filter(in_string, headers: true) do |row|
+    #     row[0].upcase!
+    #     row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #   end # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+    #
+    # Output (to STDOUT):
+    #
+    #   Name,Value
+    #   FOO,0
+    #   BAR,-1
+    #   BAZ,-2
+    #
+    # \IO stream input without headers:
+    #
+    #   File.write('t.csv', "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2")
+    #   File.open('t.csv') do |in_io|
+    #     CSV.filter(in_io) do |row|
+    #       row[0].upcase!
+    #       row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #     end
+    #   end # => [["FOO", 0], ["BAR", -1], ["BAZ", -2]]
+    #
+    # Output (to STDOUT):
+    #
+    #   FOO,0
+    #   BAR,-1
+    #   BAZ,-2
+    #
+    # \IO stream input with headers:
+    #
+    #   File.write('t.csv', "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2")
+    #   File.open('t.csv') do |in_io|
+    #     CSV.filter(in_io, headers: true) do |row|
+    #       row[0].upcase!
+    #       row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #     end
+    #   end # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+    #
+    # Output (to STDOUT):
+    #
+    #   Name,Value
+    #   FOO,0
+    #   BAR,-1
+    #   BAZ,-2
+    #
+    # When both +in_string_or_io+ and +out_string_or_io+ are given,
+    # parses from +in_string_or_io+ and generates to +out_string_or_io+.
+    #
+    # \String output without headers:
+    #
+    #   in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2"
+    #   out_string = ''
+    #   CSV.filter(in_string, out_string) do |row|
+    #     row[0].upcase!
+    #     row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #   end # => [["FOO", 0], ["BAR", -1], ["BAZ", -2]]
+    #   out_string # => "FOO,0\nBAR,-1\nBAZ,-2\n"
+    #
+    # \String output with headers:
+    #
+    #   in_string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2"
+    #   out_string = ''
+    #   CSV.filter(in_string, out_string, headers: true) do |row|
+    #     row[0].upcase!
+    #     row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #   end # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+    #   out_string # => "Name,Value\nFOO,0\nBAR,-1\nBAZ,-2\n"
+    #
+    # \IO stream output without headers:
+    #
+    #   in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2"
+    #   File.open('t.csv', 'w') do |out_io|
+    #     CSV.filter(in_string, out_io) do |row|
+    #       row[0].upcase!
+    #       row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #     end
+    #   end # => [["FOO", 0], ["BAR", -1], ["BAZ", -2]]
+    #   File.read('t.csv') # => "FOO,0\nBAR,-1\nBAZ,-2\n"
+    #
+    # \IO stream output with headers:
+    #
+    #   in_string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2"
+    #   File.open('t.csv', 'w') do |out_io|
+    #     CSV.filter(in_string, out_io, headers: true) do |row|
+    #       row[0].upcase!
+    #       row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #     end
+    #   end # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+    #   File.read('t.csv') # => "Name,Value\nFOO,0\nBAR,-1\nBAZ,-2\n"
+    #
+    # When neither +in_string_or_io+ nor +out_string_or_io+ given,
+    # parses from {ARGF}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/ARGF.html]
+    # and generates to STDOUT.
+    #
+    # Without headers:
     #
-    # This method is a convenience for building Unix-like filters for CSV data.
-    # Each row is yielded to the provided block which can alter it as needed.
-    # After the block returns, the row is appended to +output+ altered or not.
+    #   # Put Ruby code into a file.
+    #   ruby = <<-EOT
+    #     require 'csv'
+    #     CSV.filter do |row|
+    #       row[0].upcase!
+    #       row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #     end
+    #   EOT
+    #   File.write('t.rb', ruby)
+    #   # Put some CSV into a file.
+    #   File.write('t.csv', "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2")
+    #   # Run the Ruby code with CSV filename as argument.
+    #   system(Gem.ruby, "t.rb", "t.csv")
     #
-    # The +input+ and +output+ arguments can be anything CSV::new() accepts
-    # (generally String or IO objects). If not given, they default to
-    # <tt>ARGF</tt> and <tt>$stdout</tt>.
+    # Output (to STDOUT):
     #
-    # The +options+ parameter is also filtered down to CSV::new() after some
-    # clever key parsing. Any key beginning with <tt>:in_</tt> or
-    # <tt>:input_</tt> will have that leading identifier stripped and will only
-    # be used in the +options+ Hash for the +input+ object. Keys starting with
-    # <tt>:out_</tt> or <tt>:output_</tt> affect only +output+. All other keys
-    # are assigned to both objects.
+    #   FOO,0
+    #   BAR,-1
+    #   BAZ,-2
     #
-    # See {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing]
-    # and {Options for Generating}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Generating].
+    # With headers:
     #
-    # The <tt>:output_row_sep</tt> +option+ defaults to
-    # <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt> (<tt>$/</tt>).
+    #   # Put Ruby code into a file.
+    #   ruby = <<-EOT
+    #     require 'csv'
+    #     CSV.filter(headers: true) do |row|
+    #       row[0].upcase!
+    #       row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #     end
+    #   EOT
+    #   File.write('t.rb', ruby)
+    #   # Put some CSV into a file.
+    #   File.write('t.csv', "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2")
+    #   # Run the Ruby code with CSV filename as argument.
+    #   system(Gem.ruby, "t.rb", "t.csv")
     #
+    # Output (to STDOUT):
+    #
+    #   Name,Value
+    #   FOO,0
+    #   BAR,-1
+    #   BAZ,-2
+    #
+    # Arguments:
+    #
+    # * Argument +in_string_or_io+ must be a \String or an \IO stream.
+    # * Argument +out_string_or_io+ must be a \String or an \IO stream.
+    # * Arguments <tt>**options</tt> must be keyword options.
+    #   See {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing].
     def filter(input=nil, output=nil, **options)
       # parse options for input, output, or both
       in_options, out_options = Hash.new, {row_sep: $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR}
@@ -740,10 +1199,29 @@ class CSV
           out_options[key] = value
         end
       end
+
       # build input and output wrappers
-      input  = new(input  || ARGF,    **in_options)
+      input  = new(input  || ARGF, **in_options)
       output = new(output || $stdout, **out_options)
 
+      # process headers
+      need_manual_header_output =
+        (in_options[:headers] and
+         out_options[:headers] == true and
+         out_options[:write_headers])
+      if need_manual_header_output
+        first_row = input.shift
+        if first_row
+          if first_row.is_a?(Row)
+            headers = first_row.headers
+            yield headers
+            output << headers
+          end
+          yield first_row
+          output << first_row
+        end
+      end
+
       # read, yield, write
       input.each do |row|
         yield row
@@ -752,21 +1230,91 @@ class CSV
     end
 
     #
-    # This method is intended as the primary interface for reading CSV files. You
-    # pass a +path+ and any +options+ you wish to set for the read. Each row of
-    # file will be passed to the provided +block+ in turn.
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   foreach(path_or_io, mode='r', **options) {|row| ... )
+    #   foreach(path_or_io, mode='r', **options) -> new_enumerator
+    #
+    # Calls the block with each row read from source +path_or_io+.
+    #
+    # \Path input without headers:
+    #
+    #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   in_path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(in_path, string)
+    #   CSV.foreach(in_path) {|row| p row }
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   ["foo", "0"]
+    #   ["bar", "1"]
+    #   ["baz", "2"]
+    #
+    # \Path input with headers:
+    #
+    #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   in_path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(in_path, string)
+    #   CSV.foreach(in_path, headers: true) {|row| p row }
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   <CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
+    #   <CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
+    #   <CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">
+    #
+    # \IO stream input without headers:
+    #
+    #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #   File.open('t.csv') do |in_io|
+    #     CSV.foreach(in_io) {|row| p row }
+    #   end
     #
-    # See {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing].
+    # Output:
     #
-    # The +options+ parameter can be anything CSV::new() understands. This method
-    # also understands an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> parameter that you can use
-    # to specify the Encoding of the data in the file to be read. You must provide
-    # this unless your data is in Encoding::default_external(). CSV will use this
-    # to determine how to parse the data. You may provide a second Encoding to
-    # have the data transcoded as it is read. For example,
-    # <tt>encoding: "UTF-32BE:UTF-8"</tt> would read UTF-32BE data from the file
-    # but transcode it to UTF-8 before CSV parses it.
+    #   ["foo", "0"]
+    #   ["bar", "1"]
+    #   ["baz", "2"]
     #
+    # \IO stream input with headers:
+    #
+    #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #   File.open('t.csv') do |in_io|
+    #     CSV.foreach(in_io, headers: true) {|row| p row }
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   <CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
+    #   <CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
+    #   <CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">
+    #
+    # With no block given, returns an \Enumerator:
+    #
+    #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #   CSV.foreach(path) # => #<Enumerator: CSV:foreach("t.csv", "r")>
+    #
+    # Arguments:
+    # * Argument +path_or_io+ must be a file path or an \IO stream.
+    # * Argument +mode+, if given, must be a \File mode
+    #   See {Open Mode}[https://ruby-doc.org/core/IO.html#method-c-new-label-Open+Mode].
+    # * Arguments <tt>**options</tt> must be keyword options.
+    #   See {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing].
+    # * This method optionally accepts an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> option
+    #   that you can use to specify the Encoding of the data read from +path+ or +io+.
+    #   You must provide this unless your data is in the encoding
+    #   given by <tt>Encoding::default_external</tt>.
+    #   Parsing will use this to determine how to parse the data.
+    #   You may provide a second Encoding to
+    #   have the data transcoded as it is read. For example,
+    #     encoding: 'UTF-32BE:UTF-8'
+    #   would read +UTF-32BE+ data from the file
+    #   but transcode it to +UTF-8+ before parsing.
     def foreach(path, mode="r", **options, &block)
       return to_enum(__method__, path, mode, **options) unless block_given?
       open(path, mode, **options) do |csv|
@@ -776,23 +1324,63 @@ class CSV
 
     #
     # :call-seq:
-    #   generate( str, **options ) { |csv| ... }
-    #   generate( **options ) { |csv| ... }
+    #   generate(csv_string, **options) {|csv| ... }
+    #   generate(**options) {|csv| ... }
+    #
+    # * Argument +csv_string+, if given, must be a \String object;
+    #   defaults to a new empty \String.
+    # * Arguments +options+, if given, should be generating options.
+    #   See {Options for Generating}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Generating].
     #
-    # This method wraps a String you provide, or an empty default String, in a
-    # CSV object which is passed to the provided block. You can use the block to
-    # append CSV rows to the String and when the block exits, the final String
-    # will be returned.
+    # ---
     #
-    # Note that a passed String *is* modified by this method. Call dup() before
-    # passing if you need a new String.
+    # Creates a new \CSV object via <tt>CSV.new(csv_string, **options)</tt>;
+    # calls the block with the \CSV object, which the block may modify;
+    # returns the \String generated from the \CSV object.
     #
-    # See {Options for Generating}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Generating].
+    # Note that a passed \String *is* modified by this method.
+    # Pass <tt>csv_string</tt>.dup if the \String must be preserved.
     #
     # This method has one additional option: <tt>:encoding</tt>,
     # which sets the base Encoding for the output if no no +str+ is specified.
     # CSV needs this hint if you plan to output non-ASCII compatible data.
     #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Add lines:
+    #   input_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   output_string = CSV.generate(input_string) do |csv|
+    #     csv << ['bat', 3]
+    #     csv << ['bam', 4]
+    #   end
+    #   output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\nbat,3\nbam,4\n"
+    #   input_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\nbat,3\nbam,4\n"
+    #   output_string.equal?(input_string) # => true # Same string, modified
+    #
+    # Add lines into new string, preserving old string:
+    #   input_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   output_string = CSV.generate(input_string.dup) do |csv|
+    #     csv << ['bat', 3]
+    #     csv << ['bam', 4]
+    #   end
+    #   output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\nbat,3\nbam,4\n"
+    #   input_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   output_string.equal?(input_string) # => false # Different strings
+    #
+    # Create lines from nothing:
+    #   output_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
+    #     csv << ['foo', 0]
+    #     csv << ['bar', 1]
+    #     csv << ['baz', 2]
+    #   end
+    #   output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Raises an exception if +csv_string+ is not a \String object:
+    #   # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Integer into String)
+    #   CSV.generate(0)
+    #
     def generate(str=nil, **options)
       encoding = options[:encoding]
       # add a default empty String, if none was given
@@ -846,80 +1434,107 @@ class CSV
       str = +""
       if options[:encoding]
         str.force_encoding(options[:encoding])
-      elsif field = row.find {|f| f.is_a?(String)}
-        str.force_encoding(field.encoding)
+      else
+        fallback_encoding = nil
+        output_encoding = nil
+        row.each do |field|
+          next unless field.is_a?(String)
+          fallback_encoding ||= field.encoding
+          next if field.ascii_only?
+          output_encoding = field.encoding
+          break
+        end
+        output_encoding ||= fallback_encoding
+        if output_encoding
+          str.force_encoding(output_encoding)
+        end
       end
       (new(str, **options) << row).string
     end
 
     #
     # :call-seq:
-    #   open( filename, mode = "rb", **options ) { |faster_csv| ... }
-    #   open( filename, **options ) { |faster_csv| ... }
-    #   open( filename, mode = "rb", **options )
-    #   open( filename, **options )
-    #
-    # This method opens an IO object, and wraps that with CSV. This is intended
-    # as the primary interface for writing a CSV file.
-    #
-    # You must pass a +filename+ and may optionally add a +mode+ for Ruby's
-    # open().
-    #
-    # See {Options for Generating}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Generating].
-    #
-    # This method works like Ruby's open() call, in that it will pass a CSV object
-    # to a provided block and close it when the block terminates, or it will
-    # return the CSV object when no block is provided. (*Note*: This is different
-    # from the Ruby 1.8 CSV library which passed rows to the block. Use
-    # CSV::foreach() for that behavior.)
-    #
-    # You must provide a +mode+ with an embedded Encoding designator unless your
-    # data is in Encoding::default_external(). CSV will check the Encoding of the
-    # underlying IO object (set by the +mode+ you pass) to determine how to parse
-    # the data. You may provide a second Encoding to have the data transcoded as
-    # it is read just as you can with a normal call to IO::open(). For example,
-    # <tt>"rb:UTF-32BE:UTF-8"</tt> would read UTF-32BE data from the file but
-    # transcode it to UTF-8 before CSV parses it.
-    #
-    # An opened CSV object will delegate to many IO methods for convenience. You
-    # may call:
-    #
-    # * binmode()
-    # * binmode?()
-    # * close()
-    # * close_read()
-    # * close_write()
-    # * closed?()
-    # * eof()
-    # * eof?()
-    # * external_encoding()
-    # * fcntl()
-    # * fileno()
-    # * flock()
-    # * flush()
-    # * fsync()
-    # * internal_encoding()
-    # * ioctl()
-    # * isatty()
-    # * path()
-    # * pid()
-    # * pos()
-    # * pos=()
-    # * reopen()
-    # * seek()
-    # * stat()
-    # * sync()
-    # * sync=()
-    # * tell()
-    # * to_i()
-    # * to_io()
-    # * truncate()
-    # * tty?()
+    #   open(file_path, mode = "rb", **options ) -> new_csv
+    #   open(io, mode = "rb", **options ) -> new_csv
+    #   open(file_path, mode = "rb", **options ) { |csv| ... } -> object
+    #   open(io, mode = "rb", **options ) { |csv| ... } -> object
+    #
+    # possible options elements:
+    #   keyword form:
+    #     :invalid => nil      # raise error on invalid byte sequence (default)
+    #     :invalid => :replace # replace invalid byte sequence
+    #     :undef => :replace   # replace undefined conversion
+    #     :replace => string   # replacement string ("?" or "\uFFFD" if not specified)
+    #
+    # * Argument +path+, if given, must be the path to a file.
+    # :include: ../doc/csv/arguments/io.rdoc
+    # * Argument +mode+, if given, must be a \File mode
+    #   See {Open Mode}[IO.html#method-c-new-label-Open+Mode].
+    # * Arguments <tt>**options</tt> must be keyword options.
+    #   See {Options for Generating}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Generating].
+    # * This method optionally accepts an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> option
+    #   that you can use to specify the Encoding of the data read from +path+ or +io+.
+    #   You must provide this unless your data is in the encoding
+    #   given by <tt>Encoding::default_external</tt>.
+    #   Parsing will use this to determine how to parse the data.
+    #   You may provide a second Encoding to
+    #   have the data transcoded as it is read. For example,
+    #     encoding: 'UTF-32BE:UTF-8'
+    #   would read +UTF-32BE+ data from the file
+    #   but transcode it to +UTF-8+ before parsing.
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # These examples assume prior execution of:
+    #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With no block given, returns a new \CSV object.
+    #
+    # Create a \CSV object using a file path:
+    #   csv = CSV.open(path)
+    #   csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
     #
+    # Create a \CSV object using an open \File:
+    #   csv = CSV.open(File.open(path))
+    #   csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With a block given, calls the block with the created \CSV object;
+    # returns the block's return value:
+    #
+    # Using a file path:
+    #   csv = CSV.open(path) {|csv| p csv}
+    #   csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+    # Output:
+    #   #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+    #
+    # Using an open \File:
+    #   csv = CSV.open(File.open(path)) {|csv| p csv}
+    #   csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+    # Output:
+    #   #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Raises an exception if the argument is not a \String object or \IO object:
+    #   # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Symbol into String)
+    #   CSV.open(:foo)
     def open(filename, mode="r", **options)
       # wrap a File opened with the remaining +args+ with no newline
       # decorator
-      file_opts = {universal_newline: false}.merge(options)
+      file_opts = options.dup
+      unless file_opts.key?(:newline)
+        file_opts[:universal_newline] ||= false
+      end
+      options.delete(:invalid)
+      options.delete(:undef)
+      options.delete(:replace)
+      options.delete_if {|k, _| /newline\z/.match?(k)}
 
       begin
         f = File.open(filename, mode, **file_opts)
@@ -950,16 +1565,116 @@ class CSV
 
     #
     # :call-seq:
-    #   parse( str, **options ) { |row| ... }
-    #   parse( str, **options )
+    #   parse(string) -> array_of_arrays
+    #   parse(io) -> array_of_arrays
+    #   parse(string, headers: ..., **options) -> csv_table
+    #   parse(io, headers: ..., **options) -> csv_table
+    #   parse(string, **options) {|row| ... }
+    #   parse(io, **options) {|row| ... }
     #
-    # This method can be used to easily parse CSV out of a String. You may either
-    # provide a +block+ which will be called with each row of the String in turn,
-    # or just use the returned Array of Arrays (when no +block+ is given).
+    # Parses +string+ or +io+ using the specified +options+.
     #
-    # You pass your +str+ to read from, and an optional +options+.
-    # See {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing].
+    # - Argument +string+ should be a \String object;
+    #   it will be put into a new StringIO object positioned at the beginning.
+    # :include: ../doc/csv/arguments/io.rdoc
+    # - Argument +options+: see {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing]
     #
+    # ====== Without Option +headers+
+    #
+    # Without {option +headers+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+headers] case.
+    #
+    # These examples assume prior execution of:
+    #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With no block given, returns an \Array of Arrays formed from the source.
+    #
+    # Parse a \String:
+    #   a_of_a = CSV.parse(string)
+    #   a_of_a # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+    #
+    # Parse an open \File:
+    #   a_of_a = File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.parse(file)
+    #   end
+    #   a_of_a # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With a block given, calls the block with each parsed row:
+    #
+    # Parse a \String:
+    #   CSV.parse(string) {|row| p row }
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #   ["foo", "0"]
+    #   ["bar", "1"]
+    #   ["baz", "2"]
+    #
+    # Parse an open \File:
+    #   File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.parse(file) {|row| p row }
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #   ["foo", "0"]
+    #   ["bar", "1"]
+    #   ["baz", "2"]
+    #
+    # ====== With Option +headers+
+    #
+    # With {option +headers+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+headers] case.
+    #
+    # These examples assume prior execution of:
+    #   string = "Name,Count\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With no block given, returns a CSV::Table object formed from the source.
+    #
+    # Parse a \String:
+    #   csv_table = CSV.parse(string, headers: ['Name', 'Count'])
+    #   csv_table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:5>
+    #
+    # Parse an open \File:
+    #   csv_table = File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.parse(file, headers: ['Name', 'Count'])
+    #   end
+    #   csv_table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With a block given, calls the block with each parsed row,
+    # which has been formed into a CSV::Row object:
+    #
+    # Parse a \String:
+    #   CSV.parse(string, headers: ['Name', 'Count']) {|row| p row }
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #   # <CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
+    #   # <CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">
+    #   # <CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Count":"2">
+    #
+    # Parse an open \File:
+    #   File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.parse(file, headers: ['Name', 'Count']) {|row| p row }
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #   # <CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
+    #   # <CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">
+    #   # <CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Count":"2">
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Raises an exception if the argument is not a \String object or \IO object:
+    #   # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `close' for :foo:Symbol)
+    #   CSV.parse(:foo)
     def parse(str, **options, &block)
       csv = new(str, **options)
 
@@ -974,35 +1689,59 @@ class CSV
     end
 
     # :call-seq:
-    #   CSV.parse_line(string)
-    #   CSV.parse_line(io)
-    #   CSV.parse_line(string, **options)
-    #   CSV.parse_line(io, **options)
+    #   CSV.parse_line(string) -> new_array or nil
+    #   CSV.parse_line(io) -> new_array or nil
+    #   CSV.parse_line(string, **options) -> new_array or nil
+    #   CSV.parse_line(io, **options) -> new_array or nil
+    #   CSV.parse_line(string, headers: true, **options) -> csv_row or nil
+    #   CSV.parse_line(io, headers: true, **options) -> csv_row or nil
     #
-    # Returns the new \Array created by parsing the first line of +string+ or +io+
+    # Returns the data created by parsing the first line of +string+ or +io+
     # using the specified +options+.
     #
-    # Argument +string+ should be a \String object;
-    # it will be put into a new \StringIO object positioned at the beginning.
+    # - Argument +string+ should be a \String object;
+    #   it will be put into a new StringIO object positioned at the beginning.
+    # :include: ../doc/csv/arguments/io.rdoc
+    # - Argument +options+: see {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing]
     #
-    # Argument +io+ should be an \IO object; it will be positioned at the beginning.
+    # ====== Without Option +headers+
     #
-    # For +options+, see {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing].
+    # Without option +headers+, returns the first row as a new \Array.
     #
-    # ---
-    # Returns data from the first line from a String object:
-    #   CSV.parse_line('foo,0') # => ["foo", "0"]
+    # These examples assume prior execution of:
+    #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
     #
-    # Returns data from the first line from a File object:
-    #   File.write('t.csv', 'foo,0')
-    #   CSV.parse_line(File.open('t.csv')) # => ["foo", "0"]
+    # Parse the first line from a \String object:
+    #   CSV.parse_line(string) # => ["foo", "0"]
     #
-    # Ignores lines after the first:
-    #   CSV.parse_line("foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2") # => ["foo", "0"]
+    # Parse the first line from a File object:
+    #   File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.parse_line(file) # => ["foo", "0"]
+    #   end # => ["foo", "0"]
     #
     # Returns +nil+ if the argument is an empty \String:
     #   CSV.parse_line('') # => nil
     #
+    # ====== With Option +headers+
+    #
+    # With {option +headers+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+headers],
+    # returns the first row as a CSV::Row object.
+    #
+    # These examples assume prior execution of:
+    #   string = "Name,Count\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #
+    # Parse the first line from a \String object:
+    #   CSV.parse_line(string, headers: true) # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
+    #
+    # Parse the first line from a File object:
+    #   File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.parse_line(file, headers: true)
+    #   end # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
+    #
     # ---
     #
     # Raises an exception if the argument is +nil+:
@@ -1014,36 +1753,52 @@ class CSV
     end
 
     #
-    # Use to slurp a CSV file into an Array of Arrays. Pass the +path+ to the
-    # file and +options+.
-    # See {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing].
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   read(source, **options) -> array_of_arrays
+    #   read(source, headers: true, **options) -> csv_table
+    #
+    # Opens the given +source+ with the given +options+ (see CSV.open),
+    # reads the source (see CSV#read), and returns the result,
+    # which will be either an \Array of Arrays or a CSV::Table.
     #
-    # This method also understands
-    # an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> parameter that you can use to specify the
-    # Encoding of the data in the file to be read. You must provide this unless
-    # your data is in Encoding::default_external(). CSV will use this to determine
-    # how to parse the data. You may provide a second Encoding to have the data
-    # transcoded as it is read. For example,
-    # <tt>encoding: "UTF-32BE:UTF-8"</tt> would read UTF-32BE data from the file
-    # but transcode it to UTF-8 before CSV parses it.
+    # Without headers:
+    #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #   CSV.read(path) # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
     #
+    # With headers:
+    #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #   CSV.read(path, headers: true) # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
     def read(path, **options)
       open(path, **options) { |csv| csv.read }
     end
 
-    # Alias for CSV::read().
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   CSV.readlines(source, **options)
+    #
+    # Alias for CSV.read.
     def readlines(path, **options)
       read(path, **options)
     end
 
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   CSV.table(source, **options)
     #
-    # A shortcut for:
+    # Calls CSV.read with +source+, +options+, and certain default options:
+    # - +headers+: +true+
+    # - +converters+: +:numeric+
+    # - +header_converters+: +:symbol+
     #
-    #   CSV.read( path, { headers:           true,
-    #                     converters:        :numeric,
-    #                     header_converters: :symbol }.merge(options) )
+    # Returns a CSV::Table object.
     #
-    # See {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing].
+    # Example:
+    #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #   CSV.table(path) # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
     def table(path, **options)
       default_options = {
         headers:           true,
@@ -1064,23 +1819,17 @@ class CSV
   # Returns the new \CSV object created using +string+ or +io+
   # and the specified +options+.
   #
-  # Argument +string+ should be a \String object;
-  # it will be put into a new \StringIO object positioned at the beginning.
-  #
-  # Argument +io+ should be an \IO object; it will be positioned at the beginning.
-  #
-  # To position at the end, for appending, use method CSV.generate.
-  # For any other positioning, pass a preset StringIO object instead.
-  #
-  # In addition to the \CSV instance methods, several \IO
-  # methods are delegated. See CSV::open for a complete list.
-  #
-  # For +options+, see:
-  # * {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing]
-  # * {Options for Generating}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Generating]
+  # - Argument +string+ should be a \String object;
+  #   it will be put into a new StringIO object positioned at the beginning.
+  # :include: ../doc/csv/arguments/io.rdoc
+  # - Argument +options+: See:
+  #   * {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing]
+  #   * {Options for Generating}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Generating]
+  #   For performance reasons, the options cannot be overridden
+  #   in a \CSV object, so those specified here will endure.
   #
-  # For performance reasons, the options cannot be overridden
-  # in a \CSV object, so the options specified here will endure.
+  # In addition to the \CSV instance methods, several \IO methods are delegated.
+  # See {Delegated Methods}[#class-CSV-label-Delegated+Methods].
   #
   # ---
   #
@@ -1182,51 +1931,67 @@ class CSV
     writer if @writer_options[:write_headers]
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.col_sep -> string
   #
-  # The encoded <tt>:col_sep</tt> used in parsing and writing.
-  # See CSV::new for details.
-  #
+  # Returns the encoded column separator; used for parsing and writing;
+  # see {Option +col_sep+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+col_sep]:
+  #   CSV.new('').col_sep # => ","
   def col_sep
     parser.column_separator
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.row_sep -> string
   #
-  # The encoded <tt>:row_sep</tt> used in parsing and writing.
-  # See CSV::new for details.
-  #
+  # Returns the encoded row separator; used for parsing and writing;
+  # see {Option +row_sep+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+row_sep]:
+  #   CSV.new('').row_sep # => "\n"
   def row_sep
     parser.row_separator
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.quote_char -> character
   #
-  # The encoded <tt>:quote_char</tt> used in parsing and writing.
-  # See CSV::new for details.
-  #
+  # Returns the encoded quote character; used for parsing and writing;
+  # see {Option +quote_char+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+quote_char]:
+  #   CSV.new('').quote_char # => "\""
   def quote_char
     parser.quote_character
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.field_size_limit -> integer or nil
   #
-  # The limit for field size, if any.
-  # See CSV::new for details.
-  #
+  # Returns the limit for field size; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +field_size_limit+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+field_size_limit]:
+  #   CSV.new('').field_size_limit # => nil
   def field_size_limit
     parser.field_size_limit
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.skip_lines -> regexp or nil
   #
-  # The regex marking a line as a comment.
-  # See CSV::new for details.
-  #
+  # Returns the \Regexp used to identify comment lines; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +skip_lines+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+skip_lines]:
+  #   CSV.new('').skip_lines # => nil
   def skip_lines
     parser.skip_lines
   end
 
-  #
-  # Returns the current list of converters in effect. See CSV::new for details.
-  # Built-in converters will be returned by name, while others will be returned
-  # as is.
-  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.converters -> array
+  #
+  # Returns an \Array containing field converters;
+  # see {Field Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Field+Converters]:
+  #   csv = CSV.new('')
+  #   csv.converters # => []
+  #   csv.convert(:integer)
+  #   csv.converters # => [:integer]
+  #   csv.convert(proc {|x| x.to_s })
+  #   csv.converters
   def converters
     parser_fields_converter.map do |converter|
       name = Converters.rassoc(converter)
@@ -1234,19 +1999,23 @@ class CSV
     end
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.unconverted_fields? -> object
   #
-  # Returns +true+ if unconverted_fields() to parsed results.
-  # See CSV::new for details.
-  #
+  # Returns the value that determines whether unconverted fields are to be
+  # available; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +unconverted_fields+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+unconverted_fields]:
+  #   CSV.new('').unconverted_fields? # => nil
   def unconverted_fields?
     parser.unconverted_fields?
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.headers -> object
   #
-  # Returns +nil+ if headers will not be used, +true+ if they will but have not
-  # yet been read, or the actual headers after they have been read.
-  # See CSV::new for details.
-  #
+  # Returns the value that determines whether headers are used; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +headers+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+headers]:
+  #   CSV.new('').headers # => nil
   def headers
     if @writer
       @writer.headers
@@ -1258,27 +2027,33 @@ class CSV
       raw_headers
     end
   end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.return_headers? -> true or false
   #
-  # Returns +true+ if headers will be returned as a row of results.
-  # See CSV::new for details.
-  #
+  # Returns the value that determines whether headers are to be returned; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +return_headers+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+return_headers]:
+  #   CSV.new('').return_headers? # => false
   def return_headers?
     parser.return_headers?
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.write_headers? -> true or false
   #
-  # Returns +true+ if headers are written in output.
-  # See CSV::new for details.
-  #
+  # Returns the value that determines whether headers are to be written; used for generating;
+  # see {Option +write_headers+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+write_headers]:
+  #   CSV.new('').write_headers? # => nil
   def write_headers?
     @writer_options[:write_headers]
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.header_converters -> array
   #
-  # Returns the current list of converters in effect for headers. See CSV::new
-  # for details. Built-in converters will be returned by name, while others
-  # will be returned as is.
-  #
+  # Returns an \Array containing header converters; used for parsing;
+  # see {Header Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Header+Converters]:
+  #   CSV.new('').header_converters # => []
   def header_converters
     header_fields_converter.map do |converter|
       name = HeaderConverters.rassoc(converter)
@@ -1286,34 +2061,74 @@ class CSV
     end
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.skip_blanks? -> true or false
   #
-  # Returns +true+ blank lines are skipped by the parser. See CSV::new
-  # for details.
-  #
+  # Returns the value that determines whether blank lines are to be ignored; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +skip_blanks+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+skip_blanks]:
+  #   CSV.new('').skip_blanks? # => false
   def skip_blanks?
     parser.skip_blanks?
   end
 
-  # Returns +true+ if all output fields are quoted. See CSV::new for details.
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.force_quotes? -> true or false
+  #
+  # Returns the value that determines whether all output fields are to be quoted;
+  # used for generating;
+  # see {Option +force_quotes+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+force_quotes]:
+  #   CSV.new('').force_quotes? # => false
   def force_quotes?
     @writer_options[:force_quotes]
   end
 
-  # Returns +true+ if illegal input is handled. See CSV::new for details.
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.liberal_parsing? -> true or false
+  #
+  # Returns the value that determines whether illegal input is to be handled; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +liberal_parsing+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+liberal_parsing]:
+  #   CSV.new('').liberal_parsing? # => false
   def liberal_parsing?
     parser.liberal_parsing?
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.encoding -> encoding
   #
-  # The Encoding CSV is parsing or writing in.  This will be the Encoding you
-  # receive parsed data in and/or the Encoding data will be written in.
-  #
+  # Returns the encoding used for parsing and generating;
+  # see {Character Encodings (M17n or Multilingualization)}[#class-CSV-label-Character+Encodings+-28M17n+or+Multilingualization-29]:
+  #   CSV.new('').encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
   attr_reader :encoding
 
-  #
-  # The line number of the last row read from this file. Fields with nested
-  # line-end characters will not affect this count.
-  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.line_no -> integer
+  #
+  # Returns the count of the rows parsed or generated.
+  #
+  # Parsing:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, string)
+  #   CSV.open(path) do |csv|
+  #     csv.each do |row|
+  #       p [csv.lineno, row]
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  # Output:
+  #   [1, ["foo", "0"]]
+  #   [2, ["bar", "1"]]
+  #   [3, ["baz", "2"]]
+  #
+  # Generating:
+  #   CSV.generate do |csv|
+  #     p csv.lineno; csv << ['foo', 0]
+  #     p csv.lineno; csv << ['bar', 1]
+  #     p csv.lineno; csv << ['baz', 2]
+  #   end
+  # Output:
+  #   0
+  #   1
+  #   2
   def lineno
     if @writer
       @writer.lineno
@@ -1322,9 +2137,22 @@ class CSV
     end
   end
 
-  #
-  # The last row read from this file.
-  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.line -> array
+  #
+  # Returns the line most recently read:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, string)
+  #   CSV.open(path) do |csv|
+  #     csv.each do |row|
+  #       p [csv.lineno, csv.line]
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  # Output:
+  #   [1, "foo,0\n"]
+  #   [2, "bar,1\n"]
+  #   [3, "baz,2\n"]
   def line
     parser.line
   end
@@ -1400,13 +2228,56 @@ class CSV
 
   ### End Delegation ###
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv << row -> self
+  #
+  # Appends a row to +self+.
   #
-  # The primary write method for wrapped Strings and IOs, +row+ (an Array or
-  # CSV::Row) is converted to CSV and appended to the data source. When a
-  # CSV::Row is passed, only the row's fields() are appended to the output.
+  # - Argument +row+ must be an \Array object or a CSV::Row object.
+  # - The output stream must be open for writing.
   #
-  # The data source must be open for writing.
+  # ---
   #
+  # Append Arrays:
+  #   CSV.generate do |csv|
+  #     csv << ['foo', 0]
+  #     csv << ['bar', 1]
+  #     csv << ['baz', 2]
+  #   end # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #
+  # Append CSV::Rows:
+  #   headers = []
+  #   CSV.generate do |csv|
+  #     csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['foo', 0])
+  #     csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['bar', 1])
+  #     csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['baz', 2])
+  #   end # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #
+  # Headers in CSV::Row objects are not appended:
+  #   headers = ['Name', 'Count']
+  #   CSV.generate do |csv|
+  #     csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['foo', 0])
+  #     csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['bar', 1])
+  #     csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['baz', 2])
+  #   end # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if +row+ is not an \Array or \CSV::Row:
+  #   CSV.generate do |csv|
+  #     # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `collect' for :foo:Symbol)
+  #     csv << :foo
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if the output stream is not opened for writing:
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, '')
+  #   File.open(path) do |file|
+  #     CSV.open(file) do |csv|
+  #       # Raises IOError (not opened for writing)
+  #       csv << ['foo', 0]
+  #     end
+  #   end
   def <<(row)
     writer << row
     self
@@ -1414,58 +2285,216 @@ class CSV
   alias_method :add_row, :<<
   alias_method :puts,    :<<
 
-  #
   # :call-seq:
-  #   convert( name )
-  #   convert { |field| ... }
-  #   convert { |field, field_info| ... }
+  #   convert(converter_name) -> array_of_procs
+  #   convert {|field, field_info| ... } -> array_of_procs
   #
-  # You can use this method to install a CSV::Converters built-in, or provide a
-  # block that handles a custom conversion.
+  # - With no block, installs a field converter (a \Proc).
+  # - With a block, defines and installs a custom field converter.
+  # - Returns the \Array of installed field converters.
   #
-  # If you provide a block that takes one argument, it will be passed the field
-  # and is expected to return the converted value or the field itself. If your
-  # block takes two arguments, it will also be passed a CSV::FieldInfo Struct,
-  # containing details about the field. Again, the block should return a
-  # converted field or the field itself.
+  # - Argument +converter_name+, if given, should be the name
+  #   of an existing field converter.
+  #
+  # See {Field Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Field+Converters].
+  # ---
   #
+  # With no block, installs a field converter:
+  #   csv = CSV.new('')
+  #   csv.convert(:integer)
+  #   csv.convert(:float)
+  #   csv.convert(:date)
+  #   csv.converters # => [:integer, :float, :date]
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # The block, if given, is called for each field:
+  # - Argument +field+ is the field value.
+  # - Argument +field_info+ is a CSV::FieldInfo object
+  #   containing details about the field.
+  #
+  # The examples here assume the prior execution of:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, string)
+  #
+  # Example giving a block:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path)
+  #   csv.convert {|field, field_info| p [field, field_info]; field.upcase }
+  #   csv.read # => [["FOO", "0"], ["BAR", "1"], ["BAZ", "2"]]
+  #
+  # Output:
+  #   ["foo", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=1, header=nil>]
+  #   ["0", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=1, header=nil>]
+  #   ["bar", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=2, header=nil>]
+  #   ["1", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=2, header=nil>]
+  #   ["baz", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=3, header=nil>]
+  #   ["2", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=3, header=nil>]
+  #
+  # The block need not return a \String object:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path)
+  #   csv.convert {|field, field_info| field.to_sym }
+  #   csv.read # => [[:foo, :"0"], [:bar, :"1"], [:baz, :"2"]]
+  #
+  # If +converter_name+ is given, the block is not called:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path)
+  #   csv.convert(:integer) {|field, field_info| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+  #   csv.read # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises a parse-time exception if +converter_name+ is not the name of a built-in
+  # field converter:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path)
+  #   csv.convert(:nosuch) => [nil]
+  #   # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `arity' for nil:NilClass)
+  #   csv.read
   def convert(name = nil, &converter)
     parser_fields_converter.add_converter(name, &converter)
   end
 
-  #
   # :call-seq:
-  #   header_convert( name )
-  #   header_convert { |field| ... }
-  #   header_convert { |field, field_info| ... }
+  #   header_convert(converter_name) -> array_of_procs
+  #   header_convert {|header, field_info| ... } -> array_of_procs
+  #
+  # - With no block, installs a header converter (a \Proc).
+  # - With a block, defines and installs a custom header converter.
+  # - Returns the \Array of installed header converters.
   #
-  # Identical to CSV#convert(), but for header rows.
+  # - Argument +converter_name+, if given, should be the name
+  #   of an existing header converter.
+  #
+  # See {Header Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Header+Converters].
+  # ---
   #
-  # Note that this method must be called before header rows are read to have any
-  # effect.
+  # With no block, installs a header converter:
+  #   csv = CSV.new('')
+  #   csv.header_convert(:symbol)
+  #   csv.header_convert(:downcase)
+  #   csv.header_converters # => [:symbol, :downcase]
   #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # The block, if given, is called for each header:
+  # - Argument +header+ is the header value.
+  # - Argument +field_info+ is a CSV::FieldInfo object
+  #   containing details about the header.
+  #
+  # The examples here assume the prior execution of:
+  #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, string)
+  #
+  # Example giving a block:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
+  #   csv.header_convert {|header, field_info| p [header, field_info]; header.upcase }
+  #   table = csv.read
+  #   table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+  #   table.headers # => ["NAME", "VALUE"]
+  #
+  # Output:
+  #   ["Name", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=1, header=nil>]
+  #   ["Value", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=1, header=nil>]
+
+  # The block need not return a \String object:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
+  #   csv.header_convert {|header, field_info| header.to_sym }
+  #   table = csv.read
+  #   table.headers # => [:Name, :Value]
+  #
+  # If +converter_name+ is given, the block is not called:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
+  #   csv.header_convert(:downcase) {|header, field_info| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+  #   table = csv.read
+  #   table.headers # => ["name", "value"]
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises a parse-time exception if +converter_name+ is not the name of a built-in
+  # field converter:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
+  #   csv.header_convert(:nosuch)
+  #   # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `arity' for nil:NilClass)
+  #   csv.read
   def header_convert(name = nil, &converter)
     header_fields_converter.add_converter(name, &converter)
   end
 
   include Enumerable
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.each -> enumerator
+  #   csv.each {|row| ...}
+  #
+  # Calls the block with each successive row.
+  # The data source must be opened for reading.
+  #
+  # Without headers:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.each do |row|
+  #     p row
+  #   end
+  # Output:
+  #   ["foo", "0"]
+  #   ["bar", "1"]
+  #   ["baz", "2"]
+  #
+  # With headers:
+  #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
+  #   csv.each do |row|
+  #     p row
+  #   end
+  # Output:
+  #   <CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
+  #   <CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
+  #   <CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">
   #
-  # Yields each row of the data source in turn.
-  #
-  # Support for Enumerable.
-  #
-  # The data source must be open for reading.
+  # ---
   #
+  # Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.close
+  #   # Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
+  #   csv.each do |row|
+  #     p row
+  #   end
   def each(&block)
     parser_enumerator.each(&block)
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.read -> array or csv_table
   #
-  # Slurps the remaining rows and returns an Array of Arrays.
+  # Forms the remaining rows from +self+ into:
+  # - A CSV::Table object, if headers are in use.
+  # - An \Array of Arrays, otherwise.
   #
-  # The data source must be open for reading.
+  # The data source must be opened for reading.
   #
+  # Without headers:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, string)
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path)
+  #   csv.read # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+  #
+  # With headers:
+  #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, string)
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
+  #   csv.read # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.close
+  #   # Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
+  #   csv.read
   def read
     rows = to_a
     if parser.use_headers?
@@ -1476,18 +2505,69 @@ class CSV
   end
   alias_method :readlines, :read
 
-  # Returns +true+ if the next row read will be a header row.
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.header_row? -> true or false
+  #
+  # Returns +true+ if the next row to be read is a header row\;
+  # +false+ otherwise.
+  #
+  # Without headers:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.header_row? # => false
+  #
+  # With headers:
+  #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
+  #   csv.header_row? # => true
+  #   csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
+  #   csv.header_row? # => false
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.close
+  #   # Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
+  #   csv.header_row?
   def header_row?
     parser.header_row?
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.shift -> array, csv_row, or nil
+  #
+  # Returns the next row of data as:
+  # - An \Array if no headers are used.
+  # - A CSV::Row object if headers are used.
+  #
+  # The data source must be opened for reading.
+  #
+  # Without headers:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.shift # => ["foo", "0"]
+  #   csv.shift # => ["bar", "1"]
+  #   csv.shift # => ["baz", "2"]
+  #   csv.shift # => nil
+  #
+  # With headers:
+  #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
+  #   csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
+  #   csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
+  #   csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">
+  #   csv.shift # => nil
   #
-  # The primary read method for wrapped Strings and IOs, a single row is pulled
-  # from the data source, parsed and returned as an Array of fields (if header
-  # rows are not used) or a CSV::Row (when header rows are used).
-  #
-  # The data source must be open for reading.
+  # ---
   #
+  # Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.close
+  #   # Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
+  #   csv.shift
   def shift
     if @eof_error
       eof_error, @eof_error = @eof_error, nil
@@ -1502,10 +2582,14 @@ class CSV
   alias_method :gets,     :shift
   alias_method :readline, :shift
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.inspect -> string
   #
-  # Returns a simplified description of the key CSV attributes in an
-  # ASCII compatible String.
-  #
+  # Returns a \String showing certain properties of +self+:
+  #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
+  #   s = csv.inspect
+  #   s # => "#<CSV io_type:StringIO encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:\",\" row_sep:\"\\n\" quote_char:\"\\\"\" headers:true>"
   def inspect
     str = ["#<", self.class.to_s, " io_type:"]
     # show type of wrapped IO
@@ -1685,8 +2769,13 @@ end
 #     c.read.any? { |a| a.include?("zombies") }
 #   } #=> false
 #
-def CSV(*args, &block)
-  CSV.instance(*args, &block)
+# CSV options may also be given.
+#
+#   io = StringIO.new
+#   CSV(io, col_sep: ";") { |csv| csv << ["a", "b", "c"] }
+#
+def CSV(*args, **options, &block)
+  CSV.instance(*args, **options, &block)
 end
 
 require_relative "csv/version"