couchbase 3.5.0 → 3.5.2

data/ext/cache/fmt/d3c862243fcf1c41b4c09903f35479bd42f135b7/fmt/include/fmt/format.h

@@ -0,0 +1,4535 @@
+/*
+  Formatting library for C++
+
+  Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+
+  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+  a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+  "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+  without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+  distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+  permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+  the following conditions:
+
+  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+  included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+  EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+  MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+  NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+  LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+  OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+  WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+  --- Optional exception to the license ---
+
+  As an exception, if, as a result of your compiling your source code, portions
+  of this Software are embedded into a machine-executable object form of such
+  source code, you may redistribute such embedded portions in such object form
+  without including the above copyright and permission notices.
+ */
+
+#ifndef FMT_FORMAT_H_
+#define FMT_FORMAT_H_
+
+#include <cmath>             // std::signbit
+#include <cstdint>           // uint32_t
+#include <cstring>           // std::memcpy
+#include <initializer_list>  // std::initializer_list
+#include <limits>            // std::numeric_limits
+#include <memory>            // std::uninitialized_copy
+#include <stdexcept>         // std::runtime_error
+#include <system_error>      // std::system_error
+
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_bit_cast
+#  include <bit>  // std::bit_cast
+#endif
+
+#include "core.h"
+
+#if defined __cpp_inline_variables && __cpp_inline_variables >= 201606L
+#  define FMT_INLINE_VARIABLE inline
+#else
+#  define FMT_INLINE_VARIABLE
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(fallthrough)
+#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[fallthrough]]
+#elif defined(__clang__)
+#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[clang::fallthrough]]
+#elif FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 700 && \
+    (!defined(__EDG_VERSION__) || __EDG_VERSION__ >= 520)
+#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[gnu::fallthrough]]
+#else
+#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_DEPRECATED
+#  if FMT_HAS_CPP14_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated) || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1900
+#    define FMT_DEPRECATED [[deprecated]]
+#  else
+#    if (defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__LCC__)) || defined(__clang__)
+#      define FMT_DEPRECATED __attribute__((deprecated))
+#    elif FMT_MSC_VERSION
+#      define FMT_DEPRECATED __declspec(deprecated)
+#    else
+#      define FMT_DEPRECATED /* deprecated */
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS
+#  if FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 202002L
+#    if FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(no_unique_address)
+#      define FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS [[no_unique_address]]
+// VS2019 v16.10 and later except clang-cl (https://reviews.llvm.org/D110485)
+#    elif (FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1929) && !FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#      define FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS [[msvc::no_unique_address]]
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS
+#  define FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS
+#endif
+
+// Visibility when compiled as a shared library/object.
+#if defined(FMT_LIB_EXPORT) || defined(FMT_SHARED)
+#  define FMT_SO_VISIBILITY(value) FMT_VISIBILITY(value)
+#else
+#  define FMT_SO_VISIBILITY(value)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __has_builtin
+#  define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) __has_builtin(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#  define FMT_NOINLINE __attribute__((noinline))
+#else
+#  define FMT_NOINLINE
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_THROW
+#  if FMT_EXCEPTIONS
+#    if FMT_MSC_VERSION || defined(__NVCC__)
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+template <typename Exception> inline void do_throw(const Exception& x) {
+  // Silence unreachable code warnings in MSVC and NVCC because these
+  // are nearly impossible to fix in a generic code.
+  volatile bool b = true;
+  if (b) throw x;
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+#      define FMT_THROW(x) detail::do_throw(x)
+#    else
+#      define FMT_THROW(x) throw x
+#    endif
+#  else
+#    define FMT_THROW(x) \
+      ::fmt::detail::assert_fail(__FILE__, __LINE__, (x).what())
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_EXCEPTIONS
+#  define FMT_TRY try
+#  define FMT_CATCH(x) catch (x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_TRY if (true)
+#  define FMT_CATCH(x) if (false)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED
+#  if FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(maybe_unused)
+#    define FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED [[maybe_unused]]
+#  else
+#    define FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+// EDG based compilers (Intel, NVIDIA, Elbrus, etc), GCC and MSVC support UDLs.
+//
+// GCC before 4.9 requires a space in `operator"" _a` which is invalid in later
+// compiler versions.
+#  if (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_user_literals) || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 409 || \
+       FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1900) &&                                     \
+      (!defined(__EDG_VERSION__) || __EDG_VERSION__ >= /* UDL feature */ 480)
+#    define FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Defining FMT_REDUCE_INT_INSTANTIATIONS to 1, will reduce the number of
+// integer formatter template instantiations to just one by only using the
+// largest integer type. This results in a reduction in binary size but will
+// cause a decrease in integer formatting performance.
+#if !defined(FMT_REDUCE_INT_INSTANTIATIONS)
+#  define FMT_REDUCE_INT_INSTANTIATIONS 0
+#endif
+
+// __builtin_clz is broken in clang with Microsoft CodeGen:
+// https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/519.
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION
+#  if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clz) || FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_ICC_VERSION
+#    define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n) __builtin_clz(n)
+#  endif
+#  if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clzll) || FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_ICC_VERSION
+#    define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n) __builtin_clzll(n)
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// __builtin_ctz is broken in Intel Compiler Classic on Windows:
+// https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2510.
+#ifndef __ICL
+#  if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_ctz) || FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_ICC_VERSION || \
+      defined(__NVCOMPILER)
+#    define FMT_BUILTIN_CTZ(n) __builtin_ctz(n)
+#  endif
+#  if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_ctzll) || FMT_GCC_VERSION || \
+      FMT_ICC_VERSION || defined(__NVCOMPILER)
+#    define FMT_BUILTIN_CTZLL(n) __builtin_ctzll(n)
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_MSC_VERSION
+#  include <intrin.h>  // _BitScanReverse[64], _BitScanForward[64], _umul128
+#endif
+
+// Some compilers masquerade as both MSVC and GCC-likes or otherwise support
+// __builtin_clz and __builtin_clzll, so only define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ using the
+// MSVC intrinsics if the clz and clzll builtins are not available.
+#if FMT_MSC_VERSION && !defined(FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL) && \
+    !defined(FMT_BUILTIN_CTZLL)
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+// Avoid Clang with Microsoft CodeGen's -Wunknown-pragmas warning.
+#  if !defined(__clang__)
+#    pragma intrinsic(_BitScanForward)
+#    pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse)
+#    if defined(_WIN64)
+#      pragma intrinsic(_BitScanForward64)
+#      pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse64)
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+inline auto clz(uint32_t x) -> int {
+  unsigned long r = 0;
+  _BitScanReverse(&r, x);
+  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
+  // Static analysis complains about using uninitialized data
+  // "r", but the only way that can happen is if "x" is 0,
+  // which the callers guarantee to not happen.
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 6102)
+  return 31 ^ static_cast<int>(r);
+}
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n) detail::clz(n)
+
+inline auto clzll(uint64_t x) -> int {
+  unsigned long r = 0;
+#  ifdef _WIN64
+  _BitScanReverse64(&r, x);
+#  else
+  // Scan the high 32 bits.
+  if (_BitScanReverse(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x >> 32)))
+    return 63 ^ static_cast<int>(r + 32);
+  // Scan the low 32 bits.
+  _BitScanReverse(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x));
+#  endif
+  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 6102)  // Suppress a bogus static analysis warning.
+  return 63 ^ static_cast<int>(r);
+}
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n) detail::clzll(n)
+
+inline auto ctz(uint32_t x) -> int {
+  unsigned long r = 0;
+  _BitScanForward(&r, x);
+  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 6102)  // Suppress a bogus static analysis warning.
+  return static_cast<int>(r);
+}
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CTZ(n) detail::ctz(n)
+
+inline auto ctzll(uint64_t x) -> int {
+  unsigned long r = 0;
+  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 6102)  // Suppress a bogus static analysis warning.
+#  ifdef _WIN64
+  _BitScanForward64(&r, x);
+#  else
+  // Scan the low 32 bits.
+  if (_BitScanForward(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x))) return static_cast<int>(r);
+  // Scan the high 32 bits.
+  _BitScanForward(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x >> 32));
+  r += 32;
+#  endif
+  return static_cast<int>(r);
+}
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CTZLL(n) detail::ctzll(n)
+}  // namespace detail
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+#endif
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline void abort_fuzzing_if(bool condition) {
+  ignore_unused(condition);
+#ifdef FMT_FUZZ
+  if (condition) throw std::runtime_error("fuzzing limit reached");
+#endif
+}
+
+template <typename CharT, CharT... C> struct string_literal {
+  static constexpr CharT value[sizeof...(C)] = {C...};
+  constexpr operator basic_string_view<CharT>() const {
+    return {value, sizeof...(C)};
+  }
+};
+
+#if FMT_CPLUSPLUS < 201703L
+template <typename CharT, CharT... C>
+constexpr CharT string_literal<CharT, C...>::value[sizeof...(C)];
+#endif
+
+// Implementation of std::bit_cast for pre-C++20.
+template <typename To, typename From, FMT_ENABLE_IF(sizeof(To) == sizeof(From))>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto bit_cast(const From& from) -> To {
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_bit_cast
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) return std::bit_cast<To>(from);
+#endif
+  auto to = To();
+  // The cast suppresses a bogus -Wclass-memaccess on GCC.
+  std::memcpy(static_cast<void*>(&to), &from, sizeof(to));
+  return to;
+}
+
+inline auto is_big_endian() -> bool {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  return false;
+#elif defined(__BIG_ENDIAN__)
+  return true;
+#elif defined(__BYTE_ORDER__) && defined(__ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__)
+  return __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__;
+#else
+  struct bytes {
+    char data[sizeof(int)];
+  };
+  return bit_cast<bytes>(1).data[0] == 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+class uint128_fallback {
+ private:
+  uint64_t lo_, hi_;
+
+ public:
+  constexpr uint128_fallback(uint64_t hi, uint64_t lo) : lo_(lo), hi_(hi) {}
+  constexpr uint128_fallback(uint64_t value = 0) : lo_(value), hi_(0) {}
+
+  constexpr auto high() const noexcept -> uint64_t { return hi_; }
+  constexpr auto low() const noexcept -> uint64_t { return lo_; }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  constexpr explicit operator T() const {
+    return static_cast<T>(lo_);
+  }
+
+  friend constexpr auto operator==(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                   const uint128_fallback& rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.hi_ == rhs.hi_ && lhs.lo_ == rhs.lo_;
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator!=(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                   const uint128_fallback& rhs) -> bool {
+    return !(lhs == rhs);
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator>(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                  const uint128_fallback& rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.hi_ != rhs.hi_ ? lhs.hi_ > rhs.hi_ : lhs.lo_ > rhs.lo_;
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator|(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                  const uint128_fallback& rhs)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    return {lhs.hi_ | rhs.hi_, lhs.lo_ | rhs.lo_};
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator&(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                  const uint128_fallback& rhs)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    return {lhs.hi_ & rhs.hi_, lhs.lo_ & rhs.lo_};
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator~(const uint128_fallback& n)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    return {~n.hi_, ~n.lo_};
+  }
+  friend auto operator+(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                        const uint128_fallback& rhs) -> uint128_fallback {
+    auto result = uint128_fallback(lhs);
+    result += rhs;
+    return result;
+  }
+  friend auto operator*(const uint128_fallback& lhs, uint32_t rhs)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    FMT_ASSERT(lhs.hi_ == 0, "");
+    uint64_t hi = (lhs.lo_ >> 32) * rhs;
+    uint64_t lo = (lhs.lo_ & ~uint32_t()) * rhs;
+    uint64_t new_lo = (hi << 32) + lo;
+    return {(hi >> 32) + (new_lo < lo ? 1 : 0), new_lo};
+  }
+  friend auto operator-(const uint128_fallback& lhs, uint64_t rhs)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    return {lhs.hi_ - (lhs.lo_ < rhs ? 1 : 0), lhs.lo_ - rhs};
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator>>(int shift) const -> uint128_fallback {
+    if (shift == 64) return {0, hi_};
+    if (shift > 64) return uint128_fallback(0, hi_) >> (shift - 64);
+    return {hi_ >> shift, (hi_ << (64 - shift)) | (lo_ >> shift)};
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator<<(int shift) const -> uint128_fallback {
+    if (shift == 64) return {lo_, 0};
+    if (shift > 64) return uint128_fallback(lo_, 0) << (shift - 64);
+    return {hi_ << shift | (lo_ >> (64 - shift)), (lo_ << shift)};
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator>>=(int shift) -> uint128_fallback& {
+    return *this = *this >> shift;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator+=(uint128_fallback n) {
+    uint64_t new_lo = lo_ + n.lo_;
+    uint64_t new_hi = hi_ + n.hi_ + (new_lo < lo_ ? 1 : 0);
+    FMT_ASSERT(new_hi >= hi_, "");
+    lo_ = new_lo;
+    hi_ = new_hi;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator&=(uint128_fallback n) {
+    lo_ &= n.lo_;
+    hi_ &= n.hi_;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto operator+=(uint64_t n) noexcept -> uint128_fallback& {
+    if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
+      lo_ += n;
+      hi_ += (lo_ < n ? 1 : 0);
+      return *this;
+    }
+#if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_addcll) && !defined(__ibmxl__)
+    unsigned long long carry;
+    lo_ = __builtin_addcll(lo_, n, 0, &carry);
+    hi_ += carry;
+#elif FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_ia32_addcarryx_u64) && !defined(__ibmxl__)
+    unsigned long long result;
+    auto carry = __builtin_ia32_addcarryx_u64(0, lo_, n, &result);
+    lo_ = result;
+    hi_ += carry;
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
+    auto carry = _addcarry_u64(0, lo_, n, &lo_);
+    _addcarry_u64(carry, hi_, 0, &hi_);
+#else
+    lo_ += n;
+    hi_ += (lo_ < n ? 1 : 0);
+#endif
+    return *this;
+  }
+};
+
+using uint128_t = conditional_t<FMT_USE_INT128, uint128_opt, uint128_fallback>;
+
+#ifdef UINTPTR_MAX
+using uintptr_t = ::uintptr_t;
+#else
+using uintptr_t = uint128_t;
+#endif
+
+// Returns the largest possible value for type T. Same as
+// std::numeric_limits<T>::max() but shorter and not affected by the max macro.
+template <typename T> constexpr auto max_value() -> T {
+  return (std::numeric_limits<T>::max)();
+}
+template <typename T> constexpr auto num_bits() -> int {
+  return std::numeric_limits<T>::digits;
+}
+// std::numeric_limits<T>::digits may return 0 for 128-bit ints.
+template <> constexpr auto num_bits<int128_opt>() -> int { return 128; }
+template <> constexpr auto num_bits<uint128_t>() -> int { return 128; }
+
+// A heterogeneous bit_cast used for converting 96-bit long double to uint128_t
+// and 128-bit pointers to uint128_fallback.
+template <typename To, typename From, FMT_ENABLE_IF(sizeof(To) > sizeof(From))>
+inline auto bit_cast(const From& from) -> To {
+  constexpr auto size = static_cast<int>(sizeof(From) / sizeof(unsigned));
+  struct data_t {
+    unsigned value[static_cast<unsigned>(size)];
+  } data = bit_cast<data_t>(from);
+  auto result = To();
+  if (const_check(is_big_endian())) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+      result = (result << num_bits<unsigned>()) | data.value[i];
+  } else {
+    for (int i = size - 1; i >= 0; --i)
+      result = (result << num_bits<unsigned>()) | data.value[i];
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+template <typename UInt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline auto countl_zero_fallback(UInt n) -> int {
+  int lz = 0;
+  constexpr UInt msb_mask = static_cast<UInt>(1) << (num_bits<UInt>() - 1);
+  for (; (n & msb_mask) == 0; n <<= 1) lz++;
+  return lz;
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline auto countl_zero(uint32_t n) -> int {
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated()) return FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n);
+#endif
+  return countl_zero_fallback(n);
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline auto countl_zero(uint64_t n) -> int {
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated()) return FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n);
+#endif
+  return countl_zero_fallback(n);
+}
+
+FMT_INLINE void assume(bool condition) {
+  (void)condition;
+#if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_assume) && !FMT_ICC_VERSION
+  __builtin_assume(condition);
+#elif FMT_GCC_VERSION
+  if (!condition) __builtin_unreachable();
+#endif
+}
+
+// An approximation of iterator_t for pre-C++20 systems.
+template <typename T>
+using iterator_t = decltype(std::begin(std::declval<T&>()));
+template <typename T> using sentinel_t = decltype(std::end(std::declval<T&>()));
+
+// A workaround for std::string not having mutable data() until C++17.
+template <typename Char>
+inline auto get_data(std::basic_string<Char>& s) -> Char* {
+  return &s[0];
+}
+template <typename Container>
+inline auto get_data(Container& c) -> typename Container::value_type* {
+  return c.data();
+}
+
+// Attempts to reserve space for n extra characters in the output range.
+// Returns a pointer to the reserved range or a reference to it.
+template <typename Container, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_contiguous<Container>::value)>
+#if FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 307 && !FMT_ICC_VERSION
+__attribute__((no_sanitize("undefined")))
+#endif
+inline auto
+reserve(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> it, size_t n) ->
+    typename Container::value_type* {
+  Container& c = get_container(it);
+  size_t size = c.size();
+  c.resize(size + n);
+  return get_data(c) + size;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+inline auto reserve(buffer_appender<T> it, size_t n) -> buffer_appender<T> {
+  buffer<T>& buf = get_container(it);
+  buf.try_reserve(buf.size() + n);
+  return it;
+}
+
+template <typename Iterator>
+constexpr auto reserve(Iterator& it, size_t) -> Iterator& {
+  return it;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+using reserve_iterator =
+    remove_reference_t<decltype(reserve(std::declval<OutputIt&>(), 0))>;
+
+template <typename T, typename OutputIt>
+constexpr auto to_pointer(OutputIt, size_t) -> T* {
+  return nullptr;
+}
+template <typename T> auto to_pointer(buffer_appender<T> it, size_t n) -> T* {
+  buffer<T>& buf = get_container(it);
+  auto size = buf.size();
+  if (buf.capacity() < size + n) return nullptr;
+  buf.try_resize(size + n);
+  return buf.data() + size;
+}
+
+template <typename Container, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_contiguous<Container>::value)>
+inline auto base_iterator(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> it,
+                          typename Container::value_type*)
+    -> std::back_insert_iterator<Container> {
+  return it;
+}
+
+template <typename Iterator>
+constexpr auto base_iterator(Iterator, Iterator it) -> Iterator {
+  return it;
+}
+
+// <algorithm> is spectacularly slow to compile in C++20 so use a simple fill_n
+// instead (#1998).
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Size, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto fill_n(OutputIt out, Size count, const T& value)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  for (Size i = 0; i < count; ++i) *out++ = value;
+  return out;
+}
+template <typename T, typename Size>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto fill_n(T* out, Size count, char value) -> T* {
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    return fill_n<T*, Size, T>(out, count, value);
+  }
+  std::memset(out, value, to_unsigned(count));
+  return out + count;
+}
+
+#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
+using char8_type = char8_t;
+#else
+enum char8_type : unsigned char {};
+#endif
+
+template <typename OutChar, typename InputIt, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_NOINLINE auto copy_str_noinline(InputIt begin, InputIt end,
+                                                  OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
+  return copy_str<OutChar>(begin, end, out);
+}
+
+// A public domain branchless UTF-8 decoder by Christopher Wellons:
+// https://github.com/skeeto/branchless-utf8
+/* Decode the next character, c, from s, reporting errors in e.
+ *
+ * Since this is a branchless decoder, four bytes will be read from the
+ * buffer regardless of the actual length of the next character. This
+ * means the buffer _must_ have at least three bytes of zero padding
+ * following the end of the data stream.
+ *
+ * Errors are reported in e, which will be non-zero if the parsed
+ * character was somehow invalid: invalid byte sequence, non-canonical
+ * encoding, or a surrogate half.
+ *
+ * The function returns a pointer to the next character. When an error
+ * occurs, this pointer will be a guess that depends on the particular
+ * error, but it will always advance at least one byte.
+ */
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto utf8_decode(const char* s, uint32_t* c, int* e)
+    -> const char* {
+  constexpr const int masks[] = {0x00, 0x7f, 0x1f, 0x0f, 0x07};
+  constexpr const uint32_t mins[] = {4194304, 0, 128, 2048, 65536};
+  constexpr const int shiftc[] = {0, 18, 12, 6, 0};
+  constexpr const int shifte[] = {0, 6, 4, 2, 0};
+
+  int len = "\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\2\2\2\2\3\3\4"
+      [static_cast<unsigned char>(*s) >> 3];
+  // Compute the pointer to the next character early so that the next
+  // iteration can start working on the next character. Neither Clang
+  // nor GCC figure out this reordering on their own.
+  const char* next = s + len + !len;
+
+  using uchar = unsigned char;
+
+  // Assume a four-byte character and load four bytes. Unused bits are
+  // shifted out.
+  *c = uint32_t(uchar(s[0]) & masks[len]) << 18;
+  *c |= uint32_t(uchar(s[1]) & 0x3f) << 12;
+  *c |= uint32_t(uchar(s[2]) & 0x3f) << 6;
+  *c |= uint32_t(uchar(s[3]) & 0x3f) << 0;
+  *c >>= shiftc[len];
+
+  // Accumulate the various error conditions.
+  *e = (*c < mins[len]) << 6;       // non-canonical encoding
+  *e |= ((*c >> 11) == 0x1b) << 7;  // surrogate half?
+  *e |= (*c > 0x10FFFF) << 8;       // out of range?
+  *e |= (uchar(s[1]) & 0xc0) >> 2;
+  *e |= (uchar(s[2]) & 0xc0) >> 4;
+  *e |= uchar(s[3]) >> 6;
+  *e ^= 0x2a;  // top two bits of each tail byte correct?
+  *e >>= shifte[len];
+
+  return next;
+}
+
+constexpr FMT_INLINE_VARIABLE uint32_t invalid_code_point = ~uint32_t();
+
+// Invokes f(cp, sv) for every code point cp in s with sv being the string view
+// corresponding to the code point. cp is invalid_code_point on error.
+template <typename F>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void for_each_codepoint(string_view s, F f) {
+  auto decode = [f](const char* buf_ptr, const char* ptr) {
+    auto cp = uint32_t();
+    auto error = 0;
+    auto end = utf8_decode(buf_ptr, &cp, &error);
+    bool result = f(error ? invalid_code_point : cp,
+                    string_view(ptr, error ? 1 : to_unsigned(end - buf_ptr)));
+    return result ? (error ? buf_ptr + 1 : end) : nullptr;
+  };
+  auto p = s.data();
+  const size_t block_size = 4;  // utf8_decode always reads blocks of 4 chars.
+  if (s.size() >= block_size) {
+    for (auto end = p + s.size() - block_size + 1; p < end;) {
+      p = decode(p, p);
+      if (!p) return;
+    }
+  }
+  if (auto num_chars_left = s.data() + s.size() - p) {
+    char buf[2 * block_size - 1] = {};
+    copy_str<char>(p, p + num_chars_left, buf);
+    const char* buf_ptr = buf;
+    do {
+      auto end = decode(buf_ptr, p);
+      if (!end) return;
+      p += end - buf_ptr;
+      buf_ptr = end;
+    } while (buf_ptr - buf < num_chars_left);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline auto compute_width(basic_string_view<Char> s) -> size_t {
+  return s.size();
+}
+
+// Computes approximate display width of a UTF-8 string.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto compute_width(string_view s) -> size_t {
+  size_t num_code_points = 0;
+  // It is not a lambda for compatibility with C++14.
+  struct count_code_points {
+    size_t* count;
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(uint32_t cp, string_view) const -> bool {
+      *count += detail::to_unsigned(
+          1 +
+          (cp >= 0x1100 &&
+           (cp <= 0x115f ||  // Hangul Jamo init. consonants
+            cp == 0x2329 ||  // LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET
+            cp == 0x232a ||  // RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET
+            // CJK ... Yi except IDEOGRAPHIC HALF FILL SPACE:
+            (cp >= 0x2e80 && cp <= 0xa4cf && cp != 0x303f) ||
+            (cp >= 0xac00 && cp <= 0xd7a3) ||    // Hangul Syllables
+            (cp >= 0xf900 && cp <= 0xfaff) ||    // CJK Compatibility Ideographs
+            (cp >= 0xfe10 && cp <= 0xfe19) ||    // Vertical Forms
+            (cp >= 0xfe30 && cp <= 0xfe6f) ||    // CJK Compatibility Forms
+            (cp >= 0xff00 && cp <= 0xff60) ||    // Fullwidth Forms
+            (cp >= 0xffe0 && cp <= 0xffe6) ||    // Fullwidth Forms
+            (cp >= 0x20000 && cp <= 0x2fffd) ||  // CJK
+            (cp >= 0x30000 && cp <= 0x3fffd) ||
+            // Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs + Emoticons:
+            (cp >= 0x1f300 && cp <= 0x1f64f) ||
+            // Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs:
+            (cp >= 0x1f900 && cp <= 0x1f9ff))));
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+  // We could avoid branches by using utf8_decode directly.
+  for_each_codepoint(s, count_code_points{&num_code_points});
+  return num_code_points;
+}
+
+inline auto compute_width(basic_string_view<char8_type> s) -> size_t {
+  return compute_width(
+      string_view(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(s.data()), s.size()));
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline auto code_point_index(basic_string_view<Char> s, size_t n) -> size_t {
+  size_t size = s.size();
+  return n < size ? n : size;
+}
+
+// Calculates the index of the nth code point in a UTF-8 string.
+inline auto code_point_index(string_view s, size_t n) -> size_t {
+  size_t result = s.size();
+  const char* begin = s.begin();
+  for_each_codepoint(s, [begin, &n, &result](uint32_t, string_view sv) {
+    if (n != 0) {
+      --n;
+      return true;
+    }
+    result = to_unsigned(sv.begin() - begin);
+    return false;
+  });
+  return result;
+}
+
+inline auto code_point_index(basic_string_view<char8_type> s, size_t n)
+    -> size_t {
+  return code_point_index(
+      string_view(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(s.data()), s.size()), n);
+}
+
+template <typename T> struct is_integral : std::is_integral<T> {};
+template <> struct is_integral<int128_opt> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_integral<uint128_t> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_signed =
+    std::integral_constant<bool, std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed ||
+                                     std::is_same<T, int128_opt>::value>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_integer =
+    bool_constant<is_integral<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
+                  !std::is_same<T, char>::value &&
+                  !std::is_same<T, wchar_t>::value>;
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_FLOAT
+#  define FMT_USE_FLOAT 1
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_USE_DOUBLE
+#  define FMT_USE_DOUBLE 1
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE
+#  define FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_FLOAT128
+#  ifdef __clang__
+// Clang emulates GCC, so it has to appear early.
+#    if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<quadmath.h>)
+#      define FMT_USE_FLOAT128 1
+#    endif
+#  elif defined(__GNUC__)
+// GNU C++:
+#    if defined(_GLIBCXX_USE_FLOAT128) && !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)
+#      define FMT_USE_FLOAT128 1
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#  ifndef FMT_USE_FLOAT128
+#    define FMT_USE_FLOAT128 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_USE_FLOAT128
+using float128 = __float128;
+#else
+using float128 = void;
+#endif
+template <typename T> using is_float128 = std::is_same<T, float128>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_floating_point =
+    bool_constant<std::is_floating_point<T>::value || is_float128<T>::value>;
+
+template <typename T, bool = std::is_floating_point<T>::value>
+struct is_fast_float : bool_constant<std::numeric_limits<T>::is_iec559 &&
+                                     sizeof(T) <= sizeof(double)> {};
+template <typename T> struct is_fast_float<T, false> : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_double_double = bool_constant<std::numeric_limits<T>::digits == 106>;
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_FULL_CACHE_DRAGONBOX
+#  define FMT_USE_FULL_CACHE_DRAGONBOX 0
+#endif
+
+template <typename T>
+template <typename U>
+void buffer<T>::append(const U* begin, const U* end) {
+  while (begin != end) {
+    auto count = to_unsigned(end - begin);
+    try_reserve(size_ + count);
+    auto free_cap = capacity_ - size_;
+    if (free_cap < count) count = free_cap;
+    std::uninitialized_copy_n(begin, count, ptr_ + size_);
+    size_ += count;
+    begin += count;
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct is_locale : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct is_locale<T, void_t<decltype(T::classic())>> : std::true_type {};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+// The number of characters to store in the basic_memory_buffer object itself
+// to avoid dynamic memory allocation.
+enum { inline_buffer_size = 500 };
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A dynamically growing memory buffer for trivially copyable/constructible types
+  with the first ``SIZE`` elements stored in the object itself.
+
+  You can use the ``memory_buffer`` type alias for ``char`` instead.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+     auto out = fmt::memory_buffer();
+     fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out), "The answer is {}.", 42);
+
+  This will append the following output to the ``out`` object:
+
+  .. code-block:: none
+
+     The answer is 42.
+
+  The output can be converted to an ``std::string`` with ``to_string(out)``.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T, size_t SIZE = inline_buffer_size,
+          typename Allocator = std::allocator<T>>
+class basic_memory_buffer final : public detail::buffer<T> {
+ private:
+  T store_[SIZE];
+
+  // Don't inherit from Allocator to avoid generating type_info for it.
+  FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS Allocator alloc_;
+
+  // Deallocate memory allocated by the buffer.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void deallocate() {
+    T* data = this->data();
+    if (data != store_) alloc_.deallocate(data, this->capacity());
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t size) override {
+    detail::abort_fuzzing_if(size > 5000);
+    const size_t max_size = std::allocator_traits<Allocator>::max_size(alloc_);
+    size_t old_capacity = this->capacity();
+    size_t new_capacity = old_capacity + old_capacity / 2;
+    if (size > new_capacity)
+      new_capacity = size;
+    else if (new_capacity > max_size)
+      new_capacity = size > max_size ? size : max_size;
+    T* old_data = this->data();
+    T* new_data =
+        std::allocator_traits<Allocator>::allocate(alloc_, new_capacity);
+    // Suppress a bogus -Wstringop-overflow in gcc 13.1 (#3481).
+    detail::assume(this->size() <= new_capacity);
+    // The following code doesn't throw, so the raw pointer above doesn't leak.
+    std::uninitialized_copy_n(old_data, this->size(), new_data);
+    this->set(new_data, new_capacity);
+    // deallocate must not throw according to the standard, but even if it does,
+    // the buffer already uses the new storage and will deallocate it in
+    // destructor.
+    if (old_data != store_) alloc_.deallocate(old_data, old_capacity);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  using value_type = T;
+  using const_reference = const T&;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 explicit basic_memory_buffer(
+      const Allocator& alloc = Allocator())
+      : alloc_(alloc) {
+    this->set(store_, SIZE);
+    if (detail::is_constant_evaluated()) detail::fill_n(store_, SIZE, T());
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 ~basic_memory_buffer() { deallocate(); }
+
+ private:
+  // Move data from other to this buffer.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void move(basic_memory_buffer& other) {
+    alloc_ = std::move(other.alloc_);
+    T* data = other.data();
+    size_t size = other.size(), capacity = other.capacity();
+    if (data == other.store_) {
+      this->set(store_, capacity);
+      detail::copy_str<T>(other.store_, other.store_ + size, store_);
+    } else {
+      this->set(data, capacity);
+      // Set pointer to the inline array so that delete is not called
+      // when deallocating.
+      other.set(other.store_, 0);
+      other.clear();
+    }
+    this->resize(size);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Constructs a :class:`fmt::basic_memory_buffer` object moving the content
+    of the other object to it.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 basic_memory_buffer(basic_memory_buffer&& other) noexcept {
+    move(other);
+  }
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Moves the content of the other ``basic_memory_buffer`` object to this one.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  auto operator=(basic_memory_buffer&& other) noexcept -> basic_memory_buffer& {
+    FMT_ASSERT(this != &other, "");
+    deallocate();
+    move(other);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // Returns a copy of the allocator associated with this buffer.
+  auto get_allocator() const -> Allocator { return alloc_; }
+
+  /**
+    Resizes the buffer to contain *count* elements. If T is a POD type new
+    elements may not be initialized.
+   */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void resize(size_t count) { this->try_resize(count); }
+
+  /** Increases the buffer capacity to *new_capacity*. */
+  void reserve(size_t new_capacity) { this->try_reserve(new_capacity); }
+
+  using detail::buffer<T>::append;
+  template <typename ContiguousRange>
+  void append(const ContiguousRange& range) {
+    append(range.data(), range.data() + range.size());
+  }
+};
+
+using memory_buffer = basic_memory_buffer<char>;
+
+template <typename T, size_t SIZE, typename Allocator>
+struct is_contiguous<basic_memory_buffer<T, SIZE, Allocator>> : std::true_type {
+};
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+namespace detail {
+FMT_API auto write_console(int fd, string_view text) -> bool;
+FMT_API auto write_console(std::FILE* f, string_view text) -> bool;
+FMT_API void print(std::FILE*, string_view);
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+// Suppress a misleading warning in older versions of clang.
+#if FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#  pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wweak-vtables"
+#endif
+
+/** An error reported from a formatting function. */
+class FMT_SO_VISIBILITY("default") format_error : public std::runtime_error {
+ public:
+  using std::runtime_error::runtime_error;
+};
+
+namespace detail_exported {
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+template <typename Char, size_t N> struct fixed_string {
+  constexpr fixed_string(const Char (&str)[N]) {
+    detail::copy_str<Char, const Char*, Char*>(static_cast<const Char*>(str),
+                                               str + N, data);
+  }
+  Char data[N] = {};
+};
+#endif
+
+// Converts a compile-time string to basic_string_view.
+template <typename Char, size_t N>
+constexpr auto compile_string_to_view(const Char (&s)[N])
+    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  // Remove trailing NUL character if needed. Won't be present if this is used
+  // with a raw character array (i.e. not defined as a string).
+  return {s, N - (std::char_traits<Char>::to_int_type(s[N - 1]) == 0 ? 1 : 0)};
+}
+template <typename Char>
+constexpr auto compile_string_to_view(detail::std_string_view<Char> s)
+    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  return {s.data(), s.size()};
+}
+}  // namespace detail_exported
+
+class loc_value {
+ private:
+  basic_format_arg<format_context> value_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!detail::is_float128<T>::value)>
+  loc_value(T value) : value_(detail::make_arg<format_context>(value)) {}
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_float128<T>::value)>
+  loc_value(T) {}
+
+  template <typename Visitor> auto visit(Visitor&& vis) -> decltype(vis(0)) {
+    return visit_format_arg(vis, value_);
+  }
+};
+
+// A locale facet that formats values in UTF-8.
+// It is parameterized on the locale to avoid the heavy <locale> include.
+template <typename Locale> class format_facet : public Locale::facet {
+ private:
+  std::string separator_;
+  std::string grouping_;
+  std::string decimal_point_;
+
+ protected:
+  virtual auto do_put(appender out, loc_value val,
+                      const format_specs<>& specs) const -> bool;
+
+ public:
+  static FMT_API typename Locale::id id;
+
+  explicit format_facet(Locale& loc);
+  explicit format_facet(string_view sep = "",
+                        std::initializer_list<unsigned char> g = {3},
+                        std::string decimal_point = ".")
+      : separator_(sep.data(), sep.size()),
+        grouping_(g.begin(), g.end()),
+        decimal_point_(decimal_point) {}
+
+  auto put(appender out, loc_value val, const format_specs<>& specs) const
+      -> bool {
+    return do_put(out, val, specs);
+  }
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+
+// Returns true if value is negative, false otherwise.
+// Same as `value < 0` but doesn't produce warnings if T is an unsigned type.
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_signed<T>::value)>
+constexpr auto is_negative(T value) -> bool {
+  return value < 0;
+}
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_signed<T>::value)>
+constexpr auto is_negative(T) -> bool {
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto is_supported_floating_point(T) -> bool {
+  if (std::is_same<T, float>()) return FMT_USE_FLOAT;
+  if (std::is_same<T, double>()) return FMT_USE_DOUBLE;
+  if (std::is_same<T, long double>()) return FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE;
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Smallest of uint32_t, uint64_t, uint128_t that is large enough to
+// represent all values of an integral type T.
+template <typename T>
+using uint32_or_64_or_128_t =
+    conditional_t<num_bits<T>() <= 32 && !FMT_REDUCE_INT_INSTANTIATIONS,
+                  uint32_t,
+                  conditional_t<num_bits<T>() <= 64, uint64_t, uint128_t>>;
+template <typename T>
+using uint64_or_128_t = conditional_t<num_bits<T>() <= 64, uint64_t, uint128_t>;
+
+#define FMT_POWERS_OF_10(factor)                                  \
+  factor * 10, (factor) * 100, (factor) * 1000, (factor) * 10000, \
+      (factor) * 100000, (factor) * 1000000, (factor) * 10000000, \
+      (factor) * 100000000, (factor) * 1000000000
+
+// Converts value in the range [0, 100) to a string.
+constexpr auto digits2(size_t value) -> const char* {
+  // GCC generates slightly better code when value is pointer-size.
+  return &"0001020304050607080910111213141516171819"
+         "2021222324252627282930313233343536373839"
+         "4041424344454647484950515253545556575859"
+         "6061626364656667686970717273747576777879"
+         "8081828384858687888990919293949596979899"[value * 2];
+}
+
+// Sign is a template parameter to workaround a bug in gcc 4.8.
+template <typename Char, typename Sign> constexpr auto sign(Sign s) -> Char {
+#if !FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 604
+  static_assert(std::is_same<Sign, sign_t>::value, "");
+#endif
+  return static_cast<Char>("\0-+ "[s]);
+}
+
+template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEXPR auto count_digits_fallback(T n) -> int {
+  int count = 1;
+  for (;;) {
+    // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of four digits instead
+    // of for every digit. The idea comes from the talk by Alexandrescu
+    // "Three Optimization Tips for C++". See speed-test for a comparison.
+    if (n < 10) return count;
+    if (n < 100) return count + 1;
+    if (n < 1000) return count + 2;
+    if (n < 10000) return count + 3;
+    n /= 10000u;
+    count += 4;
+  }
+}
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto count_digits(uint128_opt n) -> int {
+  return count_digits_fallback(n);
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL
+// It is a separate function rather than a part of count_digits to workaround
+// the lack of static constexpr in constexpr functions.
+inline auto do_count_digits(uint64_t n) -> int {
+  // This has comparable performance to the version by Kendall Willets
+  // (https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/digits10)
+  // but uses smaller tables.
+  // Maps bsr(n) to ceil(log10(pow(2, bsr(n) + 1) - 1)).
+  static constexpr uint8_t bsr2log10[] = {
+      1,  1,  1,  2,  2,  2,  3,  3,  3,  4,  4,  4,  4,  5,  5,  5,
+      6,  6,  6,  7,  7,  7,  7,  8,  8,  8,  9,  9,  9,  10, 10, 10,
+      10, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 15, 15,
+      15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 17, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20};
+  auto t = bsr2log10[FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n | 1) ^ 63];
+  static constexpr const uint64_t zero_or_powers_of_10[] = {
+      0, 0, FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1U), FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1000000000ULL),
+      10000000000000000000ULL};
+  return t - (n < zero_or_powers_of_10[t]);
+}
+#endif
+
+// Returns the number of decimal digits in n. Leading zeros are not counted
+// except for n == 0 in which case count_digits returns 1.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline auto count_digits(uint64_t n) -> int {
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    return do_count_digits(n);
+  }
+#endif
+  return count_digits_fallback(n);
+}
+
+// Counts the number of digits in n. BITS = log2(radix).
+template <int BITS, typename UInt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto count_digits(UInt n) -> int {
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated() && num_bits<UInt>() == 32)
+    return (FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(static_cast<uint32_t>(n) | 1) ^ 31) / BITS + 1;
+#endif
+  // Lambda avoids unreachable code warnings from NVHPC.
+  return [](UInt m) {
+    int num_digits = 0;
+    do {
+      ++num_digits;
+    } while ((m >>= BITS) != 0);
+    return num_digits;
+  }(n);
+}
+
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ
+// It is a separate function rather than a part of count_digits to workaround
+// the lack of static constexpr in constexpr functions.
+FMT_INLINE auto do_count_digits(uint32_t n) -> int {
+// An optimization by Kendall Willets from https://bit.ly/3uOIQrB.
+// This increments the upper 32 bits (log10(T) - 1) when >= T is added.
+#  define FMT_INC(T) (((sizeof(#T) - 1ull) << 32) - T)
+  static constexpr uint64_t table[] = {
+      FMT_INC(0),          FMT_INC(0),          FMT_INC(0),           // 8
+      FMT_INC(10),         FMT_INC(10),         FMT_INC(10),          // 64
+      FMT_INC(100),        FMT_INC(100),        FMT_INC(100),         // 512
+      FMT_INC(1000),       FMT_INC(1000),       FMT_INC(1000),        // 4096
+      FMT_INC(10000),      FMT_INC(10000),      FMT_INC(10000),       // 32k
+      FMT_INC(100000),     FMT_INC(100000),     FMT_INC(100000),      // 256k
+      FMT_INC(1000000),    FMT_INC(1000000),    FMT_INC(1000000),     // 2048k
+      FMT_INC(10000000),   FMT_INC(10000000),   FMT_INC(10000000),    // 16M
+      FMT_INC(100000000),  FMT_INC(100000000),  FMT_INC(100000000),   // 128M
+      FMT_INC(1000000000), FMT_INC(1000000000), FMT_INC(1000000000),  // 1024M
+      FMT_INC(1000000000), FMT_INC(1000000000)                        // 4B
+  };
+  auto inc = table[FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n | 1) ^ 31];
+  return static_cast<int>((n + inc) >> 32);
+}
+#endif
+
+// Optional version of count_digits for better performance on 32-bit platforms.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline auto count_digits(uint32_t n) -> int {
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    return do_count_digits(n);
+  }
+#endif
+  return count_digits_fallback(n);
+}
+
+template <typename Int> constexpr auto digits10() noexcept -> int {
+  return std::numeric_limits<Int>::digits10;
+}
+template <> constexpr auto digits10<int128_opt>() noexcept -> int { return 38; }
+template <> constexpr auto digits10<uint128_t>() noexcept -> int { return 38; }
+
+template <typename Char> struct thousands_sep_result {
+  std::string grouping;
+  Char thousands_sep;
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_API auto thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref loc) -> thousands_sep_result<Char>;
+template <typename Char>
+inline auto thousands_sep(locale_ref loc) -> thousands_sep_result<Char> {
+  auto result = thousands_sep_impl<char>(loc);
+  return {result.grouping, Char(result.thousands_sep)};
+}
+template <>
+inline auto thousands_sep(locale_ref loc) -> thousands_sep_result<wchar_t> {
+  return thousands_sep_impl<wchar_t>(loc);
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_API auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref loc) -> Char;
+template <typename Char> inline auto decimal_point(locale_ref loc) -> Char {
+  return Char(decimal_point_impl<char>(loc));
+}
+template <> inline auto decimal_point(locale_ref loc) -> wchar_t {
+  return decimal_point_impl<wchar_t>(loc);
+}
+
+// Compares two characters for equality.
+template <typename Char> auto equal2(const Char* lhs, const char* rhs) -> bool {
+  return lhs[0] == Char(rhs[0]) && lhs[1] == Char(rhs[1]);
+}
+inline auto equal2(const char* lhs, const char* rhs) -> bool {
+  return memcmp(lhs, rhs, 2) == 0;
+}
+
+// Copies two characters from src to dst.
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 FMT_INLINE void copy2(Char* dst, const char* src) {
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated() && sizeof(Char) == sizeof(char)) {
+    memcpy(dst, src, 2);
+    return;
+  }
+  *dst++ = static_cast<Char>(*src++);
+  *dst = static_cast<Char>(*src);
+}
+
+template <typename Iterator> struct format_decimal_result {
+  Iterator begin;
+  Iterator end;
+};
+
+// Formats a decimal unsigned integer value writing into out pointing to a
+// buffer of specified size. The caller must ensure that the buffer is large
+// enough.
+template <typename Char, typename UInt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto format_decimal(Char* out, UInt value, int size)
+    -> format_decimal_result<Char*> {
+  FMT_ASSERT(size >= count_digits(value), "invalid digit count");
+  out += size;
+  Char* end = out;
+  while (value >= 100) {
+    // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of two digits instead
+    // of for every digit. The idea comes from the talk by Alexandrescu
+    // "Three Optimization Tips for C++". See speed-test for a comparison.
+    out -= 2;
+    copy2(out, digits2(static_cast<size_t>(value % 100)));
+    value /= 100;
+  }
+  if (value < 10) {
+    *--out = static_cast<Char>('0' + value);
+    return {out, end};
+  }
+  out -= 2;
+  copy2(out, digits2(static_cast<size_t>(value)));
+  return {out, end};
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename UInt, typename Iterator,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_pointer<remove_cvref_t<Iterator>>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto format_decimal(Iterator out, UInt value, int size)
+    -> format_decimal_result<Iterator> {
+  // Buffer is large enough to hold all digits (digits10 + 1).
+  Char buffer[digits10<UInt>() + 1] = {};
+  auto end = format_decimal(buffer, value, size).end;
+  return {out, detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(buffer, end, out)};
+}
+
+template <unsigned BASE_BITS, typename Char, typename UInt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format_uint(Char* buffer, UInt value, int num_digits,
+                               bool upper = false) -> Char* {
+  buffer += num_digits;
+  Char* end = buffer;
+  do {
+    const char* digits = upper ? "0123456789ABCDEF" : "0123456789abcdef";
+    unsigned digit = static_cast<unsigned>(value & ((1 << BASE_BITS) - 1));
+    *--buffer = static_cast<Char>(BASE_BITS < 4 ? static_cast<char>('0' + digit)
+                                                : digits[digit]);
+  } while ((value >>= BASE_BITS) != 0);
+  return end;
+}
+
+template <unsigned BASE_BITS, typename Char, typename It, typename UInt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto format_uint(It out, UInt value, int num_digits,
+                                      bool upper = false) -> It {
+  if (auto ptr = to_pointer<Char>(out, to_unsigned(num_digits))) {
+    format_uint<BASE_BITS>(ptr, value, num_digits, upper);
+    return out;
+  }
+  // Buffer should be large enough to hold all digits (digits / BASE_BITS + 1).
+  char buffer[num_bits<UInt>() / BASE_BITS + 1] = {};
+  format_uint<BASE_BITS>(buffer, value, num_digits, upper);
+  return detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(buffer, buffer + num_digits, out);
+}
+
+// A converter from UTF-8 to UTF-16.
+class utf8_to_utf16 {
+ private:
+  basic_memory_buffer<wchar_t> buffer_;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_API explicit utf8_to_utf16(string_view s);
+  operator basic_string_view<wchar_t>() const { return {&buffer_[0], size()}; }
+  auto size() const -> size_t { return buffer_.size() - 1; }
+  auto c_str() const -> const wchar_t* { return &buffer_[0]; }
+  auto str() const -> std::wstring { return {&buffer_[0], size()}; }
+};
+
+enum class to_utf8_error_policy { abort, replace };
+
+// A converter from UTF-16/UTF-32 (host endian) to UTF-8.
+template <typename WChar, typename Buffer = memory_buffer> class to_utf8 {
+ private:
+  Buffer buffer_;
+
+ public:
+  to_utf8() {}
+  explicit to_utf8(basic_string_view<WChar> s,
+                   to_utf8_error_policy policy = to_utf8_error_policy::abort) {
+    static_assert(sizeof(WChar) == 2 || sizeof(WChar) == 4,
+                  "Expect utf16 or utf32");
+    if (!convert(s, policy))
+      FMT_THROW(std::runtime_error(sizeof(WChar) == 2 ? "invalid utf16"
+                                                      : "invalid utf32"));
+  }
+  operator string_view() const { return string_view(&buffer_[0], size()); }
+  auto size() const -> size_t { return buffer_.size() - 1; }
+  auto c_str() const -> const char* { return &buffer_[0]; }
+  auto str() const -> std::string { return std::string(&buffer_[0], size()); }
+
+  // Performs conversion returning a bool instead of throwing exception on
+  // conversion error. This method may still throw in case of memory allocation
+  // error.
+  auto convert(basic_string_view<WChar> s,
+               to_utf8_error_policy policy = to_utf8_error_policy::abort)
+      -> bool {
+    if (!convert(buffer_, s, policy)) return false;
+    buffer_.push_back(0);
+    return true;
+  }
+  static auto convert(Buffer& buf, basic_string_view<WChar> s,
+                      to_utf8_error_policy policy = to_utf8_error_policy::abort)
+      -> bool {
+    for (auto p = s.begin(); p != s.end(); ++p) {
+      uint32_t c = static_cast<uint32_t>(*p);
+      if (sizeof(WChar) == 2 && c >= 0xd800 && c <= 0xdfff) {
+        // Handle a surrogate pair.
+        ++p;
+        if (p == s.end() || (c & 0xfc00) != 0xd800 || (*p & 0xfc00) != 0xdc00) {
+          if (policy == to_utf8_error_policy::abort) return false;
+          buf.append(string_view("\xEF\xBF\xBD"));
+          --p;
+        } else {
+          c = (c << 10) + static_cast<uint32_t>(*p) - 0x35fdc00;
+        }
+      } else if (c < 0x80) {
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(c));
+      } else if (c < 0x800) {
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0xc0 | (c >> 6)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | (c & 0x3f)));
+      } else if ((c >= 0x800 && c <= 0xd7ff) || (c >= 0xe000 && c <= 0xffff)) {
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0xe0 | (c >> 12)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((c & 0xfff) >> 6)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | (c & 0x3f)));
+      } else if (c >= 0x10000 && c <= 0x10ffff) {
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0xf0 | (c >> 18)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((c & 0x3ffff) >> 12)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((c & 0xfff) >> 6)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | (c & 0x3f)));
+      } else {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+};
+
+// Computes 128-bit result of multiplication of two 64-bit unsigned integers.
+inline auto umul128(uint64_t x, uint64_t y) noexcept -> uint128_fallback {
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+  auto p = static_cast<uint128_opt>(x) * static_cast<uint128_opt>(y);
+  return {static_cast<uint64_t>(p >> 64), static_cast<uint64_t>(p)};
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
+  auto hi = uint64_t();
+  auto lo = _umul128(x, y, &hi);
+  return {hi, lo};
+#else
+  const uint64_t mask = static_cast<uint64_t>(max_value<uint32_t>());
+
+  uint64_t a = x >> 32;
+  uint64_t b = x & mask;
+  uint64_t c = y >> 32;
+  uint64_t d = y & mask;
+
+  uint64_t ac = a * c;
+  uint64_t bc = b * c;
+  uint64_t ad = a * d;
+  uint64_t bd = b * d;
+
+  uint64_t intermediate = (bd >> 32) + (ad & mask) + (bc & mask);
+
+  return {ac + (intermediate >> 32) + (ad >> 32) + (bc >> 32),
+          (intermediate << 32) + (bd & mask)};
+#endif
+}
+
+namespace dragonbox {
+// Computes floor(log10(pow(2, e))) for e in [-2620, 2620] using the method from
+// https://fmt.dev/papers/Dragonbox.pdf#page=28, section 6.1.
+inline auto floor_log10_pow2(int e) noexcept -> int {
+  FMT_ASSERT(e <= 2620 && e >= -2620, "too large exponent");
+  static_assert((-1 >> 1) == -1, "right shift is not arithmetic");
+  return (e * 315653) >> 20;
+}
+
+inline auto floor_log2_pow10(int e) noexcept -> int {
+  FMT_ASSERT(e <= 1233 && e >= -1233, "too large exponent");
+  return (e * 1741647) >> 19;
+}
+
+// Computes upper 64 bits of multiplication of two 64-bit unsigned integers.
+inline auto umul128_upper64(uint64_t x, uint64_t y) noexcept -> uint64_t {
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+  auto p = static_cast<uint128_opt>(x) * static_cast<uint128_opt>(y);
+  return static_cast<uint64_t>(p >> 64);
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
+  return __umulh(x, y);
+#else
+  return umul128(x, y).high();
+#endif
+}
+
+// Computes upper 128 bits of multiplication of a 64-bit unsigned integer and a
+// 128-bit unsigned integer.
+inline auto umul192_upper128(uint64_t x, uint128_fallback y) noexcept
+    -> uint128_fallback {
+  uint128_fallback r = umul128(x, y.high());
+  r += umul128_upper64(x, y.low());
+  return r;
+}
+
+FMT_API auto get_cached_power(int k) noexcept -> uint128_fallback;
+
+// Type-specific information that Dragonbox uses.
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void> struct float_info;
+
+template <> struct float_info<float> {
+  using carrier_uint = uint32_t;
+  static const int exponent_bits = 8;
+  static const int kappa = 1;
+  static const int big_divisor = 100;
+  static const int small_divisor = 10;
+  static const int min_k = -31;
+  static const int max_k = 46;
+  static const int shorter_interval_tie_lower_threshold = -35;
+  static const int shorter_interval_tie_upper_threshold = -35;
+};
+
+template <> struct float_info<double> {
+  using carrier_uint = uint64_t;
+  static const int exponent_bits = 11;
+  static const int kappa = 2;
+  static const int big_divisor = 1000;
+  static const int small_divisor = 100;
+  static const int min_k = -292;
+  static const int max_k = 341;
+  static const int shorter_interval_tie_lower_threshold = -77;
+  static const int shorter_interval_tie_upper_threshold = -77;
+};
+
+// An 80- or 128-bit floating point number.
+template <typename T>
+struct float_info<T, enable_if_t<std::numeric_limits<T>::digits == 64 ||
+                                 std::numeric_limits<T>::digits == 113 ||
+                                 is_float128<T>::value>> {
+  using carrier_uint = detail::uint128_t;
+  static const int exponent_bits = 15;
+};
+
+// A double-double floating point number.
+template <typename T>
+struct float_info<T, enable_if_t<is_double_double<T>::value>> {
+  using carrier_uint = detail::uint128_t;
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct decimal_fp {
+  using significand_type = typename float_info<T>::carrier_uint;
+  significand_type significand;
+  int exponent;
+};
+
+template <typename T> FMT_API auto to_decimal(T x) noexcept -> decimal_fp<T>;
+}  // namespace dragonbox
+
+// Returns true iff Float has the implicit bit which is not stored.
+template <typename Float> constexpr auto has_implicit_bit() -> bool {
+  // An 80-bit FP number has a 64-bit significand an no implicit bit.
+  return std::numeric_limits<Float>::digits != 64;
+}
+
+// Returns the number of significand bits stored in Float. The implicit bit is
+// not counted since it is not stored.
+template <typename Float> constexpr auto num_significand_bits() -> int {
+  // std::numeric_limits may not support __float128.
+  return is_float128<Float>() ? 112
+                              : (std::numeric_limits<Float>::digits -
+                                 (has_implicit_bit<Float>() ? 1 : 0));
+}
+
+template <typename Float>
+constexpr auto exponent_mask() ->
+    typename dragonbox::float_info<Float>::carrier_uint {
+  using float_uint = typename dragonbox::float_info<Float>::carrier_uint;
+  return ((float_uint(1) << dragonbox::float_info<Float>::exponent_bits) - 1)
+         << num_significand_bits<Float>();
+}
+template <typename Float> constexpr auto exponent_bias() -> int {
+  // std::numeric_limits may not support __float128.
+  return is_float128<Float>() ? 16383
+                              : std::numeric_limits<Float>::max_exponent - 1;
+}
+
+// Writes the exponent exp in the form "[+-]d{2,3}" to buffer.
+template <typename Char, typename It>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_exponent(int exp, It it) -> It {
+  FMT_ASSERT(-10000 < exp && exp < 10000, "exponent out of range");
+  if (exp < 0) {
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>('-');
+    exp = -exp;
+  } else {
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>('+');
+  }
+  if (exp >= 100) {
+    const char* top = digits2(to_unsigned(exp / 100));
+    if (exp >= 1000) *it++ = static_cast<Char>(top[0]);
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>(top[1]);
+    exp %= 100;
+  }
+  const char* d = digits2(to_unsigned(exp));
+  *it++ = static_cast<Char>(d[0]);
+  *it++ = static_cast<Char>(d[1]);
+  return it;
+}
+
+// A floating-point number f * pow(2, e) where F is an unsigned type.
+template <typename F> struct basic_fp {
+  F f;
+  int e;
+
+  static constexpr const int num_significand_bits =
+      static_cast<int>(sizeof(F) * num_bits<unsigned char>());
+
+  constexpr basic_fp() : f(0), e(0) {}
+  constexpr basic_fp(uint64_t f_val, int e_val) : f(f_val), e(e_val) {}
+
+  // Constructs fp from an IEEE754 floating-point number.
+  template <typename Float> FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_fp(Float n) { assign(n); }
+
+  // Assigns n to this and return true iff predecessor is closer than successor.
+  template <typename Float, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_double_double<Float>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto assign(Float n) -> bool {
+    static_assert(std::numeric_limits<Float>::digits <= 113, "unsupported FP");
+    // Assume Float is in the format [sign][exponent][significand].
+    using carrier_uint = typename dragonbox::float_info<Float>::carrier_uint;
+    const auto num_float_significand_bits =
+        detail::num_significand_bits<Float>();
+    const auto implicit_bit = carrier_uint(1) << num_float_significand_bits;
+    const auto significand_mask = implicit_bit - 1;
+    auto u = bit_cast<carrier_uint>(n);
+    f = static_cast<F>(u & significand_mask);
+    auto biased_e = static_cast<int>((u & exponent_mask<Float>()) >>
+                                     num_float_significand_bits);
+    // The predecessor is closer if n is a normalized power of 2 (f == 0)
+    // other than the smallest normalized number (biased_e > 1).
+    auto is_predecessor_closer = f == 0 && biased_e > 1;
+    if (biased_e == 0)
+      biased_e = 1;  // Subnormals use biased exponent 1 (min exponent).
+    else if (has_implicit_bit<Float>())
+      f += static_cast<F>(implicit_bit);
+    e = biased_e - exponent_bias<Float>() - num_float_significand_bits;
+    if (!has_implicit_bit<Float>()) ++e;
+    return is_predecessor_closer;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Float, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_double_double<Float>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto assign(Float n) -> bool {
+    static_assert(std::numeric_limits<double>::is_iec559, "unsupported FP");
+    return assign(static_cast<double>(n));
+  }
+};
+
+using fp = basic_fp<unsigned long long>;
+
+// Normalizes the value converted from double and multiplied by (1 << SHIFT).
+template <int SHIFT = 0, typename F>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto normalize(basic_fp<F> value) -> basic_fp<F> {
+  // Handle subnormals.
+  const auto implicit_bit = F(1) << num_significand_bits<double>();
+  const auto shifted_implicit_bit = implicit_bit << SHIFT;
+  while ((value.f & shifted_implicit_bit) == 0) {
+    value.f <<= 1;
+    --value.e;
+  }
+  // Subtract 1 to account for hidden bit.
+  const auto offset = basic_fp<F>::num_significand_bits -
+                      num_significand_bits<double>() - SHIFT - 1;
+  value.f <<= offset;
+  value.e -= offset;
+  return value;
+}
+
+// Computes lhs * rhs / pow(2, 64) rounded to nearest with half-up tie breaking.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto multiply(uint64_t lhs, uint64_t rhs) -> uint64_t {
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+  auto product = static_cast<__uint128_t>(lhs) * rhs;
+  auto f = static_cast<uint64_t>(product >> 64);
+  return (static_cast<uint64_t>(product) & (1ULL << 63)) != 0 ? f + 1 : f;
+#else
+  // Multiply 32-bit parts of significands.
+  uint64_t mask = (1ULL << 32) - 1;
+  uint64_t a = lhs >> 32, b = lhs & mask;
+  uint64_t c = rhs >> 32, d = rhs & mask;
+  uint64_t ac = a * c, bc = b * c, ad = a * d, bd = b * d;
+  // Compute mid 64-bit of result and round.
+  uint64_t mid = (bd >> 32) + (ad & mask) + (bc & mask) + (1U << 31);
+  return ac + (ad >> 32) + (bc >> 32) + (mid >> 32);
+#endif
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto operator*(fp x, fp y) -> fp {
+  return {multiply(x.f, y.f), x.e + y.e + 64};
+}
+
+template <typename T, bool doublish = num_bits<T>() == num_bits<double>()>
+using convert_float_result =
+    conditional_t<std::is_same<T, float>::value || doublish, double, T>;
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr auto convert_float(T value) -> convert_float_result<T> {
+  return static_cast<convert_float_result<T>>(value);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+FMT_NOINLINE FMT_CONSTEXPR auto fill(OutputIt it, size_t n,
+                                     const fill_t<Char>& fill) -> OutputIt {
+  auto fill_size = fill.size();
+  if (fill_size == 1) return detail::fill_n(it, n, fill[0]);
+  auto data = fill.data();
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+    it = copy_str<Char>(data, data + fill_size, it);
+  return it;
+}
+
+// Writes the output of f, padded according to format specifications in specs.
+// size: output size in code units.
+// width: output display width in (terminal) column positions.
+template <align::type align = align::left, typename OutputIt, typename Char,
+          typename F>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_padded(OutputIt out, const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                size_t size, size_t width, F&& f) -> OutputIt {
+  static_assert(align == align::left || align == align::right, "");
+  unsigned spec_width = to_unsigned(specs.width);
+  size_t padding = spec_width > width ? spec_width - width : 0;
+  // Shifts are encoded as string literals because static constexpr is not
+  // supported in constexpr functions.
+  auto* shifts = align == align::left ? "\x1f\x1f\x00\x01" : "\x00\x1f\x00\x01";
+  size_t left_padding = padding >> shifts[specs.align];
+  size_t right_padding = padding - left_padding;
+  auto it = reserve(out, size + padding * specs.fill.size());
+  if (left_padding != 0) it = fill(it, left_padding, specs.fill);
+  it = f(it);
+  if (right_padding != 0) it = fill(it, right_padding, specs.fill);
+  return base_iterator(out, it);
+}
+
+template <align::type align = align::left, typename OutputIt, typename Char,
+          typename F>
+constexpr auto write_padded(OutputIt out, const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                            size_t size, F&& f) -> OutputIt {
+  return write_padded<align>(out, specs, size, size, f);
+}
+
+template <align::type align = align::left, typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_bytes(OutputIt out, string_view bytes,
+                               const format_specs<Char>& specs) -> OutputIt {
+  return write_padded<align>(
+      out, specs, bytes.size(), [bytes](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+        const char* data = bytes.data();
+        return copy_str<Char>(data, data + bytes.size(), it);
+      });
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename UIntPtr>
+auto write_ptr(OutputIt out, UIntPtr value, const format_specs<Char>* specs)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  int num_digits = count_digits<4>(value);
+  auto size = to_unsigned(num_digits) + size_t(2);
+  auto write = [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>('0');
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>('x');
+    return format_uint<4, Char>(it, value, num_digits);
+  };
+  return specs ? write_padded<align::right>(out, *specs, size, write)
+               : base_iterator(out, write(reserve(out, size)));
+}
+
+// Returns true iff the code point cp is printable.
+FMT_API auto is_printable(uint32_t cp) -> bool;
+
+inline auto needs_escape(uint32_t cp) -> bool {
+  return cp < 0x20 || cp == 0x7f || cp == '"' || cp == '\\' ||
+         !is_printable(cp);
+}
+
+template <typename Char> struct find_escape_result {
+  const Char* begin;
+  const Char* end;
+  uint32_t cp;
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+using make_unsigned_char =
+    typename conditional_t<std::is_integral<Char>::value,
+                           std::make_unsigned<Char>,
+                           type_identity<uint32_t>>::type;
+
+template <typename Char>
+auto find_escape(const Char* begin, const Char* end)
+    -> find_escape_result<Char> {
+  for (; begin != end; ++begin) {
+    uint32_t cp = static_cast<make_unsigned_char<Char>>(*begin);
+    if (const_check(sizeof(Char) == 1) && cp >= 0x80) continue;
+    if (needs_escape(cp)) return {begin, begin + 1, cp};
+  }
+  return {begin, nullptr, 0};
+}
+
+inline auto find_escape(const char* begin, const char* end)
+    -> find_escape_result<char> {
+  if (!is_utf8()) return find_escape<char>(begin, end);
+  auto result = find_escape_result<char>{end, nullptr, 0};
+  for_each_codepoint(string_view(begin, to_unsigned(end - begin)),
+                     [&](uint32_t cp, string_view sv) {
+                       if (needs_escape(cp)) {
+                         result = {sv.begin(), sv.end(), cp};
+                         return false;
+                       }
+                       return true;
+                     });
+  return result;
+}
+
+#define FMT_STRING_IMPL(s, base, explicit)                                    \
+  [] {                                                                        \
+    /* Use the hidden visibility as a workaround for a GCC bug (#1973). */    \
+    /* Use a macro-like name to avoid shadowing warnings. */                  \
+    struct FMT_VISIBILITY("hidden") FMT_COMPILE_STRING : base {               \
+      using char_type FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED = fmt::remove_cvref_t<decltype(s[0])>; \
+      FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit                                 \
+      operator fmt::basic_string_view<char_type>() const {                    \
+        return fmt::detail_exported::compile_string_to_view<char_type>(s);    \
+      }                                                                       \
+    };                                                                        \
+    return FMT_COMPILE_STRING();                                              \
+  }()
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Constructs a compile-time format string from a string literal *s*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    // A compile-time error because 'd' is an invalid specifier for strings.
+    std::string s = fmt::format(FMT_STRING("{:d}"), "foo");
+  \endrst
+ */
+#define FMT_STRING(s) FMT_STRING_IMPL(s, fmt::detail::compile_string, )
+
+template <size_t width, typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+auto write_codepoint(OutputIt out, char prefix, uint32_t cp) -> OutputIt {
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\');
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>(prefix);
+  Char buf[width];
+  fill_n(buf, width, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+  format_uint<4>(buf, cp, width);
+  return copy_str<Char>(buf, buf + width, out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+auto write_escaped_cp(OutputIt out, const find_escape_result<Char>& escape)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  auto c = static_cast<Char>(escape.cp);
+  switch (escape.cp) {
+  case '\n':
+    *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\');
+    c = static_cast<Char>('n');
+    break;
+  case '\r':
+    *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\');
+    c = static_cast<Char>('r');
+    break;
+  case '\t':
+    *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\');
+    c = static_cast<Char>('t');
+    break;
+  case '"':
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case '\'':
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case '\\':
+    *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\');
+    break;
+  default:
+    if (escape.cp < 0x100) {
+      return write_codepoint<2, Char>(out, 'x', escape.cp);
+    }
+    if (escape.cp < 0x10000) {
+      return write_codepoint<4, Char>(out, 'u', escape.cp);
+    }
+    if (escape.cp < 0x110000) {
+      return write_codepoint<8, Char>(out, 'U', escape.cp);
+    }
+    for (Char escape_char : basic_string_view<Char>(
+             escape.begin, to_unsigned(escape.end - escape.begin))) {
+      out = write_codepoint<2, Char>(out, 'x',
+                                     static_cast<uint32_t>(escape_char) & 0xFF);
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+  *out++ = c;
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+auto write_escaped_string(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<Char> str)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('"');
+  auto begin = str.begin(), end = str.end();
+  do {
+    auto escape = find_escape(begin, end);
+    out = copy_str<Char>(begin, escape.begin, out);
+    begin = escape.end;
+    if (!begin) break;
+    out = write_escaped_cp<OutputIt, Char>(out, escape);
+  } while (begin != end);
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('"');
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+auto write_escaped_char(OutputIt out, Char v) -> OutputIt {
+  Char v_array[1] = {v};
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\'');
+  if ((needs_escape(static_cast<uint32_t>(v)) && v != static_cast<Char>('"')) ||
+      v == static_cast<Char>('\'')) {
+    out = write_escaped_cp(out,
+                           find_escape_result<Char>{v_array, v_array + 1,
+                                                    static_cast<uint32_t>(v)});
+  } else {
+    *out++ = v;
+  }
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\'');
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_char(OutputIt out, Char value,
+                              const format_specs<Char>& specs) -> OutputIt {
+  bool is_debug = specs.type == presentation_type::debug;
+  return write_padded(out, specs, 1, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+    if (is_debug) return write_escaped_char(it, value);
+    *it++ = value;
+    return it;
+  });
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, Char value,
+                         const format_specs<Char>& specs, locale_ref loc = {})
+    -> OutputIt {
+  // char is formatted as unsigned char for consistency across platforms.
+  using unsigned_type =
+      conditional_t<std::is_same<Char, char>::value, unsigned char, unsigned>;
+  return check_char_specs(specs)
+             ? write_char(out, value, specs)
+             : write(out, static_cast<unsigned_type>(value), specs, loc);
+}
+
+// Data for write_int that doesn't depend on output iterator type. It is used to
+// avoid template code bloat.
+template <typename Char> struct write_int_data {
+  size_t size;
+  size_t padding;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR write_int_data(int num_digits, unsigned prefix,
+                               const format_specs<Char>& specs)
+      : size((prefix >> 24) + to_unsigned(num_digits)), padding(0) {
+    if (specs.align == align::numeric) {
+      auto width = to_unsigned(specs.width);
+      if (width > size) {
+        padding = width - size;
+        size = width;
+      }
+    } else if (specs.precision > num_digits) {
+      size = (prefix >> 24) + to_unsigned(specs.precision);
+      padding = to_unsigned(specs.precision - num_digits);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+// Writes an integer in the format
+//   <left-padding><prefix><numeric-padding><digits><right-padding>
+// where <digits> are written by write_digits(it).
+// prefix contains chars in three lower bytes and the size in the fourth byte.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename W>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto write_int(OutputIt out, int num_digits,
+                                        unsigned prefix,
+                                        const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                        W write_digits) -> OutputIt {
+  // Slightly faster check for specs.width == 0 && specs.precision == -1.
+  if ((specs.width | (specs.precision + 1)) == 0) {
+    auto it = reserve(out, to_unsigned(num_digits) + (prefix >> 24));
+    if (prefix != 0) {
+      for (unsigned p = prefix & 0xffffff; p != 0; p >>= 8)
+        *it++ = static_cast<Char>(p & 0xff);
+    }
+    return base_iterator(out, write_digits(it));
+  }
+  auto data = write_int_data<Char>(num_digits, prefix, specs);
+  return write_padded<align::right>(
+      out, specs, data.size, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+        for (unsigned p = prefix & 0xffffff; p != 0; p >>= 8)
+          *it++ = static_cast<Char>(p & 0xff);
+        it = detail::fill_n(it, data.padding, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+        return write_digits(it);
+      });
+}
+
+template <typename Char> class digit_grouping {
+ private:
+  std::string grouping_;
+  std::basic_string<Char> thousands_sep_;
+
+  struct next_state {
+    std::string::const_iterator group;
+    int pos;
+  };
+  auto initial_state() const -> next_state { return {grouping_.begin(), 0}; }
+
+  // Returns the next digit group separator position.
+  auto next(next_state& state) const -> int {
+    if (thousands_sep_.empty()) return max_value<int>();
+    if (state.group == grouping_.end()) return state.pos += grouping_.back();
+    if (*state.group <= 0 || *state.group == max_value<char>())
+      return max_value<int>();
+    state.pos += *state.group++;
+    return state.pos;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit digit_grouping(locale_ref loc, bool localized = true) {
+    if (!localized) return;
+    auto sep = thousands_sep<Char>(loc);
+    grouping_ = sep.grouping;
+    if (sep.thousands_sep) thousands_sep_.assign(1, sep.thousands_sep);
+  }
+  digit_grouping(std::string grouping, std::basic_string<Char> sep)
+      : grouping_(std::move(grouping)), thousands_sep_(std::move(sep)) {}
+
+  auto has_separator() const -> bool { return !thousands_sep_.empty(); }
+
+  auto count_separators(int num_digits) const -> int {
+    int count = 0;
+    auto state = initial_state();
+    while (num_digits > next(state)) ++count;
+    return count;
+  }
+
+  // Applies grouping to digits and write the output to out.
+  template <typename Out, typename C>
+  auto apply(Out out, basic_string_view<C> digits) const -> Out {
+    auto num_digits = static_cast<int>(digits.size());
+    auto separators = basic_memory_buffer<int>();
+    separators.push_back(0);
+    auto state = initial_state();
+    while (int i = next(state)) {
+      if (i >= num_digits) break;
+      separators.push_back(i);
+    }
+    for (int i = 0, sep_index = static_cast<int>(separators.size() - 1);
+         i < num_digits; ++i) {
+      if (num_digits - i == separators[sep_index]) {
+        out =
+            copy_str<Char>(thousands_sep_.data(),
+                           thousands_sep_.data() + thousands_sep_.size(), out);
+        --sep_index;
+      }
+      *out++ = static_cast<Char>(digits[to_unsigned(i)]);
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline void prefix_append(unsigned& prefix, unsigned value) {
+  prefix |= prefix != 0 ? value << 8 : value;
+  prefix += (1u + (value > 0xff ? 1 : 0)) << 24;
+}
+
+// Writes a decimal integer with digit grouping.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename UInt, typename Char>
+auto write_int(OutputIt out, UInt value, unsigned prefix,
+               const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+               const digit_grouping<Char>& grouping) -> OutputIt {
+  static_assert(std::is_same<uint64_or_128_t<UInt>, UInt>::value, "");
+  int num_digits = 0;
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  switch (specs.type) {
+  case presentation_type::none:
+  case presentation_type::dec: {
+    num_digits = count_digits(value);
+    format_decimal<char>(appender(buffer), value, num_digits);
+    break;
+  }
+  case presentation_type::hex_lower:
+  case presentation_type::hex_upper: {
+    bool upper = specs.type == presentation_type::hex_upper;
+    if (specs.alt)
+      prefix_append(prefix, unsigned(upper ? 'X' : 'x') << 8 | '0');
+    num_digits = count_digits<4>(value);
+    format_uint<4, char>(appender(buffer), value, num_digits, upper);
+    break;
+  }
+  case presentation_type::bin_lower:
+  case presentation_type::bin_upper: {
+    bool upper = specs.type == presentation_type::bin_upper;
+    if (specs.alt)
+      prefix_append(prefix, unsigned(upper ? 'B' : 'b') << 8 | '0');
+    num_digits = count_digits<1>(value);
+    format_uint<1, char>(appender(buffer), value, num_digits);
+    break;
+  }
+  case presentation_type::oct: {
+    num_digits = count_digits<3>(value);
+    // Octal prefix '0' is counted as a digit, so only add it if precision
+    // is not greater than the number of digits.
+    if (specs.alt && specs.precision <= num_digits && value != 0)
+      prefix_append(prefix, '0');
+    format_uint<3, char>(appender(buffer), value, num_digits);
+    break;
+  }
+  case presentation_type::chr:
+    return write_char(out, static_cast<Char>(value), specs);
+  default:
+    throw_format_error("invalid format specifier");
+  }
+
+  unsigned size = (prefix != 0 ? prefix >> 24 : 0) + to_unsigned(num_digits) +
+                  to_unsigned(grouping.count_separators(num_digits));
+  return write_padded<align::right>(
+      out, specs, size, size, [&](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+        for (unsigned p = prefix & 0xffffff; p != 0; p >>= 8)
+          *it++ = static_cast<Char>(p & 0xff);
+        return grouping.apply(it, string_view(buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
+      });
+}
+
+// Writes a localized value.
+FMT_API auto write_loc(appender out, loc_value value,
+                       const format_specs<>& specs, locale_ref loc) -> bool;
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+inline auto write_loc(OutputIt, loc_value, const format_specs<Char>&,
+                      locale_ref) -> bool {
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <typename UInt> struct write_int_arg {
+  UInt abs_value;
+  unsigned prefix;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_write_int_arg(T value, sign_t sign)
+    -> write_int_arg<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>> {
+  auto prefix = 0u;
+  auto abs_value = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>(value);
+  if (is_negative(value)) {
+    prefix = 0x01000000 | '-';
+    abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+  } else {
+    constexpr const unsigned prefixes[4] = {0, 0, 0x1000000u | '+',
+                                            0x1000000u | ' '};
+    prefix = prefixes[sign];
+  }
+  return {abs_value, prefix};
+}
+
+template <typename Char = char> struct loc_writer {
+  buffer_appender<Char> out;
+  const format_specs<Char>& specs;
+  std::basic_string<Char> sep;
+  std::string grouping;
+  std::basic_string<Char> decimal_point;
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integer<T>::value)>
+  auto operator()(T value) -> bool {
+    auto arg = make_write_int_arg(value, specs.sign);
+    write_int(out, static_cast<uint64_or_128_t<T>>(arg.abs_value), arg.prefix,
+              specs, digit_grouping<Char>(grouping, sep));
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integer<T>::value)>
+  auto operator()(T) -> bool {
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto write_int(OutputIt out, write_int_arg<T> arg,
+                                        const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                        locale_ref) -> OutputIt {
+  static_assert(std::is_same<T, uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>::value, "");
+  auto abs_value = arg.abs_value;
+  auto prefix = arg.prefix;
+  switch (specs.type) {
+  case presentation_type::none:
+  case presentation_type::dec: {
+    auto num_digits = count_digits(abs_value);
+    return write_int(
+        out, num_digits, prefix, specs, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+          return format_decimal<Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits).end;
+        });
+  }
+  case presentation_type::hex_lower:
+  case presentation_type::hex_upper: {
+    bool upper = specs.type == presentation_type::hex_upper;
+    if (specs.alt)
+      prefix_append(prefix, unsigned(upper ? 'X' : 'x') << 8 | '0');
+    int num_digits = count_digits<4>(abs_value);
+    return write_int(
+        out, num_digits, prefix, specs, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+          return format_uint<4, Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits, upper);
+        });
+  }
+  case presentation_type::bin_lower:
+  case presentation_type::bin_upper: {
+    bool upper = specs.type == presentation_type::bin_upper;
+    if (specs.alt)
+      prefix_append(prefix, unsigned(upper ? 'B' : 'b') << 8 | '0');
+    int num_digits = count_digits<1>(abs_value);
+    return write_int(out, num_digits, prefix, specs,
+                     [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+                       return format_uint<1, Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits);
+                     });
+  }
+  case presentation_type::oct: {
+    int num_digits = count_digits<3>(abs_value);
+    // Octal prefix '0' is counted as a digit, so only add it if precision
+    // is not greater than the number of digits.
+    if (specs.alt && specs.precision <= num_digits && abs_value != 0)
+      prefix_append(prefix, '0');
+    return write_int(out, num_digits, prefix, specs,
+                     [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+                       return format_uint<3, Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits);
+                     });
+  }
+  case presentation_type::chr:
+    return write_char(out, static_cast<Char>(abs_value), specs);
+  default:
+    throw_format_error("invalid format specifier");
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_NOINLINE auto write_int_noinline(
+    OutputIt out, write_int_arg<T> arg, const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+    locale_ref loc) -> OutputIt {
+  return write_int(out, arg, specs, loc);
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
+                        std::is_same<OutputIt, buffer_appender<Char>>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto write(OutputIt out, T value,
+                                    const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                    locale_ref loc) -> OutputIt {
+  if (specs.localized && write_loc(out, value, specs, loc)) return out;
+  return write_int_noinline(out, make_write_int_arg(value, specs.sign), specs,
+                            loc);
+}
+// An inlined version of write used in format string compilation.
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<OutputIt, buffer_appender<Char>>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto write(OutputIt out, T value,
+                                    const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                    locale_ref loc) -> OutputIt {
+  if (specs.localized && write_loc(out, value, specs, loc)) return out;
+  return write_int(out, make_write_int_arg(value, specs.sign), specs, loc);
+}
+
+// An output iterator that counts the number of objects written to it and
+// discards them.
+class counting_iterator {
+ private:
+  size_t count_;
+
+ public:
+  using iterator_category = std::output_iterator_tag;
+  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+  using pointer = void;
+  using reference = void;
+  FMT_UNCHECKED_ITERATOR(counting_iterator);
+
+  struct value_type {
+    template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator=(const T&) {}
+  };
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR counting_iterator() : count_(0) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto count() const -> size_t { return count_; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator++() -> counting_iterator& {
+    ++count_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator++(int) -> counting_iterator {
+    auto it = *this;
+    ++*this;
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR friend auto operator+(counting_iterator it, difference_type n)
+      -> counting_iterator {
+    it.count_ += static_cast<size_t>(n);
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator*() const -> value_type { return {}; }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<Char> s,
+                         const format_specs<Char>& specs) -> OutputIt {
+  auto data = s.data();
+  auto size = s.size();
+  if (specs.precision >= 0 && to_unsigned(specs.precision) < size)
+    size = code_point_index(s, to_unsigned(specs.precision));
+  bool is_debug = specs.type == presentation_type::debug;
+  size_t width = 0;
+  if (specs.width != 0) {
+    if (is_debug)
+      width = write_escaped_string(counting_iterator{}, s).count();
+    else
+      width = compute_width(basic_string_view<Char>(data, size));
+  }
+  return write_padded(out, specs, size, width,
+                      [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+                        if (is_debug) return write_escaped_string(it, s);
+                        return copy_str<Char>(data, data + size, it);
+                      });
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out,
+                         basic_string_view<type_identity_t<Char>> s,
+                         const format_specs<Char>& specs, locale_ref)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  return write(out, s, specs);
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, const Char* s,
+                         const format_specs<Char>& specs, locale_ref)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  if (specs.type == presentation_type::pointer)
+    return write_ptr<Char>(out, bit_cast<uintptr_t>(s), &specs);
+  if (!s) throw_format_error("string pointer is null");
+  return write(out, basic_string_view<Char>(s), specs, {});
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<T, Char>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, T value) -> OutputIt {
+  auto abs_value = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>(value);
+  bool negative = is_negative(value);
+  // Don't do -abs_value since it trips unsigned-integer-overflow sanitizer.
+  if (negative) abs_value = ~abs_value + 1;
+  int num_digits = count_digits(abs_value);
+  auto size = (negative ? 1 : 0) + static_cast<size_t>(num_digits);
+  auto it = reserve(out, size);
+  if (auto ptr = to_pointer<Char>(it, size)) {
+    if (negative) *ptr++ = static_cast<Char>('-');
+    format_decimal<Char>(ptr, abs_value, num_digits);
+    return out;
+  }
+  if (negative) *it++ = static_cast<Char>('-');
+  it = format_decimal<Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits).end;
+  return base_iterator(out, it);
+}
+
+// DEPRECATED!
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_align(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                               format_specs<Char>& specs) -> const Char* {
+  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end, "");
+  auto align = align::none;
+  auto p = begin + code_point_length(begin);
+  if (end - p <= 0) p = begin;
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (to_ascii(*p)) {
+    case '<':
+      align = align::left;
+      break;
+    case '>':
+      align = align::right;
+      break;
+    case '^':
+      align = align::center;
+      break;
+    }
+    if (align != align::none) {
+      if (p != begin) {
+        auto c = *begin;
+        if (c == '}') return begin;
+        if (c == '{') {
+          throw_format_error("invalid fill character '{'");
+          return begin;
+        }
+        specs.fill = {begin, to_unsigned(p - begin)};
+        begin = p + 1;
+      } else {
+        ++begin;
+      }
+      break;
+    } else if (p == begin) {
+      break;
+    }
+    p = begin;
+  }
+  specs.align = align;
+  return begin;
+}
+
+// A floating-point presentation format.
+enum class float_format : unsigned char {
+  general,  // General: exponent notation or fixed point based on magnitude.
+  exp,      // Exponent notation with the default precision of 6, e.g. 1.2e-3.
+  fixed,    // Fixed point with the default precision of 6, e.g. 0.0012.
+  hex
+};
+
+struct float_specs {
+  int precision;
+  float_format format : 8;
+  sign_t sign : 8;
+  bool upper : 1;
+  bool locale : 1;
+  bool binary32 : 1;
+  bool showpoint : 1;
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_float_type_spec(const format_specs<Char>& specs)
+    -> float_specs {
+  auto result = float_specs();
+  result.showpoint = specs.alt;
+  result.locale = specs.localized;
+  switch (specs.type) {
+  case presentation_type::none:
+    result.format = float_format::general;
+    break;
+  case presentation_type::general_upper:
+    result.upper = true;
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case presentation_type::general_lower:
+    result.format = float_format::general;
+    break;
+  case presentation_type::exp_upper:
+    result.upper = true;
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case presentation_type::exp_lower:
+    result.format = float_format::exp;
+    result.showpoint |= specs.precision != 0;
+    break;
+  case presentation_type::fixed_upper:
+    result.upper = true;
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case presentation_type::fixed_lower:
+    result.format = float_format::fixed;
+    result.showpoint |= specs.precision != 0;
+    break;
+  case presentation_type::hexfloat_upper:
+    result.upper = true;
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case presentation_type::hexfloat_lower:
+    result.format = float_format::hex;
+    break;
+  default:
+    throw_format_error("invalid format specifier");
+    break;
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write_nonfinite(OutputIt out, bool isnan,
+                                     format_specs<Char> specs,
+                                     const float_specs& fspecs) -> OutputIt {
+  auto str =
+      isnan ? (fspecs.upper ? "NAN" : "nan") : (fspecs.upper ? "INF" : "inf");
+  constexpr size_t str_size = 3;
+  auto sign = fspecs.sign;
+  auto size = str_size + (sign ? 1 : 0);
+  // Replace '0'-padding with space for non-finite values.
+  const bool is_zero_fill =
+      specs.fill.size() == 1 && *specs.fill.data() == static_cast<Char>('0');
+  if (is_zero_fill) specs.fill[0] = static_cast<Char>(' ');
+  return write_padded(out, specs, size, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+    if (sign) *it++ = detail::sign<Char>(sign);
+    return copy_str<Char>(str, str + str_size, it);
+  });
+}
+
+// A decimal floating-point number significand * pow(10, exp).
+struct big_decimal_fp {
+  const char* significand;
+  int significand_size;
+  int exponent;
+};
+
+constexpr auto get_significand_size(const big_decimal_fp& f) -> int {
+  return f.significand_size;
+}
+template <typename T>
+inline auto get_significand_size(const dragonbox::decimal_fp<T>& f) -> int {
+  return count_digits(f.significand);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+constexpr auto write_significand(OutputIt out, const char* significand,
+                                 int significand_size) -> OutputIt {
+  return copy_str<Char>(significand, significand + significand_size, out);
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename UInt>
+inline auto write_significand(OutputIt out, UInt significand,
+                              int significand_size) -> OutputIt {
+  return format_decimal<Char>(out, significand, significand_size).end;
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T, typename Grouping>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write_significand(OutputIt out, T significand,
+                                       int significand_size, int exponent,
+                                       const Grouping& grouping) -> OutputIt {
+  if (!grouping.has_separator()) {
+    out = write_significand<Char>(out, significand, significand_size);
+    return detail::fill_n(out, exponent, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+  }
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  write_significand<char>(appender(buffer), significand, significand_size);
+  detail::fill_n(appender(buffer), exponent, '0');
+  return grouping.apply(out, string_view(buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename UInt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<UInt>::value)>
+inline auto write_significand(Char* out, UInt significand, int significand_size,
+                              int integral_size, Char decimal_point) -> Char* {
+  if (!decimal_point)
+    return format_decimal(out, significand, significand_size).end;
+  out += significand_size + 1;
+  Char* end = out;
+  int floating_size = significand_size - integral_size;
+  for (int i = floating_size / 2; i > 0; --i) {
+    out -= 2;
+    copy2(out, digits2(static_cast<std::size_t>(significand % 100)));
+    significand /= 100;
+  }
+  if (floating_size % 2 != 0) {
+    *--out = static_cast<Char>('0' + significand % 10);
+    significand /= 10;
+  }
+  *--out = decimal_point;
+  format_decimal(out - integral_size, significand, integral_size);
+  return end;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename UInt, typename Char,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_pointer<remove_cvref_t<OutputIt>>::value)>
+inline auto write_significand(OutputIt out, UInt significand,
+                              int significand_size, int integral_size,
+                              Char decimal_point) -> OutputIt {
+  // Buffer is large enough to hold digits (digits10 + 1) and a decimal point.
+  Char buffer[digits10<UInt>() + 2];
+  auto end = write_significand(buffer, significand, significand_size,
+                               integral_size, decimal_point);
+  return detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(buffer, end, out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_significand(OutputIt out, const char* significand,
+                                     int significand_size, int integral_size,
+                                     Char decimal_point) -> OutputIt {
+  out = detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(significand,
+                                        significand + integral_size, out);
+  if (!decimal_point) return out;
+  *out++ = decimal_point;
+  return detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(significand + integral_size,
+                                         significand + significand_size, out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename T, typename Grouping>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write_significand(OutputIt out, T significand,
+                                       int significand_size, int integral_size,
+                                       Char decimal_point,
+                                       const Grouping& grouping) -> OutputIt {
+  if (!grouping.has_separator()) {
+    return write_significand(out, significand, significand_size, integral_size,
+                             decimal_point);
+  }
+  auto buffer = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+  write_significand(buffer_appender<Char>(buffer), significand,
+                    significand_size, integral_size, decimal_point);
+  grouping.apply(
+      out, basic_string_view<Char>(buffer.data(), to_unsigned(integral_size)));
+  return detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(buffer.data() + integral_size,
+                                         buffer.end(), out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename DecimalFP, typename Char,
+          typename Grouping = digit_grouping<Char>>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto do_write_float(OutputIt out, const DecimalFP& f,
+                                    const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                    float_specs fspecs, locale_ref loc)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  auto significand = f.significand;
+  int significand_size = get_significand_size(f);
+  const Char zero = static_cast<Char>('0');
+  auto sign = fspecs.sign;
+  size_t size = to_unsigned(significand_size) + (sign ? 1 : 0);
+  using iterator = reserve_iterator<OutputIt>;
+
+  Char decimal_point =
+      fspecs.locale ? detail::decimal_point<Char>(loc) : static_cast<Char>('.');
+
+  int output_exp = f.exponent + significand_size - 1;
+  auto use_exp_format = [=]() {
+    if (fspecs.format == float_format::exp) return true;
+    if (fspecs.format != float_format::general) return false;
+    // Use the fixed notation if the exponent is in [exp_lower, exp_upper),
+    // e.g. 0.0001 instead of 1e-04. Otherwise use the exponent notation.
+    const int exp_lower = -4, exp_upper = 16;
+    return output_exp < exp_lower ||
+           output_exp >= (fspecs.precision > 0 ? fspecs.precision : exp_upper);
+  };
+  if (use_exp_format()) {
+    int num_zeros = 0;
+    if (fspecs.showpoint) {
+      num_zeros = fspecs.precision - significand_size;
+      if (num_zeros < 0) num_zeros = 0;
+      size += to_unsigned(num_zeros);
+    } else if (significand_size == 1) {
+      decimal_point = Char();
+    }
+    auto abs_output_exp = output_exp >= 0 ? output_exp : -output_exp;
+    int exp_digits = 2;
+    if (abs_output_exp >= 100) exp_digits = abs_output_exp >= 1000 ? 4 : 3;
+
+    size += to_unsigned((decimal_point ? 1 : 0) + 2 + exp_digits);
+    char exp_char = fspecs.upper ? 'E' : 'e';
+    auto write = [=](iterator it) {
+      if (sign) *it++ = detail::sign<Char>(sign);
+      // Insert a decimal point after the first digit and add an exponent.
+      it = write_significand(it, significand, significand_size, 1,
+                             decimal_point);
+      if (num_zeros > 0) it = detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, zero);
+      *it++ = static_cast<Char>(exp_char);
+      return write_exponent<Char>(output_exp, it);
+    };
+    return specs.width > 0 ? write_padded<align::right>(out, specs, size, write)
+                           : base_iterator(out, write(reserve(out, size)));
+  }
+
+  int exp = f.exponent + significand_size;
+  if (f.exponent >= 0) {
+    // 1234e5 -> 123400000[.0+]
+    size += to_unsigned(f.exponent);
+    int num_zeros = fspecs.precision - exp;
+    abort_fuzzing_if(num_zeros > 5000);
+    if (fspecs.showpoint) {
+      ++size;
+      if (num_zeros <= 0 && fspecs.format != float_format::fixed) num_zeros = 0;
+      if (num_zeros > 0) size += to_unsigned(num_zeros);
+    }
+    auto grouping = Grouping(loc, fspecs.locale);
+    size += to_unsigned(grouping.count_separators(exp));
+    return write_padded<align::right>(out, specs, size, [&](iterator it) {
+      if (sign) *it++ = detail::sign<Char>(sign);
+      it = write_significand<Char>(it, significand, significand_size,
+                                   f.exponent, grouping);
+      if (!fspecs.showpoint) return it;
+      *it++ = decimal_point;
+      return num_zeros > 0 ? detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, zero) : it;
+    });
+  } else if (exp > 0) {
+    // 1234e-2 -> 12.34[0+]
+    int num_zeros = fspecs.showpoint ? fspecs.precision - significand_size : 0;
+    size += 1 + to_unsigned(num_zeros > 0 ? num_zeros : 0);
+    auto grouping = Grouping(loc, fspecs.locale);
+    size += to_unsigned(grouping.count_separators(exp));
+    return write_padded<align::right>(out, specs, size, [&](iterator it) {
+      if (sign) *it++ = detail::sign<Char>(sign);
+      it = write_significand(it, significand, significand_size, exp,
+                             decimal_point, grouping);
+      return num_zeros > 0 ? detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, zero) : it;
+    });
+  }
+  // 1234e-6 -> 0.001234
+  int num_zeros = -exp;
+  if (significand_size == 0 && fspecs.precision >= 0 &&
+      fspecs.precision < num_zeros) {
+    num_zeros = fspecs.precision;
+  }
+  bool pointy = num_zeros != 0 || significand_size != 0 || fspecs.showpoint;
+  size += 1 + (pointy ? 1 : 0) + to_unsigned(num_zeros);
+  return write_padded<align::right>(out, specs, size, [&](iterator it) {
+    if (sign) *it++ = detail::sign<Char>(sign);
+    *it++ = zero;
+    if (!pointy) return it;
+    *it++ = decimal_point;
+    it = detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, zero);
+    return write_significand<Char>(it, significand, significand_size);
+  });
+}
+
+template <typename Char> class fallback_digit_grouping {
+ public:
+  constexpr fallback_digit_grouping(locale_ref, bool) {}
+
+  constexpr auto has_separator() const -> bool { return false; }
+
+  constexpr auto count_separators(int) const -> int { return 0; }
+
+  template <typename Out, typename C>
+  constexpr auto apply(Out out, basic_string_view<C>) const -> Out {
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename DecimalFP, typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write_float(OutputIt out, const DecimalFP& f,
+                                 const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                 float_specs fspecs, locale_ref loc)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    return do_write_float<OutputIt, DecimalFP, Char,
+                          fallback_digit_grouping<Char>>(out, f, specs, fspecs,
+                                                         loc);
+  } else {
+    return do_write_float(out, f, specs, fspecs, loc);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T> constexpr auto isnan(T value) -> bool {
+  return !(value >= value);  // std::isnan doesn't support __float128.
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_isfinite : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_isfinite<T, enable_if_t<sizeof(std::isfinite(T())) != 0>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value&&
+                                        has_isfinite<T>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto isfinite(T value) -> bool {
+  constexpr T inf = T(std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
+  if (is_constant_evaluated())
+    return !detail::isnan(value) && value < inf && value > -inf;
+  return std::isfinite(value);
+}
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!has_isfinite<T>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto isfinite(T value) -> bool {
+  T inf = T(std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
+  // std::isfinite doesn't support __float128.
+  return !detail::isnan(value) && value < inf && value > -inf;
+}
+
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE FMT_CONSTEXPR bool signbit(T value) {
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
+#ifdef __cpp_if_constexpr
+    if constexpr (std::numeric_limits<double>::is_iec559) {
+      auto bits = detail::bit_cast<uint64_t>(static_cast<double>(value));
+      return (bits >> (num_bits<uint64_t>() - 1)) != 0;
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  return std::signbit(static_cast<double>(value));
+}
+
+inline FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void adjust_precision(int& precision, int exp10) {
+  // Adjust fixed precision by exponent because it is relative to decimal
+  // point.
+  if (exp10 > 0 && precision > max_value<int>() - exp10)
+    FMT_THROW(format_error("number is too big"));
+  precision += exp10;
+}
+
+class bigint {
+ private:
+  // A bigint is stored as an array of bigits (big digits), with bigit at index
+  // 0 being the least significant one.
+  using bigit = uint32_t;
+  using double_bigit = uint64_t;
+  enum { bigits_capacity = 32 };
+  basic_memory_buffer<bigit, bigits_capacity> bigits_;
+  int exp_;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto operator[](int index) const -> bigit {
+    return bigits_[to_unsigned(index)];
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto operator[](int index) -> bigit& {
+    return bigits_[to_unsigned(index)];
+  }
+
+  static constexpr const int bigit_bits = num_bits<bigit>();
+
+  friend struct formatter<bigint>;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void subtract_bigits(int index, bigit other, bigit& borrow) {
+    auto result = static_cast<double_bigit>((*this)[index]) - other - borrow;
+    (*this)[index] = static_cast<bigit>(result);
+    borrow = static_cast<bigit>(result >> (bigit_bits * 2 - 1));
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void remove_leading_zeros() {
+    int num_bigits = static_cast<int>(bigits_.size()) - 1;
+    while (num_bigits > 0 && (*this)[num_bigits] == 0) --num_bigits;
+    bigits_.resize(to_unsigned(num_bigits + 1));
+  }
+
+  // Computes *this -= other assuming aligned bigints and *this >= other.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void subtract_aligned(const bigint& other) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(other.exp_ >= exp_, "unaligned bigints");
+    FMT_ASSERT(compare(*this, other) >= 0, "");
+    bigit borrow = 0;
+    int i = other.exp_ - exp_;
+    for (size_t j = 0, n = other.bigits_.size(); j != n; ++i, ++j)
+      subtract_bigits(i, other.bigits_[j], borrow);
+    while (borrow > 0) subtract_bigits(i, 0, borrow);
+    remove_leading_zeros();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void multiply(uint32_t value) {
+    const double_bigit wide_value = value;
+    bigit carry = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0, n = bigits_.size(); i < n; ++i) {
+      double_bigit result = bigits_[i] * wide_value + carry;
+      bigits_[i] = static_cast<bigit>(result);
+      carry = static_cast<bigit>(result >> bigit_bits);
+    }
+    if (carry != 0) bigits_.push_back(carry);
+  }
+
+  template <typename UInt, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<UInt, uint64_t>::value ||
+                                         std::is_same<UInt, uint128_t>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void multiply(UInt value) {
+    using half_uint =
+        conditional_t<std::is_same<UInt, uint128_t>::value, uint64_t, uint32_t>;
+    const int shift = num_bits<half_uint>() - bigit_bits;
+    const UInt lower = static_cast<half_uint>(value);
+    const UInt upper = value >> num_bits<half_uint>();
+    UInt carry = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0, n = bigits_.size(); i < n; ++i) {
+      UInt result = lower * bigits_[i] + static_cast<bigit>(carry);
+      carry = (upper * bigits_[i] << shift) + (result >> bigit_bits) +
+              (carry >> bigit_bits);
+      bigits_[i] = static_cast<bigit>(result);
+    }
+    while (carry != 0) {
+      bigits_.push_back(static_cast<bigit>(carry));
+      carry >>= bigit_bits;
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename UInt, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<UInt, uint64_t>::value ||
+                                         std::is_same<UInt, uint128_t>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void assign(UInt n) {
+    size_t num_bigits = 0;
+    do {
+      bigits_[num_bigits++] = static_cast<bigit>(n);
+      n >>= bigit_bits;
+    } while (n != 0);
+    bigits_.resize(num_bigits);
+    exp_ = 0;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 bigint() : exp_(0) {}
+  explicit bigint(uint64_t n) { assign(n); }
+
+  bigint(const bigint&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const bigint&) = delete;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void assign(const bigint& other) {
+    auto size = other.bigits_.size();
+    bigits_.resize(size);
+    auto data = other.bigits_.data();
+    copy_str<bigit>(data, data + size, bigits_.data());
+    exp_ = other.exp_;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Int> FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void operator=(Int n) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(n > 0, "");
+    assign(uint64_or_128_t<Int>(n));
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto num_bigits() const -> int {
+    return static_cast<int>(bigits_.size()) + exp_;
+  }
+
+  FMT_NOINLINE FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto operator<<=(int shift) -> bigint& {
+    FMT_ASSERT(shift >= 0, "");
+    exp_ += shift / bigit_bits;
+    shift %= bigit_bits;
+    if (shift == 0) return *this;
+    bigit carry = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0, n = bigits_.size(); i < n; ++i) {
+      bigit c = bigits_[i] >> (bigit_bits - shift);
+      bigits_[i] = (bigits_[i] << shift) + carry;
+      carry = c;
+    }
+    if (carry != 0) bigits_.push_back(carry);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Int>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto operator*=(Int value) -> bigint& {
+    FMT_ASSERT(value > 0, "");
+    multiply(uint32_or_64_or_128_t<Int>(value));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto compare(const bigint& lhs, const bigint& rhs)
+      -> int {
+    int num_lhs_bigits = lhs.num_bigits(), num_rhs_bigits = rhs.num_bigits();
+    if (num_lhs_bigits != num_rhs_bigits)
+      return num_lhs_bigits > num_rhs_bigits ? 1 : -1;
+    int i = static_cast<int>(lhs.bigits_.size()) - 1;
+    int j = static_cast<int>(rhs.bigits_.size()) - 1;
+    int end = i - j;
+    if (end < 0) end = 0;
+    for (; i >= end; --i, --j) {
+      bigit lhs_bigit = lhs[i], rhs_bigit = rhs[j];
+      if (lhs_bigit != rhs_bigit) return lhs_bigit > rhs_bigit ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+    if (i != j) return i > j ? 1 : -1;
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // Returns compare(lhs1 + lhs2, rhs).
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto add_compare(const bigint& lhs1,
+                                          const bigint& lhs2, const bigint& rhs)
+      -> int {
+    auto minimum = [](int a, int b) { return a < b ? a : b; };
+    auto maximum = [](int a, int b) { return a > b ? a : b; };
+    int max_lhs_bigits = maximum(lhs1.num_bigits(), lhs2.num_bigits());
+    int num_rhs_bigits = rhs.num_bigits();
+    if (max_lhs_bigits + 1 < num_rhs_bigits) return -1;
+    if (max_lhs_bigits > num_rhs_bigits) return 1;
+    auto get_bigit = [](const bigint& n, int i) -> bigit {
+      return i >= n.exp_ && i < n.num_bigits() ? n[i - n.exp_] : 0;
+    };
+    double_bigit borrow = 0;
+    int min_exp = minimum(minimum(lhs1.exp_, lhs2.exp_), rhs.exp_);
+    for (int i = num_rhs_bigits - 1; i >= min_exp; --i) {
+      double_bigit sum =
+          static_cast<double_bigit>(get_bigit(lhs1, i)) + get_bigit(lhs2, i);
+      bigit rhs_bigit = get_bigit(rhs, i);
+      if (sum > rhs_bigit + borrow) return 1;
+      borrow = rhs_bigit + borrow - sum;
+      if (borrow > 1) return -1;
+      borrow <<= bigit_bits;
+    }
+    return borrow != 0 ? -1 : 0;
+  }
+
+  // Assigns pow(10, exp) to this bigint.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void assign_pow10(int exp) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(exp >= 0, "");
+    if (exp == 0) return *this = 1;
+    // Find the top bit.
+    int bitmask = 1;
+    while (exp >= bitmask) bitmask <<= 1;
+    bitmask >>= 1;
+    // pow(10, exp) = pow(5, exp) * pow(2, exp). First compute pow(5, exp) by
+    // repeated squaring and multiplication.
+    *this = 5;
+    bitmask >>= 1;
+    while (bitmask != 0) {
+      square();
+      if ((exp & bitmask) != 0) *this *= 5;
+      bitmask >>= 1;
+    }
+    *this <<= exp;  // Multiply by pow(2, exp) by shifting.
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void square() {
+    int num_bigits = static_cast<int>(bigits_.size());
+    int num_result_bigits = 2 * num_bigits;
+    basic_memory_buffer<bigit, bigits_capacity> n(std::move(bigits_));
+    bigits_.resize(to_unsigned(num_result_bigits));
+    auto sum = uint128_t();
+    for (int bigit_index = 0; bigit_index < num_bigits; ++bigit_index) {
+      // Compute bigit at position bigit_index of the result by adding
+      // cross-product terms n[i] * n[j] such that i + j == bigit_index.
+      for (int i = 0, j = bigit_index; j >= 0; ++i, --j) {
+        // Most terms are multiplied twice which can be optimized in the future.
+        sum += static_cast<double_bigit>(n[i]) * n[j];
+      }
+      (*this)[bigit_index] = static_cast<bigit>(sum);
+      sum >>= num_bits<bigit>();  // Compute the carry.
+    }
+    // Do the same for the top half.
+    for (int bigit_index = num_bigits; bigit_index < num_result_bigits;
+         ++bigit_index) {
+      for (int j = num_bigits - 1, i = bigit_index - j; i < num_bigits;)
+        sum += static_cast<double_bigit>(n[i++]) * n[j--];
+      (*this)[bigit_index] = static_cast<bigit>(sum);
+      sum >>= num_bits<bigit>();
+    }
+    remove_leading_zeros();
+    exp_ *= 2;
+  }
+
+  // If this bigint has a bigger exponent than other, adds trailing zero to make
+  // exponents equal. This simplifies some operations such as subtraction.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void align(const bigint& other) {
+    int exp_difference = exp_ - other.exp_;
+    if (exp_difference <= 0) return;
+    int num_bigits = static_cast<int>(bigits_.size());
+    bigits_.resize(to_unsigned(num_bigits + exp_difference));
+    for (int i = num_bigits - 1, j = i + exp_difference; i >= 0; --i, --j)
+      bigits_[j] = bigits_[i];
+    std::uninitialized_fill_n(bigits_.data(), exp_difference, 0u);
+    exp_ -= exp_difference;
+  }
+
+  // Divides this bignum by divisor, assigning the remainder to this and
+  // returning the quotient.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto divmod_assign(const bigint& divisor) -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(this != &divisor, "");
+    if (compare(*this, divisor) < 0) return 0;
+    FMT_ASSERT(divisor.bigits_[divisor.bigits_.size() - 1u] != 0, "");
+    align(divisor);
+    int quotient = 0;
+    do {
+      subtract_aligned(divisor);
+      ++quotient;
+    } while (compare(*this, divisor) >= 0);
+    return quotient;
+  }
+};
+
+// format_dragon flags.
+enum dragon {
+  predecessor_closer = 1,
+  fixup = 2,  // Run fixup to correct exp10 which can be off by one.
+  fixed = 4,
+};
+
+// Formats a floating-point number using a variation of the Fixed-Precision
+// Positive Floating-Point Printout ((FPP)^2) algorithm by Steele & White:
+// https://fmt.dev/papers/p372-steele.pdf.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline void format_dragon(basic_fp<uint128_t> value,
+                                          unsigned flags, int num_digits,
+                                          buffer<char>& buf, int& exp10) {
+  bigint numerator;    // 2 * R in (FPP)^2.
+  bigint denominator;  // 2 * S in (FPP)^2.
+  // lower and upper are differences between value and corresponding boundaries.
+  bigint lower;             // (M^- in (FPP)^2).
+  bigint upper_store;       // upper's value if different from lower.
+  bigint* upper = nullptr;  // (M^+ in (FPP)^2).
+  // Shift numerator and denominator by an extra bit or two (if lower boundary
+  // is closer) to make lower and upper integers. This eliminates multiplication
+  // by 2 during later computations.
+  bool is_predecessor_closer = (flags & dragon::predecessor_closer) != 0;
+  int shift = is_predecessor_closer ? 2 : 1;
+  if (value.e >= 0) {
+    numerator = value.f;
+    numerator <<= value.e + shift;
+    lower = 1;
+    lower <<= value.e;
+    if (is_predecessor_closer) {
+      upper_store = 1;
+      upper_store <<= value.e + 1;
+      upper = &upper_store;
+    }
+    denominator.assign_pow10(exp10);
+    denominator <<= shift;
+  } else if (exp10 < 0) {
+    numerator.assign_pow10(-exp10);
+    lower.assign(numerator);
+    if (is_predecessor_closer) {
+      upper_store.assign(numerator);
+      upper_store <<= 1;
+      upper = &upper_store;
+    }
+    numerator *= value.f;
+    numerator <<= shift;
+    denominator = 1;
+    denominator <<= shift - value.e;
+  } else {
+    numerator = value.f;
+    numerator <<= shift;
+    denominator.assign_pow10(exp10);
+    denominator <<= shift - value.e;
+    lower = 1;
+    if (is_predecessor_closer) {
+      upper_store = 1ULL << 1;
+      upper = &upper_store;
+    }
+  }
+  int even = static_cast<int>((value.f & 1) == 0);
+  if (!upper) upper = &lower;
+  bool shortest = num_digits < 0;
+  if ((flags & dragon::fixup) != 0) {
+    if (add_compare(numerator, *upper, denominator) + even <= 0) {
+      --exp10;
+      numerator *= 10;
+      if (num_digits < 0) {
+        lower *= 10;
+        if (upper != &lower) *upper *= 10;
+      }
+    }
+    if ((flags & dragon::fixed) != 0) adjust_precision(num_digits, exp10 + 1);
+  }
+  // Invariant: value == (numerator / denominator) * pow(10, exp10).
+  if (shortest) {
+    // Generate the shortest representation.
+    num_digits = 0;
+    char* data = buf.data();
+    for (;;) {
+      int digit = numerator.divmod_assign(denominator);
+      bool low = compare(numerator, lower) - even < 0;  // numerator <[=] lower.
+      // numerator + upper >[=] pow10:
+      bool high = add_compare(numerator, *upper, denominator) + even > 0;
+      data[num_digits++] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+      if (low || high) {
+        if (!low) {
+          ++data[num_digits - 1];
+        } else if (high) {
+          int result = add_compare(numerator, numerator, denominator);
+          // Round half to even.
+          if (result > 0 || (result == 0 && (digit % 2) != 0))
+            ++data[num_digits - 1];
+        }
+        buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(num_digits));
+        exp10 -= num_digits - 1;
+        return;
+      }
+      numerator *= 10;
+      lower *= 10;
+      if (upper != &lower) *upper *= 10;
+    }
+  }
+  // Generate the given number of digits.
+  exp10 -= num_digits - 1;
+  if (num_digits <= 0) {
+    denominator *= 10;
+    auto digit = add_compare(numerator, numerator, denominator) > 0 ? '1' : '0';
+    buf.push_back(digit);
+    return;
+  }
+  buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(num_digits));
+  for (int i = 0; i < num_digits - 1; ++i) {
+    int digit = numerator.divmod_assign(denominator);
+    buf[i] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+    numerator *= 10;
+  }
+  int digit = numerator.divmod_assign(denominator);
+  auto result = add_compare(numerator, numerator, denominator);
+  if (result > 0 || (result == 0 && (digit % 2) != 0)) {
+    if (digit == 9) {
+      const auto overflow = '0' + 10;
+      buf[num_digits - 1] = overflow;
+      // Propagate the carry.
+      for (int i = num_digits - 1; i > 0 && buf[i] == overflow; --i) {
+        buf[i] = '0';
+        ++buf[i - 1];
+      }
+      if (buf[0] == overflow) {
+        buf[0] = '1';
+        if ((flags & dragon::fixed) != 0)
+          buf.push_back('0');
+        else
+          ++exp10;
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    ++digit;
+  }
+  buf[num_digits - 1] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+}
+
+// Formats a floating-point number using the hexfloat format.
+template <typename Float, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_double_double<Float>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void format_hexfloat(Float value, int precision,
+                                     float_specs specs, buffer<char>& buf) {
+  // float is passed as double to reduce the number of instantiations and to
+  // simplify implementation.
+  static_assert(!std::is_same<Float, float>::value, "");
+
+  using info = dragonbox::float_info<Float>;
+
+  // Assume Float is in the format [sign][exponent][significand].
+  using carrier_uint = typename info::carrier_uint;
+
+  constexpr auto num_float_significand_bits =
+      detail::num_significand_bits<Float>();
+
+  basic_fp<carrier_uint> f(value);
+  f.e += num_float_significand_bits;
+  if (!has_implicit_bit<Float>()) --f.e;
+
+  constexpr auto num_fraction_bits =
+      num_float_significand_bits + (has_implicit_bit<Float>() ? 1 : 0);
+  constexpr auto num_xdigits = (num_fraction_bits + 3) / 4;
+
+  constexpr auto leading_shift = ((num_xdigits - 1) * 4);
+  const auto leading_mask = carrier_uint(0xF) << leading_shift;
+  const auto leading_xdigit =
+      static_cast<uint32_t>((f.f & leading_mask) >> leading_shift);
+  if (leading_xdigit > 1) f.e -= (32 - countl_zero(leading_xdigit) - 1);
+
+  int print_xdigits = num_xdigits - 1;
+  if (precision >= 0 && print_xdigits > precision) {
+    const int shift = ((print_xdigits - precision - 1) * 4);
+    const auto mask = carrier_uint(0xF) << shift;
+    const auto v = static_cast<uint32_t>((f.f & mask) >> shift);
+
+    if (v >= 8) {
+      const auto inc = carrier_uint(1) << (shift + 4);
+      f.f += inc;
+      f.f &= ~(inc - 1);
+    }
+
+    // Check long double overflow
+    if (!has_implicit_bit<Float>()) {
+      const auto implicit_bit = carrier_uint(1) << num_float_significand_bits;
+      if ((f.f & implicit_bit) == implicit_bit) {
+        f.f >>= 4;
+        f.e += 4;
+      }
+    }
+
+    print_xdigits = precision;
+  }
+
+  char xdigits[num_bits<carrier_uint>() / 4];
+  detail::fill_n(xdigits, sizeof(xdigits), '0');
+  format_uint<4>(xdigits, f.f, num_xdigits, specs.upper);
+
+  // Remove zero tail
+  while (print_xdigits > 0 && xdigits[print_xdigits] == '0') --print_xdigits;
+
+  buf.push_back('0');
+  buf.push_back(specs.upper ? 'X' : 'x');
+  buf.push_back(xdigits[0]);
+  if (specs.showpoint || print_xdigits > 0 || print_xdigits < precision)
+    buf.push_back('.');
+  buf.append(xdigits + 1, xdigits + 1 + print_xdigits);
+  for (; print_xdigits < precision; ++print_xdigits) buf.push_back('0');
+
+  buf.push_back(specs.upper ? 'P' : 'p');
+
+  uint32_t abs_e;
+  if (f.e < 0) {
+    buf.push_back('-');
+    abs_e = static_cast<uint32_t>(-f.e);
+  } else {
+    buf.push_back('+');
+    abs_e = static_cast<uint32_t>(f.e);
+  }
+  format_decimal<char>(appender(buf), abs_e, detail::count_digits(abs_e));
+}
+
+template <typename Float, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_double_double<Float>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void format_hexfloat(Float value, int precision,
+                                     float_specs specs, buffer<char>& buf) {
+  format_hexfloat(static_cast<double>(value), precision, specs, buf);
+}
+
+constexpr auto fractional_part_rounding_thresholds(int index) -> uint32_t {
+  // For checking rounding thresholds.
+  // The kth entry is chosen to be the smallest integer such that the
+  // upper 32-bits of 10^(k+1) times it is strictly bigger than 5 * 10^k.
+  // It is equal to ceil(2^31 + 2^32/10^(k + 1)).
+  // These are stored in a string literal because we cannot have static arrays
+  // in constexpr functions and non-static ones are poorly optimized.
+  return U"\x9999999a\x828f5c29\x80418938\x80068db9\x8000a7c6\x800010c7"
+         U"\x800001ae\x8000002b"[index];
+}
+
+template <typename Float>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto format_float(Float value, int precision, float_specs specs,
+                                  buffer<char>& buf) -> int {
+  // float is passed as double to reduce the number of instantiations.
+  static_assert(!std::is_same<Float, float>::value, "");
+  FMT_ASSERT(value >= 0, "value is negative");
+  auto converted_value = convert_float(value);
+
+  const bool fixed = specs.format == float_format::fixed;
+  if (value <= 0) {  // <= instead of == to silence a warning.
+    if (precision <= 0 || !fixed) {
+      buf.push_back('0');
+      return 0;
+    }
+    buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(precision));
+    fill_n(buf.data(), precision, '0');
+    return -precision;
+  }
+
+  int exp = 0;
+  bool use_dragon = true;
+  unsigned dragon_flags = 0;
+  if (!is_fast_float<Float>() || is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    const auto inv_log2_10 = 0.3010299956639812;  // 1 / log2(10)
+    using info = dragonbox::float_info<decltype(converted_value)>;
+    const auto f = basic_fp<typename info::carrier_uint>(converted_value);
+    // Compute exp, an approximate power of 10, such that
+    //   10^(exp - 1) <= value < 10^exp or 10^exp <= value < 10^(exp + 1).
+    // This is based on log10(value) == log2(value) / log2(10) and approximation
+    // of log2(value) by e + num_fraction_bits idea from double-conversion.
+    auto e = (f.e + count_digits<1>(f.f) - 1) * inv_log2_10 - 1e-10;
+    exp = static_cast<int>(e);
+    if (e > exp) ++exp;  // Compute ceil.
+    dragon_flags = dragon::fixup;
+  } else if (precision < 0) {
+    // Use Dragonbox for the shortest format.
+    if (specs.binary32) {
+      auto dec = dragonbox::to_decimal(static_cast<float>(value));
+      write<char>(buffer_appender<char>(buf), dec.significand);
+      return dec.exponent;
+    }
+    auto dec = dragonbox::to_decimal(static_cast<double>(value));
+    write<char>(buffer_appender<char>(buf), dec.significand);
+    return dec.exponent;
+  } else {
+    // Extract significand bits and exponent bits.
+    using info = dragonbox::float_info<double>;
+    auto br = bit_cast<uint64_t>(static_cast<double>(value));
+
+    const uint64_t significand_mask =
+        (static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << num_significand_bits<double>()) - 1;
+    uint64_t significand = (br & significand_mask);
+    int exponent = static_cast<int>((br & exponent_mask<double>()) >>
+                                    num_significand_bits<double>());
+
+    if (exponent != 0) {  // Check if normal.
+      exponent -= exponent_bias<double>() + num_significand_bits<double>();
+      significand |=
+          (static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << num_significand_bits<double>());
+      significand <<= 1;
+    } else {
+      // Normalize subnormal inputs.
+      FMT_ASSERT(significand != 0, "zeros should not appear here");
+      int shift = countl_zero(significand);
+      FMT_ASSERT(shift >= num_bits<uint64_t>() - num_significand_bits<double>(),
+                 "");
+      shift -= (num_bits<uint64_t>() - num_significand_bits<double>() - 2);
+      exponent = (std::numeric_limits<double>::min_exponent -
+                  num_significand_bits<double>()) -
+                 shift;
+      significand <<= shift;
+    }
+
+    // Compute the first several nonzero decimal significand digits.
+    // We call the number we get the first segment.
+    const int k = info::kappa - dragonbox::floor_log10_pow2(exponent);
+    exp = -k;
+    const int beta = exponent + dragonbox::floor_log2_pow10(k);
+    uint64_t first_segment;
+    bool has_more_segments;
+    int digits_in_the_first_segment;
+    {
+      const auto r = dragonbox::umul192_upper128(
+          significand << beta, dragonbox::get_cached_power(k));
+      first_segment = r.high();
+      has_more_segments = r.low() != 0;
+
+      // The first segment can have 18 ~ 19 digits.
+      if (first_segment >= 1000000000000000000ULL) {
+        digits_in_the_first_segment = 19;
+      } else {
+        // When it is of 18-digits, we align it to 19-digits by adding a bogus
+        // zero at the end.
+        digits_in_the_first_segment = 18;
+        first_segment *= 10;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Compute the actual number of decimal digits to print.
+    if (fixed) adjust_precision(precision, exp + digits_in_the_first_segment);
+
+    // Use Dragon4 only when there might be not enough digits in the first
+    // segment.
+    if (digits_in_the_first_segment > precision) {
+      use_dragon = false;
+
+      if (precision <= 0) {
+        exp += digits_in_the_first_segment;
+
+        if (precision < 0) {
+          // Nothing to do, since all we have are just leading zeros.
+          buf.try_resize(0);
+        } else {
+          // We may need to round-up.
+          buf.try_resize(1);
+          if ((first_segment | static_cast<uint64_t>(has_more_segments)) >
+              5000000000000000000ULL) {
+            buf[0] = '1';
+          } else {
+            buf[0] = '0';
+          }
+        }
+      }  // precision <= 0
+      else {
+        exp += digits_in_the_first_segment - precision;
+
+        // When precision > 0, we divide the first segment into three
+        // subsegments, each with 9, 9, and 0 ~ 1 digits so that each fits
+        // in 32-bits which usually allows faster calculation than in
+        // 64-bits. Since some compiler (e.g. MSVC) doesn't know how to optimize
+        // division-by-constant for large 64-bit divisors, we do it here
+        // manually. The magic number 7922816251426433760 below is equal to
+        // ceil(2^(64+32) / 10^10).
+        const uint32_t first_subsegment = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+            dragonbox::umul128_upper64(first_segment, 7922816251426433760ULL) >>
+            32);
+        const uint64_t second_third_subsegments =
+            first_segment - first_subsegment * 10000000000ULL;
+
+        uint64_t prod;
+        uint32_t digits;
+        bool should_round_up;
+        int number_of_digits_to_print = precision > 9 ? 9 : precision;
+
+        // Print a 9-digits subsegment, either the first or the second.
+        auto print_subsegment = [&](uint32_t subsegment, char* buffer) {
+          int number_of_digits_printed = 0;
+
+          // If we want to print an odd number of digits from the subsegment,
+          if ((number_of_digits_to_print & 1) != 0) {
+            // Convert to 64-bit fixed-point fractional form with 1-digit
+            // integer part. The magic number 720575941 is a good enough
+            // approximation of 2^(32 + 24) / 10^8; see
+            // https://jk-jeon.github.io/posts/2022/12/fixed-precision-formatting/#fixed-length-case
+            // for details.
+            prod = ((subsegment * static_cast<uint64_t>(720575941)) >> 24) + 1;
+            digits = static_cast<uint32_t>(prod >> 32);
+            *buffer = static_cast<char>('0' + digits);
+            number_of_digits_printed++;
+          }
+          // If we want to print an even number of digits from the
+          // first_subsegment,
+          else {
+            // Convert to 64-bit fixed-point fractional form with 2-digits
+            // integer part. The magic number 450359963 is a good enough
+            // approximation of 2^(32 + 20) / 10^7; see
+            // https://jk-jeon.github.io/posts/2022/12/fixed-precision-formatting/#fixed-length-case
+            // for details.
+            prod = ((subsegment * static_cast<uint64_t>(450359963)) >> 20) + 1;
+            digits = static_cast<uint32_t>(prod >> 32);
+            copy2(buffer, digits2(digits));
+            number_of_digits_printed += 2;
+          }
+
+          // Print all digit pairs.
+          while (number_of_digits_printed < number_of_digits_to_print) {
+            prod = static_cast<uint32_t>(prod) * static_cast<uint64_t>(100);
+            digits = static_cast<uint32_t>(prod >> 32);
+            copy2(buffer + number_of_digits_printed, digits2(digits));
+            number_of_digits_printed += 2;
+          }
+        };
+
+        // Print first subsegment.
+        print_subsegment(first_subsegment, buf.data());
+
+        // Perform rounding if the first subsegment is the last subsegment to
+        // print.
+        if (precision <= 9) {
+          // Rounding inside the subsegment.
+          // We round-up if:
+          //  - either the fractional part is strictly larger than 1/2, or
+          //  - the fractional part is exactly 1/2 and the last digit is odd.
+          // We rely on the following observations:
+          //  - If fractional_part >= threshold, then the fractional part is
+          //    strictly larger than 1/2.
+          //  - If the MSB of fractional_part is set, then the fractional part
+          //    must be at least 1/2.
+          //  - When the MSB of fractional_part is set, either
+          //    second_third_subsegments being nonzero or has_more_segments
+          //    being true means there are further digits not printed, so the
+          //    fractional part is strictly larger than 1/2.
+          if (precision < 9) {
+            uint32_t fractional_part = static_cast<uint32_t>(prod);
+            should_round_up =
+                fractional_part >= fractional_part_rounding_thresholds(
+                                       8 - number_of_digits_to_print) ||
+                ((fractional_part >> 31) &
+                 ((digits & 1) | (second_third_subsegments != 0) |
+                  has_more_segments)) != 0;
+          }
+          // Rounding at the subsegment boundary.
+          // In this case, the fractional part is at least 1/2 if and only if
+          // second_third_subsegments >= 5000000000ULL, and is strictly larger
+          // than 1/2 if we further have either second_third_subsegments >
+          // 5000000000ULL or has_more_segments == true.
+          else {
+            should_round_up = second_third_subsegments > 5000000000ULL ||
+                              (second_third_subsegments == 5000000000ULL &&
+                               ((digits & 1) != 0 || has_more_segments));
+          }
+        }
+        // Otherwise, print the second subsegment.
+        else {
+          // Compilers are not aware of how to leverage the maximum value of
+          // second_third_subsegments to find out a better magic number which
+          // allows us to eliminate an additional shift. 1844674407370955162 =
+          // ceil(2^64/10) < ceil(2^64*(10^9/(10^10 - 1))).
+          const uint32_t second_subsegment =
+              static_cast<uint32_t>(dragonbox::umul128_upper64(
+                  second_third_subsegments, 1844674407370955162ULL));
+          const uint32_t third_subsegment =
+              static_cast<uint32_t>(second_third_subsegments) -
+              second_subsegment * 10;
+
+          number_of_digits_to_print = precision - 9;
+          print_subsegment(second_subsegment, buf.data() + 9);
+
+          // Rounding inside the subsegment.
+          if (precision < 18) {
+            // The condition third_subsegment != 0 implies that the segment was
+            // of 19 digits, so in this case the third segment should be
+            // consisting of a genuine digit from the input.
+            uint32_t fractional_part = static_cast<uint32_t>(prod);
+            should_round_up =
+                fractional_part >= fractional_part_rounding_thresholds(
+                                       8 - number_of_digits_to_print) ||
+                ((fractional_part >> 31) &
+                 ((digits & 1) | (third_subsegment != 0) |
+                  has_more_segments)) != 0;
+          }
+          // Rounding at the subsegment boundary.
+          else {
+            // In this case, the segment must be of 19 digits, thus
+            // the third subsegment should be consisting of a genuine digit from
+            // the input.
+            should_round_up = third_subsegment > 5 ||
+                              (third_subsegment == 5 &&
+                               ((digits & 1) != 0 || has_more_segments));
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Round-up if necessary.
+        if (should_round_up) {
+          ++buf[precision - 1];
+          for (int i = precision - 1; i > 0 && buf[i] > '9'; --i) {
+            buf[i] = '0';
+            ++buf[i - 1];
+          }
+          if (buf[0] > '9') {
+            buf[0] = '1';
+            if (fixed)
+              buf[precision++] = '0';
+            else
+              ++exp;
+          }
+        }
+        buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(precision));
+      }
+    }  // if (digits_in_the_first_segment > precision)
+    else {
+      // Adjust the exponent for its use in Dragon4.
+      exp += digits_in_the_first_segment - 1;
+    }
+  }
+  if (use_dragon) {
+    auto f = basic_fp<uint128_t>();
+    bool is_predecessor_closer = specs.binary32
+                                     ? f.assign(static_cast<float>(value))
+                                     : f.assign(converted_value);
+    if (is_predecessor_closer) dragon_flags |= dragon::predecessor_closer;
+    if (fixed) dragon_flags |= dragon::fixed;
+    // Limit precision to the maximum possible number of significant digits in
+    // an IEEE754 double because we don't need to generate zeros.
+    const int max_double_digits = 767;
+    if (precision > max_double_digits) precision = max_double_digits;
+    format_dragon(f, dragon_flags, precision, buf, exp);
+  }
+  if (!fixed && !specs.showpoint) {
+    // Remove trailing zeros.
+    auto num_digits = buf.size();
+    while (num_digits > 0 && buf[num_digits - 1] == '0') {
+      --num_digits;
+      ++exp;
+    }
+    buf.try_resize(num_digits);
+  }
+  return exp;
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write_float(OutputIt out, T value,
+                                 format_specs<Char> specs, locale_ref loc)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  float_specs fspecs = parse_float_type_spec(specs);
+  fspecs.sign = specs.sign;
+  if (detail::signbit(value)) {  // value < 0 is false for NaN so use signbit.
+    fspecs.sign = sign::minus;
+    value = -value;
+  } else if (fspecs.sign == sign::minus) {
+    fspecs.sign = sign::none;
+  }
+
+  if (!detail::isfinite(value))
+    return write_nonfinite(out, detail::isnan(value), specs, fspecs);
+
+  if (specs.align == align::numeric && fspecs.sign) {
+    auto it = reserve(out, 1);
+    *it++ = detail::sign<Char>(fspecs.sign);
+    out = base_iterator(out, it);
+    fspecs.sign = sign::none;
+    if (specs.width != 0) --specs.width;
+  }
+
+  memory_buffer buffer;
+  if (fspecs.format == float_format::hex) {
+    if (fspecs.sign) buffer.push_back(detail::sign<char>(fspecs.sign));
+    format_hexfloat(convert_float(value), specs.precision, fspecs, buffer);
+    return write_bytes<align::right>(out, {buffer.data(), buffer.size()},
+                                     specs);
+  }
+  int precision = specs.precision >= 0 || specs.type == presentation_type::none
+                      ? specs.precision
+                      : 6;
+  if (fspecs.format == float_format::exp) {
+    if (precision == max_value<int>())
+      throw_format_error("number is too big");
+    else
+      ++precision;
+  } else if (fspecs.format != float_format::fixed && precision == 0) {
+    precision = 1;
+  }
+  if (const_check(std::is_same<T, float>())) fspecs.binary32 = true;
+  int exp = format_float(convert_float(value), precision, fspecs, buffer);
+  fspecs.precision = precision;
+  auto f = big_decimal_fp{buffer.data(), static_cast<int>(buffer.size()), exp};
+  return write_float(out, f, specs, fspecs, loc);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write(OutputIt out, T value, format_specs<Char> specs,
+                           locale_ref loc = {}) -> OutputIt {
+  if (const_check(!is_supported_floating_point(value))) return out;
+  return specs.localized && write_loc(out, value, specs, loc)
+             ? out
+             : write_float(out, value, specs, loc);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_fast_float<T>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write(OutputIt out, T value) -> OutputIt {
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) return write(out, value, format_specs<Char>());
+  if (const_check(!is_supported_floating_point(value))) return out;
+
+  auto fspecs = float_specs();
+  if (detail::signbit(value)) {
+    fspecs.sign = sign::minus;
+    value = -value;
+  }
+
+  constexpr auto specs = format_specs<Char>();
+  using floaty = conditional_t<std::is_same<T, long double>::value, double, T>;
+  using floaty_uint = typename dragonbox::float_info<floaty>::carrier_uint;
+  floaty_uint mask = exponent_mask<floaty>();
+  if ((bit_cast<floaty_uint>(value) & mask) == mask)
+    return write_nonfinite(out, std::isnan(value), specs, fspecs);
+
+  auto dec = dragonbox::to_decimal(static_cast<floaty>(value));
+  return write_float(out, dec, specs, fspecs, {});
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_floating_point<T>::value &&
+                        !is_fast_float<T>::value)>
+inline auto write(OutputIt out, T value) -> OutputIt {
+  return write(out, value, format_specs<Char>());
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+auto write(OutputIt out, monostate, format_specs<Char> = {}, locale_ref = {})
+    -> OutputIt {
+  FMT_ASSERT(false, "");
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<Char> value)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  auto it = reserve(out, value.size());
+  it = copy_str_noinline<Char>(value.begin(), value.end(), it);
+  return base_iterator(out, it);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_string<T>::value)>
+constexpr auto write(OutputIt out, const T& value) -> OutputIt {
+  return write<Char>(out, to_string_view(value));
+}
+
+// FMT_ENABLE_IF() condition separated to workaround an MSVC bug.
+template <
+    typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+    bool check =
+        std::is_enum<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, Char>::value &&
+        mapped_type_constant<T, basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>>::value !=
+            type::custom_type,
+    FMT_ENABLE_IF(check)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, T value) -> OutputIt {
+  return write<Char>(out, static_cast<underlying_t<T>>(value));
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<T, bool>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, T value,
+                         const format_specs<Char>& specs = {}, locale_ref = {})
+    -> OutputIt {
+  return specs.type != presentation_type::none &&
+                 specs.type != presentation_type::string
+             ? write(out, value ? 1 : 0, specs, {})
+             : write_bytes(out, value ? "true" : "false", specs);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, Char value) -> OutputIt {
+  auto it = reserve(out, 1);
+  *it++ = value;
+  return base_iterator(out, it);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS auto write(OutputIt out, const Char* value)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  if (value) return write(out, basic_string_view<Char>(value));
+  throw_format_error("string pointer is null");
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<T, void>::value)>
+auto write(OutputIt out, const T* value, const format_specs<Char>& specs = {},
+           locale_ref = {}) -> OutputIt {
+  return write_ptr<Char>(out, bit_cast<uintptr_t>(value), &specs);
+}
+
+// A write overload that handles implicit conversions.
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          typename Context = basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, const T& value) -> enable_if_t<
+    std::is_class<T>::value && !is_string<T>::value &&
+        !is_floating_point<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, Char>::value &&
+        !std::is_same<T, remove_cvref_t<decltype(arg_mapper<Context>().map(
+                             value))>>::value,
+    OutputIt> {
+  return write<Char>(out, arg_mapper<Context>().map(value));
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          typename Context = basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, const T& value)
+    -> enable_if_t<mapped_type_constant<T, Context>::value == type::custom_type,
+                   OutputIt> {
+  auto formatter = typename Context::template formatter_type<T>();
+  auto parse_ctx = typename Context::parse_context_type({});
+  formatter.parse(parse_ctx);
+  auto ctx = Context(out, {}, {});
+  return formatter.format(value, ctx);
+}
+
+// An argument visitor that formats the argument and writes it via the output
+// iterator. It's a class and not a generic lambda for compatibility with C++11.
+template <typename Char> struct default_arg_formatter {
+  using iterator = buffer_appender<Char>;
+  using context = buffer_context<Char>;
+
+  iterator out;
+  basic_format_args<context> args;
+  locale_ref loc;
+
+  template <typename T> auto operator()(T value) -> iterator {
+    return write<Char>(out, value);
+  }
+  auto operator()(typename basic_format_arg<context>::handle h) -> iterator {
+    basic_format_parse_context<Char> parse_ctx({});
+    context format_ctx(out, args, loc);
+    h.format(parse_ctx, format_ctx);
+    return format_ctx.out();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct arg_formatter {
+  using iterator = buffer_appender<Char>;
+  using context = buffer_context<Char>;
+
+  iterator out;
+  const format_specs<Char>& specs;
+  locale_ref locale;
+
+  template <typename T>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto operator()(T value) -> iterator {
+    return detail::write(out, value, specs, locale);
+  }
+  auto operator()(typename basic_format_arg<context>::handle) -> iterator {
+    // User-defined types are handled separately because they require access
+    // to the parse context.
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+struct width_checker {
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(T value) -> unsigned long long {
+    if (is_negative(value)) throw_format_error("negative width");
+    return static_cast<unsigned long long>(value);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(T) -> unsigned long long {
+    throw_format_error("width is not integer");
+    return 0;
+  }
+};
+
+struct precision_checker {
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(T value) -> unsigned long long {
+    if (is_negative(value)) throw_format_error("negative precision");
+    return static_cast<unsigned long long>(value);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(T) -> unsigned long long {
+    throw_format_error("precision is not integer");
+    return 0;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Handler, typename FormatArg>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_dynamic_spec(FormatArg arg) -> int {
+  unsigned long long value = visit_format_arg(Handler(), arg);
+  if (value > to_unsigned(max_value<int>()))
+    throw_format_error("number is too big");
+  return static_cast<int>(value);
+}
+
+template <typename Context, typename ID>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_arg(Context& ctx, ID id) -> decltype(ctx.arg(id)) {
+  auto arg = ctx.arg(id);
+  if (!arg) ctx.on_error("argument not found");
+  return arg;
+}
+
+template <typename Handler, typename Context>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void handle_dynamic_spec(int& value,
+                                       arg_ref<typename Context::char_type> ref,
+                                       Context& ctx) {
+  switch (ref.kind) {
+  case arg_id_kind::none:
+    break;
+  case arg_id_kind::index:
+    value = detail::get_dynamic_spec<Handler>(get_arg(ctx, ref.val.index));
+    break;
+  case arg_id_kind::name:
+    value = detail::get_dynamic_spec<Handler>(get_arg(ctx, ref.val.name));
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+#  if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t N,
+          fmt::detail_exported::fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
+struct statically_named_arg : view {
+  static constexpr auto name = Str.data;
+
+  const T& value;
+  statically_named_arg(const T& v) : value(v) {}
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t N,
+          fmt::detail_exported::fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
+struct is_named_arg<statically_named_arg<T, Char, N, Str>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t N,
+          fmt::detail_exported::fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
+struct is_statically_named_arg<statically_named_arg<T, Char, N, Str>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename Char, size_t N,
+          fmt::detail_exported::fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
+struct udl_arg {
+  template <typename T> auto operator=(T&& value) const {
+    return statically_named_arg<T, Char, N, Str>(std::forward<T>(value));
+  }
+};
+#  else
+template <typename Char> struct udl_arg {
+  const Char* str;
+
+  template <typename T> auto operator=(T&& value) const -> named_arg<Char, T> {
+    return {str, std::forward<T>(value)};
+  }
+};
+#  endif
+#endif  // FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+
+template <typename Locale, typename Char>
+auto vformat(const Locale& loc, basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+             basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  auto buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args, detail::locale_ref(loc));
+  return {buf.data(), buf.size()};
+}
+
+using format_func = void (*)(detail::buffer<char>&, int, const char*);
+
+FMT_API void format_error_code(buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                               string_view message) noexcept;
+
+FMT_API void report_error(format_func func, int error_code,
+                          const char* message) noexcept;
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_API auto vsystem_error(int error_code, string_view format_str,
+                           format_args args) -> std::system_error;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Constructs :class:`std::system_error` with a message formatted with
+  ``fmt::format(fmt, args...)``.
+  *error_code* is a system error code as given by ``errno``.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    // This throws std::system_error with the description
+    //   cannot open file 'madeup': No such file or directory
+    // or similar (system message may vary).
+    const char* filename = "madeup";
+    std::FILE* file = std::fopen(filename, "r");
+    if (!file)
+      throw fmt::system_error(errno, "cannot open file '{}'", filename);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+auto system_error(int error_code, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> std::system_error {
+  return vsystem_error(error_code, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats an error message for an error returned by an operating system or a
+  language runtime, for example a file opening error, and writes it to *out*.
+  The format is the same as the one used by ``std::system_error(ec, message)``
+  where ``ec`` is ``std::error_code(error_code, std::generic_category()})``.
+  It is implementation-defined but normally looks like:
+
+  .. parsed-literal::
+     *<message>*: *<system-message>*
+
+  where *<message>* is the passed message and *<system-message>* is the system
+  message corresponding to the error code.
+  *error_code* is a system error code as given by ``errno``.
+  \endrst
+ */
+FMT_API void format_system_error(detail::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                                 const char* message) noexcept;
+
+// Reports a system error without throwing an exception.
+// Can be used to report errors from destructors.
+FMT_API void report_system_error(int error_code, const char* message) noexcept;
+
+/** Fast integer formatter. */
+class format_int {
+ private:
+  // Buffer should be large enough to hold all digits (digits10 + 1),
+  // a sign and a null character.
+  enum { buffer_size = std::numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::digits10 + 3 };
+  mutable char buffer_[buffer_size];
+  char* str_;
+
+  template <typename UInt> auto format_unsigned(UInt value) -> char* {
+    auto n = static_cast<detail::uint32_or_64_or_128_t<UInt>>(value);
+    return detail::format_decimal(buffer_, n, buffer_size - 1).begin;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Int> auto format_signed(Int value) -> char* {
+    auto abs_value = static_cast<detail::uint32_or_64_or_128_t<Int>>(value);
+    bool negative = value < 0;
+    if (negative) abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+    auto begin = format_unsigned(abs_value);
+    if (negative) *--begin = '-';
+    return begin;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit format_int(int value) : str_(format_signed(value)) {}
+  explicit format_int(long value) : str_(format_signed(value)) {}
+  explicit format_int(long long value) : str_(format_signed(value)) {}
+  explicit format_int(unsigned value) : str_(format_unsigned(value)) {}
+  explicit format_int(unsigned long value) : str_(format_unsigned(value)) {}
+  explicit format_int(unsigned long long value)
+      : str_(format_unsigned(value)) {}
+
+  /** Returns the number of characters written to the output buffer. */
+  auto size() const -> size_t {
+    return detail::to_unsigned(buffer_ - str_ + buffer_size - 1);
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Returns a pointer to the output buffer content. No terminating null
+    character is appended.
+   */
+  auto data() const -> const char* { return str_; }
+
+  /**
+    Returns a pointer to the output buffer content with terminating null
+    character appended.
+   */
+  auto c_str() const -> const char* {
+    buffer_[buffer_size - 1] = '\0';
+    return str_;
+  }
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Returns the content of the output buffer as an ``std::string``.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  auto str() const -> std::string { return std::string(str_, size()); }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<T, Char, enable_if_t<detail::has_format_as<T>::value>>
+    : formatter<detail::format_as_t<T>, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const T& value, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    using base = formatter<detail::format_as_t<T>, Char>;
+    return base::format(format_as(value), ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+#define FMT_FORMAT_AS(Type, Base) \
+  template <typename Char>        \
+  struct formatter<Type, Char> : formatter<Base, Char> {}
+
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(signed char, int);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned char, unsigned);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(short, int);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned short, unsigned);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(long, detail::long_type);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned long, detail::ulong_type);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(Char*, const Char*);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(std::basic_string<Char>, basic_string_view<Char>);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(std::nullptr_t, const void*);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(detail::std_string_view<Char>, basic_string_view<Char>);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(void*, const void*);
+
+template <typename Char, size_t N>
+struct formatter<Char[N], Char> : formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char> {};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Converts ``p`` to ``const void*`` for pointer formatting.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    auto s = fmt::format("{}", fmt::ptr(p));
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T> auto ptr(T p) -> const void* {
+  static_assert(std::is_pointer<T>::value, "");
+  return detail::bit_cast<const void*>(p);
+}
+template <typename T, typename Deleter>
+auto ptr(const std::unique_ptr<T, Deleter>& p) -> const void* {
+  return p.get();
+}
+template <typename T> auto ptr(const std::shared_ptr<T>& p) -> const void* {
+  return p.get();
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Converts ``e`` to the underlying type.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    enum class color { red, green, blue };
+    auto s = fmt::format("{}", fmt::underlying(color::red));
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Enum>
+constexpr auto underlying(Enum e) noexcept -> underlying_t<Enum> {
+  return static_cast<underlying_t<Enum>>(e);
+}
+
+namespace enums {
+template <typename Enum, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_enum<Enum>::value)>
+constexpr auto format_as(Enum e) noexcept -> underlying_t<Enum> {
+  return static_cast<underlying_t<Enum>>(e);
+}
+}  // namespace enums
+
+class bytes {
+ private:
+  string_view data_;
+  friend struct formatter<bytes>;
+
+ public:
+  explicit bytes(string_view data) : data_(data) {}
+};
+
+template <> struct formatter<bytes> {
+ private:
+  detail::dynamic_format_specs<> specs_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> const char* {
+    return parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), specs_, ctx,
+                              detail::type::string_type);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(bytes b, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(specs_.width,
+                                                       specs_.width_ref, ctx);
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::precision_checker>(
+        specs_.precision, specs_.precision_ref, ctx);
+    return detail::write_bytes(ctx.out(), b.data_, specs_);
+  }
+};
+
+// group_digits_view is not derived from view because it copies the argument.
+template <typename T> struct group_digits_view {
+  T value;
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns a view that formats an integer value using ',' as a locale-independent
+  thousands separator.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print("{}", fmt::group_digits(12345));
+    // Output: "12,345"
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T> auto group_digits(T value) -> group_digits_view<T> {
+  return {value};
+}
+
+template <typename T> struct formatter<group_digits_view<T>> : formatter<T> {
+ private:
+  detail::dynamic_format_specs<> specs_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> const char* {
+    return parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), specs_, ctx,
+                              detail::type::int_type);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(group_digits_view<T> t, FormatContext& ctx)
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(specs_.width,
+                                                       specs_.width_ref, ctx);
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::precision_checker>(
+        specs_.precision, specs_.precision_ref, ctx);
+    return detail::write_int(
+        ctx.out(), static_cast<detail::uint64_or_128_t<T>>(t.value), 0, specs_,
+        detail::digit_grouping<char>("\3", ","));
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct nested_view {
+  const formatter<T>* fmt;
+  const T* value;
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct formatter<nested_view<T>> {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(format_parse_context& ctx) -> const char* {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+  auto format(nested_view<T> view, format_context& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return view.fmt->format(*view.value, ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct nested_formatter {
+ private:
+  int width_;
+  detail::fill_t<char> fill_;
+  align_t align_ : 4;
+  formatter<T> formatter_;
+
+ public:
+  constexpr nested_formatter() : width_(0), align_(align_t::none) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(format_parse_context& ctx) -> const char* {
+    auto specs = detail::dynamic_format_specs<char>();
+    auto it = parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), specs, ctx,
+                                 detail::type::none_type);
+    width_ = specs.width;
+    fill_ = specs.fill;
+    align_ = specs.align;
+    ctx.advance_to(it);
+    return formatter_.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename F>
+  auto write_padded(format_context& ctx, F write) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    if (width_ == 0) return write(ctx.out());
+    auto buf = memory_buffer();
+    write(std::back_inserter(buf));
+    auto specs = format_specs<>();
+    specs.width = width_;
+    specs.fill = fill_;
+    specs.align = align_;
+    return detail::write(ctx.out(), string_view(buf.data(), buf.size()), specs);
+  }
+
+  auto nested(const T& value) const -> nested_view<T> {
+    return nested_view<T>{&formatter_, &value};
+  }
+};
+
+// DEPRECATED! join_view will be moved to ranges.h.
+template <typename It, typename Sentinel, typename Char = char>
+struct join_view : detail::view {
+  It begin;
+  Sentinel end;
+  basic_string_view<Char> sep;
+
+  join_view(It b, Sentinel e, basic_string_view<Char> s)
+      : begin(b), end(e), sep(s) {}
+};
+
+template <typename It, typename Sentinel, typename Char>
+struct formatter<join_view<It, Sentinel, Char>, Char> {
+ private:
+  using value_type =
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_ranges
+      std::iter_value_t<It>;
+#else
+      typename std::iterator_traits<It>::value_type;
+#endif
+  formatter<remove_cvref_t<value_type>, Char> value_formatter_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    return value_formatter_.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const join_view<It, Sentinel, Char>& value,
+              FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto it = value.begin;
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    if (it != value.end) {
+      out = value_formatter_.format(*it, ctx);
+      ++it;
+      while (it != value.end) {
+        out = detail::copy_str<Char>(value.sep.begin(), value.sep.end(), out);
+        ctx.advance_to(out);
+        out = value_formatter_.format(*it, ctx);
+        ++it;
+      }
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  Returns a view that formats the iterator range `[begin, end)` with elements
+  separated by `sep`.
+ */
+template <typename It, typename Sentinel>
+auto join(It begin, Sentinel end, string_view sep) -> join_view<It, Sentinel> {
+  return {begin, end, sep};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns a view that formats `range` with elements separated by `sep`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3};
+    fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(v, ", "));
+    // Output: "1, 2, 3"
+
+  ``fmt::join`` applies passed format specifiers to the range elements::
+
+    fmt::print("{:02}", fmt::join(v, ", "));
+    // Output: "01, 02, 03"
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Range>
+auto join(Range&& range, string_view sep)
+    -> join_view<detail::iterator_t<Range>, detail::sentinel_t<Range>> {
+  return join(std::begin(range), std::end(range), sep);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Converts *value* to ``std::string`` using the default format for type *T*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+    std::string answer = fmt::to_string(42);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value &&
+                                    !detail::has_format_as<T>::value)>
+inline auto to_string(const T& value) -> std::string {
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  detail::write<char>(appender(buffer), value);
+  return {buffer.data(), buffer.size()};
+}
+
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+FMT_NODISCARD inline auto to_string(T value) -> std::string {
+  // The buffer should be large enough to store the number including the sign
+  // or "false" for bool.
+  constexpr int max_size = detail::digits10<T>() + 2;
+  char buffer[max_size > 5 ? static_cast<unsigned>(max_size) : 5];
+  char* begin = buffer;
+  return std::string(begin, detail::write<char>(begin, value));
+}
+
+template <typename Char, size_t SIZE>
+FMT_NODISCARD auto to_string(const basic_memory_buffer<Char, SIZE>& buf)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  auto size = buf.size();
+  detail::assume(size < std::basic_string<Char>().max_size());
+  return std::basic_string<Char>(buf.data(), size);
+}
+
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value &&
+                                    detail::has_format_as<T>::value)>
+inline auto to_string(const T& value) -> std::string {
+  return to_string(format_as(value));
+}
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Char>
+void vformat_to(buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+                typename vformat_args<Char>::type args, locale_ref loc) {
+  auto out = buffer_appender<Char>(buf);
+  if (fmt.size() == 2 && equal2(fmt.data(), "{}")) {
+    auto arg = args.get(0);
+    if (!arg) throw_format_error("argument not found");
+    visit_format_arg(default_arg_formatter<Char>{out, args, loc}, arg);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  struct format_handler : error_handler {
+    basic_format_parse_context<Char> parse_context;
+    buffer_context<Char> context;
+
+    format_handler(buffer_appender<Char> p_out, basic_string_view<Char> str,
+                   basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char>> p_args,
+                   locale_ref p_loc)
+        : parse_context(str), context(p_out, p_args, p_loc) {}
+
+    void on_text(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+      auto text = basic_string_view<Char>(begin, to_unsigned(end - begin));
+      context.advance_to(write<Char>(context.out(), text));
+    }
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id() -> int {
+      return parse_context.next_arg_id();
+    }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id(int id) -> int {
+      return parse_context.check_arg_id(id), id;
+    }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char> id) -> int {
+      int arg_id = context.arg_id(id);
+      if (arg_id < 0) throw_format_error("argument not found");
+      return arg_id;
+    }
+
+    FMT_INLINE void on_replacement_field(int id, const Char*) {
+      auto arg = get_arg(context, id);
+      context.advance_to(visit_format_arg(
+          default_arg_formatter<Char>{context.out(), context.args(),
+                                      context.locale()},
+          arg));
+    }
+
+    auto on_format_specs(int id, const Char* begin, const Char* end)
+        -> const Char* {
+      auto arg = get_arg(context, id);
+      // Not using a visitor for custom types gives better codegen.
+      if (arg.format_custom(begin, parse_context, context))
+        return parse_context.begin();
+      auto specs = detail::dynamic_format_specs<Char>();
+      begin = parse_format_specs(begin, end, specs, parse_context, arg.type());
+      detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(
+          specs.width, specs.width_ref, context);
+      detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::precision_checker>(
+          specs.precision, specs.precision_ref, context);
+      if (begin == end || *begin != '}')
+        throw_format_error("missing '}' in format string");
+      auto f = arg_formatter<Char>{context.out(), specs, context.locale()};
+      context.advance_to(visit_format_arg(f, arg));
+      return begin;
+    }
+  };
+  detail::parse_format_string<false>(fmt, format_handler(out, fmt, args, loc));
+}
+
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+#ifndef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+extern template FMT_API void vformat_to(buffer<char>&, string_view,
+                                        typename vformat_args<>::type,
+                                        locale_ref);
+extern template FMT_API auto thousands_sep_impl<char>(locale_ref)
+    -> thousands_sep_result<char>;
+extern template FMT_API auto thousands_sep_impl<wchar_t>(locale_ref)
+    -> thousands_sep_result<wchar_t>;
+extern template FMT_API auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref) -> char;
+extern template FMT_API auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref) -> wchar_t;
+#endif  // FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+#if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+inline namespace literals {
+/**
+  \rst
+  User-defined literal equivalent of :func:`fmt::arg`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    using namespace fmt::literals;
+    fmt::print("Elapsed time: {s:.2f} seconds", "s"_a=1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+#  if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+template <detail_exported::fixed_string Str> constexpr auto operator""_a() {
+  using char_t = remove_cvref_t<decltype(Str.data[0])>;
+  return detail::udl_arg<char_t, sizeof(Str.data) / sizeof(char_t), Str>();
+}
+#  else
+constexpr auto operator""_a(const char* s, size_t) -> detail::udl_arg<char> {
+  return {s};
+}
+#  endif
+}  // namespace literals
+#endif  // FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+
+template <typename Locale, FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value)>
+inline auto vformat(const Locale& loc, string_view fmt, format_args args)
+    -> std::string {
+  return detail::vformat(loc, fmt, args);
+}
+
+template <typename Locale, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value)>
+inline auto format(const Locale& loc, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> std::string {
+  return fmt::vformat(loc, string_view(fmt), fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Locale,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_locale<Locale>::value)>
+auto vformat_to(OutputIt out, const Locale& loc, string_view fmt,
+                format_args args) -> OutputIt {
+  using detail::get_buffer;
+  auto&& buf = get_buffer<char>(out);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args, detail::locale_ref(loc));
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf, out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Locale, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_locale<Locale>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE auto format_to(OutputIt out, const Locale& loc,
+                          format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> OutputIt {
+  return vformat_to(out, loc, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename Locale, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value)>
+FMT_NODISCARD FMT_INLINE auto formatted_size(const Locale& loc,
+                                             format_string<T...> fmt,
+                                             T&&... args) -> size_t {
+  auto buf = detail::counting_buffer<>();
+  detail::vformat_to<char>(buf, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...),
+                           detail::locale_ref(loc));
+  return buf.count();
+}
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+template <typename FormatContext>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto
+formatter<T, Char,
+          enable_if_t<detail::type_constant<T, Char>::value !=
+                      detail::type::custom_type>>::format(const T& val,
+                                                          FormatContext& ctx)
+    const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+  if (specs_.width_ref.kind == detail::arg_id_kind::none &&
+      specs_.precision_ref.kind == detail::arg_id_kind::none) {
+    return detail::write<Char>(ctx.out(), val, specs_, ctx.locale());
+  }
+  auto specs = specs_;
+  detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(specs.width,
+                                                     specs.width_ref, ctx);
+  detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::precision_checker>(
+      specs.precision, specs.precision_ref, ctx);
+  return detail::write<Char>(ctx.out(), val, specs, ctx.locale());
+}
+
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#ifdef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+#  define FMT_FUNC inline
+#  include "format-inl.h"
+#else
+#  define FMT_FUNC
+#endif
+
+#endif  // FMT_FORMAT_H_