csv 1.0.2 → 3.2.7

data/lib/csv.rb

@@ -10,18 +10,18 @@
 #
 # Welcome to the new and improved CSV.
 #
-# This version of the CSV library began its life as FasterCSV.  FasterCSV was
-# intended as a replacement to Ruby's then standard CSV library.  It was
+# This version of the CSV library began its life as FasterCSV. FasterCSV was
+# intended as a replacement to Ruby's then standard CSV library. It was
 # designed to address concerns users of that library had and it had three
 # primary goals:
 #
 # 1.  Be significantly faster than CSV while remaining a pure Ruby library.
-# 2.  Use a smaller and easier to maintain code base.  (FasterCSV eventually
-#     grew larger, was also but considerably richer in features.  The parsing
+# 2.  Use a smaller and easier to maintain code base. (FasterCSV eventually
+#     grew larger, was also but considerably richer in features. The parsing
 #     core remains quite small.)
 # 3.  Improve on the CSV interface.
 #
-# Obviously, the last one is subjective.  I did try to defer to the original
+# Obviously, the last one is subjective. I did try to defer to the original
 # interface whenever I didn't have a compelling reason to change it though, so
 # hopefully this won't be too radically different.
 #
@@ -29,26 +29,26 @@
 # the original library as of Ruby 1.9. If you are migrating code from 1.8 or
 # earlier, you may have to change your code to comply with the new interface.
 #
-# == What's Different From the Old CSV?
+# == What's the Different From the Old CSV?
 #
 # I'm sure I'll miss something, but I'll try to mention most of the major
 # differences I am aware of, to help others quickly get up to speed:
 #
-# === CSV Parsing
+# === \CSV Parsing
 #
-# * This parser is m17n aware.  See CSV for full details.
+# * This parser is m17n aware. See CSV for full details.
 # * This library has a stricter parser and will throw MalformedCSVErrors on
 #   problematic data.
-# * This library has a less liberal idea of a line ending than CSV.  What you
-#   set as the <tt>:row_sep</tt> is law.  It can auto-detect your line endings
+# * This library has a less liberal idea of a line ending than CSV. What you
+#   set as the <tt>:row_sep</tt> is law. It can auto-detect your line endings
 #   though.
-# * The old library returned empty lines as <tt>[nil]</tt>.  This library calls
+# * The old library returned empty lines as <tt>[nil]</tt>. This library calls
 #   them <tt>[]</tt>.
 # * This library has a much faster parser.
 #
 # === Interface
 #
-# * CSV now uses Hash-style parameters to set options.
+# * CSV now uses keyword parameters to set options.
 # * CSV no longer has generate_row() or parse_row().
 # * The old CSV's Reader and Writer classes have been dropped.
 # * CSV::open() is now more like Ruby's open().
@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@
 # * CSV now has a new() method used to wrap objects like String and IO for
 #   reading and writing.
 # * CSV::generate() is different from the old method.
-# * CSV no longer supports partial reads.  It works line-by-line.
+# * CSV no longer supports partial reads. It works line-by-line.
 # * CSV no longer allows the instance methods to override the separators for
-#   performance reasons.  They must be set in the constructor.
+#   performance reasons. They must be set in the constructor.
 #
 # If you use this library and find yourself missing any functionality I have
 # trimmed, please {let me know}[mailto:james@grayproductions.net].
@@ -70,16 +70,16 @@
 # == What is CSV, really?
 #
 # CSV maintains a pretty strict definition of CSV taken directly from
-# {the RFC}[http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4180.txt].  I relax the rules in only one
-# place and that is to make using this library easier.  CSV will parse all valid
+# {the RFC}[https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4180.txt]. I relax the rules in only one
+# place and that is to make using this library easier. CSV will parse all valid
 # CSV.
 #
-# What you don't want to do is feed CSV invalid data.  Because of the way the
+# What you don't want to do is to feed CSV invalid data. Because of the way the
 # CSV format works, it's common for a parser to need to read until the end of
-# the file to be sure a field is invalid.  This eats a lot of time and memory.
+# the file to be sure a field is invalid. This consumes a lot of time and memory.
 #
 # Luckily, when working with invalid CSV, Ruby's built-in methods will almost
-# always be superior in every way.  For example, parsing non-quoted fields is as
+# always be superior in every way. For example, parsing non-quoted fields is as
 # easy as:
 #
 #   data.split(",")
@@ -90,189 +90,755 @@
 # with any questions.
 
 require "forwardable"
-require "English"
 require "date"
 require "stringio"
-require_relative "csv/table"
-require_relative "csv/row"
-
-# This provides String#match? and Regexp#match? for Ruby 2.3.
-unless String.method_defined?(:match?)
-  class CSV
-    module MatchP
-      refine String do
-        def match?(pattern)
-          self =~ pattern
-        end
-      end
 
-      refine Regexp do
-        def match?(string)
-          self =~ string
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  using CSV::MatchP
-end
+require_relative "csv/fields_converter"
+require_relative "csv/input_record_separator"
+require_relative "csv/parser"
+require_relative "csv/row"
+require_relative "csv/table"
+require_relative "csv/writer"
 
+# == \CSV
 #
-# This class provides a complete interface to CSV files and data.  It offers
-# tools to enable you to read and write to and from Strings or IO objects, as
-# needed.
+# === In a Hurry?
 #
-# The most generic interface of a class is:
+# If you are familiar with \CSV data and have a particular task in mind,
+# you may want to go directly to the:
+# - {Recipes for CSV}[doc/csv/recipes/recipes_rdoc.html].
 #
-#    csv = CSV.new(string_or_io, **options)
+# Otherwise, read on here, about the API: classes, methods, and constants.
 #
-#    # Reading: IO object should be open for read
-#    csv.read # => array of rows
-#    # or
-#    csv.each do |row|
-#      # ...
-#    end
-#    # or
-#    row = csv.shift
+# === \CSV Data
 #
-#    # Writing: IO object should be open for write
-#    csv << row
+# \CSV (comma-separated values) data is a text representation of a table:
+# - A _row_ _separator_ delimits table rows.
+#   A common row separator is the newline character <tt>"\n"</tt>.
+# - A _column_ _separator_ delimits fields in a row.
+#   A common column separator is the comma character <tt>","</tt>.
 #
-# There are several specialized class methods for one-statement reading or writing,
-# described in the Specialized Methods section.
+# This \CSV \String, with row separator <tt>"\n"</tt>
+# and column separator <tt>","</tt>,
+# has three rows and two columns:
+#   "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
 #
-# If a String passed into ::new, it is internally wrapped into a StringIO object.
+# Despite the name \CSV, a \CSV representation can use different separators.
 #
-# +options+ can be used for specifying the particular CSV flavor (column
-# separators, row separators, value quoting and so on), and for data conversion,
-# see Data Conversion section for the description of the latter.
+# For more about tables, see the Wikipedia article
+# "{Table (information)}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(information)]",
+# especially its section
+# "{Simple table}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(information)#Simple_table]"
 #
-# == Specialized Methods
+# == \Class \CSV
 #
-# === Reading
+# Class \CSV provides methods for:
+# - Parsing \CSV data from a \String object, a \File (via its file path), or an \IO object.
+# - Generating \CSV data to a \String object.
 #
-#   # From a file: all at once
-#   arr_of_rows = CSV.read("path/to/file.csv", **options)
-#   # iterator-style:
-#   CSV.foreach("path/to/file.csv", **options) do |row|
-#     # ...
-#   end
+# To make \CSV available:
+#   require 'csv'
 #
-#   # From a string
-#   arr_of_rows = CSV.parse("CSV,data,String", **options)
-#   # or
-#   CSV.parse("CSV,data,String", **options) do |row|
-#     # ...
-#   end
+# All examples here assume that this has been done.
+#
+# == Keeping It Simple
+#
+# A \CSV object has dozens of instance methods that offer fine-grained control
+# of parsing and generating \CSV data.
+# For many needs, though, simpler approaches will do.
+#
+# This section summarizes the singleton methods in \CSV
+# that allow you to parse and generate without explicitly
+# creating \CSV objects.
+# For details, follow the links.
+#
+# === Simple Parsing
+#
+# Parsing methods commonly return either of:
+# - An \Array of Arrays of Strings:
+#   - The outer \Array is the entire "table".
+#   - Each inner \Array is a row.
+#   - Each \String is a field.
+# - A CSV::Table object.  For details, see
+#   {\CSV with Headers}[#class-CSV-label-CSV+with+Headers].
+#
+# ==== Parsing a \String
+#
+# The input to be parsed can be a string:
+#   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
 #
-# === Writing
+# \Method CSV.parse returns the entire \CSV data:
+#   CSV.parse(string) # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
 #
-#   # To a file
-#   CSV.open("path/to/file.csv", "wb") do |csv|
-#     csv << ["row", "of", "CSV", "data"]
-#     csv << ["another", "row"]
-#     # ...
+# \Method CSV.parse_line returns only the first row:
+#   CSV.parse_line(string) # => ["foo", "0"]
+#
+# \CSV extends class \String with instance method String#parse_csv,
+# which also returns only the first row:
+#   string.parse_csv # => ["foo", "0"]
+#
+# ==== Parsing Via a \File Path
+#
+# The input to be parsed can be in a file:
+#   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+#   path = 't.csv'
+#   File.write(path, string)
+#
+# \Method CSV.read returns the entire \CSV data:
+#  CSV.read(path) # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# \Method CSV.foreach iterates, passing each row to the given block:
+#  CSV.foreach(path) do |row|
+#    p row
+#  end
+# Output:
+#   ["foo", "0"]
+#   ["bar", "1"]
+#   ["baz", "2"]
+#
+# \Method CSV.table returns the entire \CSV data as a CSV::Table object:
+#   CSV.table(path) # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:3>
+#
+# ==== Parsing from an Open \IO Stream
+#
+# The input to be parsed can be in an open \IO stream:
+#
+# \Method CSV.read returns the entire \CSV data:
+#   File.open(path) do |file|
+#     CSV.read(file)
+#   end # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# As does method CSV.parse:
+#   File.open(path) do |file|
+#     CSV.parse(file)
+#   end # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# \Method CSV.parse_line returns only the first row:
+#   File.open(path) do |file|
+#    CSV.parse_line(file)
+#   end # => ["foo", "0"]
+#
+# \Method CSV.foreach iterates, passing each row to the given block:
+#   File.open(path) do |file|
+#     CSV.foreach(file) do |row|
+#       p row
+#     end
+#   end
+# Output:
+#   ["foo", "0"]
+#   ["bar", "1"]
+#   ["baz", "2"]
+#
+# \Method CSV.table returns the entire \CSV data as a CSV::Table object:
+#   File.open(path) do |file|
+#     CSV.table(file)
+#   end # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:3>
+#
+# === Simple Generating
+#
+# \Method CSV.generate returns a \String;
+# this example uses method CSV#<< to append the rows
+# that are to be generated:
+#   output_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
+#     csv << ['foo', 0]
+#     csv << ['bar', 1]
+#     csv << ['baz', 2]
 #   end
+#   output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+#
+# \Method CSV.generate_line returns a \String containing the single row
+# constructed from an \Array:
+#   CSV.generate_line(['foo', '0']) # => "foo,0\n"
 #
-#   # To a String
-#   csv_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
-#     csv << ["row", "of", "CSV", "data"]
-#     csv << ["another", "row"]
-#     # ...
+# \CSV extends class \Array with instance method <tt>Array#to_csv</tt>,
+# which forms an \Array into a \String:
+#   ['foo', '0'].to_csv # => "foo,0\n"
+#
+# === "Filtering" \CSV
+#
+# \Method CSV.filter provides a Unix-style filter for \CSV data.
+# The input data is processed to form the output data:
+#   in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+#   out_string = ''
+#   CSV.filter(in_string, out_string) do |row|
+#     row[0] = row[0].upcase
+#     row[1] *= 4
 #   end
+#   out_string # => "FOO,0000\nBAR,1111\nBAZ,2222\n"
+#
+# == \CSV Objects
+#
+# There are three ways to create a \CSV object:
+# - \Method CSV.new returns a new \CSV object.
+# - \Method CSV.instance returns a new or cached \CSV object.
+# - \Method \CSV() also returns a new or cached \CSV object.
+#
+# === Instance Methods
+#
+# \CSV has three groups of instance methods:
+# - Its own internally defined instance methods.
+# - Methods included by module Enumerable.
+# - Methods delegated to class IO. See below.
+#
+# ==== Delegated Methods
+#
+# For convenience, a CSV object will delegate to many methods in class IO.
+# (A few have wrapper "guard code" in \CSV.) You may call:
+# * IO#binmode
+# * #binmode?
+# * IO#close
+# * IO#close_read
+# * IO#close_write
+# * IO#closed?
+# * #eof
+# * #eof?
+# * IO#external_encoding
+# * IO#fcntl
+# * IO#fileno
+# * #flock
+# * IO#flush
+# * IO#fsync
+# * IO#internal_encoding
+# * #ioctl
+# * IO#isatty
+# * #path
+# * IO#pid
+# * IO#pos
+# * IO#pos=
+# * IO#reopen
+# * #rewind
+# * IO#seek
+# * #stat
+# * IO#string
+# * IO#sync
+# * IO#sync=
+# * IO#tell
+# * #to_i
+# * #to_io
+# * IO#truncate
+# * IO#tty?
+#
+# === Options
+#
+# The default values for options are:
+#   DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
+#     # For both parsing and generating.
+#     col_sep:            ",",
+#     row_sep:            :auto,
+#     quote_char:         '"',
+#     # For parsing.
+#     field_size_limit:   nil,
+#     converters:         nil,
+#     unconverted_fields: nil,
+#     headers:            false,
+#     return_headers:     false,
+#     header_converters:  nil,
+#     skip_blanks:        false,
+#     skip_lines:         nil,
+#     liberal_parsing:    false,
+#     nil_value:          nil,
+#     empty_value:        "",
+#     strip:              false,
+#     # For generating.
+#     write_headers:      nil,
+#     quote_empty:        true,
+#     force_quotes:       false,
+#     write_converters:   nil,
+#     write_nil_value:    nil,
+#     write_empty_value:  "",
+#   }
+#
+# ==== Options for Parsing
+#
+# Options for parsing, described in detail below, include:
+# - +row_sep+: Specifies the row separator; used to delimit rows.
+# - +col_sep+: Specifies the column separator; used to delimit fields.
+# - +quote_char+: Specifies the quote character; used to quote fields.
+# - +field_size_limit+: Specifies the maximum field size + 1 allowed.
+#   Deprecated since 3.2.3. Use +max_field_size+ instead.
+# - +max_field_size+: Specifies the maximum field size allowed.
+# - +converters+: Specifies the field converters to be used.
+# - +unconverted_fields+: Specifies whether unconverted fields are to be available.
+# - +headers+: Specifies whether data contains headers,
+#   or specifies the headers themselves.
+# - +return_headers+: Specifies whether headers are to be returned.
+# - +header_converters+: Specifies the header converters to be used.
+# - +skip_blanks+: Specifies whether blanks lines are to be ignored.
+# - +skip_lines+: Specifies how comments lines are to be recognized.
+# - +strip+: Specifies whether leading and trailing whitespace are to be
+#   stripped from fields. This must be compatible with +col_sep+; if it is not,
+#   then an +ArgumentError+ exception will be raised.
+# - +liberal_parsing+: Specifies whether \CSV should attempt to parse
+#   non-compliant data.
+# - +nil_value+: Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each null (no-text) field.
+# - +empty_value+: Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each empty field.
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/common/row_sep.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/common/col_sep.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/common/quote_char.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/field_size_limit.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/converters.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/unconverted_fields.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/headers.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/return_headers.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/header_converters.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/skip_blanks.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/skip_lines.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/strip.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/liberal_parsing.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/nil_value.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/parsing/empty_value.rdoc
+#
+# ==== Options for Generating
+#
+# Options for generating, described in detail below, include:
+# - +row_sep+: Specifies the row separator; used to delimit rows.
+# - +col_sep+: Specifies the column separator; used to delimit fields.
+# - +quote_char+: Specifies the quote character; used to quote fields.
+# - +write_headers+: Specifies whether headers are to be written.
+# - +force_quotes+: Specifies whether each output field is to be quoted.
+# - +quote_empty+: Specifies whether each empty output field is to be quoted.
+# - +write_converters+: Specifies the field converters to be used in writing.
+# - +write_nil_value+: Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each +nil+-valued field.
+# - +write_empty_value+: Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each empty field.
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/common/row_sep.rdoc
 #
-# === Shortcuts
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/common/col_sep.rdoc
 #
-#   # Core extensions for converting one line
-#   csv_string = ["CSV", "data"].to_csv   # to CSV
-#   csv_array  = "CSV,String".parse_csv   # from CSV
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/common/quote_char.rdoc
 #
-#   # CSV() method
-#   CSV             { |csv_out| csv_out << %w{my data here} }  # to $stdout
-#   CSV(csv = "")   { |csv_str| csv_str << %w{my data here} }  # to a String
-#   CSV($stderr)    { |csv_err| csv_err << %w{my data here} }  # to $stderr
-#   CSV($stdin)     { |csv_in|  csv_in.each { |row| p row } }  # from $stdin
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/generating/write_headers.rdoc
 #
-# == Data Conversion
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/generating/force_quotes.rdoc
 #
-# === CSV with headers
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/generating/quote_empty.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/generating/write_converters.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/generating/write_nil_value.rdoc
+#
+# :include: ../doc/csv/options/generating/write_empty_value.rdoc
+#
+# === \CSV with Headers
 #
 # CSV allows to specify column names of CSV file, whether they are in data, or
-# provided separately. If headers specified, reading methods return an instance
+# provided separately. If headers are specified, reading methods return an instance
 # of CSV::Table, consisting of CSV::Row.
 #
 #   # Headers are part of data
 #   data = CSV.parse(<<~ROWS, headers: true)
 #     Name,Department,Salary
-#     Bob,Engeneering,1000
+#     Bob,Engineering,1000
 #     Jane,Sales,2000
 #     John,Management,5000
 #   ROWS
 #
 #   data.class      #=> CSV::Table
-#   data.first      #=> #<CSV::Row "Name":"Bob" "Department":"Engeneering" "Salary":"1000">
-#   data.first.to_h #=> {"Name"=>"Bob", "Department"=>"Engeneering", "Salary"=>"1000"}
+#   data.first      #=> #<CSV::Row "Name":"Bob" "Department":"Engineering" "Salary":"1000">
+#   data.first.to_h #=> {"Name"=>"Bob", "Department"=>"Engineering", "Salary"=>"1000"}
 #
 #   # Headers provided by developer
-#   data = CSV.parse('Bob,Engeneering,1000', headers: %i[name department salary])
-#   data.first      #=> #<CSV::Row name:"Bob" department:"Engeneering" salary:"1000">
-#
-# === Typed data reading
-#
-# CSV allows to provide a set of data _converters_ e.g. transformations to try on input
-# data. Converter could be a symbol from CSV::Converters constant's keys, or lambda.
-#
-#   # Without any converters:
-#   CSV.parse('Bob,2018-03-01,100')
-#   #=> [["Bob", "2018-03-01", "100"]]
-#
-#   # With built-in converters:
-#   CSV.parse('Bob,2018-03-01,100', converters: %i[numeric date])
-#   #=> [["Bob", #<Date: 2018-03-01>, 100]]
-#
-#   # With custom converters:
-#   CSV.parse('Bob,2018-03-01,100', converters: [->(v) { Time.parse(v) rescue v }])
-#   #=> [["Bob", 2018-03-01 00:00:00 +0200, "100"]]
+#   data = CSV.parse('Bob,Engineering,1000', headers: %i[name department salary])
+#   data.first      #=> #<CSV::Row name:"Bob" department:"Engineering" salary:"1000">
+#
+# === \Converters
+#
+# By default, each value (field or header) parsed by \CSV is formed into a \String.
+# You can use a _field_ _converter_ or  _header_ _converter_
+# to intercept and modify the parsed values:
+# - See {Field Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Field+Converters].
+# - See {Header Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Header+Converters].
+#
+# Also by default, each value to be written during generation is written 'as-is'.
+# You can use a _write_ _converter_ to modify values before writing.
+# - See {Write Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Write+Converters].
+#
+# ==== Specifying \Converters
+#
+# You can specify converters for parsing or generating in the +options+
+# argument to various \CSV methods:
+# - Option +converters+ for converting parsed field values.
+# - Option +header_converters+ for converting parsed header values.
+# - Option +write_converters+ for converting values to be written (generated).
+#
+# There are three forms for specifying converters:
+# - A converter proc: executable code to be used for conversion.
+# - A converter name: the name of a stored converter.
+# - A converter list: an array of converter procs, converter names, and converter lists.
+#
+# ===== Converter Procs
+#
+# This converter proc, +strip_converter+, accepts a value +field+
+# and returns <tt>field.strip</tt>:
+#   strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }
+# In this call to <tt>CSV.parse</tt>,
+# the keyword argument <tt>converters: string_converter</tt>
+# specifies that:
+# - \Proc +string_converter+ is to be called for each parsed field.
+# - The converter's return value is to replace the +field+ value.
+# Example:
+#   string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
+#   array = CSV.parse(string, converters: strip_converter)
+#   array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# A converter proc can receive a second argument, +field_info+,
+# that contains details about the field.
+# This modified +strip_converter+ displays its arguments:
+#   strip_converter = proc do |field, field_info|
+#     p [field, field_info]
+#     field.strip
+#   end
+#   string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
+#   array = CSV.parse(string, converters: strip_converter)
+#   array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+# Output:
+#  [" foo ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=1, header=nil>]
+#  [" 0 ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=1, header=nil>]
+#  [" bar ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=2, header=nil>]
+#  [" 1 ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=2, header=nil>]
+#  [" baz ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=3, header=nil>]
+#  [" 2 ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=3, header=nil>]
+# Each CSV::FieldInfo object shows:
+# - The 0-based field index.
+# - The 1-based line index.
+# - The field header, if any.
+#
+# ===== Stored \Converters
+#
+# A converter may be given a name and stored in a structure where
+# the parsing methods can find it by name.
+#
+# The storage structure for field converters is the \Hash CSV::Converters.
+# It has several built-in converter procs:
+# - <tt>:integer</tt>: converts each \String-embedded integer into a true \Integer.
+# - <tt>:float</tt>: converts each \String-embedded float into a true \Float.
+# - <tt>:date</tt>: converts each \String-embedded date into a true \Date.
+# - <tt>:date_time</tt>: converts each \String-embedded date-time into a true \DateTime
+# .
+# This example creates a converter proc, then stores it:
+#   strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }
+#   CSV::Converters[:strip] = strip_converter
+# Then the parsing method call can refer to the converter
+# by its name, <tt>:strip</tt>:
+#   string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
+#   array = CSV.parse(string, converters: :strip)
+#   array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# The storage structure for header converters is the \Hash CSV::HeaderConverters,
+# which works in the same way.
+# It also has built-in converter procs:
+# - <tt>:downcase</tt>: Downcases each header.
+# - <tt>:symbol</tt>: Converts each header to a \Symbol.
+#
+# There is no such storage structure for write headers.
+#
+# In order for the parsing methods to access stored converters in non-main-Ractors, the
+# storage structure must be made shareable first.
+# Therefore, <tt>Ractor.make_shareable(CSV::Converters)</tt> and
+# <tt>Ractor.make_shareable(CSV::HeaderConverters)</tt> must be called before the creation
+# of Ractors that use the converters stored in these structures. (Since making the storage
+# structures shareable involves freezing them, any custom converters that are to be used
+# must be added first.)
+#
+# ===== Converter Lists
+#
+# A _converter_ _list_ is an \Array that may include any assortment of:
+# - Converter procs.
+# - Names of stored converters.
+# - Nested converter lists.
+#
+# Examples:
+#   numeric_converters = [:integer, :float]
+#   date_converters = [:date, :date_time]
+#   [numeric_converters, strip_converter]
+#   [strip_converter, date_converters, :float]
+#
+# Like a converter proc, a converter list may be named and stored in either
+# \CSV::Converters or CSV::HeaderConverters:
+#   CSV::Converters[:custom] = [strip_converter, date_converters, :float]
+#   CSV::HeaderConverters[:custom] = [:downcase, :symbol]
+#
+# There are two built-in converter lists:
+#   CSV::Converters[:numeric] # => [:integer, :float]
+#   CSV::Converters[:all] # => [:date_time, :numeric]
+#
+# ==== Field \Converters
+#
+# With no conversion, all parsed fields in all rows become Strings:
+#   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+#   ary = CSV.parse(string)
+#   ary # => # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# When you specify a field converter, each parsed field is passed to the converter;
+# its return value becomes the stored value for the field.
+# A converter might, for example, convert an integer embedded in a \String
+# into a true \Integer.
+# (In fact, that's what built-in field converter +:integer+ does.)
+#
+# There are three ways to use field \converters.
+#
+# - Using option {converters}[#class-CSV-label-Option+converters] with a parsing method:
+#     ary = CSV.parse(string, converters: :integer)
+#     ary # => [0, 1, 2] # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
+# - Using option {converters}[#class-CSV-label-Option+converters] with a new \CSV instance:
+#     csv = CSV.new(string, converters: :integer)
+#     # Field converters in effect:
+#     csv.converters # => [:integer]
+#     csv.read # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
+# - Using method #convert to add a field converter to a \CSV instance:
+#     csv = CSV.new(string)
+#     # Add a converter.
+#     csv.convert(:integer)
+#     csv.converters # => [:integer]
+#     csv.read # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
+#
+# Installing a field converter does not affect already-read rows:
+#   csv = CSV.new(string)
+#   csv.shift # => ["foo", "0"]
+#   # Add a converter.
+#   csv.convert(:integer)
+#   csv.converters # => [:integer]
+#   csv.read # => [["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
+#
+# There are additional built-in \converters, and custom \converters are also supported.
+#
+# ===== Built-In Field \Converters
+#
+# The built-in field converters are in \Hash CSV::Converters:
+# - Each key is a field converter name.
+# - Each value is one of:
+#   - A \Proc field converter.
+#   - An \Array of field converter names.
+#
+# Display:
+#   CSV::Converters.each_pair do |name, value|
+#     if value.kind_of?(Proc)
+#       p [name, value.class]
+#     else
+#       p [name, value]
+#     end
+#   end
+# Output:
+#   [:integer, Proc]
+#   [:float, Proc]
+#   [:numeric, [:integer, :float]]
+#   [:date, Proc]
+#   [:date_time, Proc]
+#   [:all, [:date_time, :numeric]]
+#
+# Each of these converters transcodes values to UTF-8 before attempting conversion.
+# If a value cannot be transcoded to UTF-8 the conversion will
+# fail and the value will remain unconverted.
+#
+# Converter +:integer+ converts each field that Integer() accepts:
+#   data = '0,1,2,x'
+#   # Without the converter
+#   csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
+#   csv # => ["0", "1", "2", "x"]
+#   # With the converter
+#   csv = CSV.parse_line(data, converters: :integer)
+#   csv # => [0, 1, 2, "x"]
+#
+# Converter +:float+ converts each field that Float() accepts:
+#   data = '1.0,3.14159,x'
+#   # Without the converter
+#   csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
+#   csv # => ["1.0", "3.14159", "x"]
+#   # With the converter
+#   csv = CSV.parse_line(data, converters: :float)
+#   csv # => [1.0, 3.14159, "x"]
+#
+# Converter +:numeric+ converts with both +:integer+ and +:float+..
+#
+# Converter +:date+ converts each field that Date::parse accepts:
+#   data = '2001-02-03,x'
+#   # Without the converter
+#   csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
+#   csv # => ["2001-02-03", "x"]
+#   # With the converter
+#   csv = CSV.parse_line(data, converters: :date)
+#   csv # => [#<Date: 2001-02-03 ((2451944j,0s,0n),+0s,2299161j)>, "x"]
+#
+# Converter +:date_time+ converts each field that DateTime::parse accepts:
+#   data = '2020-05-07T14:59:00-05:00,x'
+#   # Without the converter
+#   csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
+#   csv # => ["2020-05-07T14:59:00-05:00", "x"]
+#   # With the converter
+#   csv = CSV.parse_line(data, converters: :date_time)
+#   csv # => [#<DateTime: 2020-05-07T14:59:00-05:00 ((2458977j,71940s,0n),-18000s,2299161j)>, "x"]
+#
+# Converter +:numeric+ converts with both +:date_time+ and +:numeric+..
+#
+# As seen above, method #convert adds \converters to a \CSV instance,
+# and method #converters returns an \Array of the \converters in effect:
+#   csv = CSV.new('0,1,2')
+#   csv.converters # => []
+#   csv.convert(:integer)
+#   csv.converters # => [:integer]
+#   csv.convert(:date)
+#   csv.converters # => [:integer, :date]
+#
+# ===== Custom Field \Converters
+#
+# You can define a custom field converter:
+#   strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }
+#   string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
+#   array = CSV.parse(string, converters: strip_converter)
+#   array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+# You can register the converter in \Converters \Hash,
+# which allows you to refer to it by name:
+#   CSV::Converters[:strip] = strip_converter
+#   string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
+#   array = CSV.parse(string, converters: :strip)
+#   array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+#
+# ==== Header \Converters
+#
+# Header converters operate only on headers (and not on other rows).
+#
+# There are three ways to use header \converters;
+# these examples use built-in header converter +:downcase+,
+# which downcases each parsed header.
+#
+# - Option +header_converters+ with a singleton parsing method:
+#     string = "Name,Count\nFoo,0\n,Bar,1\nBaz,2"
+#     tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: :downcase)
+#     tbl.class # => CSV::Table
+#     tbl.headers # => ["name", "count"]
+#
+# - Option +header_converters+ with a new \CSV instance:
+#     csv = CSV.new(string, header_converters: :downcase)
+#     # Header converters in effect:
+#     csv.header_converters # => [:downcase]
+#     tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true)
+#     tbl.headers # => ["Name", "Count"]
+#
+# - Method #header_convert adds a header converter to a \CSV instance:
+#     csv = CSV.new(string)
+#     # Add a header converter.
+#     csv.header_convert(:downcase)
+#     csv.header_converters # => [:downcase]
+#     tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true)
+#     tbl.headers # => ["Name", "Count"]
+#
+# ===== Built-In Header \Converters
+#
+# The built-in header \converters are in \Hash CSV::HeaderConverters.
+# The keys there are the names of the \converters:
+#   CSV::HeaderConverters.keys # => [:downcase, :symbol]
+#
+# Converter +:downcase+ converts each header by downcasing it:
+#   string = "Name,Count\nFoo,0\n,Bar,1\nBaz,2"
+#   tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: :downcase)
+#   tbl.class # => CSV::Table
+#   tbl.headers # => ["name", "count"]
+#
+# Converter +:symbol+ converts each header by making it into a \Symbol:
+#   string = "Name,Count\nFoo,0\n,Bar,1\nBaz,2"
+#   tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: :symbol)
+#   tbl.headers # => [:name, :count]
+# Details:
+# - Strips leading and trailing whitespace.
+# - Downcases the header.
+# - Replaces embedded spaces with underscores.
+# - Removes non-word characters.
+# - Makes the string into a \Symbol.
+#
+# ===== Custom Header \Converters
+#
+# You can define a custom header converter:
+#   upcase_converter = proc {|header| header.upcase }
+#   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+#   table = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: upcase_converter)
+#   table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+#   table.headers # => ["NAME", "VALUE"]
+# You can register the converter in \HeaderConverters \Hash,
+# which allows you to refer to it by name:
+#   CSV::HeaderConverters[:upcase] = upcase_converter
+#   table = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: :upcase)
+#   table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+#   table.headers # => ["NAME", "VALUE"]
+#
+# ===== Write \Converters
+#
+# When you specify a write converter for generating \CSV,
+# each field to be written is passed to the converter;
+# its return value becomes the new value for the field.
+# A converter might, for example, strip whitespace from a field.
+#
+# Using no write converter (all fields unmodified):
+#   output_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
+#     csv << [' foo ', 0]
+#     csv << [' bar ', 1]
+#     csv << [' baz ', 2]
+#   end
+#   output_string # => " foo ,0\n bar ,1\n baz ,2\n"
+# Using option +write_converters+ with two custom write converters:
+#   strip_converter = proc {|field| field.respond_to?(:strip) ? field.strip : field }
+#   upcase_converter = proc {|field| field.respond_to?(:upcase) ? field.upcase : field }
+#   write_converters = [strip_converter, upcase_converter]
+#   output_string = CSV.generate(write_converters: write_converters) do |csv|
+#     csv << [' foo ', 0]
+#     csv << [' bar ', 1]
+#     csv << [' baz ', 2]
+#   end
+#   output_string # => "FOO,0\nBAR,1\nBAZ,2\n"
 #
-# == CSV and Character Encodings (M17n or Multilingualization)
+# === Character Encodings (M17n or Multilingualization)
 #
 # This new CSV parser is m17n savvy.  The parser works in the Encoding of the IO
-# or String object being read from or written to.  Your data is never transcoded
+# or String object being read from or written to. Your data is never transcoded
 # (unless you ask Ruby to transcode it for you) and will literally be parsed in
-# the Encoding it is in.  Thus CSV will return Arrays or Rows of Strings in the
-# Encoding of your data.  This is accomplished by transcoding the parser itself
+# the Encoding it is in. Thus CSV will return Arrays or Rows of Strings in the
+# Encoding of your data. This is accomplished by transcoding the parser itself
 # into your Encoding.
 #
 # Some transcoding must take place, of course, to accomplish this multiencoding
-# support.  For example, <tt>:col_sep</tt>, <tt>:row_sep</tt>, and
+# support. For example, <tt>:col_sep</tt>, <tt>:row_sep</tt>, and
 # <tt>:quote_char</tt> must be transcoded to match your data.  Hopefully this
 # makes the entire process feel transparent, since CSV's defaults should just
-# magically work for your data.  However, you can set these values manually in
+# magically work for your data. However, you can set these values manually in
 # the target Encoding to avoid the translation.
 #
 # It's also important to note that while all of CSV's core parser is now
-# Encoding agnostic, some features are not.  For example, the built-in
+# Encoding agnostic, some features are not. For example, the built-in
 # converters will try to transcode data to UTF-8 before making conversions.
 # Again, you can provide custom converters that are aware of your Encodings to
-# avoid this translation.  It's just too hard for me to support native
+# avoid this translation. It's just too hard for me to support native
 # conversions in all of Ruby's Encodings.
 #
-# Anyway, the practical side of this is simple:  make sure IO and String objects
+# Anyway, the practical side of this is simple: make sure IO and String objects
 # passed into CSV have the proper Encoding set and everything should just work.
 # CSV methods that allow you to open IO objects (CSV::foreach(), CSV::open(),
 # CSV::read(), and CSV::readlines()) do allow you to specify the Encoding.
 #
 # One minor exception comes when generating CSV into a String with an Encoding
-# that is not ASCII compatible.  There's no existing data for CSV to use to
+# that is not ASCII compatible. There's no existing data for CSV to use to
 # prepare itself and thus you will probably need to manually specify the desired
-# Encoding for most of those cases.  It will try to guess using the fields in a
+# Encoding for most of those cases. It will try to guess using the fields in a
 # row of output though, when using CSV::generate_line() or Array#to_csv().
 #
 # I try to point out any other Encoding issues in the documentation of methods
 # as they come up.
 #
 # This has been tested to the best of my ability with all non-"dummy" Encodings
-# Ruby ships with.  However, it is brave new code and may have some bugs.
+# Ruby ships with. However, it is brave new code and may have some bugs.
 # Please feel free to {report}[mailto:james@grayproductions.net] any issues you
 # find with it.
 #
@@ -297,8 +863,9 @@ class CSV
   # <b><tt>index</tt></b>::  The zero-based index of the field in its row.
   # <b><tt>line</tt></b>::   The line of the data source this row is from.
   # <b><tt>header</tt></b>:: The header for the column, when available.
+  # <b><tt>quoted?</tt></b>:: True or false, whether the original value is quoted or not.
   #
-  FieldInfo = Struct.new(:index, :line, :header)
+  FieldInfo = Struct.new(:index, :line, :header, :quoted?)
 
   # A Regexp used to find and convert some common Date formats.
   DateMatcher     = / \A(?: (\w+,?\s+)?\w+\s+\d{1,2},?\s+\d{2,4} |
@@ -306,39 +873,20 @@ class CSV
   # A Regexp used to find and convert some common DateTime formats.
   DateTimeMatcher =
     / \A(?: (\w+,?\s+)?\w+\s+\d{1,2}\s+\d{1,2}:\d{1,2}:\d{1,2},?\s+\d{2,4} |
-            \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}\s\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2} |
-            # ISO-8601
+            # ISO-8601 and RFC-3339 (space instead of T) recognized by DateTime.parse
             \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}
-              (?:T\d{2}:\d{2}(?::\d{2}(?:\.\d+)?(?:[+-]\d{2}(?::\d{2})|Z)?)?)?
+              (?:[T\s]\d{2}:\d{2}(?::\d{2}(?:\.\d+)?(?:[+-]\d{2}(?::\d{2})|Z)?)?)?
         )\z /x
 
   # The encoding used by all converters.
   ConverterEncoding = Encoding.find("UTF-8")
 
+  # A \Hash containing the names and \Procs for the built-in field converters.
+  # See {Built-In Field Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Built-In+Field+Converters].
   #
-  # This Hash holds the built-in converters of CSV that can be accessed by name.
-  # You can select Converters with CSV.convert() or through the +options+ Hash
-  # passed to CSV::new().
-  #
-  # <b><tt>:integer</tt></b>::    Converts any field Integer() accepts.
-  # <b><tt>:float</tt></b>::      Converts any field Float() accepts.
-  # <b><tt>:numeric</tt></b>::    A combination of <tt>:integer</tt>
-  #                               and <tt>:float</tt>.
-  # <b><tt>:date</tt></b>::       Converts any field Date::parse() accepts.
-  # <b><tt>:date_time</tt></b>::  Converts any field DateTime::parse() accepts.
-  # <b><tt>:all</tt></b>::        All built-in converters.  A combination of
-  #                               <tt>:date_time</tt> and <tt>:numeric</tt>.
-  #
-  # All built-in converters transcode field data to UTF-8 before attempting a
-  # conversion.  If your data cannot be transcoded to UTF-8 the conversion will
-  # fail and the field will remain unchanged.
-  #
-  # This Hash is intentionally left unfrozen and users should feel free to add
-  # values to it that can be accessed by all CSV objects.
-  #
-  # To add a combo field, the value should be an Array of names.  Combo fields
-  # can be nested with other combo fields.
-  #
+  # This \Hash is intentionally left unfrozen, and may be extended with
+  # custom field converters.
+  # See {Custom Field Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Custom+Field+Converters].
   Converters  = {
     integer:   lambda { |f|
       Integer(f.encode(ConverterEncoding)) rescue f
@@ -366,992 +914,1780 @@ class CSV
     all:       [:date_time, :numeric],
   }
 
+  # A \Hash containing the names and \Procs for the built-in header converters.
+  # See {Built-In Header Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Built-In+Header+Converters].
   #
-  # This Hash holds the built-in header converters of CSV that can be accessed
-  # by name.  You can select HeaderConverters with CSV.header_convert() or
-  # through the +options+ Hash passed to CSV::new().
-  #
-  # <b><tt>:downcase</tt></b>::  Calls downcase() on the header String.
-  # <b><tt>:symbol</tt></b>::    Leading/trailing spaces are dropped, string is
-  #                              downcased, remaining spaces are replaced with
-  #                              underscores, non-word characters are dropped,
-  #                              and finally to_sym() is called.
-  #
-  # All built-in header converters transcode header data to UTF-8 before
-  # attempting a conversion.  If your data cannot be transcoded to UTF-8 the
-  # conversion will fail and the header will remain unchanged.
-  #
-  # This Hash is intentionally left unfrozen and users should feel free to add
-  # values to it that can be accessed by all CSV objects.
-  #
-  # To add a combo field, the value should be an Array of names.  Combo fields
-  # can be nested with other combo fields.
-  #
+  # This \Hash is intentionally left unfrozen, and may be extended with
+  # custom field converters.
+  # See {Custom Header Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Custom+Header+Converters].
   HeaderConverters = {
     downcase: lambda { |h| h.encode(ConverterEncoding).downcase },
     symbol:   lambda { |h|
       h.encode(ConverterEncoding).downcase.gsub(/[^\s\w]+/, "").strip.
                                            gsub(/\s+/, "_").to_sym
-    }
+    },
+    symbol_raw: lambda { |h| h.encode(ConverterEncoding).to_sym }
   }
 
-  #
-  # The options used when no overrides are given by calling code.  They are:
-  #
-  # <b><tt>:col_sep</tt></b>::            <tt>","</tt>
-  # <b><tt>:row_sep</tt></b>::            <tt>:auto</tt>
-  # <b><tt>:quote_char</tt></b>::         <tt>'"'</tt>
-  # <b><tt>:field_size_limit</tt></b>::   +nil+
-  # <b><tt>:converters</tt></b>::         +nil+
-  # <b><tt>:unconverted_fields</tt></b>:: +nil+
-  # <b><tt>:headers</tt></b>::            +false+
-  # <b><tt>:return_headers</tt></b>::     +false+
-  # <b><tt>:header_converters</tt></b>::  +nil+
-  # <b><tt>:skip_blanks</tt></b>::        +false+
-  # <b><tt>:force_quotes</tt></b>::       +false+
-  # <b><tt>:skip_lines</tt></b>::         +nil+
-  # <b><tt>:liberal_parsing</tt></b>::    +false+
-  #
+  # Default values for method options.
   DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
+    # For both parsing and generating.
     col_sep:            ",",
     row_sep:            :auto,
     quote_char:         '"',
+    # For parsing.
     field_size_limit:   nil,
+    max_field_size:     nil,
     converters:         nil,
     unconverted_fields: nil,
     headers:            false,
     return_headers:     false,
     header_converters:  nil,
     skip_blanks:        false,
-    force_quotes:       false,
     skip_lines:         nil,
     liberal_parsing:    false,
+    nil_value:          nil,
+    empty_value:        "",
+    strip:              false,
+    # For generating.
+    write_headers:      nil,
+    quote_empty:        true,
+    force_quotes:       false,
+    write_converters:   nil,
+    write_nil_value:    nil,
+    write_empty_value:  "",
   }.freeze
 
-  #
-  # This method will return a CSV instance, just like CSV::new(), but the
-  # instance will be cached and returned for all future calls to this method for
-  # the same +data+ object (tested by Object#object_id()) with the same
-  # +options+.
-  #
-  # If a block is given, the instance is passed to the block and the return
-  # value becomes the return value of the block.
-  #
-  def self.instance(data = $stdout, **options)
-    # create a _signature_ for this method call, data object and options
-    sig = [data.object_id] +
-          options.values_at(*DEFAULT_OPTIONS.keys.sort_by { |sym| sym.to_s })
+  class << self
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   instance(string, **options)
+    #   instance(io = $stdout, **options)
+    #   instance(string, **options) {|csv| ... }
+    #   instance(io = $stdout, **options) {|csv| ... }
+    #
+    # Creates or retrieves cached \CSV objects.
+    # For arguments and options, see CSV.new.
+    #
+    # This API is not Ractor-safe.
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With no block given, returns a \CSV object.
+    #
+    # The first call to +instance+ creates and caches a \CSV object:
+    #   s0 = 's0'
+    #   csv0 = CSV.instance(s0)
+    #   csv0.class # => CSV
+    #
+    # Subsequent calls to +instance+ with that _same_ +string+ or +io+
+    # retrieve that same cached object:
+    #   csv1 = CSV.instance(s0)
+    #   csv1.class # => CSV
+    #   csv1.equal?(csv0) # => true # Same CSV object
+    #
+    # A subsequent call to +instance+ with a _different_ +string+ or +io+
+    # creates and caches a _different_ \CSV object.
+    #   s1 = 's1'
+    #   csv2 = CSV.instance(s1)
+    #   csv2.equal?(csv0) # => false # Different CSV object
+    #
+    # All the cached objects remains available:
+    #   csv3 = CSV.instance(s0)
+    #   csv3.equal?(csv0) # true # Same CSV object
+    #   csv4 = CSV.instance(s1)
+    #   csv4.equal?(csv2) # true # Same CSV object
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # When a block is given, calls the block with the created or retrieved
+    # \CSV object; returns the block's return value:
+    #   CSV.instance(s0) {|csv| :foo } # => :foo
+    def instance(data = $stdout, **options)
+      # create a _signature_ for this method call, data object and options
+      sig = [data.object_id] +
+            options.values_at(*DEFAULT_OPTIONS.keys)
+
+      # fetch or create the instance for this signature
+      @@instances ||= Hash.new
+      instance = (@@instances[sig] ||= new(data, **options))
+
+      if block_given?
+        yield instance  # run block, if given, returning result
+      else
+        instance        # or return the instance
+      end
+    end
 
-    # fetch or create the instance for this signature
-    @@instances ||= Hash.new
-    instance = (@@instances[sig] ||= new(data, options))
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   filter(in_string_or_io, **options) {|row| ... } -> array_of_arrays or csv_table
+    #   filter(in_string_or_io, out_string_or_io, **options) {|row| ... } -> array_of_arrays or csv_table
+    #   filter(**options) {|row| ... } -> array_of_arrays or csv_table
+    #
+    # - Parses \CSV from a source (\String, \IO stream, or ARGF).
+    # - Calls the given block with each parsed row:
+    #   - Without headers, each row is an \Array.
+    #   - With headers, each row is a CSV::Row.
+    # - Generates \CSV to an output (\String, \IO stream, or STDOUT).
+    # - Returns the parsed source:
+    #   - Without headers, an \Array of \Arrays.
+    #   - With headers, a CSV::Table.
+    #
+    # When +in_string_or_io+ is given, but not +out_string_or_io+,
+    # parses from the given +in_string_or_io+
+    # and generates to STDOUT.
+    #
+    # \String input without headers:
+    #
+    #   in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2"
+    #   CSV.filter(in_string) do |row|
+    #     row[0].upcase!
+    #     row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #   end # => [["FOO", 0], ["BAR", -1], ["BAZ", -2]]
+    #
+    # Output (to STDOUT):
+    #
+    #   FOO,0
+    #   BAR,-1
+    #   BAZ,-2
+    #
+    # \String input with headers:
+    #
+    #   in_string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2"
+    #   CSV.filter(in_string, headers: true) do |row|
+    #     row[0].upcase!
+    #     row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #   end # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+    #
+    # Output (to STDOUT):
+    #
+    #   Name,Value
+    #   FOO,0
+    #   BAR,-1
+    #   BAZ,-2
+    #
+    # \IO stream input without headers:
+    #
+    #   File.write('t.csv', "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2")
+    #   File.open('t.csv') do |in_io|
+    #     CSV.filter(in_io) do |row|
+    #       row[0].upcase!
+    #       row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #     end
+    #   end # => [["FOO", 0], ["BAR", -1], ["BAZ", -2]]
+    #
+    # Output (to STDOUT):
+    #
+    #   FOO,0
+    #   BAR,-1
+    #   BAZ,-2
+    #
+    # \IO stream input with headers:
+    #
+    #   File.write('t.csv', "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2")
+    #   File.open('t.csv') do |in_io|
+    #     CSV.filter(in_io, headers: true) do |row|
+    #       row[0].upcase!
+    #       row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #     end
+    #   end # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+    #
+    # Output (to STDOUT):
+    #
+    #   Name,Value
+    #   FOO,0
+    #   BAR,-1
+    #   BAZ,-2
+    #
+    # When both +in_string_or_io+ and +out_string_or_io+ are given,
+    # parses from +in_string_or_io+ and generates to +out_string_or_io+.
+    #
+    # \String output without headers:
+    #
+    #   in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2"
+    #   out_string = ''
+    #   CSV.filter(in_string, out_string) do |row|
+    #     row[0].upcase!
+    #     row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #   end # => [["FOO", 0], ["BAR", -1], ["BAZ", -2]]
+    #   out_string # => "FOO,0\nBAR,-1\nBAZ,-2\n"
+    #
+    # \String output with headers:
+    #
+    #   in_string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2"
+    #   out_string = ''
+    #   CSV.filter(in_string, out_string, headers: true) do |row|
+    #     row[0].upcase!
+    #     row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #   end # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+    #   out_string # => "Name,Value\nFOO,0\nBAR,-1\nBAZ,-2\n"
+    #
+    # \IO stream output without headers:
+    #
+    #   in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2"
+    #   File.open('t.csv', 'w') do |out_io|
+    #     CSV.filter(in_string, out_io) do |row|
+    #       row[0].upcase!
+    #       row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #     end
+    #   end # => [["FOO", 0], ["BAR", -1], ["BAZ", -2]]
+    #   File.read('t.csv') # => "FOO,0\nBAR,-1\nBAZ,-2\n"
+    #
+    # \IO stream output with headers:
+    #
+    #   in_string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2"
+    #   File.open('t.csv', 'w') do |out_io|
+    #     CSV.filter(in_string, out_io, headers: true) do |row|
+    #       row[0].upcase!
+    #       row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #     end
+    #   end # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+    #   File.read('t.csv') # => "Name,Value\nFOO,0\nBAR,-1\nBAZ,-2\n"
+    #
+    # When neither +in_string_or_io+ nor +out_string_or_io+ given,
+    # parses from {ARGF}[rdoc-ref:ARGF]
+    # and generates to STDOUT.
+    #
+    # Without headers:
+    #
+    #   # Put Ruby code into a file.
+    #   ruby = <<-EOT
+    #     require 'csv'
+    #     CSV.filter do |row|
+    #       row[0].upcase!
+    #       row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #     end
+    #   EOT
+    #   File.write('t.rb', ruby)
+    #   # Put some CSV into a file.
+    #   File.write('t.csv', "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2")
+    #   # Run the Ruby code with CSV filename as argument.
+    #   system(Gem.ruby, "t.rb", "t.csv")
+    #
+    # Output (to STDOUT):
+    #
+    #   FOO,0
+    #   BAR,-1
+    #   BAZ,-2
+    #
+    # With headers:
+    #
+    #   # Put Ruby code into a file.
+    #   ruby = <<-EOT
+    #     require 'csv'
+    #     CSV.filter(headers: true) do |row|
+    #       row[0].upcase!
+    #       row[1] = - row[1].to_i
+    #     end
+    #   EOT
+    #   File.write('t.rb', ruby)
+    #   # Put some CSV into a file.
+    #   File.write('t.csv', "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2")
+    #   # Run the Ruby code with CSV filename as argument.
+    #   system(Gem.ruby, "t.rb", "t.csv")
+    #
+    # Output (to STDOUT):
+    #
+    #   Name,Value
+    #   FOO,0
+    #   BAR,-1
+    #   BAZ,-2
+    #
+    # Arguments:
+    #
+    # * Argument +in_string_or_io+ must be a \String or an \IO stream.
+    # * Argument +out_string_or_io+ must be a \String or an \IO stream.
+    # * Arguments <tt>**options</tt> must be keyword options.
+    #   See {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing].
+    def filter(input=nil, output=nil, **options)
+      # parse options for input, output, or both
+      in_options, out_options = Hash.new, {row_sep: InputRecordSeparator.value}
+      options.each do |key, value|
+        case key
+        when /\Ain(?:put)?_(.+)\Z/
+          in_options[$1.to_sym] = value
+        when /\Aout(?:put)?_(.+)\Z/
+          out_options[$1.to_sym] = value
+        else
+          in_options[key]  = value
+          out_options[key] = value
+        end
+      end
 
-    if block_given?
-      yield instance  # run block, if given, returning result
-    else
-      instance        # or return the instance
-    end
-  end
+      # build input and output wrappers
+      input  = new(input  || ARGF, **in_options)
+      output = new(output || $stdout, **out_options)
+
+      # process headers
+      need_manual_header_output =
+        (in_options[:headers] and
+         out_options[:headers] == true and
+         out_options[:write_headers])
+      if need_manual_header_output
+        first_row = input.shift
+        if first_row
+          if first_row.is_a?(Row)
+            headers = first_row.headers
+            yield headers
+            output << headers
+          end
+          yield first_row
+          output << first_row
+        end
+      end
 
-  #
-  # :call-seq:
-  #   filter( **options ) { |row| ... }
-  #   filter( input, **options ) { |row| ... }
-  #   filter( input, output, **options ) { |row| ... }
-  #
-  # This method is a convenience for building Unix-like filters for CSV data.
-  # Each row is yielded to the provided block which can alter it as needed.
-  # After the block returns, the row is appended to +output+ altered or not.
-  #
-  # The +input+ and +output+ arguments can be anything CSV::new() accepts
-  # (generally String or IO objects).  If not given, they default to
-  # <tt>ARGF</tt> and <tt>$stdout</tt>.
-  #
-  # The +options+ parameter is also filtered down to CSV::new() after some
-  # clever key parsing.  Any key beginning with <tt>:in_</tt> or
-  # <tt>:input_</tt> will have that leading identifier stripped and will only
-  # be used in the +options+ Hash for the +input+ object.  Keys starting with
-  # <tt>:out_</tt> or <tt>:output_</tt> affect only +output+.  All other keys
-  # are assigned to both objects.
-  #
-  # The <tt>:output_row_sep</tt> +option+ defaults to
-  # <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt> (<tt>$/</tt>).
-  #
-  def self.filter(input=nil, output=nil, **options)
-    # parse options for input, output, or both
-    in_options, out_options = Hash.new, {row_sep: $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR}
-    options.each do |key, value|
-      case key.to_s
-      when /\Ain(?:put)?_(.+)\Z/
-        in_options[$1.to_sym] = value
-      when /\Aout(?:put)?_(.+)\Z/
-        out_options[$1.to_sym] = value
-      else
-        in_options[key]  = value
-        out_options[key] = value
+      # read, yield, write
+      input.each do |row|
+        yield row
+        output << row
       end
     end
-    # build input and output wrappers
-    input  = new(input  || ARGF,    in_options)
-    output = new(output || $stdout, out_options)
-
-    # read, yield, write
-    input.each do |row|
-      yield row
-      output << row
-    end
-  end
 
-  #
-  # This method is intended as the primary interface for reading CSV files.  You
-  # pass a +path+ and any +options+ you wish to set for the read.  Each row of
-  # file will be passed to the provided +block+ in turn.
-  #
-  # The +options+ parameter can be anything CSV::new() understands.  This method
-  # also understands an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> parameter that you can use
-  # to specify the Encoding of the data in the file to be read. You must provide
-  # this unless your data is in Encoding::default_external().  CSV will use this
-  # to determine how to parse the data.  You may provide a second Encoding to
-  # have the data transcoded as it is read.  For example,
-  # <tt>encoding: "UTF-32BE:UTF-8"</tt> would read UTF-32BE data from the file
-  # but transcode it to UTF-8 before CSV parses it.
-  #
-  def self.foreach(path, **options, &block)
-    return to_enum(__method__, path, options) unless block_given?
-    open(path, options) do |csv|
-      csv.each(&block)
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   foreach(path_or_io, mode='r', **options) {|row| ... )
+    #   foreach(path_or_io, mode='r', **options) -> new_enumerator
+    #
+    # Calls the block with each row read from source +path_or_io+.
+    #
+    # \Path input without headers:
+    #
+    #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   in_path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(in_path, string)
+    #   CSV.foreach(in_path) {|row| p row }
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   ["foo", "0"]
+    #   ["bar", "1"]
+    #   ["baz", "2"]
+    #
+    # \Path input with headers:
+    #
+    #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   in_path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(in_path, string)
+    #   CSV.foreach(in_path, headers: true) {|row| p row }
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   <CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
+    #   <CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
+    #   <CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">
+    #
+    # \IO stream input without headers:
+    #
+    #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #   File.open('t.csv') do |in_io|
+    #     CSV.foreach(in_io) {|row| p row }
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   ["foo", "0"]
+    #   ["bar", "1"]
+    #   ["baz", "2"]
+    #
+    # \IO stream input with headers:
+    #
+    #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #   File.open('t.csv') do |in_io|
+    #     CSV.foreach(in_io, headers: true) {|row| p row }
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   <CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
+    #   <CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
+    #   <CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">
+    #
+    # With no block given, returns an \Enumerator:
+    #
+    #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #   CSV.foreach(path) # => #<Enumerator: CSV:foreach("t.csv", "r")>
+    #
+    # Arguments:
+    # * Argument +path_or_io+ must be a file path or an \IO stream.
+    # * Argument +mode+, if given, must be a \File mode
+    #   See {Open Mode}[https://ruby-doc.org/core/IO.html#method-c-new-label-Open+Mode].
+    # * Arguments <tt>**options</tt> must be keyword options.
+    #   See {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing].
+    # * This method optionally accepts an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> option
+    #   that you can use to specify the Encoding of the data read from +path+ or +io+.
+    #   You must provide this unless your data is in the encoding
+    #   given by <tt>Encoding::default_external</tt>.
+    #   Parsing will use this to determine how to parse the data.
+    #   You may provide a second Encoding to
+    #   have the data transcoded as it is read. For example,
+    #     encoding: 'UTF-32BE:UTF-8'
+    #   would read +UTF-32BE+ data from the file
+    #   but transcode it to +UTF-8+ before parsing.
+    def foreach(path, mode="r", **options, &block)
+      return to_enum(__method__, path, mode, **options) unless block_given?
+      open(path, mode, **options) do |csv|
+        csv.each(&block)
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  #
-  # :call-seq:
-  #   generate( str, **options ) { |csv| ... }
-  #   generate( **options ) { |csv| ... }
-  #
-  # This method wraps a String you provide, or an empty default String, in a
-  # CSV object which is passed to the provided block.  You can use the block to
-  # append CSV rows to the String and when the block exits, the final String
-  # will be returned.
-  #
-  # Note that a passed String *is* modified by this method.  Call dup() before
-  # passing if you need a new String.
-  #
-  # The +options+ parameter can be anything CSV::new() understands.  This method
-  # understands an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> parameter when not passed a
-  # String to set the base Encoding for the output.  CSV needs this hint if you
-  # plan to output non-ASCII compatible data.
-  #
-  def self.generate(str=nil, **options)
-    # add a default empty String, if none was given
-    if str
-      str = StringIO.new(str)
-      str.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END)
-    else
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   generate(csv_string, **options) {|csv| ... }
+    #   generate(**options) {|csv| ... }
+    #
+    # * Argument +csv_string+, if given, must be a \String object;
+    #   defaults to a new empty \String.
+    # * Arguments +options+, if given, should be generating options.
+    #   See {Options for Generating}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Generating].
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Creates a new \CSV object via <tt>CSV.new(csv_string, **options)</tt>;
+    # calls the block with the \CSV object, which the block may modify;
+    # returns the \String generated from the \CSV object.
+    #
+    # Note that a passed \String *is* modified by this method.
+    # Pass <tt>csv_string</tt>.dup if the \String must be preserved.
+    #
+    # This method has one additional option: <tt>:encoding</tt>,
+    # which sets the base Encoding for the output if no no +str+ is specified.
+    # CSV needs this hint if you plan to output non-ASCII compatible data.
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Add lines:
+    #   input_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   output_string = CSV.generate(input_string) do |csv|
+    #     csv << ['bat', 3]
+    #     csv << ['bam', 4]
+    #   end
+    #   output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\nbat,3\nbam,4\n"
+    #   input_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\nbat,3\nbam,4\n"
+    #   output_string.equal?(input_string) # => true # Same string, modified
+    #
+    # Add lines into new string, preserving old string:
+    #   input_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   output_string = CSV.generate(input_string.dup) do |csv|
+    #     csv << ['bat', 3]
+    #     csv << ['bam', 4]
+    #   end
+    #   output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\nbat,3\nbam,4\n"
+    #   input_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   output_string.equal?(input_string) # => false # Different strings
+    #
+    # Create lines from nothing:
+    #   output_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
+    #     csv << ['foo', 0]
+    #     csv << ['bar', 1]
+    #     csv << ['baz', 2]
+    #   end
+    #   output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Raises an exception if +csv_string+ is not a \String object:
+    #   # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Integer into String)
+    #   CSV.generate(0)
+    #
+    def generate(str=nil, **options)
       encoding = options[:encoding]
-      str      = String.new
-      str.force_encoding(encoding) if encoding
+      # add a default empty String, if none was given
+      if str
+        str = StringIO.new(str)
+        str.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END)
+        str.set_encoding(encoding) if encoding
+      else
+        str = +""
+        str.force_encoding(encoding) if encoding
+      end
+      csv = new(str, **options) # wrap
+      yield csv         # yield for appending
+      csv.string        # return final String
     end
-    csv = new(str, options) # wrap
-    yield csv         # yield for appending
-    csv.string        # return final String
-  end
 
-  #
-  # This method is a shortcut for converting a single row (Array) into a CSV
-  # String.
-  #
-  # The +options+ parameter can be anything CSV::new() understands.  This method
-  # understands an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> parameter to set the base
-  # Encoding for the output.  This method will try to guess your Encoding from
-  # the first non-+nil+ field in +row+, if possible, but you may need to use
-  # this parameter as a backup plan.
-  #
-  # The <tt>:row_sep</tt> +option+ defaults to <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt>
-  # (<tt>$/</tt>) when calling this method.
-  #
-  def self.generate_line(row, **options)
-    options = {row_sep: $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR}.merge(options)
-    str = String.new
-    if options[:encoding]
-      str.force_encoding(options[:encoding])
-    elsif field = row.find { |f| not f.nil? }
-      str.force_encoding(String(field).encoding)
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   CSV.generate_line(ary)
+    #   CSV.generate_line(ary, **options)
+    #
+    # Returns the \String created by generating \CSV from +ary+
+    # using the specified +options+.
+    #
+    # Argument +ary+ must be an \Array.
+    #
+    # Special options:
+    # * Option <tt>:row_sep</tt> defaults to <tt>"\n"> on Ruby 3.0 or later
+    #   and <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt> (<tt>$/</tt>) otherwise.:
+    #     $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR # => "\n"
+    # * This method accepts an additional option, <tt>:encoding</tt>, which sets the base
+    #   Encoding for the output. This method will try to guess your Encoding from
+    #   the first non-+nil+ field in +row+, if possible, but you may need to use
+    #   this parameter as a backup plan.
+    #
+    # For other +options+,
+    # see {Options for Generating}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Generating].
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Returns the \String generated from an \Array:
+    #   CSV.generate_line(['foo', '0']) # => "foo,0\n"
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Raises an exception if +ary+ is not an \Array:
+    #   # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `find' for :foo:Symbol)
+    #   CSV.generate_line(:foo)
+    #
+    def generate_line(row, **options)
+      options = {row_sep: InputRecordSeparator.value}.merge(options)
+      str = +""
+      if options[:encoding]
+        str.force_encoding(options[:encoding])
+      else
+        fallback_encoding = nil
+        output_encoding = nil
+        row.each do |field|
+          next unless field.is_a?(String)
+          fallback_encoding ||= field.encoding
+          next if field.ascii_only?
+          output_encoding = field.encoding
+          break
+        end
+        output_encoding ||= fallback_encoding
+        if output_encoding
+          str.force_encoding(output_encoding)
+        end
+      end
+      (new(str, **options) << row).string
     end
-    (new(str, options) << row).string
-  end
 
-  #
-  # :call-seq:
-  #   open( filename, mode = "rb", **options ) { |faster_csv| ... }
-  #   open( filename, **options ) { |faster_csv| ... }
-  #   open( filename, mode = "rb", **options )
-  #   open( filename, **options )
-  #
-  # This method opens an IO object, and wraps that with CSV.  This is intended
-  # as the primary interface for writing a CSV file.
-  #
-  # You must pass a +filename+ and may optionally add a +mode+ for Ruby's
-  # open().  You may also pass an optional Hash containing any +options+
-  # CSV::new() understands as the final argument.
-  #
-  # This method works like Ruby's open() call, in that it will pass a CSV object
-  # to a provided block and close it when the block terminates, or it will
-  # return the CSV object when no block is provided.  (*Note*: This is different
-  # from the Ruby 1.8 CSV library which passed rows to the block.  Use
-  # CSV::foreach() for that behavior.)
-  #
-  # You must provide a +mode+ with an embedded Encoding designator unless your
-  # data is in Encoding::default_external().  CSV will check the Encoding of the
-  # underlying IO object (set by the +mode+ you pass) to determine how to parse
-  # the data.   You may provide a second Encoding to have the data transcoded as
-  # it is read just as you can with a normal call to IO::open().  For example,
-  # <tt>"rb:UTF-32BE:UTF-8"</tt> would read UTF-32BE data from the file but
-  # transcode it to UTF-8 before CSV parses it.
-  #
-  # An opened CSV object will delegate to many IO methods for convenience.  You
-  # may call:
-  #
-  # * binmode()
-  # * binmode?()
-  # * close()
-  # * close_read()
-  # * close_write()
-  # * closed?()
-  # * eof()
-  # * eof?()
-  # * external_encoding()
-  # * fcntl()
-  # * fileno()
-  # * flock()
-  # * flush()
-  # * fsync()
-  # * internal_encoding()
-  # * ioctl()
-  # * isatty()
-  # * path()
-  # * pid()
-  # * pos()
-  # * pos=()
-  # * reopen()
-  # * seek()
-  # * stat()
-  # * sync()
-  # * sync=()
-  # * tell()
-  # * to_i()
-  # * to_io()
-  # * truncate()
-  # * tty?()
-  #
-  def self.open(filename, mode="r", **options)
-    # wrap a File opened with the remaining +args+ with no newline
-    # decorator
-    file_opts = {universal_newline: false}.merge(options)
-
-    begin
-      f = File.open(filename, mode, file_opts)
-    rescue ArgumentError => e
-      raise unless /needs binmode/.match?(e.message) and mode == "r"
-      mode = "rb"
-      file_opts = {encoding: Encoding.default_external}.merge(file_opts)
-      retry
-    end
-    begin
-      csv = new(f, options)
-    rescue Exception
-      f.close
-      raise
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   CSV.generate_lines(rows)
+    #   CSV.generate_lines(rows, **options)
+    #
+    # Returns the \String created by generating \CSV from
+    # using the specified +options+.
+    #
+    # Argument +rows+ must be an \Array of row. Row is \Array of \String or \CSV::Row.
+    #
+    # Special options:
+    # * Option <tt>:row_sep</tt> defaults to <tt>"\n"</tt> on Ruby 3.0 or later
+    #   and <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt> (<tt>$/</tt>) otherwise.:
+    #     $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR # => "\n"
+    # * This method accepts an additional option, <tt>:encoding</tt>, which sets the base
+    #   Encoding for the output. This method will try to guess your Encoding from
+    #   the first non-+nil+ field in +row+, if possible, but you may need to use
+    #   this parameter as a backup plan.
+    #
+    # For other +options+,
+    # see {Options for Generating}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Generating].
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Returns the \String generated from an
+    #   CSV.generate_lines([['foo', '0'], ['bar', '1'], ['baz', '2']]) # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Raises an exception
+    #   # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `each' for :foo:Symbol)
+    #   CSV.generate_lines(:foo)
+    #
+    def generate_lines(rows, **options)
+      self.generate(**options) do |csv|
+        rows.each do |row|
+          csv << row
+        end
+      end
     end
 
-    # handle blocks like Ruby's open(), not like the CSV library
-    if block_given?
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   open(file_path, mode = "rb", **options ) -> new_csv
+    #   open(io, mode = "rb", **options ) -> new_csv
+    #   open(file_path, mode = "rb", **options ) { |csv| ... } -> object
+    #   open(io, mode = "rb", **options ) { |csv| ... } -> object
+    #
+    # possible options elements:
+    #   keyword form:
+    #     :invalid => nil      # raise error on invalid byte sequence (default)
+    #     :invalid => :replace # replace invalid byte sequence
+    #     :undef => :replace   # replace undefined conversion
+    #     :replace => string   # replacement string ("?" or "\uFFFD" if not specified)
+    #
+    # * Argument +path+, if given, must be the path to a file.
+    # :include: ../doc/csv/arguments/io.rdoc
+    # * Argument +mode+, if given, must be a \File mode
+    #   See {Open Mode}[IO.html#method-c-new-label-Open+Mode].
+    # * Arguments <tt>**options</tt> must be keyword options.
+    #   See {Options for Generating}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Generating].
+    # * This method optionally accepts an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> option
+    #   that you can use to specify the Encoding of the data read from +path+ or +io+.
+    #   You must provide this unless your data is in the encoding
+    #   given by <tt>Encoding::default_external</tt>.
+    #   Parsing will use this to determine how to parse the data.
+    #   You may provide a second Encoding to
+    #   have the data transcoded as it is read. For example,
+    #     encoding: 'UTF-32BE:UTF-8'
+    #   would read +UTF-32BE+ data from the file
+    #   but transcode it to +UTF-8+ before parsing.
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # These examples assume prior execution of:
+    #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With no block given, returns a new \CSV object.
+    #
+    # Create a \CSV object using a file path:
+    #   csv = CSV.open(path)
+    #   csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+    #
+    # Create a \CSV object using an open \File:
+    #   csv = CSV.open(File.open(path))
+    #   csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With a block given, calls the block with the created \CSV object;
+    # returns the block's return value:
+    #
+    # Using a file path:
+    #   csv = CSV.open(path) {|csv| p csv}
+    #   csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+    # Output:
+    #   #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+    #
+    # Using an open \File:
+    #   csv = CSV.open(File.open(path)) {|csv| p csv}
+    #   csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+    # Output:
+    #   #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Raises an exception if the argument is not a \String object or \IO object:
+    #   # Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Symbol into String)
+    #   CSV.open(:foo)
+    def open(filename, mode="r", **options)
+      # wrap a File opened with the remaining +args+ with no newline
+      # decorator
+      file_opts = options.dup
+      unless file_opts.key?(:newline)
+        file_opts[:universal_newline] ||= false
+      end
+      options.delete(:invalid)
+      options.delete(:undef)
+      options.delete(:replace)
+      options.delete_if {|k, _| /newline\z/.match?(k)}
+
       begin
-        yield csv
-      ensure
-        csv.close
+        f = File.open(filename, mode, **file_opts)
+      rescue ArgumentError => e
+        raise unless /needs binmode/.match?(e.message) and mode == "r"
+        mode = "rb"
+        file_opts = {encoding: Encoding.default_external}.merge(file_opts)
+        retry
+      end
+      begin
+        csv = new(f, **options)
+      rescue Exception
+        f.close
+        raise
+      end
+
+      # handle blocks like Ruby's open(), not like the CSV library
+      if block_given?
+        begin
+          yield csv
+        ensure
+          csv.close
+        end
+      else
+        csv
       end
-    else
-      csv
     end
-  end
 
-  #
-  # :call-seq:
-  #   parse( str, **options ) { |row| ... }
-  #   parse( str, **options )
-  #
-  # This method can be used to easily parse CSV out of a String.  You may either
-  # provide a +block+ which will be called with each row of the String in turn,
-  # or just use the returned Array of Arrays (when no +block+ is given).
-  #
-  # You pass your +str+ to read from, and an optional +options+ containing
-  # anything CSV::new() understands.
-  #
-  def self.parse(*args, &block)
-    csv = new(*args)
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   parse(string) -> array_of_arrays
+    #   parse(io) -> array_of_arrays
+    #   parse(string, headers: ..., **options) -> csv_table
+    #   parse(io, headers: ..., **options) -> csv_table
+    #   parse(string, **options) {|row| ... }
+    #   parse(io, **options) {|row| ... }
+    #
+    # Parses +string+ or +io+ using the specified +options+.
+    #
+    # - Argument +string+ should be a \String object;
+    #   it will be put into a new StringIO object positioned at the beginning.
+    # :include: ../doc/csv/arguments/io.rdoc
+    # - Argument +options+: see {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing]
+    #
+    # ====== Without Option +headers+
+    #
+    # Without {option +headers+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+headers] case.
+    #
+    # These examples assume prior execution of:
+    #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With no block given, returns an \Array of Arrays formed from the source.
+    #
+    # Parse a \String:
+    #   a_of_a = CSV.parse(string)
+    #   a_of_a # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+    #
+    # Parse an open \File:
+    #   a_of_a = File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.parse(file)
+    #   end
+    #   a_of_a # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With a block given, calls the block with each parsed row:
+    #
+    # Parse a \String:
+    #   CSV.parse(string) {|row| p row }
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #   ["foo", "0"]
+    #   ["bar", "1"]
+    #   ["baz", "2"]
+    #
+    # Parse an open \File:
+    #   File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.parse(file) {|row| p row }
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #   ["foo", "0"]
+    #   ["bar", "1"]
+    #   ["baz", "2"]
+    #
+    # ====== With Option +headers+
+    #
+    # With {option +headers+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+headers] case.
+    #
+    # These examples assume prior execution of:
+    #   string = "Name,Count\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With no block given, returns a CSV::Table object formed from the source.
+    #
+    # Parse a \String:
+    #   csv_table = CSV.parse(string, headers: ['Name', 'Count'])
+    #   csv_table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:5>
+    #
+    # Parse an open \File:
+    #   csv_table = File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.parse(file, headers: ['Name', 'Count'])
+    #   end
+    #   csv_table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # With a block given, calls the block with each parsed row,
+    # which has been formed into a CSV::Row object:
+    #
+    # Parse a \String:
+    #   CSV.parse(string, headers: ['Name', 'Count']) {|row| p row }
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #   # <CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
+    #   # <CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">
+    #   # <CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Count":"2">
+    #
+    # Parse an open \File:
+    #   File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.parse(file, headers: ['Name', 'Count']) {|row| p row }
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #   # <CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
+    #   # <CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">
+    #   # <CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Count":"2">
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Raises an exception if the argument is not a \String object or \IO object:
+    #   # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `close' for :foo:Symbol)
+    #   CSV.parse(:foo)
+    def parse(str, **options, &block)
+      csv = new(str, **options)
 
-    return csv.each(&block) if block_given?
+      return csv.each(&block) if block_given?
 
-    # slurp contents, if no block is given
-    begin
-      csv.read
-    ensure
-      csv.close
+      # slurp contents, if no block is given
+      begin
+        csv.read
+      ensure
+        csv.close
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  #
-  # This method is a shortcut for converting a single line of a CSV String into
-  # an Array.  Note that if +line+ contains multiple rows, anything beyond the
-  # first row is ignored.
-  #
-  # The +options+ parameter can be anything CSV::new() understands.
-  #
-  def self.parse_line(line, **options)
-    new(line, options).shift
-  end
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   CSV.parse_line(string) -> new_array or nil
+    #   CSV.parse_line(io) -> new_array or nil
+    #   CSV.parse_line(string, **options) -> new_array or nil
+    #   CSV.parse_line(io, **options) -> new_array or nil
+    #   CSV.parse_line(string, headers: true, **options) -> csv_row or nil
+    #   CSV.parse_line(io, headers: true, **options) -> csv_row or nil
+    #
+    # Returns the data created by parsing the first line of +string+ or +io+
+    # using the specified +options+.
+    #
+    # - Argument +string+ should be a \String object;
+    #   it will be put into a new StringIO object positioned at the beginning.
+    # :include: ../doc/csv/arguments/io.rdoc
+    # - Argument +options+: see {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing]
+    #
+    # ====== Without Option +headers+
+    #
+    # Without option +headers+, returns the first row as a new \Array.
+    #
+    # These examples assume prior execution of:
+    #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #
+    # Parse the first line from a \String object:
+    #   CSV.parse_line(string) # => ["foo", "0"]
+    #
+    # Parse the first line from a File object:
+    #   File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.parse_line(file) # => ["foo", "0"]
+    #   end # => ["foo", "0"]
+    #
+    # Returns +nil+ if the argument is an empty \String:
+    #   CSV.parse_line('') # => nil
+    #
+    # ====== With Option +headers+
+    #
+    # With {option +headers+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+headers],
+    # returns the first row as a CSV::Row object.
+    #
+    # These examples assume prior execution of:
+    #   string = "Name,Count\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #
+    # Parse the first line from a \String object:
+    #   CSV.parse_line(string, headers: true) # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
+    #
+    # Parse the first line from a File object:
+    #   File.open(path) do |file|
+    #     CSV.parse_line(file, headers: true)
+    #   end # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
+    #
+    # ---
+    #
+    # Raises an exception if the argument is +nil+:
+    #   # Raises ArgumentError (Cannot parse nil as CSV):
+    #   CSV.parse_line(nil)
+    #
+    def parse_line(line, **options)
+      new(line, **options).each.first
+    end
 
-  #
-  # Use to slurp a CSV file into an Array of Arrays.  Pass the +path+ to the
-  # file and any +options+ CSV::new() understands.  This method also understands
-  # an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> parameter that you can use to specify the
-  # Encoding of the data in the file to be read. You must provide this unless
-  # your data is in Encoding::default_external().  CSV will use this to determine
-  # how to parse the data.  You may provide a second Encoding to have the data
-  # transcoded as it is read.  For example,
-  # <tt>encoding: "UTF-32BE:UTF-8"</tt> would read UTF-32BE data from the file
-  # but transcode it to UTF-8 before CSV parses it.
-  #
-  def self.read(path, *options)
-    open(path, *options) { |csv| csv.read }
-  end
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   read(source, **options) -> array_of_arrays
+    #   read(source, headers: true, **options) -> csv_table
+    #
+    # Opens the given +source+ with the given +options+ (see CSV.open),
+    # reads the source (see CSV#read), and returns the result,
+    # which will be either an \Array of Arrays or a CSV::Table.
+    #
+    # Without headers:
+    #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #   CSV.read(path) # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+    #
+    # With headers:
+    #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #   CSV.read(path, headers: true) # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+    def read(path, **options)
+      open(path, **options) { |csv| csv.read }
+    end
 
-  # Alias for CSV::read().
-  def self.readlines(*args)
-    read(*args)
-  end
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   CSV.readlines(source, **options)
+    #
+    # Alias for CSV.read.
+    def readlines(path, **options)
+      read(path, **options)
+    end
 
-  #
-  # A shortcut for:
-  #
-  #   CSV.read( path, { headers:           true,
-  #                     converters:        :numeric,
-  #                     header_converters: :symbol }.merge(options) )
-  #
-  def self.table(path, **options)
-    read( path, { headers:           true,
-                  converters:        :numeric,
-                  header_converters: :symbol }.merge(options) )
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   CSV.table(source, **options)
+    #
+    # Calls CSV.read with +source+, +options+, and certain default options:
+    # - +headers+: +true+
+    # - +converters+: +:numeric+
+    # - +header_converters+: +:symbol+
+    #
+    # Returns a CSV::Table object.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+    #   path = 't.csv'
+    #   File.write(path, string)
+    #   CSV.table(path) # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+    def table(path, **options)
+      default_options = {
+        headers:           true,
+        converters:        :numeric,
+        header_converters: :symbol,
+      }
+      options = default_options.merge(options)
+      read(path, **options)
+    end
   end
 
-  #
-  # This constructor will wrap either a String or IO object passed in +data+ for
-  # reading and/or writing.  In addition to the CSV instance methods, several IO
-  # methods are delegated.  (See CSV::open() for a complete list.)  If you pass
-  # a String for +data+, you can later retrieve it (after writing to it, for
-  # example) with CSV.string().
-  #
-  # Note that a wrapped String will be positioned at the beginning (for
-  # reading).  If you want it at the end (for writing), use CSV::generate().
-  # If you want any other positioning, pass a preset StringIO object instead.
-  #
-  # You may set any reading and/or writing preferences in the +options+ Hash.
-  # Available options are:
-  #
-  # <b><tt>:col_sep</tt></b>::            The String placed between each field.
-  #                                       This String will be transcoded into
-  #                                       the data's Encoding before parsing.
-  # <b><tt>:row_sep</tt></b>::            The String appended to the end of each
-  #                                       row.  This can be set to the special
-  #                                       <tt>:auto</tt> setting, which requests
-  #                                       that CSV automatically discover this
-  #                                       from the data.  Auto-discovery reads
-  #                                       ahead in the data looking for the next
-  #                                       <tt>"\r\n"</tt>, <tt>"\n"</tt>, or
-  #                                       <tt>"\r"</tt> sequence.  A sequence
-  #                                       will be selected even if it occurs in
-  #                                       a quoted field, assuming that you
-  #                                       would have the same line endings
-  #                                       there.  If none of those sequences is
-  #                                       found, +data+ is <tt>ARGF</tt>,
-  #                                       <tt>STDIN</tt>, <tt>STDOUT</tt>, or
-  #                                       <tt>STDERR</tt>, or the stream is only
-  #                                       available for output, the default
-  #                                       <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt>
-  #                                       (<tt>$/</tt>) is used.  Obviously,
-  #                                       discovery takes a little time.  Set
-  #                                       manually if speed is important.  Also
-  #                                       note that IO objects should be opened
-  #                                       in binary mode on Windows if this
-  #                                       feature will be used as the
-  #                                       line-ending translation can cause
-  #                                       problems with resetting the document
-  #                                       position to where it was before the
-  #                                       read ahead. This String will be
-  #                                       transcoded into the data's Encoding
-  #                                       before parsing.
-  # <b><tt>:quote_char</tt></b>::         The character used to quote fields.
-  #                                       This has to be a single character
-  #                                       String.  This is useful for
-  #                                       application that incorrectly use
-  #                                       <tt>'</tt> as the quote character
-  #                                       instead of the correct <tt>"</tt>.
-  #                                       CSV will always consider a double
-  #                                       sequence of this character to be an
-  #                                       escaped quote. This String will be
-  #                                       transcoded into the data's Encoding
-  #                                       before parsing.
-  # <b><tt>:field_size_limit</tt></b>::   This is a maximum size CSV will read
-  #                                       ahead looking for the closing quote
-  #                                       for a field.  (In truth, it reads to
-  #                                       the first line ending beyond this
-  #                                       size.)  If a quote cannot be found
-  #                                       within the limit CSV will raise a
-  #                                       MalformedCSVError, assuming the data
-  #                                       is faulty.  You can use this limit to
-  #                                       prevent what are effectively DoS
-  #                                       attacks on the parser.  However, this
-  #                                       limit can cause a legitimate parse to
-  #                                       fail and thus is set to +nil+, or off,
-  #                                       by default.
-  # <b><tt>:converters</tt></b>::         An Array of names from the Converters
-  #                                       Hash and/or lambdas that handle custom
-  #                                       conversion.  A single converter
-  #                                       doesn't have to be in an Array.  All
-  #                                       built-in converters try to transcode
-  #                                       fields to UTF-8 before converting.
-  #                                       The conversion will fail if the data
-  #                                       cannot be transcoded, leaving the
-  #                                       field unchanged.
-  # <b><tt>:unconverted_fields</tt></b>:: If set to +true+, an
-  #                                       unconverted_fields() method will be
-  #                                       added to all returned rows (Array or
-  #                                       CSV::Row) that will return the fields
-  #                                       as they were before conversion.  Note
-  #                                       that <tt>:headers</tt> supplied by
-  #                                       Array or String were not fields of the
-  #                                       document and thus will have an empty
-  #                                       Array attached.
-  # <b><tt>:headers</tt></b>::            If set to <tt>:first_row</tt> or
-  #                                       +true+, the initial row of the CSV
-  #                                       file will be treated as a row of
-  #                                       headers.  If set to an Array, the
-  #                                       contents will be used as the headers.
-  #                                       If set to a String, the String is run
-  #                                       through a call of CSV::parse_line()
-  #                                       with the same <tt>:col_sep</tt>,
-  #                                       <tt>:row_sep</tt>, and
-  #                                       <tt>:quote_char</tt> as this instance
-  #                                       to produce an Array of headers.  This
-  #                                       setting causes CSV#shift() to return
-  #                                       rows as CSV::Row objects instead of
-  #                                       Arrays and CSV#read() to return
-  #                                       CSV::Table objects instead of an Array
-  #                                       of Arrays.
-  # <b><tt>:return_headers</tt></b>::     When +false+, header rows are silently
-  #                                       swallowed.  If set to +true+, header
-  #                                       rows are returned in a CSV::Row object
-  #                                       with identical headers and
-  #                                       fields (save that the fields do not go
-  #                                       through the converters).
-  # <b><tt>:write_headers</tt></b>::      When +true+ and <tt>:headers</tt> is
-  #                                       set, a header row will be added to the
-  #                                       output.
-  # <b><tt>:header_converters</tt></b>::  Identical in functionality to
-  #                                       <tt>:converters</tt> save that the
-  #                                       conversions are only made to header
-  #                                       rows.  All built-in converters try to
-  #                                       transcode headers to UTF-8 before
-  #                                       converting.  The conversion will fail
-  #                                       if the data cannot be transcoded,
-  #                                       leaving the header unchanged.
-  # <b><tt>:skip_blanks</tt></b>::        When set to a +true+ value, CSV will
-  #                                       skip over any empty rows. Note that
-  #                                       this setting will not skip rows that
-  #                                       contain column separators, even if
-  #                                       the rows contain no actual data. If
-  #                                       you want to skip rows that contain
-  #                                       separators but no content, consider
-  #                                       using <tt>:skip_lines</tt>, or
-  #                                       inspecting fields.compact.empty? on
-  #                                       each row.
-  # <b><tt>:force_quotes</tt></b>::       When set to a +true+ value, CSV will
-  #                                       quote all CSV fields it creates.
-  # <b><tt>:skip_lines</tt></b>::         When set to an object responding to
-  #                                       <tt>match</tt>, every line matching
-  #                                       it is considered a comment and ignored
-  #                                       during parsing. When set to a String,
-  #                                       it is first converted to a Regexp.
-  #                                       When set to +nil+ no line is considered
-  #                                       a comment. If the passed object does
-  #                                       not respond to <tt>match</tt>,
-  #                                       <tt>ArgumentError</tt> is thrown.
-  # <b><tt>:liberal_parsing</tt></b>::    When set to a +true+ value, CSV will
-  #                                       attempt to parse input not conformant
-  #                                       with RFC 4180, such as double quotes
-  #                                       in unquoted fields.
-  # <b><tt>:nil_value</tt></b>::          TODO: WRITE ME.
-  # <b><tt>:empty_value</tt></b>::        TODO: WRITE ME.
-  #
-  # See CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS for the default settings.
-  #
-  # Options cannot be overridden in the instance methods for performance reasons,
-  # so be sure to set what you want here.
-  #
-  def initialize(data, col_sep: ",", row_sep: :auto, quote_char: '"', field_size_limit:   nil,
-                 converters: nil, unconverted_fields: nil, headers: false, return_headers: false,
-                 write_headers: nil, header_converters: nil, skip_blanks: false, force_quotes: false,
-                 skip_lines: nil, liberal_parsing: false, internal_encoding: nil, external_encoding: nil, encoding: nil,
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   CSV.new(string)
+  #   CSV.new(io)
+  #   CSV.new(string, **options)
+  #   CSV.new(io, **options)
+  #
+  # Returns the new \CSV object created using +string+ or +io+
+  # and the specified +options+.
+  #
+  # - Argument +string+ should be a \String object;
+  #   it will be put into a new StringIO object positioned at the beginning.
+  # :include: ../doc/csv/arguments/io.rdoc
+  # - Argument +options+: See:
+  #   * {Options for Parsing}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Parsing]
+  #   * {Options for Generating}[#class-CSV-label-Options+for+Generating]
+  #   For performance reasons, the options cannot be overridden
+  #   in a \CSV object, so those specified here will endure.
+  #
+  # In addition to the \CSV instance methods, several \IO methods are delegated.
+  # See {Delegated Methods}[#class-CSV-label-Delegated+Methods].
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Create a \CSV object from a \String object:
+  #   csv = CSV.new('foo,0')
+  #   csv # => #<CSV io_type:StringIO encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+  #
+  # Create a \CSV object from a \File object:
+  #   File.write('t.csv', 'foo,0')
+  #   csv = CSV.new(File.open('t.csv'))
+  #   csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if the argument is +nil+:
+  #   # Raises ArgumentError (Cannot parse nil as CSV):
+  #   CSV.new(nil)
+  #
+  def initialize(data,
+                 col_sep: ",",
+                 row_sep: :auto,
+                 quote_char: '"',
+                 field_size_limit: nil,
+                 max_field_size: nil,
+                 converters: nil,
+                 unconverted_fields: nil,
+                 headers: false,
+                 return_headers: false,
+                 write_headers: nil,
+                 header_converters: nil,
+                 skip_blanks: false,
+                 force_quotes: false,
+                 skip_lines: nil,
+                 liberal_parsing: false,
+                 internal_encoding: nil,
+                 external_encoding: nil,
+                 encoding: nil,
                  nil_value: nil,
-                 empty_value: "")
+                 empty_value: "",
+                 strip: false,
+                 quote_empty: true,
+                 write_converters: nil,
+                 write_nil_value: nil,
+                 write_empty_value: "")
     raise ArgumentError.new("Cannot parse nil as CSV") if data.nil?
 
-    # create the IO object we will read from
-    @io = data.is_a?(String) ? StringIO.new(data) : data
+    if data.is_a?(String)
+      if encoding
+        if encoding.is_a?(String)
+          data_external_encoding, data_internal_encoding = encoding.split(":", 2)
+          if data_internal_encoding
+            data = data.encode(data_internal_encoding, data_external_encoding)
+          else
+            data = data.dup.force_encoding(data_external_encoding)
+          end
+        else
+          data = data.dup.force_encoding(encoding)
+        end
+      end
+      @io = StringIO.new(data)
+    else
+      @io = data
+    end
     @encoding = determine_encoding(encoding, internal_encoding)
-    #
-    # prepare for building safe regular expressions in the target encoding,
-    # if we can transcode the needed characters
-    #
-    @re_esc   = "\\".encode(@encoding).freeze rescue ""
-    @re_chars = /#{%"[-\\]\\[\\.^$?*+{}()|# \r\n\t\f\v]".encode(@encoding)}/
-    @unconverted_fields = unconverted_fields
 
-    # Stores header row settings and loads header converters, if needed.
-    @use_headers    = headers
-    @return_headers = return_headers
-    @write_headers  = write_headers
-
-    # headers must be delayed until shift(), in case they need a row of content
-    @headers = nil
-
-    @nil_value = nil_value
-    @empty_value = empty_value
-    @empty_value_is_empty_string = (empty_value == "")
-
-    init_separators(col_sep, row_sep, quote_char, force_quotes)
-    init_parsers(skip_blanks, field_size_limit, liberal_parsing)
-    init_converters(converters, :@converters, :convert)
-    init_converters(header_converters, :@header_converters, :header_convert)
-    init_comments(skip_lines)
+    @base_fields_converter_options = {
+      nil_value: nil_value,
+      empty_value: empty_value,
+    }
+    @write_fields_converter_options = {
+      nil_value: write_nil_value,
+      empty_value: write_empty_value,
+    }
+    @initial_converters = converters
+    @initial_header_converters = header_converters
+    @initial_write_converters = write_converters
 
-    @force_encoding = !!encoding
+    if max_field_size.nil? and field_size_limit
+      max_field_size = field_size_limit - 1
+    end
+    @parser_options = {
+      column_separator: col_sep,
+      row_separator: row_sep,
+      quote_character: quote_char,
+      max_field_size: max_field_size,
+      unconverted_fields: unconverted_fields,
+      headers: headers,
+      return_headers: return_headers,
+      skip_blanks: skip_blanks,
+      skip_lines: skip_lines,
+      liberal_parsing: liberal_parsing,
+      encoding: @encoding,
+      nil_value: nil_value,
+      empty_value: empty_value,
+      strip: strip,
+    }
+    @parser = nil
+    @parser_enumerator = nil
+    @eof_error = nil
+
+    @writer_options = {
+      encoding: @encoding,
+      force_encoding: (not encoding.nil?),
+      force_quotes: force_quotes,
+      headers: headers,
+      write_headers: write_headers,
+      column_separator: col_sep,
+      row_separator: row_sep,
+      quote_character: quote_char,
+      quote_empty: quote_empty,
+    }
 
-    # track our own lineno since IO gets confused about line-ends is CSV fields
-    @lineno = 0
+    @writer = nil
+    writer if @writer_options[:write_headers]
+  end
 
-    # make sure headers have been assigned
-    if header_row? and [Array, String].include? @use_headers.class and @write_headers
-      parse_headers  # won't read data for Array or String
-      self << @headers
-    end
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.col_sep -> string
+  #
+  # Returns the encoded column separator; used for parsing and writing;
+  # see {Option +col_sep+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+col_sep]:
+  #   CSV.new('').col_sep # => ","
+  def col_sep
+    parser.column_separator
   end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.row_sep -> string
   #
-  # The encoded <tt>:col_sep</tt> used in parsing and writing.  See CSV::new
-  # for details.
+  # Returns the encoded row separator; used for parsing and writing;
+  # see {Option +row_sep+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+row_sep]:
+  #   CSV.new('').row_sep # => "\n"
+  def row_sep
+    parser.row_separator
+  end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.quote_char -> character
   #
-  attr_reader :col_sep
+  # Returns the encoded quote character; used for parsing and writing;
+  # see {Option +quote_char+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+quote_char]:
+  #   CSV.new('').quote_char # => "\""
+  def quote_char
+    parser.quote_character
+  end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.field_size_limit -> integer or nil
   #
-  # The encoded <tt>:row_sep</tt> used in parsing and writing.  See CSV::new
-  # for details.
+  # Returns the limit for field size; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +field_size_limit+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+field_size_limit]:
+  #   CSV.new('').field_size_limit # => nil
   #
-  attr_reader :row_sep
+  # Deprecated since 3.2.3. Use +max_field_size+ instead.
+  def field_size_limit
+    parser.field_size_limit
+  end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.max_field_size -> integer or nil
   #
-  # The encoded <tt>:quote_char</tt> used in parsing and writing.  See CSV::new
-  # for details.
+  # Returns the limit for field size; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +max_field_size+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+max_field_size]:
+  #   CSV.new('').max_field_size # => nil
   #
-  attr_reader :quote_char
-  # The limit for field size, if any.  See CSV::new for details.
-  attr_reader :field_size_limit
-
-  # The regex marking a line as a comment. See CSV::new for details
-  attr_reader :skip_lines
+  # Since 3.2.3.
+  def max_field_size
+    parser.max_field_size
+  end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.skip_lines -> regexp or nil
   #
-  # Returns the current list of converters in effect.  See CSV::new for details.
-  # Built-in converters will be returned by name, while others will be returned
-  # as is.
-  #
+  # Returns the \Regexp used to identify comment lines; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +skip_lines+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+skip_lines]:
+  #   CSV.new('').skip_lines # => nil
+  def skip_lines
+    parser.skip_lines
+  end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.converters -> array
+  #
+  # Returns an \Array containing field converters;
+  # see {Field Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Field+Converters]:
+  #   csv = CSV.new('')
+  #   csv.converters # => []
+  #   csv.convert(:integer)
+  #   csv.converters # => [:integer]
+  #   csv.convert(proc {|x| x.to_s })
+  #   csv.converters
+  #
+  # Notes that you need to call
+  # +Ractor.make_shareable(CSV::Converters)+ on the main Ractor to use
+  # this method.
   def converters
-    @converters.map do |converter|
+    parser_fields_converter.map do |converter|
       name = Converters.rassoc(converter)
       name ? name.first : converter
     end
   end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.unconverted_fields? -> object
+  #
+  # Returns the value that determines whether unconverted fields are to be
+  # available; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +unconverted_fields+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+unconverted_fields]:
+  #   CSV.new('').unconverted_fields? # => nil
+  def unconverted_fields?
+    parser.unconverted_fields?
+  end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.headers -> object
   #
-  # Returns +true+ if unconverted_fields() to parsed results.  See CSV::new
-  # for details.
-  #
-  def unconverted_fields?() @unconverted_fields end
-  #
-  # Returns +nil+ if headers will not be used, +true+ if they will but have not
-  # yet been read, or the actual headers after they have been read.  See
-  # CSV::new for details.
-  #
+  # Returns the value that determines whether headers are used; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +headers+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+headers]:
+  #   CSV.new('').headers # => nil
   def headers
-    @headers || true if @use_headers
+    if @writer
+      @writer.headers
+    else
+      parsed_headers = parser.headers
+      return parsed_headers if parsed_headers
+      raw_headers = @parser_options[:headers]
+      raw_headers = nil if raw_headers == false
+      raw_headers
+    end
   end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.return_headers? -> true or false
   #
-  # Returns +true+ if headers will be returned as a row of results.
-  # See CSV::new for details.
+  # Returns the value that determines whether headers are to be returned; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +return_headers+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+return_headers]:
+  #   CSV.new('').return_headers? # => false
+  def return_headers?
+    parser.return_headers?
+  end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.write_headers? -> true or false
   #
-  def return_headers?()     @return_headers     end
-  # Returns +true+ if headers are written in output. See CSV::new for details.
-  def write_headers?()      @write_headers      end
+  # Returns the value that determines whether headers are to be written; used for generating;
+  # see {Option +write_headers+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+write_headers]:
+  #   CSV.new('').write_headers? # => nil
+  def write_headers?
+    @writer_options[:write_headers]
+  end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.header_converters -> array
   #
-  # Returns the current list of converters in effect for headers.  See CSV::new
-  # for details.  Built-in converters will be returned by name, while others
-  # will be returned as is.
+  # Returns an \Array containing header converters; used for parsing;
+  # see {Header Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Header+Converters]:
+  #   CSV.new('').header_converters # => []
   #
+  # Notes that you need to call
+  # +Ractor.make_shareable(CSV::HeaderConverters)+ on the main Ractor
+  # to use this method.
   def header_converters
-    @header_converters.map do |converter|
+    header_fields_converter.map do |converter|
       name = HeaderConverters.rassoc(converter)
       name ? name.first : converter
     end
   end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.skip_blanks? -> true or false
   #
-  # Returns +true+ blank lines are skipped by the parser. See CSV::new
-  # for details.
-  #
-  def skip_blanks?()        @skip_blanks        end
-  # Returns +true+ if all output fields are quoted. See CSV::new for details.
-  def force_quotes?()       @force_quotes       end
-  # Returns +true+ if illegal input is handled. See CSV::new for details.
-  def liberal_parsing?()    @liberal_parsing    end
+  # Returns the value that determines whether blank lines are to be ignored; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +skip_blanks+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+skip_blanks]:
+  #   CSV.new('').skip_blanks? # => false
+  def skip_blanks?
+    parser.skip_blanks?
+  end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.force_quotes? -> true or false
+  #
+  # Returns the value that determines whether all output fields are to be quoted;
+  # used for generating;
+  # see {Option +force_quotes+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+force_quotes]:
+  #   CSV.new('').force_quotes? # => false
+  def force_quotes?
+    @writer_options[:force_quotes]
+  end
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.liberal_parsing? -> true or false
   #
-  # The Encoding CSV is parsing or writing in.  This will be the Encoding you
-  # receive parsed data in and/or the Encoding data will be written in.
+  # Returns the value that determines whether illegal input is to be handled; used for parsing;
+  # see {Option +liberal_parsing+}[#class-CSV-label-Option+liberal_parsing]:
+  #   CSV.new('').liberal_parsing? # => false
+  def liberal_parsing?
+    parser.liberal_parsing?
+  end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.encoding -> encoding
   #
+  # Returns the encoding used for parsing and generating;
+  # see {Character Encodings (M17n or Multilingualization)}[#class-CSV-label-Character+Encodings+-28M17n+or+Multilingualization-29]:
+  #   CSV.new('').encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>
   attr_reader :encoding
 
-  #
-  # The line number of the last row read from this file.  Fields with nested
-  # line-end characters will not affect this count.
-  #
-  attr_reader :lineno, :line
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.line_no -> integer
+  #
+  # Returns the count of the rows parsed or generated.
+  #
+  # Parsing:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, string)
+  #   CSV.open(path) do |csv|
+  #     csv.each do |row|
+  #       p [csv.lineno, row]
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  # Output:
+  #   [1, ["foo", "0"]]
+  #   [2, ["bar", "1"]]
+  #   [3, ["baz", "2"]]
+  #
+  # Generating:
+  #   CSV.generate do |csv|
+  #     p csv.lineno; csv << ['foo', 0]
+  #     p csv.lineno; csv << ['bar', 1]
+  #     p csv.lineno; csv << ['baz', 2]
+  #   end
+  # Output:
+  #   0
+  #   1
+  #   2
+  def lineno
+    if @writer
+      @writer.lineno
+    else
+      parser.lineno
+    end
+  end
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.line -> array
+  #
+  # Returns the line most recently read:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, string)
+  #   CSV.open(path) do |csv|
+  #     csv.each do |row|
+  #       p [csv.lineno, csv.line]
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  # Output:
+  #   [1, "foo,0\n"]
+  #   [2, "bar,1\n"]
+  #   [3, "baz,2\n"]
+  def line
+    parser.line
+  end
 
   ### IO and StringIO Delegation ###
 
   extend Forwardable
-  def_delegators :@io, :binmode, :binmode?, :close, :close_read, :close_write,
-                       :closed?, :eof, :eof?, :external_encoding, :fcntl,
-                       :fileno, :flock, :flush, :fsync, :internal_encoding,
-                       :ioctl, :isatty, :path, :pid, :pos, :pos=, :reopen,
-                       :seek, :stat, :string, :sync, :sync=, :tell, :to_i,
-                       :to_io, :truncate, :tty?
+  def_delegators :@io, :binmode, :close, :close_read, :close_write,
+                       :closed?, :external_encoding, :fcntl,
+                       :fileno, :flush, :fsync, :internal_encoding,
+                       :isatty, :pid, :pos, :pos=, :reopen,
+                       :seek, :string, :sync, :sync=, :tell,
+                       :truncate, :tty?
+
+  def binmode?
+    if @io.respond_to?(:binmode?)
+      @io.binmode?
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
 
-  # Rewinds the underlying IO object and resets CSV's lineno() counter.
-  def rewind
-    @headers = nil
-    @lineno  = 0
+  def flock(*args)
+    raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:flock)
+    @io.flock(*args)
+  end
 
-    @io.rewind
+  def ioctl(*args)
+    raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:ioctl)
+    @io.ioctl(*args)
   end
 
-  ### End Delegation ###
+  def path
+    @io.path if @io.respond_to?(:path)
+  end
 
-  #
-  # The primary write method for wrapped Strings and IOs, +row+ (an Array or
-  # CSV::Row) is converted to CSV and appended to the data source.  When a
-  # CSV::Row is passed, only the row's fields() are appended to the output.
-  #
-  # The data source must be open for writing.
-  #
-  def <<(row)
-    # make sure headers have been assigned
-    if header_row? and [Array, String].include? @use_headers.class and !@write_headers
-      parse_headers  # won't read data for Array or String
-    end
+  def stat(*args)
+    raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:stat)
+    @io.stat(*args)
+  end
 
-    # handle CSV::Row objects and Hashes
-    row = case row
-          when self.class::Row then row.fields
-          when Hash            then @headers.map { |header| row[header] }
-          else                      row
-          end
+  def to_i
+    raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:to_i)
+    @io.to_i
+  end
 
-    @headers =  row if header_row?
-    @lineno  += 1
-
-    output = row.map(&@quote).join(@col_sep) + @row_sep  # quote and separate
-    if @io.is_a?(StringIO)             and
-       output.encoding != (encoding = raw_encoding)
-      if @force_encoding
-        output = output.encode(encoding)
-      elsif (compatible_encoding = Encoding.compatible?(@io.string, output))
-        @io.set_encoding(compatible_encoding)
-        @io.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END)
-      end
+  def to_io
+    @io.respond_to?(:to_io) ? @io.to_io : @io
+  end
+
+  def eof?
+    return false if @eof_error
+    begin
+      parser_enumerator.peek
+      false
+    rescue MalformedCSVError => error
+      @eof_error = error
+      false
+    rescue StopIteration
+      true
     end
-    @io << output
+  end
+  alias_method :eof, :eof?
+
+  # Rewinds the underlying IO object and resets CSV's lineno() counter.
+  def rewind
+    @parser = nil
+    @parser_enumerator = nil
+    @eof_error = nil
+    @writer.rewind if @writer
+    @io.rewind
+  end
 
-    self  # for chaining
+  ### End Delegation ###
+
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv << row -> self
+  #
+  # Appends a row to +self+.
+  #
+  # - Argument +row+ must be an \Array object or a CSV::Row object.
+  # - The output stream must be open for writing.
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Append Arrays:
+  #   CSV.generate do |csv|
+  #     csv << ['foo', 0]
+  #     csv << ['bar', 1]
+  #     csv << ['baz', 2]
+  #   end # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #
+  # Append CSV::Rows:
+  #   headers = []
+  #   CSV.generate do |csv|
+  #     csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['foo', 0])
+  #     csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['bar', 1])
+  #     csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['baz', 2])
+  #   end # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #
+  # Headers in CSV::Row objects are not appended:
+  #   headers = ['Name', 'Count']
+  #   CSV.generate do |csv|
+  #     csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['foo', 0])
+  #     csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['bar', 1])
+  #     csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['baz', 2])
+  #   end # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if +row+ is not an \Array or \CSV::Row:
+  #   CSV.generate do |csv|
+  #     # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `collect' for :foo:Symbol)
+  #     csv << :foo
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if the output stream is not opened for writing:
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, '')
+  #   File.open(path) do |file|
+  #     CSV.open(file) do |csv|
+  #       # Raises IOError (not opened for writing)
+  #       csv << ['foo', 0]
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  def <<(row)
+    writer << row
+    self
   end
   alias_method :add_row, :<<
   alias_method :puts,    :<<
 
-  #
   # :call-seq:
-  #   convert( name )
-  #   convert { |field| ... }
-  #   convert { |field, field_info| ... }
-  #
-  # You can use this method to install a CSV::Converters built-in, or provide a
-  # block that handles a custom conversion.
-  #
-  # If you provide a block that takes one argument, it will be passed the field
-  # and is expected to return the converted value or the field itself.  If your
-  # block takes two arguments, it will also be passed a CSV::FieldInfo Struct,
-  # containing details about the field.  Again, the block should return a
-  # converted field or the field itself.
-  #
+  #   convert(converter_name) -> array_of_procs
+  #   convert {|field, field_info| ... } -> array_of_procs
+  #
+  # - With no block, installs a field converter (a \Proc).
+  # - With a block, defines and installs a custom field converter.
+  # - Returns the \Array of installed field converters.
+  #
+  # - Argument +converter_name+, if given, should be the name
+  #   of an existing field converter.
+  #
+  # See {Field Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Field+Converters].
+  # ---
+  #
+  # With no block, installs a field converter:
+  #   csv = CSV.new('')
+  #   csv.convert(:integer)
+  #   csv.convert(:float)
+  #   csv.convert(:date)
+  #   csv.converters # => [:integer, :float, :date]
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # The block, if given, is called for each field:
+  # - Argument +field+ is the field value.
+  # - Argument +field_info+ is a CSV::FieldInfo object
+  #   containing details about the field.
+  #
+  # The examples here assume the prior execution of:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, string)
+  #
+  # Example giving a block:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path)
+  #   csv.convert {|field, field_info| p [field, field_info]; field.upcase }
+  #   csv.read # => [["FOO", "0"], ["BAR", "1"], ["BAZ", "2"]]
+  #
+  # Output:
+  #   ["foo", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=1, header=nil>]
+  #   ["0", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=1, header=nil>]
+  #   ["bar", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=2, header=nil>]
+  #   ["1", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=2, header=nil>]
+  #   ["baz", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=3, header=nil>]
+  #   ["2", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=3, header=nil>]
+  #
+  # The block need not return a \String object:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path)
+  #   csv.convert {|field, field_info| field.to_sym }
+  #   csv.read # => [[:foo, :"0"], [:bar, :"1"], [:baz, :"2"]]
+  #
+  # If +converter_name+ is given, the block is not called:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path)
+  #   csv.convert(:integer) {|field, field_info| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+  #   csv.read # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises a parse-time exception if +converter_name+ is not the name of a built-in
+  # field converter:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path)
+  #   csv.convert(:nosuch) => [nil]
+  #   # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `arity' for nil:NilClass)
+  #   csv.read
   def convert(name = nil, &converter)
-    add_converter(:@converters, self.class::Converters, name, &converter)
+    parser_fields_converter.add_converter(name, &converter)
   end
 
-  #
   # :call-seq:
-  #   header_convert( name )
-  #   header_convert { |field| ... }
-  #   header_convert { |field, field_info| ... }
-  #
-  # Identical to CSV#convert(), but for header rows.
-  #
-  # Note that this method must be called before header rows are read to have any
-  # effect.
-  #
+  #   header_convert(converter_name) -> array_of_procs
+  #   header_convert {|header, field_info| ... } -> array_of_procs
+  #
+  # - With no block, installs a header converter (a \Proc).
+  # - With a block, defines and installs a custom header converter.
+  # - Returns the \Array of installed header converters.
+  #
+  # - Argument +converter_name+, if given, should be the name
+  #   of an existing header converter.
+  #
+  # See {Header Converters}[#class-CSV-label-Header+Converters].
+  # ---
+  #
+  # With no block, installs a header converter:
+  #   csv = CSV.new('')
+  #   csv.header_convert(:symbol)
+  #   csv.header_convert(:downcase)
+  #   csv.header_converters # => [:symbol, :downcase]
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # The block, if given, is called for each header:
+  # - Argument +header+ is the header value.
+  # - Argument +field_info+ is a CSV::FieldInfo object
+  #   containing details about the header.
+  #
+  # The examples here assume the prior execution of:
+  #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, string)
+  #
+  # Example giving a block:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
+  #   csv.header_convert {|header, field_info| p [header, field_info]; header.upcase }
+  #   table = csv.read
+  #   table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+  #   table.headers # => ["NAME", "VALUE"]
+  #
+  # Output:
+  #   ["Name", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=1, header=nil>]
+  #   ["Value", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=1, header=nil>]
+
+  # The block need not return a \String object:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
+  #   csv.header_convert {|header, field_info| header.to_sym }
+  #   table = csv.read
+  #   table.headers # => [:Name, :Value]
+  #
+  # If +converter_name+ is given, the block is not called:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
+  #   csv.header_convert(:downcase) {|header, field_info| fail 'Cannot happen' }
+  #   table = csv.read
+  #   table.headers # => ["name", "value"]
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises a parse-time exception if +converter_name+ is not the name of a built-in
+  # field converter:
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
+  #   csv.header_convert(:nosuch)
+  #   # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `arity' for nil:NilClass)
+  #   csv.read
   def header_convert(name = nil, &converter)
-    add_converter( :@header_converters,
-                   self.class::HeaderConverters,
-                   name,
-                   &converter )
+    header_fields_converter.add_converter(name, &converter)
   end
 
   include Enumerable
 
-  #
-  # Yields each row of the data source in turn.
-  #
-  # Support for Enumerable.
-  #
-  # The data source must be open for reading.
-  #
-  def each
-    if block_given?
-      while row = shift
-        yield row
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.each -> enumerator
+  #   csv.each {|row| ...}
+  #
+  # Calls the block with each successive row.
+  # The data source must be opened for reading.
+  #
+  # Without headers:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.each do |row|
+  #     p row
+  #   end
+  # Output:
+  #   ["foo", "0"]
+  #   ["bar", "1"]
+  #   ["baz", "2"]
+  #
+  # With headers:
+  #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
+  #   csv.each do |row|
+  #     p row
+  #   end
+  # Output:
+  #   <CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
+  #   <CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
+  #   <CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.close
+  #   # Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
+  #   csv.each do |row|
+  #     p row
+  #   end
+  def each(&block)
+    return to_enum(__method__) unless block_given?
+    begin
+      while true
+        yield(parser_enumerator.next)
       end
-    else
-      to_enum
+    rescue StopIteration
     end
   end
 
-  #
-  # Slurps the remaining rows and returns an Array of Arrays.
-  #
-  # The data source must be open for reading.
-  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.read -> array or csv_table
+  #
+  # Forms the remaining rows from +self+ into:
+  # - A CSV::Table object, if headers are in use.
+  # - An \Array of Arrays, otherwise.
+  #
+  # The data source must be opened for reading.
+  #
+  # Without headers:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, string)
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path)
+  #   csv.read # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]
+  #
+  # With headers:
+  #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   path = 't.csv'
+  #   File.write(path, string)
+  #   csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
+  #   csv.read # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.close
+  #   # Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
+  #   csv.read
   def read
     rows = to_a
-    if @use_headers
-      Table.new(rows)
+    if parser.use_headers?
+      Table.new(rows, headers: parser.headers)
     else
       rows
     end
   end
   alias_method :readlines, :read
 
-  # Returns +true+ if the next row read will be a header row.
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.header_row? -> true or false
+  #
+  # Returns +true+ if the next row to be read is a header row\;
+  # +false+ otherwise.
+  #
+  # Without headers:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.header_row? # => false
+  #
+  # With headers:
+  #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
+  #   csv.header_row? # => true
+  #   csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
+  #   csv.header_row? # => false
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.close
+  #   # Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
+  #   csv.header_row?
   def header_row?
-    @use_headers and @headers.nil?
+    parser.header_row?
   end
 
-  #
-  # The primary read method for wrapped Strings and IOs, a single row is pulled
-  # from the data source, parsed and returned as an Array of fields (if header
-  # rows are not used) or a CSV::Row (when header rows are used).
-  #
-  # The data source must be open for reading.
-  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.shift -> array, csv_row, or nil
+  #
+  # Returns the next row of data as:
+  # - An \Array if no headers are used.
+  # - A CSV::Row object if headers are used.
+  #
+  # The data source must be opened for reading.
+  #
+  # Without headers:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.shift # => ["foo", "0"]
+  #   csv.shift # => ["bar", "1"]
+  #   csv.shift # => ["baz", "2"]
+  #   csv.shift # => nil
+  #
+  # With headers:
+  #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
+  #   csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
+  #   csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
+  #   csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">
+  #   csv.shift # => nil
+  #
+  # ---
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:
+  #   string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string)
+  #   csv.close
+  #   # Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
+  #   csv.shift
   def shift
-    #########################################################################
-    ### This method is purposefully kept a bit long as simple conditional ###
-    ### checks are faster than numerous (expensive) method calls.         ###
-    #########################################################################
-
-    # handle headers not based on document content
-    if header_row? and @return_headers and
-       [Array, String].include? @use_headers.class
-      if @unconverted_fields
-        return add_unconverted_fields(parse_headers, Array.new)
-      else
-        return parse_headers
-      end
+    if @eof_error
+      eof_error, @eof_error = @eof_error, nil
+      raise eof_error
     end
-
-    #
-    # it can take multiple calls to <tt>@io.gets()</tt> to get a full line,
-    # because of \r and/or \n characters embedded in quoted fields
-    #
-    in_extended_col = false
-    csv             = Array.new
-
-    loop do
-      # add another read to the line
-      unless parse = @io.gets(@row_sep)
-        return nil
-      end
-
-      if in_extended_col
-        @line.concat(parse)
-      else
-        @line = parse.clone
-      end
-
-      begin
-        parse.sub!(@parsers[:line_end], "")
-      rescue ArgumentError
-        unless parse.valid_encoding?
-          message = "Invalid byte sequence in #{parse.encoding}"
-          raise MalformedCSVError.new(message, lineno + 1)
-        end
-        raise
-      end
-
-      if csv.empty?
-        #
-        # I believe a blank line should be an <tt>Array.new</tt>, not Ruby 1.8
-        # CSV's <tt>[nil]</tt>
-        #
-        if parse.empty?
-          @lineno += 1
-          if @skip_blanks
-            next
-          elsif @unconverted_fields
-            return add_unconverted_fields(Array.new, Array.new)
-          elsif @use_headers
-            return self.class::Row.new(Array.new, Array.new)
-          else
-            return Array.new
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      next if @skip_lines and @skip_lines.match parse
-
-      parts =  parse.split(@col_sep_split_separator, -1)
-      if parts.empty?
-        if in_extended_col
-          csv[-1] << @col_sep   # will be replaced with a @row_sep after the parts.each loop
-        else
-          csv << nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      # This loop is the hot path of csv parsing. Some things may be non-dry
-      # for a reason. Make sure to benchmark when refactoring.
-      parts.each do |part|
-        if in_extended_col
-          # If we are continuing a previous column
-          if part.end_with?(@quote_char) && part.count(@quote_char) % 2 != 0
-            # extended column ends
-            csv.last << part[0..-2]
-            if csv.last.match?(@parsers[:stray_quote])
-              raise MalformedCSVError.new("Missing or stray quote",
-                                          lineno + 1)
-            end
-            csv.last.gsub!(@double_quote_char, @quote_char)
-            in_extended_col = false
-          else
-            csv.last << part << @col_sep
-          end
-        elsif part.start_with?(@quote_char)
-          # If we are starting a new quoted column
-          if part.count(@quote_char) % 2 != 0
-            # start an extended column
-            csv << (part[1..-1] << @col_sep)
-            in_extended_col =  true
-          elsif part.end_with?(@quote_char)
-            # regular quoted column
-            csv << part[1..-2]
-            if csv.last.match?(@parsers[:stray_quote])
-              raise MalformedCSVError.new("Missing or stray quote",
-                                          lineno + 1)
-            end
-            csv.last.gsub!(@double_quote_char, @quote_char)
-          elsif @liberal_parsing
-            csv << part
-          else
-            raise MalformedCSVError.new("Missing or stray quote",
-                                        lineno + 1)
-          end
-        elsif part.match?(@parsers[:quote_or_nl])
-          # Unquoted field with bad characters.
-          if part.match?(@parsers[:nl_or_lf])
-            message = "Unquoted fields do not allow \\r or \\n"
-            raise MalformedCSVError.new(message, lineno + 1)
-          else
-            if @liberal_parsing
-              csv << part
-            else
-              raise MalformedCSVError.new("Illegal quoting", lineno + 1)
-            end
-          end
-        else
-          # Regular ole unquoted field.
-          csv << (part.empty? ? nil : part)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Replace tacked on @col_sep with @row_sep if we are still in an extended
-      # column.
-      csv[-1][-1] = @row_sep if in_extended_col
-
-      if in_extended_col
-        # if we're at eof?(), a quoted field wasn't closed...
-        if @io.eof?
-          raise MalformedCSVError.new("Unclosed quoted field",
-                                      lineno + 1)
-        elsif @field_size_limit and csv.last.size >= @field_size_limit
-          raise MalformedCSVError.new("Field size exceeded",
-                                      lineno + 1)
-        end
-        # otherwise, we need to loop and pull some more data to complete the row
-      else
-        @lineno += 1
-
-        # save fields unconverted fields, if needed...
-        unconverted = csv.dup if @unconverted_fields
-
-        if @use_headers
-          # parse out header rows and handle CSV::Row conversions...
-          csv = parse_headers(csv)
-        else
-          # convert fields, if needed...
-          csv = convert_fields(csv)
-        end
-
-        # inject unconverted fields and accessor, if requested...
-        if @unconverted_fields and not csv.respond_to? :unconverted_fields
-          add_unconverted_fields(csv, unconverted)
-        end
-
-        # return the results
-        break csv
-      end
+    begin
+      parser_enumerator.next
+    rescue StopIteration
+      nil
     end
   end
   alias_method :gets,     :shift
   alias_method :readline, :shift
 
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   csv.inspect -> string
   #
-  # Returns a simplified description of the key CSV attributes in an
-  # ASCII compatible String.
-  #
+  # Returns a \String showing certain properties of +self+:
+  #   string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
+  #   csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
+  #   s = csv.inspect
+  #   s # => "#<CSV io_type:StringIO encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:\",\" row_sep:\"\\n\" quote_char:\"\\\"\" headers:true>"
   def inspect
-    str = ["<#", self.class.to_s, " io_type:"]
+    str = ["#<", self.class.to_s, " io_type:"]
     # show type of wrapped IO
     if    @io == $stdout then str << "$stdout"
     elsif @io == $stdin  then str << "$stdin"
@@ -1365,15 +2701,18 @@ class CSV
     # show encoding
     str << " encoding:" << @encoding.name
     # show other attributes
-    %w[ lineno     col_sep     row_sep
-        quote_char skip_blanks liberal_parsing ].each do |attr_name|
-      if a = instance_variable_get("@#{attr_name}")
+    ["lineno", "col_sep", "row_sep", "quote_char"].each do |attr_name|
+      if a = __send__(attr_name)
         str << " " << attr_name << ":" << a.inspect
       end
     end
-    if @use_headers
-      str << " headers:" << headers.inspect
+    ["skip_blanks", "liberal_parsing"].each do |attr_name|
+      if a = __send__("#{attr_name}?")
+        str << " " << attr_name << ":" << a.inspect
+      end
     end
+    _headers = headers
+    str << " headers:" << _headers.inspect if _headers
     str << ">"
     begin
       str.join('')
@@ -1389,7 +2728,7 @@ class CSV
 
   def determine_encoding(encoding, internal_encoding)
     # honor the IO encoding if we can, otherwise default to ASCII-8BIT
-    io_encoding = raw_encoding(nil)
+    io_encoding = raw_encoding
     return io_encoding if io_encoding
 
     return Encoding.find(internal_encoding) if internal_encoding
@@ -1402,354 +2741,111 @@ class CSV
     Encoding.default_internal || Encoding.default_external
   end
 
-  #
-  # Stores the indicated separators for later use.
-  #
-  # If auto-discovery was requested for <tt>@row_sep</tt>, this method will read
-  # ahead in the <tt>@io</tt> and try to find one.  +ARGF+, +STDIN+, +STDOUT+,
-  # +STDERR+ and any stream open for output only with a default
-  # <tt>@row_sep</tt> of <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt> (<tt>$/</tt>).
-  #
-  # This method also establishes the quoting rules used for CSV output.
-  #
-  def init_separators(col_sep, row_sep, quote_char, force_quotes)
-    # store the selected separators
-    @col_sep    = col_sep.to_s.encode(@encoding)
-    if @col_sep == " "
-      @col_sep_split_separator = Regexp.new(/#{Regexp.escape(@col_sep)}/)
-    else
-      @col_sep_split_separator = @col_sep
-    end
-    @row_sep    = row_sep # encode after resolving :auto
-    @quote_char = quote_char.to_s.encode(@encoding)
-    @double_quote_char = @quote_char * 2
-
-    if @quote_char.length != 1
-      raise ArgumentError, ":quote_char has to be a single character String"
-    end
-
-    #
-    # automatically discover row separator when requested
-    # (not fully encoding safe)
-    #
-    if @row_sep == :auto
-      if [ARGF, STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR].include?(@io) or
-         (defined?(Zlib) and @io.class == Zlib::GzipWriter)
-        @row_sep = $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR
-      else
-        begin
-          #
-          # remember where we were (pos() will raise an exception if @io is pipe
-          # or not opened for reading)
-          #
-          saved_pos = @io.pos
-          while @row_sep == :auto
-            #
-            # if we run out of data, it's probably a single line
-            # (ensure will set default value)
-            #
-            break unless sample = @io.gets(nil, 1024)
-
-            cr = encode_str("\r")
-            lf = encode_str("\n")
-            # extend sample if we're unsure of the line ending
-            if sample.end_with?(cr)
-              sample << (@io.gets(nil, 1) || "")
-            end
-
-            # try to find a standard separator
-            sample.each_char.each_cons(2) do |char, next_char|
-              case char
-              when cr
-                if next_char == lf
-                  @row_sep = encode_str("\r\n")
-                else
-                  @row_sep = cr
-                end
-                break
-              when lf
-                @row_sep = lf
-                break
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-          # tricky seek() clone to work around GzipReader's lack of seek()
-          @io.rewind
-          # reset back to the remembered position
-          while saved_pos > 1024  # avoid loading a lot of data into memory
-            @io.read(1024)
-            saved_pos -= 1024
-          end
-          @io.read(saved_pos) if saved_pos.nonzero?
-        rescue IOError         # not opened for reading
-          # do nothing:  ensure will set default
-        rescue NoMethodError   # Zlib::GzipWriter doesn't have some IO methods
-          # do nothing:  ensure will set default
-        rescue SystemCallError # pipe
-          # do nothing:  ensure will set default
-        ensure
-          #
-          # set default if we failed to detect
-          # (stream not opened for reading, a pipe, or a single line of data)
-          #
-          @row_sep = $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR if @row_sep == :auto
-        end
-      end
-    end
-    @row_sep = @row_sep.to_s.encode(@encoding)
-
-    # establish quoting rules
-    @force_quotes = force_quotes
-    do_quote = lambda do |field|
-      field = String(field)
-      encoded_quote = @quote_char.encode(field.encoding)
-      encoded_quote + field.gsub(encoded_quote, encoded_quote * 2) + encoded_quote
+  def normalize_converters(converters)
+    converters ||= []
+    unless converters.is_a?(Array)
+      converters = [converters]
     end
-    quotable_chars = encode_str("\r\n", @col_sep, @quote_char)
-    @quote         = if @force_quotes
-      do_quote
-    else
-      lambda do |field|
-        if field.nil?  # represent +nil+ fields as empty unquoted fields
-          ""
-        else
-          field = String(field)  # Stringify fields
-          # represent empty fields as empty quoted fields
-          if field.empty? or
-             field.count(quotable_chars).nonzero?
-            do_quote.call(field)
-          else
-            field  # unquoted field
-          end
-        end
+    converters.collect do |converter|
+      case converter
+      when Proc # custom code block
+        [nil, converter]
+      else # by name
+        [converter, nil]
       end
     end
   end
 
-  # Pre-compiles parsers and stores them by name for access during reads.
-  def init_parsers(skip_blanks, field_size_limit, liberal_parsing)
-    # store the parser behaviors
-    @skip_blanks      = skip_blanks
-    @field_size_limit = field_size_limit
-    @liberal_parsing  = liberal_parsing
-
-    # prebuild Regexps for faster parsing
-    esc_row_sep = escape_re(@row_sep)
-    esc_quote   = escape_re(@quote_char)
-    @parsers = {
-      # for detecting parse errors
-      quote_or_nl:    encode_re("[", esc_quote, "\r\n]"),
-      nl_or_lf:       encode_re("[\r\n]"),
-      stray_quote:    encode_re( "[^", esc_quote, "]", esc_quote,
-                                 "[^", esc_quote, "]" ),
-      # safer than chomp!()
-      line_end:       encode_re(esc_row_sep, "\\z"),
-      # illegal unquoted characters
-      return_newline: encode_str("\r\n")
-    }
-  end
-
   #
-  # Loads any converters requested during construction.
-  #
-  # If +field_name+ is set <tt>:converters</tt> (the default) field converters
-  # are set.  When +field_name+ is <tt>:header_converters</tt> header converters
-  # are added instead.
-  #
-  # The <tt>:unconverted_fields</tt> option is also activated for
-  # <tt>:converters</tt> calls, if requested.
+  # Processes +fields+ with <tt>@converters</tt>, or <tt>@header_converters</tt>
+  # if +headers+ is passed as +true+, returning the converted field set. Any
+  # converter that changes the field into something other than a String halts
+  # the pipeline of conversion for that field. This is primarily an efficiency
+  # shortcut.
   #
-  def init_converters(converters, ivar_name, convert_method)
-    converters = case converters
-                 when nil then []
-                 when Array then converters
-                 else [converters]
-                 end
-    instance_variable_set(ivar_name, [])
-    convert = method(convert_method)
-
-    # load converters
-    converters.each do |converter|
-      if converter.is_a? Proc  # custom code block
-        convert.call(&converter)
-      else                     # by name
-        convert.call(converter)
-      end
+  def convert_fields(fields, headers = false)
+    if headers
+      header_fields_converter.convert(fields, nil, 0)
+    else
+      parser_fields_converter.convert(fields, @headers, lineno)
     end
   end
 
-  # Stores the pattern of comments to skip from the provided options.
   #
-  # The pattern must respond to +.match+, else ArgumentError is raised.
-  # Strings are converted to a Regexp.
+  # Returns the encoding of the internal IO object.
   #
-  # See also CSV.new
-  def init_comments(skip_lines)
-    @skip_lines = skip_lines
-    @skip_lines = Regexp.new(Regexp.escape(@skip_lines)) if @skip_lines.is_a? String
-    if @skip_lines and not @skip_lines.respond_to?(:match)
-      raise ArgumentError, ":skip_lines has to respond to matches"
+  def raw_encoding
+    if @io.respond_to? :internal_encoding
+      @io.internal_encoding || @io.external_encoding
+    elsif @io.respond_to? :encoding
+      @io.encoding
+    else
+      nil
     end
   end
-  #
-  # The actual work method for adding converters, used by both CSV.convert() and
-  # CSV.header_convert().
-  #
-  # This method requires the +var_name+ of the instance variable to place the
-  # converters in, the +const+ Hash to lookup named converters in, and the
-  # normal parameters of the CSV.convert() and CSV.header_convert() methods.
-  #
-  def add_converter(var_name, const, name = nil, &converter)
-    if name.nil?  # custom converter
-      instance_variable_get(var_name) << converter
-    else          # named converter
-      combo = const[name]
-      case combo
-      when Array  # combo converter
-        combo.each do |converter_name|
-          add_converter(var_name, const, converter_name)
-        end
-      else        # individual named converter
-        instance_variable_get(var_name) << combo
-      end
-    end
+
+  def parser_fields_converter
+    @parser_fields_converter ||= build_parser_fields_converter
   end
 
-  #
-  # Processes +fields+ with <tt>@converters</tt>, or <tt>@header_converters</tt>
-  # if +headers+ is passed as +true+, returning the converted field set.  Any
-  # converter that changes the field into something other than a String halts
-  # the pipeline of conversion for that field.  This is primarily an efficiency
-  # shortcut.
-  #
-  def convert_fields(fields, headers = false)
-    if headers
-      converters = @header_converters
-    else
-      converters = @converters
-      if !@use_headers and
-          converters.empty? and
-          @nil_value.nil? and
-          @empty_value_is_empty_string
-        return fields
-      end
-    end
+  def build_parser_fields_converter
+    specific_options = {
+      builtin_converters_name: :Converters,
+    }
+    options = @base_fields_converter_options.merge(specific_options)
+    build_fields_converter(@initial_converters, options)
+  end
 
-    fields.map.with_index do |field, index|
-      if field.nil?
-        field = @nil_value
-      elsif field.empty?
-        field = @empty_value unless @empty_value_is_empty_string
-      end
-      converters.each do |converter|
-        break if headers && field.nil?
-        field = if converter.arity == 1  # straight field converter
-          converter[field]
-        else                             # FieldInfo converter
-          header = @use_headers && !headers ? @headers[index] : nil
-          converter[field, FieldInfo.new(index, lineno, header)]
-        end
-        break unless field.is_a? String  # short-circuit pipeline for speed
-      end
-      field  # final state of each field, converted or original
-    end
+  def header_fields_converter
+    @header_fields_converter ||= build_header_fields_converter
   end
 
-  #
-  # This method is used to turn a finished +row+ into a CSV::Row.  Header rows
-  # are also dealt with here, either by returning a CSV::Row with identical
-  # headers and fields (save that the fields do not go through the converters)
-  # or by reading past them to return a field row. Headers are also saved in
-  # <tt>@headers</tt> for use in future rows.
-  #
-  # When +nil+, +row+ is assumed to be a header row not based on an actual row
-  # of the stream.
-  #
-  def parse_headers(row = nil)
-    if @headers.nil?                # header row
-      @headers = case @use_headers  # save headers
-                 # Array of headers
-                 when Array then @use_headers
-                 # CSV header String
-                 when String
-                   self.class.parse_line( @use_headers,
-                                          col_sep:    @col_sep,
-                                          row_sep:    @row_sep,
-                                          quote_char: @quote_char )
-                 # first row is headers
-                 else            row
-                 end
-
-      # prepare converted and unconverted copies
-      row      = @headers                       if row.nil?
-      @headers = convert_fields(@headers, true)
-      @headers.each { |h| h.freeze if h.is_a? String }
-
-      if @return_headers                                     # return headers
-        return self.class::Row.new(@headers, row, true)
-      elsif not [Array, String].include? @use_headers.class  # skip to field row
-        return shift
-      end
-    end
+  def build_header_fields_converter
+    specific_options = {
+      builtin_converters_name: :HeaderConverters,
+      accept_nil: true,
+    }
+    options = @base_fields_converter_options.merge(specific_options)
+    build_fields_converter(@initial_header_converters, options)
+  end
 
-    self.class::Row.new(@headers, convert_fields(row))  # field row
+  def writer_fields_converter
+    @writer_fields_converter ||= build_writer_fields_converter
   end
 
-  #
-  # This method injects an instance variable <tt>unconverted_fields</tt> into
-  # +row+ and an accessor method for +row+ called unconverted_fields().  The
-  # variable is set to the contents of +fields+.
-  #
-  def add_unconverted_fields(row, fields)
-    class << row
-      attr_reader :unconverted_fields
+  def build_writer_fields_converter
+    build_fields_converter(@initial_write_converters,
+                           @write_fields_converter_options)
+  end
+
+  def build_fields_converter(initial_converters, options)
+    fields_converter = FieldsConverter.new(options)
+    normalize_converters(initial_converters).each do |name, converter|
+      fields_converter.add_converter(name, &converter)
     end
-    row.instance_variable_set(:@unconverted_fields, fields)
-    row
+    fields_converter
   end
 
-  #
-  # This method is an encoding safe version of Regexp::escape().  It will escape
-  # any characters that would change the meaning of a regular expression in the
-  # encoding of +str+.  Regular expression characters that cannot be transcoded
-  # to the target encoding will be skipped and no escaping will be performed if
-  # a backslash cannot be transcoded.
-  #
-  def escape_re(str)
-    str.gsub(@re_chars) {|c| @re_esc + c}
+  def parser
+    @parser ||= Parser.new(@io, parser_options)
   end
 
-  #
-  # Builds a regular expression in <tt>@encoding</tt>.  All +chunks+ will be
-  # transcoded to that encoding.
-  #
-  def encode_re(*chunks)
-    Regexp.new(encode_str(*chunks))
+  def parser_options
+    @parser_options.merge(header_fields_converter: header_fields_converter,
+                          fields_converter: parser_fields_converter)
   end
 
-  #
-  # Builds a String in <tt>@encoding</tt>.  All +chunks+ will be transcoded to
-  # that encoding.
-  #
-  def encode_str(*chunks)
-    chunks.map { |chunk| chunk.encode(@encoding.name) }.join('')
+  def parser_enumerator
+    @parser_enumerator ||= parser.parse
   end
 
-  #
-  # Returns the encoding of the internal IO object or the +default+ if the
-  # encoding cannot be determined.
-  #
-  def raw_encoding(default = Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
-    if @io.respond_to? :internal_encoding
-      @io.internal_encoding || @io.external_encoding
-    elsif @io.is_a? StringIO
-      @io.string.encoding
-    elsif @io.respond_to? :encoding
-      @io.encoding
-    else
-      default
-    end
+  def writer
+    @writer ||= Writer.new(@io, writer_options)
+  end
+
+  def writer_options
+    @writer_options.merge(header_fields_converter: header_fields_converter,
+                          fields_converter: writer_fields_converter)
   end
 end
 
@@ -1769,8 +2865,15 @@ end
 #     c.read.any? { |a| a.include?("zombies") }
 #   } #=> false
 #
-def CSV(*args, &block)
-  CSV.instance(*args, &block)
+# CSV options may also be given.
+#
+#   io = StringIO.new
+#   CSV(io, col_sep: ";") { |csv| csv << ["a", "b", "c"] }
+#
+# This API is not Ractor-safe.
+#
+def CSV(*args, **options, &block)
+  CSV.instance(*args, **options, &block)
 end
 
 require_relative "csv/version"