crystalizer 0.2.2

data/lib/ruby2cext/common_node_comp.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1412 @@
+
+module Ruby2CExtension
+
+	module CommonNodeComp
+
+		# the comp methods need lots of methods from CFunction::Base or subclasses to work, e.g.:
+		# l, assign_res, get_self, get_class, get_cbase, get_cvar_cbase,
+		# scope (with get_lvar, get_lvar_idx, get_dvar, get_dvar_curr, vmode_method?, vmode_def_fun, ...)
+		# un, sym, global, add_helper
+		# ...
+
+		is_ruby_185 = (RUBY_VERSION >= "1.8.5") # see below
+
+		include Tools::EnsureNodeTypeMixin
+
+		def c_scope
+			l "{"
+			yield
+			l "}"
+		end
+		def c_scope_res
+			l "{"
+			assign_res(yield)
+			l "}"
+			"res"
+		end
+
+		def c_if(cond)
+			l "if (#{cond}) {"
+			yield
+			l "}"
+		end
+		def c_else
+			l "else {"
+			yield
+			l "}"
+		end
+		def c_for(exprs)
+			l "for (#{exprs}) {"
+			yield
+			l "}"
+		end
+
+		def c_static_once
+			c_scope_res {
+				l "static VALUE static_once_value = Qundef;"
+				c_if("static_once_value == Qundef") {
+					assign_res(yield)
+					# other thread might have been faster
+					c_if("static_once_value == Qundef") {
+						l "static_once_value = res;"
+						l "rb_global_variable(&static_once_value);"
+					}
+				}
+				"static_once_value"
+			}
+		end
+
+		def get_global_entry(vid)
+			g_entry = "(VALUE)rb_global_entry(#{sym(vid)})"
+			"(struct global_entry*)(#{global_const(g_entry, false)})"
+		end
+
+		def make_block(block)
+			if block
+				block.first == :block ? block : [:block, [block]]
+			else
+				[:block, []]
+			end
+		end
+
+		def handle_method_args(arg, block_arg)
+			ensure_node_type(arg, :args)
+			# handle arg
+			arg = arg.last
+			cnt = arg[:cnt]
+			opt = make_block(arg[:opt]).last
+			rest = arg[:rest] || -1
+			if Array === rest # 1.8.5 change
+				ensure_node_type(rest, :lasgn)
+				if rest.last[:vid] == 0 # e.g. def foo(*); end
+					rest = -2
+				else
+					rest = rest.last[:cnt]
+				end
+			end
+			rest = rest - 2
+			need_wrong_arg_num_helper = false
+			if opt.empty? && rest == -3 # then it was rest == -1, which means no rest_arg
+				l "if (meth_argc != #{cnt}) wrong_arg_num(meth_argc, #{cnt});"
+				need_wrong_arg_num_helper = true
+			else
+				if cnt > 0
+					l "if (meth_argc < #{cnt}) wrong_arg_num(meth_argc, #{cnt});"
+					need_wrong_arg_num_helper = true
+				end
+				if rest == -3 # then it was rest == -1, which means no rest_arg
+					l "if (meth_argc > #{cnt + opt.size}) wrong_arg_num(meth_argc, #{cnt + opt.size});"
+					need_wrong_arg_num_helper = true
+				end
+			end
+			if need_wrong_arg_num_helper
+				add_helper <<-EOC
+					static void wrong_arg_num(int argc, int exp) {
+						rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (%d for %d)", argc, exp);
+					}
+				EOC
+			end
+			(0...cnt).each { |i|
+				l "#{scope.get_lvar_idx(i)} = meth_argv[#{i}];"
+			}
+			opt.each_with_index { |asgn, i|
+				c_if("meth_argc > #{cnt + i}") {
+					l "#{scope.get_lvar_idx(cnt + i)} = meth_argv[#{cnt + i}];"
+				}
+				c_else {
+					l "#{comp(asgn)};"
+				}
+			}
+			if rest >= 0
+				sum = cnt + opt.size
+				c_if("meth_argc > #{sum}") {
+					l "#{scope.get_lvar_idx(rest)} = rb_ary_new4(meth_argc-#{sum}, meth_argv+#{sum});"
+				}
+				c_else {
+					l "#{scope.get_lvar_idx(rest)} = rb_ary_new2(0);"
+				}
+			end
+
+			# handle block arg if available
+			if block_arg
+				ensure_node_type(block_arg, :block_arg)
+				c_if("rb_block_given_p()") {
+					l "#{scope.get_lvar(block_arg.last[:vid])} = rb_block_proc();"
+				}
+				# no else, lvars are initialized to nil
+			end
+		end
+
+		def comp(node)
+			case node
+			when false
+				"Qnil"
+			when String
+				node
+			else
+				while (ntype = node.first) == :newline
+					node = node.last[:next]
+				end
+				orig_node = node
+				l "/* #{ntype} */"
+				begin
+					if (pps = compiler.preprocessors_for(ntype))
+						# apply each preprocessor until one returns a string or
+						# a different node type
+						pps.each { |pp_proc|
+							node = pp_proc[self, node]
+							break unless Array === node && node.first == ntype
+						}
+					end
+					if Array === node && node.first == ntype
+						__send__("comp_#{ntype}", node.last)
+					else
+						# retry with the result of preprocessing
+						comp(node)
+					end
+				rescue Ruby2CExtError => e
+					if Hash === orig_node.last && (n = orig_node.last[:node])
+						# add file and line to message
+						raise "#{n.file}:#{n.line}: #{e}"
+					else
+						raise # reraise
+					end
+				end
+			end
+		end
+
+		def comp_block(exprs)
+			return "Qnil" if exprs.empty?
+			last = exprs.last
+			exprs[0..-2].each { |ex|
+				l "#{comp(ex)};"
+			}
+			comp(last)
+		end
+
+		def comp_vcall(hash)
+			if scope.vmode_method?(hash[:mid])
+				"Qnil"
+			else
+				"rb_funcall2(#{get_self}, #{sym(hash[:mid])}, 0, 0)"
+			end
+		end
+
+		def build_c_arr(arr, var_name, extra = 0)
+			l "VALUE #{var_name}[#{arr.size + extra}];"
+			arr.each_with_index { |n, i|
+				l "#{var_name}[#{i}] = #{comp(n)};"
+			}
+		end
+		def build_args(args, one_extra = false)
+			if args.first == :array
+				l "const int argc = #{args.last.size};"
+				build_c_arr(args.last, "argv", one_extra ? 1 : 0)
+			else
+				l "int argc; VALUE *argv;"
+				l "volatile VALUE argv_ary;" if in_while?
+				assign_res(comp(args))
+				l "if (TYPE(res) != T_ARRAY) res = rb_ary_to_ary(res);"
+				l "argc = RARRAY(res)->len;"
+				if in_while?
+					# don't use ALLOCA_N in a while loop to avoid a stack overflow
+					l "argv_ary = rb_ary_dup(res);"
+					l "rb_ary_push(argv_ary, Qnil);" if one_extra
+					l "argv = RARRAY(argv_ary)->ptr;"
+				else
+					l "argv = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, argc#{one_extra ? " + 1" : ""});"
+					l "MEMCPY(argv, RARRAY(res)->ptr, VALUE, argc);"
+				end
+			end
+		end
+
+		NON_ITER_PROC = proc { |str, args, arg_types| str % args }
+
+		def do_funcall(recv, mid, args, allow_private, iter_proc)
+			iter_proc ||= NON_ITER_PROC
+			fun = "rb_funcall#{allow_private ? 2 : 3}"
+			if args
+				c_scope_res {
+					l "VALUE recv = #{recv};"
+					build_args(args)
+					iter_proc["#{fun}(%s, #{sym(mid)}, %s, %s)", %w[recv argc argv], %w[VALUE int VALUE*]]
+				}
+			else
+				if allow_private && iter_proc == NON_ITER_PROC
+					if scope.vmode_method?(mid)
+						return "Qnil"
+					end
+				end
+				iter_proc["#{fun}(%s, #{sym(mid)}, 0, 0)", [recv], %w[VALUE]]
+			end
+		end
+
+		def comp_fcall(hash, &iter_proc)
+			do_funcall(get_self, hash[:mid], hash[:args], true, iter_proc)
+		end
+
+		def comp_call(hash, &iter_proc)
+			do_funcall(comp(hash[:recv]), hash[:mid], hash[:args], false, iter_proc)
+		end
+
+		def comp_attrasgn(hash)
+			fun = "rb_funcall#{hash[:recv] == 0 ? 2 : 3}"
+			recv = (hash[:recv] == 0 ? get_self : comp(hash[:recv]))
+			c_scope_res {
+				l "VALUE recv = #{recv};"
+				build_args(hash[:args])
+				l "#{fun}(recv, #{sym(hash[:mid])}, argc, argv);"
+				"argv[argc - 1]"
+			}
+		end
+
+		def helper_super_allowed_check
+			# last_func is set to 0 by rb_require_safe
+			add_helper <<-EOC
+				static void super_allowed_check() {
+					if (!ruby_frame->last_func) {
+						rb_raise(rb_eNoMethodError, "super called outside of method");
+					}
+				}
+			EOC
+		end
+
+		if is_ruby_185
+			def comp_zsuper(hash, &iter_proc)
+				if CFunction::Method === self
+					# super zsuper only in a method in 1.8.5
+					iter_proc ||= NON_ITER_PROC
+					helper_super_allowed_check
+					l "super_allowed_check();"
+					# this is not 100% equivalent to 1.8.5 behavior ...
+					iter_proc["rb_call_super(%s, %s)", %w[meth_argc meth_argv], %w[int VALUE*]]
+				else
+					raise Ruby2CExtError::NotSupported, "super without explicit arguments is not supported here"
+				end
+			end
+		else
+			def comp_zsuper(hash, &iter_proc)
+				iter_proc ||= NON_ITER_PROC
+				helper_super_allowed_check
+				l "super_allowed_check();"
+				iter_proc["rb_call_super(ruby_frame->argc, ruby_frame->argv)", [], []]
+			end
+		end
+
+		def comp_super(hash, &iter_proc)
+			iter_proc ||= NON_ITER_PROC
+			helper_super_allowed_check
+			l "super_allowed_check();"
+			args = hash[:args]
+			if args
+				c_scope_res {
+					build_args(args)
+					iter_proc["rb_call_super(%s, %s)", %w[argc argv], %w[int VALUE*]]
+				}
+			else
+				iter_proc["rb_call_super(0, 0)", [], []]
+			end
+		end
+
+		def comp_lit(hash)
+			case (l = hash[:lit])
+			when Fixnum
+				"LONG2FIX(#{l.inspect})"
+			when Symbol
+				"ID2SYM(#{sym(l)})"
+			when Bignum
+				global_const("rb_cstr_to_inum(#{l.to_s.to_c_strlit}, 10, Qfalse)")
+			when Float
+				global_const("rb_float_new(%.40e)" % l)
+			when Range
+				global_const("rb_range_new(#{comp_lit(:lit=>l.first)}, #{comp_lit(:lit=>l.last)}, Q#{l.exclude_end?})")
+			when Regexp
+				s = l.source
+				global_const("rb_reg_new(#{s.to_c_strlit}, #{s.size}, #{l.options})")
+			else
+				raise Ruby2CExtError::Bug, "unsupported literal type: #{l.inspect}"
+			end
+		end
+
+		def comp_nil(hash); "Qnil"; end
+		def comp_false(hash); "Qfalse"; end
+		def comp_true(hash); "Qtrue"; end
+		def comp_self(hash); get_self; end
+
+		def comp_argscat(hash)
+			c_scope_res {
+				l "VALUE head, body;"
+				l "head = #{comp(hash[:head])};"
+				l "body = #{comp(hash[:body])};"
+				l "body = (NIL_P(body) ? rb_ary_new3(1, Qnil) : rb_Array(body));"
+				"rb_ary_concat(head, body)"
+			}
+		end
+		def comp_argspush(hash)
+			# argspush is used in a[2,*a]=4 for example
+			c_scope_res {
+				l "VALUE head;"
+				l "head = rb_ary_dup(#{comp(hash[:head])});"
+				"rb_ary_push(head, #{comp(hash[:body])})"
+			}
+		end
+
+		def comp_begin(hash)
+			comp(make_block(hash[:body]))
+		end
+
+		def comp_if(hash)
+			cond = comp(hash[:cond])
+			if !hash[:body] && !hash[:else]
+				l cond + ";"
+				"Qnil"
+			else
+				c_if("RTEST(#{cond})") {
+					assign_res(comp(hash[:body]))
+				}
+				c_else {
+					assign_res(comp(hash[:else]))
+				}
+				"res"
+			end
+		end
+
+		def comp_postexe(hash, &iter_proc)
+			raise Ruby2CExtError, "postexe only allowed with iter" unless iter_proc
+			c_scope {
+				l "static int done = 0;"
+				c_if("!done") {
+					l "done = 1;"
+					# compile as at_exit (rb_f_END() is static)
+					l do_funcall(get_self, :at_exit, false, true, iter_proc)
+				}
+			}
+			"Qnil"
+		end
+
+		def comp_match(hash)
+			"rb_reg_match2(#{comp_lit(hash)})"
+		end
+		def comp_match2(hash)
+			c_scope_res {
+				l "VALUE recv;"
+				l "recv = #{comp(hash[:recv])};"
+				"rb_reg_match(recv, #{comp(hash[:value])})"
+			}
+		end
+		def comp_match3(hash)
+			c_scope_res {
+				l "VALUE recv, val;"
+				l "recv = #{comp(hash[:recv])};"
+				l "val = #{comp(hash[:value])};"
+				"(TYPE(val) == T_STRING ? rb_reg_match(recv, val) : rb_funcall(val, #{sym(:=~)}, 1, recv))"
+			}
+		end
+
+		def handle_when(hash, test_proc)
+			ensure_node_type(head = hash[:head], :array)
+			c_scope_res {
+				l "int when_handle = 1;"
+				head.last.each { |check|
+					if check.first == :when
+						l "VALUE arr; long i;"
+						l "arr = #{comp(check.last[:head])};"
+						l "if (TYPE(arr) != T_ARRAY) arr = rb_ary_to_ary(arr);"
+						c_for("i = 0; i < RARRAY(arr)->len; ++i") {
+							c_if("RTEST(#{test_proc["RARRAY(arr)->ptr[i]"]})") {
+								l "arr = Qfalse;"
+								l "break;"
+							}
+						}
+						l "if (RTEST(arr)) {"
+					else
+						l "if (!RTEST(#{test_proc[check]})) {"
+					end
+				}
+				l "when_handle = 0;" # here all checks failed
+				head.last.size.times { l "}" }
+				c_if("when_handle") {
+					assign_res(comp(hash[:body]))
+				}
+				c_else {
+					if Array === hash[:next] && hash[:next].first == :when
+						assign_res(handle_when(hash[:next].last, test_proc))
+					else
+						assign_res(comp(hash[:next]))
+					end
+				}
+				"res"
+			}
+		end
+		def comp_when(hash)
+			handle_when(hash, proc { |val| comp(val) })
+		end
+		def comp_case(hash)
+			ensure_node_type(hash[:body], :when)
+			c_scope_res {
+				l "VALUE case_val;"
+				l "case_val = #{comp(hash[:head])};"
+				handle_when(hash[:body].last, proc { |val|
+					# Ruby 1.8.4 actually uses rb_funcall2, but a :call node
+					# (which uses rb_funcall3) is more correct
+					comp([:call, {:mid => :===, :recv => val, :args => [:array, ["case_val"]]}])
+				})
+			}
+		end
+
+		def comp_while(hash, is_until = false)
+			redo_lbl = un("while_redo")
+			next_lbl = un("while_next")
+			break_lbl = un("while_break")
+			c_scope_res {
+				l "VALUE while_res = Qnil;"
+				c_for(";;") {
+					l "if (#{is_until ? "" : "!"}RTEST(#{comp(hash[:cond])})) break;" if hash[:state] != 0
+					l "#{redo_lbl}:"
+					push_while(redo_lbl, next_lbl, break_lbl)
+					l "#{comp(hash[:body])};"
+					pop_while
+					l "#{next_lbl}: ;"
+					l "if (#{is_until ? "" : "!"}RTEST(#{comp(hash[:cond])})) break;" if hash[:state] == 0
+				}
+				l "#{break_lbl}:"
+				"while_res"
+			}
+		end
+		def comp_until(hash)
+			comp_while(hash, true)
+		end
+
+		def handle_iter(iter, bl_fun, closure)
+			ensure_node_type(iter, [:call, :fcall, :super, :zsuper, :postexe]) # attrasgn ???
+			l "do {"
+			block_calls = 0
+			assign_res(__send__("comp_#{iter.first}", iter.last) { |str, args, arg_types|
+				block_calls += 1
+				c_scope_res {
+					l "VALUE iter_data[#{args.size + 1}];"
+					l "iter_data[0] = Qfalse;"
+					args.each_with_index { |arg, i|
+						l "iter_data[#{i + 1}] = (VALUE)(#{arg});"
+					}
+					iter_data_cast = []
+					arg_types.each_with_index { |arg_type, i|
+						iter_data_cast << "(#{arg_type})(iter_data[#{i + 1}])"
+					}
+					it_fun = compiler.add_fun(<<-EOC.chomp % iter_data_cast, "iterate")
+						static VALUE FUNNAME(VALUE data) {
+							VALUE *iter_data = (VALUE*)data;
+							ruby_top_self = org_ruby_top_self;
+							if (iter_data[0]) return Qundef;
+							iter_data[0] = Qtrue;
+							return #{str};
+						}
+					EOC
+					# hack to make instance_eval etc. work (rb_iterate() uses ruby_top_self as block.self)
+					# this _should_ be save, because rb_trap_immediate should always be 0 here ...
+					l "ruby_top_self = Qundef;"
+					"rb_iterate(#{it_fun}, (VALUE)iter_data, #{bl_fun}, #{closure})"
+				}
+			})
+			raise Ruby2CExtError::Bug, "internal error while compiling iter" unless block_calls == 1
+			l "}"
+			l "while (res == Qundef);"
+			"res"
+		end
+
+		def comp_block_pass(hash)
+			# TODO: is just a workaround/hack, does not work with instance_eval etc.
+			c_scope_res {
+				l "VALUE proc;"
+				l "proc = #{comp(hash[:body])};"
+				iter = hash[:iter]
+				c_if("NIL_P(proc)") {
+					assign_res(__send__("comp_#{iter.first}", iter.last))
+				}
+				c_else {
+					# rb_obj_is_proc is static in eval.c, so we just convert and hope the best...
+					add_helper <<-EOC
+						#define PROC_TSHIFT (FL_USHIFT+1)
+						#define PROC_TMASK  (FL_USER1|FL_USER2|FL_USER3)
+						static VALUE obj_to_proc(VALUE proc) {
+							VALUE tmp;
+							tmp = rb_check_convert_type(proc, T_DATA, "Proc", "to_proc");
+							if (rb_class_real(CLASS_OF(tmp)) != rb_cProc)
+								rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %s (expected Proc)", rb_obj_classname(proc));
+							proc = tmp;
+							if (ruby_safe_level >= 1 && OBJ_TAINTED(proc) &&
+								ruby_safe_level > ((RBASIC(proc)->flags & PROC_TMASK) >> PROC_TSHIFT))
+								rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure: tainted block value");
+							return proc;
+						}
+					EOC
+					l "proc = obj_to_proc(proc);"
+					add_helper <<-EOC
+						static VALUE block_pass_helper_block(VALUE bl_val, VALUE proc, VALUE self) {
+							if (ruby_current_node->nd_state != 1) {
+								if (bl_val == Qundef) bl_val = rb_ary_new2(0);
+								else {
+									VALUE tmp = rb_check_array_type(bl_val);
+									bl_val = (NIL_P(tmp) ? rb_ary_new3(1, bl_val) : tmp);
+								}
+							}
+							if (RARRAY(bl_val)->len == 0) return rb_funcall3(proc, #{sym(:call)}, 0, 0);
+							else {
+								int argc = RARRAY(bl_val)->len;
+								VALUE *argv = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, argc);
+								MEMCPY(argv, RARRAY(bl_val)->ptr, VALUE, argc);
+								return rb_funcall3(proc, #{sym(:call)}, argc, argv);
+							}
+						}
+						EOC
+					assign_res(handle_iter(iter, "block_pass_helper_block", "proc"))
+				}
+				"res"
+			}
+		end
+
+		def comp_for(hash)
+			# transform to equivalent iter node
+			hash = hash.dup
+			hash[:iter] = [:call, {:args=>false, :mid=>:each, :recv=>hash[:iter]}]
+			comp_iter(hash)
+		end
+
+		def comp_iter(hash)
+			bl_fun, need_clos = CFunction::Block.compile(self, make_block(hash[:body]), hash[:var])
+			handle_iter(hash[:iter], bl_fun, need_clos ? get_closure_ary_var : "Qnil")
+		end
+
+		def comp_break(hash)
+			# must be implemented by the "user" of CommonNodeComp
+			raise Ruby2CExtError::NotSupported, "break is not supported"
+		end
+		def comp_next(hash)
+			# must be implemented by the "user" of CommonNodeComp
+			raise Ruby2CExtError::NotSupported, "next is not supported"
+		end
+		def comp_redo(hash)
+			# must be implemented by the "user" of CommonNodeComp
+			raise Ruby2CExtError::NotSupported, "redo is not supported"
+		end
+		def comp_return(hash)
+			# must be implemented by the "user" of CommonNodeComp
+			raise Ruby2CExtError::NotSupported, "return is not supported"
+		end
+		def comp_retry(hash)
+			# must be implemented by the "user" of CommonNodeComp
+			raise Ruby2CExtError::NotSupported, "retry is not supported"
+		end
+
+		def comp_splat(hash)
+			assign_res(comp(hash[:head]))
+			"(NIL_P(res) ? rb_ary_new3(1, Qnil) : rb_Array(res))"
+		end
+		def comp_to_ary(hash)
+			"rb_ary_to_ary(#{comp(hash[:head])})"
+		end
+		def comp_svalue(hash)
+			assign_res(comp(hash[:head]))
+			"(RARRAY(res)->len == 1 ? RARRAY(res)->ptr[0] : (RARRAY(res)->len == 0 ? Qnil : res))"
+		end
+
+		def comp_yield(hash)
+			val = (hash[:head] ? comp(hash[:head]) : "Qundef")
+			"rb_yield#{hash[:state] == 0 ? "" : "_splat"}(#{val})"
+		end
+
+		def comp_rescue(hash)
+			ensure_node_type(resb = hash[:resq], :resbody)
+			# compile the real body
+			cflow_hash = {}
+			body = CFunction::Wrap.compile(self, "rescue_body", cflow_hash) { |cf|
+				cf.instance_eval {
+					l "#{get_wrap_ptr}->state |= 1;"
+					comp(hash[:head])
+				}
+			}
+			# now all the resbodies in one c function
+			res_bodies = CFunction::Wrap.compile(self, "rescue_resbodies", cflow_hash) { |cf|
+				cf.instance_eval {
+					cnt = 0
+					while resb
+						cnt += 1
+						args = resb.last[:args]
+						unless args
+							l "if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(ruby_errinfo, rb_eStandardError)) {"
+						else
+							add_helper <<-EOC
+								static void rescue_mod_check(VALUE mod) {
+									if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(mod, rb_cModule)) {
+										rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "class or module required for rescue clause");
+									}
+								}
+							EOC
+							if args.first == :array # TODO
+								# ruby doesn't handle this case specially, but it might be faster this way
+								# (on the other side: we might miss exceptions (for not evaluated entries of the array))
+								args.last.each { |ex|
+									assign_res(comp(ex))
+									l "rescue_mod_check(res);"
+									l "if (!RTEST(rb_funcall(res, #{sym(:===)}, 1, ruby_errinfo))) {"
+								}
+								# non did match
+								assign_res("Qfalse")
+								# close all ifs
+								args.last.size.times { l "}" }
+							else
+								c_scope {
+									l "int i = 0;"
+									# TODO: ruby has BEGIN_CALLARGS protection here, is this really necessary???
+									build_args(args)
+									assign_res("Qfalse")
+									c_for("; i < argc; ++i") {
+										l "rescue_mod_check(argv[i]);"
+										c_if("RTEST(rb_funcall(argv[i], #{sym(:===)}, 1, ruby_errinfo))") {
+											assign_res("Qtrue");
+											l "break;"
+										}
+									}
+								}
+							end
+							l "if (res) {"
+						end
+						l "#{get_wrap_ptr}->state &= ~1;" # set first bit = 0
+						assign_res(comp(resb.last[:body]))
+						l "}"
+						l "else {"
+						resb = resb.last[:head]
+					end
+					# we are in the last else, if the exception wasn't handled, then reraise
+					l "rb_jump_tag(0x6 /* TAG_RAISE */);"
+					# close all elses
+					cnt.times { l "}" }
+				}
+				"res"
+			}
+			# now call rb_rescue2 with the two bodies (and handle else if necessary)
+			c_scope_res {
+				else_node = hash[:else]
+				l "long save_state = #{get_wrap_ptr}->state;"
+				l "long do_else;" if else_node
+				wp = "(VALUE)#{get_wrap_ptr}"
+				assign_res("rb_rescue2(#{body}, #{wp}, #{res_bodies}, #{wp}, rb_eException, (VALUE)0)")
+				l "do_else = #{get_wrap_ptr}->state & 1;" if else_node
+				l "#{get_wrap_ptr}->state = (#{get_wrap_ptr}->state & ~1) | (save_state & 1);" # restore the 1st bit of save_state
+				CFunction::Wrap::handle_wrap_cflow(self, cflow_hash)
+				if else_node
+					c_if("do_else") {
+						assign_res(comp(else_node))
+					}
+				end
+				"res"
+			}
+		end
+
+		def comp_ensure(hash)
+			cflow_hash = {}
+			b = CFunction::Wrap.compile(self, "ensure_body", cflow_hash) { |cf| cf.comp(hash[:head]) }
+			e = CFunction::Wrap.compile(self, "ensure_ensure") { |cf| cf.comp(hash[:ensr]) } # ensr without cflow
+			ensr_code = "rb_ensure(#{b}, (VALUE)#{get_wrap_ptr}, #{e}, (VALUE)#{get_wrap_ptr})"
+			if cflow_hash.empty?
+				ensr_code
+			else
+				assign_res(ensr_code)
+				CFunction::Wrap::handle_wrap_cflow(self, cflow_hash)
+				"res"
+			end
+		end
+
+		def comp_and(hash)
+			assign_res(comp(hash[:first]))
+			c_if("RTEST(res)") {
+				assign_res(comp(hash[:second]))
+			}
+			"res"
+		end
+		def comp_or(hash)
+			assign_res(comp(hash[:first]))
+			c_if("!RTEST(res)") {
+				assign_res(comp(hash[:second]))
+			}
+			"res"
+		end
+		def comp_not(hash)
+			"(RTEST(#{comp(hash[:body])}) ? Qfalse : Qtrue)"
+		end
+
+		def handle_dot(hash, dot3)
+			c_scope_res {
+				l "VALUE beg;"
+				l "beg = #{comp(hash[:beg])};"
+				"rb_range_new(beg, #{comp(hash[:end])}, Q#{dot3})"
+			}
+		end
+		def comp_dot2(hash)
+			handle_dot(hash, false)
+		end
+		def comp_dot3(hash)
+			handle_dot(hash, true)
+		end
+
+		def handle_flip(hash, flip3)
+			flip_var = scope.get_lvar_idx(hash[:cnt] - 2)
+			c_if("RTEST(#{flip_var})") {
+				l "if (RTEST(#{comp(hash[:end])})) #{flip_var} = Qfalse;"
+				assign_res("Qtrue")
+			}
+			c_else {
+				if flip3
+					assign_res("(RTEST(#{comp(hash[:beg])}) ? Qtrue : Qfalse)")
+					l "#{flip_var} = res;"
+				else
+					assign_res(c_scope_res {
+						l "VALUE beg_res;"
+						l "beg_res = (RTEST(#{comp(hash[:beg])}) ? Qtrue : Qfalse);"
+						c_if("beg_res") {
+							l "#{flip_var} = (RTEST(#{comp(hash[:end])}) ? Qfalse : Qtrue);"
+						}
+						"beg_res"
+					})
+				end
+			}
+			"res"
+		end
+		def comp_flip2(hash)
+			handle_flip(hash, false)
+		end
+		def comp_flip3(hash)
+			handle_flip(hash, true)
+		end
+
+		if is_ruby_185
+			# Ruby 1.8.5
+			def comp_op_asgn1(hash)
+				ensure_node_type(hash[:args], :argscat)
+				c_scope_res {
+					l "VALUE oa1_recv, oa1_val;"
+					l "oa1_recv = #{comp(hash[:recv])};"
+					c_scope_res {
+						build_args(hash[:args].last[:body], true)
+						l "oa1_val = rb_funcall3(oa1_recv, #{sym(:[])}, argc, argv);"
+						mid = hash[:mid]
+						rval = hash[:args].last[:head]
+						if Symbol === mid
+							call = [:call, {:recv=>"oa1_val", :mid=>mid, :args=>[:array, [rval]]}]
+							l "oa1_val = #{comp(call)};"
+							l "{"
+						else
+							# mid == 0 is OR, mid == 1 is AND
+							l "if (#{mid == 0 ? "!" : ""}RTEST(oa1_val)) {"
+							l "oa1_val = #{comp(rval)};"
+						end
+						l "argv[argc] = oa1_val;"
+						l "rb_funcall2(oa1_recv, #{sym(:[]=)}, argc + 1, argv);"
+						l "}"
+						"oa1_val"
+					}
+				}
+			end
+			def comp_op_asgn2(hash)
+				ensure_node_type(ids = hash[:next], :op_asgn2)
+				ids = ids.last
+				c_scope_res {
+					l "VALUE oa2_recv, oa2_val;"
+					l "oa2_recv = #{comp(hash[:recv])};"
+					call = [:call, {:recv=>"oa2_recv", :mid=>ids[:vid], :args=>false}]
+					l "oa2_val = #{comp(call)};"
+					mid = ids[:mid]
+					if Symbol === mid
+						call = [:call, {:recv=>"oa2_val", :mid=>mid, :args=>[:array, [hash[:value]]]}]
+						l "oa2_val = #{comp(call)};"
+						l "{"
+					else
+						# mid == 0 is OR, mid == 1 is AND
+						l "if (#{mid == 0 ? "!" : ""}RTEST(oa2_val)) {"
+						l "oa2_val = #{comp(hash[:value])};"
+					end
+					l "rb_funcall2(oa2_recv, #{sym(ids[:aid])}, 1, &oa2_val);"
+					l "}"
+					"oa2_val"
+				}
+			end
+		else
+			# Ruby 1.8.4
+			def comp_op_asgn1(hash)
+				ensure_node_type(hash[:args], :array)
+				c_scope_res {
+					l "VALUE recv, val;"
+					l "recv = #{comp(hash[:recv])};"
+					c_scope_res {
+						build_args([:array, hash[:args].last[1..-1]])
+						l "val = rb_funcall2(recv, #{sym(:[])}, argc-1, argv);"
+						mid = hash[:mid]
+						if Symbol === mid
+							l "val = rb_funcall(val, #{sym(mid)}, 1, #{comp(hash[:args].last.first)});"
+							l "{"
+						else
+							# mid == 0 is OR, mid == 1 is AND
+							l "if (#{mid == 0 ? "!" : ""}RTEST(val)) {"
+							l "val = #{comp(hash[:args].last.first)};"
+						end
+						l "argv[argc-1] = val;"
+						l "rb_funcall2(recv, #{sym(:[]=)}, argc, argv);"
+						l "}"
+						"val"
+					}
+				}
+			end
+			def comp_op_asgn2(hash)
+				ensure_node_type(ids = hash[:next], :op_asgn2)
+				ids = ids.last
+				c_scope_res {
+					l "VALUE recv, val;"
+					l "recv = #{comp(hash[:recv])};"
+					l "val = rb_funcall(recv, #{sym(ids[:vid])}, 0);"
+					mid = ids[:mid]
+					if Symbol === mid
+						l "val = rb_funcall(val, #{sym(mid)}, 1, #{comp(hash[:value])});"
+						l "{"
+					else
+						# mid == 0 is OR, mid == 1 is AND
+						l "if (#{mid == 0 ? "!" : ""}RTEST(val)) {"
+						l "val = #{comp(hash[:value])};"
+					end
+					l "rb_funcall2(recv, #{sym(ids[:aid])}, 1, &val);"
+					l "}"
+					"val"
+				}
+			end
+		end
+
+		def comp_op_asgn_and(hash)
+			assign_res(comp(hash[:head]))
+			c_if("RTEST(res)") {
+				assign_res(comp(hash[:value]))
+			}
+			"res"
+		end
+		def comp_op_asgn_or(hash)
+			if Symbol === (aid = hash[:aid])
+				def_test =
+					case aid.to_s
+					when /\A@@/
+						"rb_cvar_defined(#{get_cvar_cbase}, #{sym(aid)})"
+					when /\A@/
+						"rb_ivar_defined(#{get_self}, #{sym(aid)})"
+					when /\A\$/
+						"rb_gvar_defined(#{get_global_entry(aid)})"
+					else
+						raise Ruby2CExtError::Bug, "unexpected aid for op_asgn_or: #{aid.inspect}"
+					end
+				c_if(def_test) {
+					assign_res(comp(hash[:head]))
+				}
+				c_else {
+					assign_res("Qnil")
+				}
+			else
+				assign_res(comp(hash[:head]))
+			end
+			c_if("!RTEST(res)") {
+				assign_res(comp(hash[:value]))
+			}
+			"res"
+		end
+
+		def comp_masgn(hash)
+			c_scope_res {
+				l "VALUE ma_val;"
+				l "long ma_len;"
+				l "ma_val = #{comp(hash[:value])};"
+				l "ma_len = RARRAY(ma_val)->len;"
+				head_len = 0
+				if (head = hash[:head])
+					ensure_node_type(head, :array)
+					head_len = head.last.size
+					head.last.each_with_index { |asgn, i|
+						handle_assign(asgn, "(#{i} < ma_len ? RARRAY(ma_val)->ptr[#{i}] : Qnil)", false)
+					}
+				end
+				if ((args = hash[:args]) && (args != -1))
+					handle_assign(args, "(#{head_len} < ma_len ? rb_ary_new4(ma_len-#{head_len}, " +
+						"RARRAY(ma_val)->ptr+#{head_len}) : rb_ary_new2(0))", false)
+				end
+				"ma_val"
+			}
+		end
+
+		def handle_assign(asgn_node, val, undef_check = true)
+			c_scope {
+				if undef_check
+					l "VALUE as_val;"
+					l "as_val = #{comp(val)};"
+					l "if (as_val == Qundef) as_val = Qnil;"
+					val = "as_val"
+				end
+				dup_node = [asgn_node.first, asgn_node.last.dup]
+				case asgn_node.first
+				when :lasgn, :dasgn, :dasgn_curr, :iasgn, :gasgn, :cdecl, :cvdecl, :cvasgn
+					if dup_node.last[:value]
+						raise Ruby2CExtError, "unexpected value in #{asgn_node.first} node in handle_assign"
+					end
+					dup_node.last[:value] = val
+					l "#{comp(dup_node)};"
+				when :masgn
+					c_scope {
+						l "VALUE as_ma_val;"
+						l "VALUE tmp;" if (ma_head = asgn_node.last[:head])
+						l "as_ma_val = #{comp(val)};"
+						# adapted from svalue_to_mrhs()
+						if ma_head
+							l "tmp = rb_check_array_type(as_ma_val);"
+							l "as_ma_val = (NIL_P(tmp) ? rb_ary_new3(1, as_ma_val) : tmp);"
+						else
+							l "as_ma_val = rb_ary_new3(1, as_ma_val);"
+						end
+						dup_node.last[:value] = "as_ma_val"
+						l "#{comp(dup_node)};"
+					}
+				when :attrasgn # TODO: can :call also appear here ???
+					c_scope {
+						l "VALUE as_aa_val;"
+						l "as_aa_val = #{comp(val)};"
+						if asgn_node.last[:args]
+							dup_node.last[:args] = [:argspush, {:body => "as_aa_val", :head => asgn_node.last[:args]}]
+						else
+							dup_node.last[:args] = [:array, ["as_aa_val"]]
+						end
+						l "#{comp(dup_node)};"
+					}
+				else
+					raise Ruby2CExtError::Bug, "unexpected assign node type: #{asgn_node.first}"
+				end
+			}
+		end
+
+		def comp_lasgn(hash)
+			"(#{scope.get_lvar(hash[:vid])} = #{comp(hash[:value])})"
+		end
+		def comp_dasgn(hash)
+			"(#{scope.get_dvar(hash[:vid])} = #{comp(hash[:value])})"
+		end
+		def comp_dasgn_curr(hash)
+			"(#{scope.get_dvar_curr(hash[:vid])} = #{comp(hash[:value])})"
+		end
+		def comp_gasgn(hash)
+			assign_res(comp(hash[:value]))
+			l "rb_gvar_set(#{get_global_entry(hash[:vid])}, res);"
+			"res"
+		end
+		def comp_iasgn(hash)
+			assign_res(comp(hash[:value]))
+			l "rb_ivar_set(#{get_self}, #{sym(hash[:vid])}, res);"
+			"res"
+		end
+
+		def helper_class_module_check
+			add_helper <<-EOC
+				static void class_module_check(VALUE klass) {
+					switch (TYPE(klass)) {
+						case T_CLASS:
+						case T_MODULE:
+							break;
+						default:
+							rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%s is not a class/module", RSTRING(rb_obj_as_string(klass))->ptr);
+					}
+				}
+			EOC
+		end
+
+		def make_class_prefix(node)
+			ensure_node_type(node, [:colon2, :colon3])
+			if node.first == :colon2
+				hash = node.last
+				if hash[:head]
+					assign_res(comp(hash[:head]))
+					helper_class_module_check
+					l "class_module_check(res);"
+					"res"
+				else
+					get_cbase
+				end
+			else
+				"rb_cObject"
+			end
+		end
+
+		def comp_cdecl(hash)
+			c_scope_res {
+				l "VALUE val;"
+				l "val = #{comp(hash[:value])};"
+				if Symbol === hash[:vid]
+					l "rb_const_set(#{get_cbase}, #{sym(hash[:vid])}, val);"
+				else
+				  out = make_class_prefix(hash[:else])
+				  l "rb_const_set(#{out}, #{sym(hash[:else].last[:mid])}, val);"
+				end
+				"val"
+			}
+		end
+		def comp_cvasgn(hash, decl = false)
+			assign_res(comp(hash[:value]))
+			l "rb_cvar_set(#{get_cvar_cbase}, #{sym(hash[:vid])}, res, Q#{decl});"
+			"res"
+		end
+		def comp_cvdecl(hash)
+			comp_cvasgn(hash, true)
+		end
+
+		def comp_lvar(hash)
+			"#{scope.get_lvar(hash[:vid])}"
+		end
+		def comp_dvar(hash)
+			scope.get_dvar(hash[:vid])
+		end
+		def comp_gvar(hash)
+			"rb_gvar_get(#{get_global_entry(hash[:vid])})"
+		end
+		def comp_ivar(hash)
+			"rb_ivar_get(#{get_self}, #{sym(hash[:vid])})"
+		end
+		def comp_const(hash)
+			add_helper <<-EOC
+				static VALUE const_get(ID id, NODE *cref) {
+					NODE *cbase = cref;
+					VALUE result;
+					while (cbase && cbase->nd_next) {
+						VALUE klass = cbase->nd_clss;
+						while (RCLASS(klass)->iv_tbl && st_lookup(RCLASS(klass)->iv_tbl, id, &result)) {
+							if (result == Qundef) {
+								if (!RTEST(rb_autoload_load(klass, id))) break;
+								continue;
+							}
+							return result;
+						}
+						cbase = cbase->nd_next;
+					}
+					return rb_const_get(cref->nd_clss, id);
+				}
+			EOC
+			"const_get(#{sym(hash[:vid])}, #{get_cref})"
+		end
+		def comp_cvar(hash)
+			"rb_cvar_get(#{get_cvar_cbase}, #{sym(hash[:vid])})"
+		end
+		def comp_colon2(hash)
+			mid = hash[:mid]
+			if mid.to_s[0,1].downcase != mid.to_s[0,1] # then it is a constant
+				helper_class_module_check
+				assign_res(comp(hash[:head]))
+				l "class_module_check(res);"
+				"rb_const_get_from(res, #{sym(mid)})"
+			else
+				"rb_funcall(#{comp(hash[:head])}, #{sym(mid)}, 0, 0)"
+			end
+		end
+		def comp_colon3(hash)
+			"rb_const_get_from(rb_cObject, #{sym(hash[:mid])})"
+		end
+
+		def comp_nth_ref(hash)
+			"rb_reg_nth_match(#{hash[:nth]}, rb_backref_get())"
+		end
+		def comp_back_ref(hash)
+			case hash[:nth]
+			when ?&
+				"rb_reg_last_match(rb_backref_get())"
+			when ?`
+				"rb_reg_match_pre(rb_backref_get())"
+			when ?'
+				"rb_reg_match_post(rb_backref_get())"
+			when ?+
+				"rb_reg_match_last(rb_backref_get())"
+			else
+				raise Ruby2CExtError, "unexpected back-ref type: '#{hash[:nth].chr}'"
+			end
+		end
+
+		def comp_array(arr)
+			c_scope_res {
+				l "VALUE ary = rb_ary_new2(#{arr.size});"
+				arr.each_with_index { |n, i|
+					l "RARRAY(ary)->ptr[#{i}] = #{comp(n)};"
+					l "RARRAY(ary)->len = #{i+1};"
+				}
+				"ary"
+			}
+		end
+		def comp_zarray(hash)
+			"rb_ary_new()"
+		end
+
+		def comp_hash(hash)
+			if (arr = hash[:head])
+				ensure_node_type(arr, :array)
+				arr = arr.last
+				raise Ruby2CExtError, "odd number list for hash" unless arr.size % 2 == 0
+				c_scope_res {
+					l "VALUE key, hash = rb_hash_new();"
+					arr.each_with_index { |n, i|
+						if i % 2 == 0
+							l "key = #{comp(n)};"
+						else
+							l "rb_hash_aset(hash, key, #{comp(n)});"
+						end
+					}
+					"hash"
+				}
+			else
+				"rb_hash_new()"
+			end
+		end
+
+		def comp_str(hash)
+			lit = global_const("rb_str_new(#{hash[:lit].to_c_strlit}, #{hash[:lit].size})")
+			"rb_str_new3(#{lit})"
+		end
+		def comp_evstr(hash)
+			"rb_obj_as_string(#{comp(hash[:body])})"
+		end
+		def handle_dyn_str(hash)
+			ensure_node_type(hash[:next], :array)
+			c_scope_res {
+				l "VALUE str, str2;"
+				l "str = #{comp_str(hash)};"
+				hash[:next].last.each { |node|
+					l "str2 = #{comp(node)};"
+					l "rb_str_append(str, str2);"
+					l "OBJ_INFECT(str, str2);"
+				}
+				"str"
+			}
+		end
+		def comp_dstr(hash)
+			handle_dyn_str(hash)
+		end
+		def comp_dxstr(hash)
+			handle_dyn_str(hash)
+			"rb_funcall(#{get_self}, '`', 1, res)"
+		end
+		def comp_dsym(hash)
+			handle_dyn_str(hash)
+			"rb_str_intern(res)"
+		end
+		def comp_dregx(hash)
+			handle_dyn_str(hash)
+			"rb_reg_new(RSTRING(res)->ptr, RSTRING(res)->len, #{hash[:cflag]})"
+		end
+		def comp_dregx_once(hash)
+			c_static_once {
+				comp_dregx(hash)
+			}
+		end
+		def comp_xstr(hash)
+			"rb_funcall(#{get_self}, '`', 1, #{comp_str(hash)})"
+		end
+
+		def comp_defn(hash)
+			add_helper <<-EOC
+				static void class_nil_check(VALUE klass) {
+				    if (NIL_P(klass)) rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "no class/module to add method");
+				}
+			EOC
+			l "class_nil_check(#{get_class});" # can happen in instance_eval for Fixnum/Symbol
+			CFunction::Method.compile(self, hash[:defn], scope.vmode_def_fun, get_class, hash[:mid])
+			"Qnil"
+		end
+
+		def comp_defs(hash)
+			add_helper <<-EOC
+				static void defs_allowed(VALUE recv, ID mid) {
+					if (ruby_safe_level >= 4 && !OBJ_TAINTED(recv))
+						rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure: can't define singleton method");
+					if (OBJ_FROZEN(recv)) rb_error_frozen("object");
+					if (ruby_safe_level >= 4) {
+						NODE *body = 0;
+						VALUE klass = rb_singleton_class(recv);
+						if (st_lookup(RCLASS(klass)->m_tbl, mid, (st_data_t *)&body))
+						rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "redefining method prohibited");
+					}
+				}
+			EOC
+			c_scope_res {
+				l "VALUE recv;"
+				l "recv = #{comp(hash[:recv])};"
+				l "defs_allowed(recv, #{sym(hash[:mid])});"
+				CFunction::Method.compile(self, hash[:defn], "rb_define_singleton_method", "recv", hash[:mid])
+				"Qnil"
+			}
+		end
+
+		def comp_undef(hash)
+			if Array === (mid = hash[:mid]) # 1.8.5
+				l "rb_undef(#{get_class}, rb_to_id(#{comp(mid)}));"
+			else
+				l "rb_undef(#{get_class}, #{sym(mid)});"
+			end
+			"Qnil"
+		end
+
+		def comp_alias(hash)
+			if Array === hash[:new] # 1.8.5
+				c_scope {
+					l "ID new_id;"
+					l "new_id = rb_to_id(#{comp(hash[:new])});"
+					l "rb_alias(#{get_class}, new_id, rb_to_id(#{comp(hash[:old])}));"
+				}
+			else
+				l "rb_alias(#{get_class}, #{sym(hash[:new])}, #{sym(hash[:old])});"
+			end
+			"Qnil"
+		end
+		def comp_valias(hash)
+			l "rb_alias_variable(#{sym(hash[:new])}, #{sym(hash[:old])});"
+			"Qnil"
+		end
+
+		def comp_class(hash)
+			add_helper <<-EOC
+				static VALUE class_prep(VALUE prefix, VALUE super, ID cname) {
+					VALUE klass;
+					if (rb_const_defined_at(prefix, cname)) {
+						klass = rb_const_get_at(prefix, cname);
+						if (TYPE(klass) != T_CLASS) rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%s is not a class", rb_id2name(cname));
+						if (super) {
+							VALUE tmp = rb_class_real(RCLASS(klass)->super);
+							if (tmp != super) rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "superclass mismatch for class %s", rb_id2name(cname));
+						}
+						if (ruby_safe_level >= 4) rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "extending class prohibited");
+					}
+					else {
+						if (!super) super = rb_cObject;
+						klass = rb_define_class_id(cname, super);
+						rb_set_class_path(klass, prefix, rb_id2name(cname));
+						rb_const_set(prefix, cname, klass);
+						rb_class_inherited(super, klass);
+					}
+					return klass;
+				}
+			EOC
+			sup = hash[:super]
+			c_scope_res {
+				l "VALUE prefix, tmp_class;"
+				l "VALUE super;" if sup
+				puts 
+				out = make_class_prefix(hash[:cpath])
+            if out.nil? or out == '' or out == '('
+            puts 'bad', 'from', hash
+				  raise hash
+				end
+				l "prefix = #{out};"
+				l "super = #{comp(sup)};" if sup
+				l "tmp_class = class_prep(prefix, #{sup ? "super" : "0"}, #{sym(hash[:cpath].last[:mid])});"
+				CFunction::ClassModuleScope.compile(self, hash[:body], "tmp_class", true)
+			}
+		end
+
+		def comp_module(hash)
+			add_helper <<-EOC
+				static VALUE module_prep(VALUE prefix, ID cname) {
+					VALUE module;
+					if (rb_const_defined_at(prefix, cname)) {
+						module = rb_const_get_at(prefix, cname);
+						if (TYPE(module) != T_MODULE) rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%s is not a module", rb_id2name(cname));
+						if (ruby_safe_level >= 4) rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "extending module prohibited");
+					}
+					else {
+						module = rb_define_module_id(cname);
+						rb_set_class_path(module, prefix, rb_id2name(cname));
+						rb_const_set(prefix, cname, module);
+					}
+					return module;
+				}
+			EOC
+			c_scope_res {
+				l "VALUE prefix, tmp_module;"
+				out = make_class_prefix(hash[:cpath])
+				l "prefix = #{out};"
+				l "tmp_module = module_prep(prefix, #{sym(hash[:cpath].last[:mid])});"
+				CFunction::ClassModuleScope.compile(self, hash[:body], "tmp_module", false)
+			}
+		end
+
+		def comp_sclass(hash)
+			add_helper <<-EOC
+				static void sclass_check(VALUE obj) {
+					if (FIXNUM_P(obj) || SYMBOL_P(obj)) rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "no virtual class for %s", rb_obj_classname(obj));
+					if (ruby_safe_level >= 4 && !OBJ_TAINTED(obj)) rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure: can't extend object");
+				}
+			EOC
+			c_scope_res {
+				l "VALUE tmp_sclass;"
+				l "tmp_sclass = #{comp(hash[:recv])};"
+				l "sclass_check(tmp_sclass);"
+				l "tmp_sclass = rb_singleton_class(tmp_sclass);"
+				CFunction::ClassModuleScope.compile(self, hash[:body], "tmp_sclass", true)
+			}
+		end
+
+		def comp_defined(hash)
+			head = hash[:head]
+			hhash = head.last
+			res =
+			case head.first
+			when :match2, :match3
+				'"method"'
+			when :yield
+				'(rb_block_given_p() ? "yield" : 0)'
+			when :self, :nil, :true, :false
+				head.first.to_s.to_c_strlit
+			when :op_asgn1, :op_asgn2, :masgn, :lasgn, :dasgn, :dasgn_curr,
+				:gasgn, :iasgn, :cdecl, :cvdecl, :cvasgn  # :attrset can never be parsed
+				'"assignment"'
+			when :lvar
+				'"local-variable"'
+			when :dvar
+				'"local-variable(in-block)"'
+			when :gvar
+				"(rb_gvar_defined(#{get_global_entry(hhash[:vid])}) ? \"global-variable\" : 0)"
+			when :ivar
+				"(rb_ivar_defined(#{get_self}, #{sym(hhash[:vid])}) ? \"instance-variable\" : 0)"
+			when :const
+				add_helper <<-EOC
+					static VALUE const_defined(ID id, NODE *cref) {
+						NODE *cbase = cref;
+						VALUE result;
+						while (cbase && cbase->nd_next) {
+							VALUE klass = cbase->nd_clss;
+							if (RCLASS(klass)->iv_tbl && st_lookup(RCLASS(klass)->iv_tbl, id, &result)) {
+								if (result == Qundef && NIL_P(rb_autoload_p(klass, id))) return Qfalse;
+								return Qtrue;
+							}
+							cbase = cbase->nd_next;
+						}
+						return rb_const_defined(cref->nd_clss, id);
+					}
+				EOC
+				"(const_defined(#{sym(hhash[:vid])}, #{get_cref}) ? \"constant\" : 0)"
+			when :cvar
+				"(rb_cvar_defined(#{get_cvar_cbase}, #{sym(hhash[:vid])}) ? \"class variable\" : 0)"
+			when :colon3
+				"(rb_const_defined_from(rb_cObject, #{sym(hhash[:mid])}) ? \"constant\" : 0)"
+			when :nth_ref
+				"(RTEST(rb_reg_nth_defined(#{hhash[:nth]}, rb_backref_get())) ? \"$#{hhash[:nth]}\" : 0)"
+			when :back_ref
+				"(RTEST(rb_reg_nth_defined(0, rb_backref_get())) ? \"$#{hhash[:nth].chr}\" : 0)"
+			else
+				raise Ruby2CExtError::NotSupported, "defined? with node type #{head.first} is not supported"
+			end
+			if res[0,1] == '"' # just a string
+				"rb_str_new2(#{res})"
+			else
+				c_scope_res {
+					l "char * def_desc;"
+					l "def_desc = #{res};"
+					"(def_desc ? rb_str_new2(def_desc) : Qnil)"
+				}
+			end
+		end
+	end
+
+end