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-.. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/
-           576385/156254208-f5b743a9-88cf-439d-b0c0-923d53e8d551.png
-   :width: 25%
-   :alt: {fmt}
-.. image:: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/linux/badge.svg
-   :target: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Alinux
-.. image:: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/macos/badge.svg
-   :target: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Amacos
-.. image:: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/windows/badge.svg
-   :target: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Awindows
-.. image:: https://oss-fuzz-build-logs.storage.googleapis.com/badges/fmt.svg
-   :alt: fmt is continuously fuzzed at oss-fuzz
-   :target: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?\
-            colspec=ID%20Type%20Component%20Status%20Proj%20Reported%20Owner%20\
-            Summary&q=proj%3Dfmt&can=1
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/stackoverflow-fmt-blue.svg
-   :alt: Ask questions at StackOverflow with the tag fmt
-   :target: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fmt
-.. image:: https://api.securityscorecards.dev/projects/github.com/fmtlib/fmt/badge
-   :target: https://securityscorecards.dev/viewer/?uri=github.com/fmtlib/fmt
-**{fmt}** is an open-source formatting library providing a fast and safe
-alternative to C stdio and C++ iostreams.
-If you like this project, please consider donating to one of the funds that
-help victims of the war in Ukraine: https://www.stopputin.net/.
-`Documentation <https://fmt.dev>`__
-`Cheat Sheets <https://hackingcpp.com/cpp/libs/fmt.html>`__
-Q&A: ask questions on `StackOverflow with the tag fmt
-<https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fmt>`_.
-Try {fmt} in `Compiler Explorer <https://godbolt.org/z/Eq5763>`_.
-Features
---------
-* Simple `format API <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html>`_ with positional arguments
-  for localization
-* Implementation of `C++20 std::format
-  <https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/format>`__
-* `Format string syntax <https://fmt.dev/latest/syntax.html>`_ similar to Python's
-  `format <https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format>`_
-* Fast IEEE 754 floating-point formatter with correct rounding, shortness and
-  round-trip guarantees using the `Dragonbox <https://github.com/jk-jeon/dragonbox>`_
-  algorithm
-* Portable Unicode support
-* Safe `printf implementation
-  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#printf-formatting>`_ including the POSIX
-  extension for positional arguments
-* Extensibility: `support for user-defined types
-  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#formatting-user-defined-types>`_
-* High performance: faster than common standard library implementations of
-  ``(s)printf``, iostreams, ``to_string`` and ``to_chars``, see `Speed tests`_
-  and `Converting a hundred million integers to strings per second
-  <http://www.zverovich.net/2020/06/13/fast-int-to-string-revisited.html>`_
-* Small code size both in terms of source code with the minimum configuration
-  consisting of just three files, ``core.h``, ``format.h`` and ``format-inl.h``,
-  and compiled code; see `Compile time and code bloat`_
-* Reliability: the library has an extensive set of `tests
-  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/tree/master/test>`_ and is `continuously fuzzed
-  <https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?colspec=ID%20Type%20
-  Component%20Status%20Proj%20Reported%20Owner%20Summary&q=proj%3Dfmt&can=1>`_
-* Safety: the library is fully type-safe, errors in format strings can be
-  reported at compile time, automatic memory management prevents buffer overflow
-  errors
-* Ease of use: small self-contained code base, no external dependencies,
-  permissive MIT `license
-  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE.rst>`_
-* `Portability <https://fmt.dev/latest/index.html#portability>`_ with
-  consistent output across platforms and support for older compilers
-* Clean warning-free codebase even on high warning levels such as
-  ``-Wall -Wextra -pedantic``
-* Locale independence by default
-* Optional header-only configuration enabled with the ``FMT_HEADER_ONLY`` macro
-See the `documentation <https://fmt.dev>`_ for more details.
-Examples
---------
-**Print to stdout** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/Tevcjh>`_)
-.. code:: c++
-    #include <fmt/core.h>
-    int main() {
-      fmt::print("Hello, world!\n");
-    }
-**Format a string** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/oK8h33>`_)
-.. code:: c++
-    std::string s = fmt::format("The answer is {}.", 42);
-    // s == "The answer is 42."
-**Format a string using positional arguments** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/Yn7Txe>`_)
-.. code:: c++
-    std::string s = fmt::format("I'd rather be {1} than {0}.", "right", "happy");
-    // s == "I'd rather be happy than right."
-**Print chrono durations** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/K8s4Mc>`_)
-.. code:: c++
-    #include <fmt/chrono.h>
-    int main() {
-      using namespace std::literals::chrono_literals;
-      fmt::print("Default format: {} {}\n", 42s, 100ms);
-      fmt::print("strftime-like format: {:%H:%M:%S}\n", 3h + 15min + 30s);
-    }
-Output::
-    Default format: 42s 100ms
-    strftime-like format: 03:15:30
-**Print a container** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/MxM1YqjE7>`_)
-.. code:: c++
-    #include <vector>
-    #include <fmt/ranges.h>
-    int main() {
-      std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3};
-      fmt::print("{}\n", v);
-    }
-Output::
-    [1, 2, 3]
-**Check a format string at compile time**
-.. code:: c++
-    std::string s = fmt::format("{:d}", "I am not a number");
-This gives a compile-time error in C++20 because ``d`` is an invalid format
-specifier for a string.
-**Write a file from a single thread**
-.. code:: c++
-    #include <fmt/os.h>
-    int main() {
-      auto out = fmt::output_file("guide.txt");
-      out.print("Don't {}", "Panic");
-    }
-This can be `5 to 9 times faster than fprintf
-<http://www.zverovich.net/2020/08/04/optimal-file-buffer-size.html>`_.
-**Print with colors and text styles**
-.. code:: c++
-    #include <fmt/color.h>
-    int main() {
-      fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::crimson) | fmt::emphasis::bold,
-                 "Hello, {}!\n", "world");
-      fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::floral_white) | bg(fmt::color::slate_gray) |
-                 fmt::emphasis::underline, "Hello, {}!\n", "мир");
-      fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::steel_blue) | fmt::emphasis::italic,
-                 "Hello, {}!\n", "世界");
-    }
-Output on a modern terminal:
-.. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/
-           576385/88485597-d312f600-cf2b-11ea-9cbe-61f535a86e28.png
-Benchmarks
-----------
-Speed tests
-~~~~~~~~~~~
-================= ============= ===========
-Library           Method        Run Time, s
-================= ============= ===========
-libc              printf          0.91
-libc++            std::ostream    2.49
-{fmt} 9.1         fmt::print      0.74
-Boost Format 1.80 boost::format   6.26
-Folly Format      folly::format   1.87
-================= ============= ===========
-{fmt} is the fastest of the benchmarked methods, ~20% faster than ``printf``.
-The above results were generated by building ``tinyformat_test.cpp`` on macOS
-12.6.1 with ``clang++ -O3 -DNDEBUG -DSPEED_TEST -DHAVE_FORMAT``, and taking the
-best of three runs. In the test, the format string ``"%0.10f:%04d:%+g:%s:%p:%c:%%\n"``
-or equivalent is filled 2,000,000 times with output sent to ``/dev/null``; for
-further details refer to the `source
-<https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/src/tinyformat-test.cc>`_.
-{fmt} is up to 20-30x faster than ``std::ostringstream`` and ``sprintf`` on
-IEEE754 ``float`` and ``double`` formatting (`dtoa-benchmark <https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark>`_)
-and faster than `double-conversion <https://github.com/google/double-conversion>`_ and
-`ryu <https://github.com/ulfjack/ryu>`_:
-.. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/
-           95684665-11719600-0ba8-11eb-8e5b-972ff4e49428.png
-   :target: https://fmt.dev/unknown_mac64_clang12.0.html
-Compile time and code bloat
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-The script `bloat-test.py
-<https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/bloat-test.py>`_
-from `format-benchmark <https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark>`_
-tests compile time and code bloat for nontrivial projects.
-It generates 100 translation units and uses ``printf()`` or its alternative
-five times in each to simulate a medium-sized project.  The resulting
-executable size and compile time (Apple LLVM version 8.1.0 (clang-802.0.42),
-macOS Sierra, best of three) is shown in the following tables.
-**Optimized build (-O3)**
-============= =============== ==================== ==================
-Method        Compile Time, s Executable size, KiB Stripped size, KiB
-============= =============== ==================== ==================
-printf                    2.6                   29                 26
-printf+string            16.4                   29                 26
-iostreams                31.1                   59                 55
-{fmt}                    19.0                   37                 34
-Boost Format             91.9                  226                203
-Folly Format            115.7                  101                 88
-============= =============== ==================== ==================
-As you can see, {fmt} has 60% less overhead in terms of resulting binary code
-size compared to iostreams and comes pretty close to ``printf``. Boost Format
-and Folly Format have the largest overheads.
-``printf+string`` is the same as ``printf`` but with an extra ``<string>``
-include to measure the overhead of the latter.
-**Non-optimized build**
-============= =============== ==================== ==================
-Method        Compile Time, s Executable size, KiB Stripped size, KiB
-============= =============== ==================== ==================
-printf                    2.2                   33                 30
-printf+string            16.0                   33                 30
-iostreams                28.3                   56                 52
-{fmt}                    18.2                   59                 50
-Boost Format             54.1                  365                303
-Folly Format             79.9                  445                430
-============= =============== ==================== ==================
-``libc``, ``lib(std)c++``, and ``libfmt`` are all linked as shared libraries to
-compare formatting function overhead only. Boost Format is a
-header-only library so it doesn't provide any linkage options.
-Running the tests
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-Please refer to `Building the library`__ for instructions on how to build
-the library and run the unit tests.
-__ https://fmt.dev/latest/usage.html#building-the-library
-Benchmarks reside in a separate repository,
-`format-benchmarks <https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark>`_,
-so to run the benchmarks you first need to clone this repository and
-generate Makefiles with CMake::
-    $ git clone --recursive https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark.git
-    $ cd format-benchmark
-    $ cmake .
-Then you can run the speed test::
-    $ make speed-test
-or the bloat test::
-    $ make bloat-test
-Migrating code
---------------
-`clang-tidy <https://clang.llvm.org/extra/clang-tidy/>`_ v17 (not yet
-released) provides the `modernize-use-std-print
-<https://clang.llvm.org/extra/clang-tidy/checks/modernize/use-std-print.html>`_
-check that is capable of converting occurrences of ``printf`` and
-``fprintf`` to ``fmt::print`` if configured to do so. (By default it
-converts to ``std::print``.)
-Projects using this library
----------------------------
-* `0 A.D. <https://play0ad.com/>`_: a free, open-source, cross-platform
-  real-time strategy game
-* `AMPL/MP <https://github.com/ampl/mp>`_:
-  an open-source library for mathematical programming
-* `Aseprite <https://github.com/aseprite/aseprite>`_:
-  animated sprite editor & pixel art tool
-* `AvioBook <https://www.aviobook.aero/en>`_: a comprehensive aircraft
-  operations suite
-* `Blizzard Battle.net <https://battle.net/>`_: an online gaming platform
-* `Celestia <https://celestia.space/>`_: real-time 3D visualization of space
-* `Ceph <https://ceph.com/>`_: a scalable distributed storage system
-* `ccache <https://ccache.dev/>`_: a compiler cache
-* `ClickHouse <https://github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse>`_: an analytical database
-  management system
-* `Contour <https://github.com/contour-terminal/contour/>`_: a modern terminal emulator
-* `CUAUV <https://cuauv.org/>`_: Cornell University's autonomous underwater
-  vehicle
-* `Drake <https://drake.mit.edu/>`_: a planning, control, and analysis toolbox
-  for nonlinear dynamical systems (MIT)
-* `Envoy <https://lyft.github.io/envoy/>`_: C++ L7 proxy and communication bus
-  (Lyft)
-* `FiveM <https://fivem.net/>`_: a modification framework for GTA V
-* `fmtlog <https://github.com/MengRao/fmtlog>`_: a performant fmtlib-style
-  logging library with latency in nanoseconds
-* `Folly <https://github.com/facebook/folly>`_: Facebook open-source library
-* `GemRB <https://gemrb.org/>`_: a portable open-source implementation of
-  Bioware’s Infinity Engine
-* `Grand Mountain Adventure
-  <https://store.steampowered.com/app/1247360/Grand_Mountain_Adventure/>`_:
-  a beautiful open-world ski & snowboarding game
-* `HarpyWar/pvpgn <https://github.com/pvpgn/pvpgn-server>`_:
-  Player vs Player Gaming Network with tweaks
-* `KBEngine <https://github.com/kbengine/kbengine>`_: an open-source MMOG server
-  engine
-* `Keypirinha <https://keypirinha.com/>`_: a semantic launcher for Windows
-* `Kodi <https://kodi.tv/>`_ (formerly xbmc): home theater software
-* `Knuth <https://kth.cash/>`_: high-performance Bitcoin full-node
-* `libunicode <https://github.com/contour-terminal/libunicode/>`_: a modern C++17 Unicode library
-* `MariaDB <https://mariadb.org/>`_: relational database management system
-* `Microsoft Verona <https://github.com/microsoft/verona>`_:
-  research programming language for concurrent ownership
-* `MongoDB <https://mongodb.com/>`_: distributed document database
-* `MongoDB Smasher <https://github.com/duckie/mongo_smasher>`_: a small tool to
-  generate randomized datasets
-* `OpenSpace <https://openspaceproject.com/>`_: an open-source
-  astrovisualization framework
-* `PenUltima Online (POL) <https://www.polserver.com/>`_:
-  an MMO server, compatible with most Ultima Online clients
-* `PyTorch <https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch>`_: an open-source machine
-  learning library
-* `quasardb <https://www.quasardb.net/>`_: a distributed, high-performance,
-  associative database
-* `Quill <https://github.com/odygrd/quill>`_: asynchronous low-latency logging library
-* `QKW <https://github.com/ravijanjam/qkw>`_: generalizing aliasing to simplify
-  navigation, and executing complex multi-line terminal command sequences
-* `redis-cerberus <https://github.com/HunanTV/redis-cerberus>`_: a Redis cluster
-  proxy
-* `redpanda <https://vectorized.io/redpanda>`_: a 10x faster Kafka® replacement
-  for mission-critical systems written in C++
-* `rpclib <http://rpclib.net/>`_: a modern C++ msgpack-RPC server and client
-  library
-* `Salesforce Analytics Cloud
-  <https://www.salesforce.com/analytics-cloud/overview/>`_:
-  business intelligence software
-* `Scylla <https://www.scylladb.com/>`_: a Cassandra-compatible NoSQL data store
-  that can handle 1 million transactions per second on a single server
-* `Seastar <http://www.seastar-project.org/>`_: an advanced, open-source C++
-  framework for high-performance server applications on modern hardware
-* `spdlog <https://github.com/gabime/spdlog>`_: super fast C++ logging library
-* `Stellar <https://www.stellar.org/>`_: financial platform
-* `Touch Surgery <https://www.touchsurgery.com/>`_: surgery simulator
-* `TrinityCore <https://github.com/TrinityCore/TrinityCore>`_: open-source
-  MMORPG framework
-* `🐙 userver framework <https://userver.tech/>`_: open-source asynchronous
-  framework with a rich set of abstractions and database drivers
-* `Windows Terminal <https://github.com/microsoft/terminal>`_: the new Windows
-  terminal
-`More... <https://github.com/search?q=fmtlib&type=Code>`_
-If you are aware of other projects using this library, please let me know
-by `email <mailto:victor.zverovich@gmail.com>`_ or by submitting an
-`issue <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues>`_.
-Motivation
-----------
-So why yet another formatting library?
-There are plenty of methods for doing this task, from standard ones like
-the printf family of function and iostreams to Boost Format and FastFormat
-libraries. The reason for creating a new library is that every existing
-solution that I found either had serious issues or didn't provide
-all the features I needed.
-printf
-~~~~~~
-The good thing about ``printf`` is that it is pretty fast and readily available
-being a part of the C standard library. The main drawback is that it
-doesn't support user-defined types. ``printf`` also has safety issues although
-they are somewhat mitigated with `__attribute__ ((format (printf, ...))
-<https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html>`_ in GCC.
-There is a POSIX extension that adds positional arguments required for
-`i18n <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization>`_
-to ``printf`` but it is not a part of C99 and may not be available on some
-platforms.
-iostreams
-~~~~~~~~~
-The main issue with iostreams is best illustrated with an example:
-.. code:: c++
-    std::cout << std::setprecision(2) << std::fixed << 1.23456 << "\n";
-which is a lot of typing compared to printf:
-.. code:: c++
-    printf("%.2f\n", 1.23456);
-Matthew Wilson, the author of FastFormat, called this "chevron hell". iostreams
-don't support positional arguments by design.
-The good part is that iostreams support user-defined types and are safe although
-error handling is awkward.
-Boost Format
-~~~~~~~~~~~~
-This is a very powerful library that supports both ``printf``-like format
-strings and positional arguments. Its main drawback is performance. According to
-various benchmarks, it is much slower than other methods considered here. Boost
-Format also has excessive build times and severe code bloat issues (see
-`Benchmarks`_).
-FastFormat
-~~~~~~~~~~
-This is an interesting library that is fast, safe, and has positional arguments.
-However, it has significant limitations, citing its author:
-    Three features that have no hope of being accommodated within the
-    current design are:
-    * Leading zeros (or any other non-space padding)
-    * Octal/hexadecimal encoding
-    * Runtime width/alignment specification
-It is also quite big and has a heavy dependency, STLSoft, which might be too
-restrictive for using it in some projects.
-Boost Spirit.Karma
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-This is not a formatting library but I decided to include it here for
-completeness. As iostreams, it suffers from the problem of mixing verbatim text
-with arguments. The library is pretty fast, but slower on integer formatting
-than ``fmt::format_to`` with format string compilation on Karma's own benchmark,
-see `Converting a hundred million integers to strings per second
-<http://www.zverovich.net/2020/06/13/fast-int-to-string-revisited.html>`_.
-License
--------
-{fmt} is distributed under the MIT `license
-<https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE.rst>`_.
-Documentation License
----------------------
-The `Format String Syntax <https://fmt.dev/latest/syntax.html>`_
-section in the documentation is based on the one from Python `string module
-documentation <https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#module-string>`_.
-For this reason, the documentation is distributed under the Python Software
-Foundation license available in `doc/python-license.txt
-<https://raw.github.com/fmtlib/fmt/master/doc/python-license.txt>`_.
-It only applies if you distribute the documentation of {fmt}.
-Maintainers
------------
-The {fmt} library is maintained by Victor Zverovich (`vitaut
-<https://github.com/vitaut>`_) with contributions from many other people.
-See `Contributors <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/graphs/contributors>`_ and
-`Releases <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases>`_ for some of the names.
-Let us know if your contribution is not listed or mentioned incorrectly and
-we'll make it right.