couchbase 3.2.0 → 3.3.0

data/ext/couchbase/third_party/json/include/tao/json/external/ryu.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,1216 @@
+// This header include/tao/json/external/ryu.hpp contains
+// modified portions of the ulfjack/ryu library from
+//   https://github.com/ulfjack/ryu
+// which is licensed as follows:
+
+// Copyright 2018 Ulf Adams
+//
+// The contents of this file may be used under the terms of the Apache License,
+// Version 2.0.
+//
+//    (See accompanying file LICENSE-Apache or copy at
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
+//
+// Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under the terms of
+// the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+//    (See accompanying file LICENSE-Boost or copy at
+//     https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, this software
+// is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.
+
+#ifndef TAO_JSON_EXTERNAL_RYU_HPP
+#define TAO_JSON_EXTERNAL_RYU_HPP
+
+// Runtime compiler options:
+// -DRYU_ONLY_64_BIT_OPS Avoid using uint128_t or 64-bit intrinsics. Slower,
+//     depending on your compiler.
+//
+
+// ABSL avoids uint128_t on Win32 even if __SIZEOF_INT128__ is defined.
+// Let's do the same for now.
+#if defined( __SIZEOF_INT128__ ) && !defined( _MSC_VER ) && !defined( RYU_ONLY_64_BIT_OPS )
+#define HAS_UINT128
+#elif defined( _MSC_VER ) && !defined( RYU_ONLY_64_BIT_OPS ) && defined( _M_X64 ) && !defined( __clang__ )  // https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=37755
+#define HAS_64_BIT_INTRINSICS
+#include <intrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+
+#include "itoa.hpp"
+
+namespace tao::json::ryu
+{
+   // Returns e == 0 ? 1 : ceil(log_2(5^e)).
+   inline uint32_t pow5bits( const std::int32_t e )
+   {
+      // This function has only been tested for 0 <= e <= 1500.
+      assert( e >= 0 );
+      assert( e <= 1500 );
+      return ( ( std::uint32_t( e ) * 1217359 ) >> 19 ) + 1;
+   }
+
+   // Returns floor(log_10(2^e)).
+   inline std::int32_t log10Pow2( const std::int32_t e )
+   {
+      // This function has only been tested for 0 <= e <= 1500.
+      assert( e >= 0 );
+      assert( e <= 1500 );
+      return std::int32_t( ( uint32_t( e ) * 78913 ) >> 18 );
+   }
+
+   // Returns floor(log_10(5^e)).
+   inline std::int32_t log10Pow5( const std::int32_t e )
+   {
+      // This function has only been tested for 0 <= e <= 1500.
+      assert( e >= 0 );
+      assert( e <= 1500 );
+      return std::int32_t( ( std::uint32_t( e ) * 732923 ) >> 20 );
+   }
+
+#if defined( HAS_UINT128 )
+
+   using uint128_t = __uint128_t;
+
+#elif defined( HAS_64_BIT_INTRINSICS )
+
+   inline std::uint64_t umul128( const std::uint64_t a, const std::uint64_t b, std::uint64_t& productHi )
+   {
+      return _umul128( a, b, &productHi );
+   }
+
+   inline std::uint64_t shiftright128( const std::uint64_t lo, const std::uint64_t hi, const std::uint32_t dist )
+   {
+      // For the __shiftright128 intrinsic, the shift value is always
+      // modulo 64.
+      // In the current implementation of the double-precision version
+      // of Ryu, the shift value is always < 64. (In the case
+      // RYU_OPTIMIZE_SIZE == 0, the shift value is in the range [50,58].
+      // Otherwise in the range [2,59].)
+      // Check this here in case a future change requires larger shift
+      // values. In this case this function needs to be adjusted.
+      assert( dist < 64 );
+      return __shiftright128( lo, hi, std::uint8_t( dist ) );
+   }
+
+#else
+
+   static inline std::uint64_t umul128( const std::uint64_t a, const std::uint64_t b, std::uint64_t& productHi )
+   {
+      // The casts here help MSVC to avoid calls to the __allmul library function.
+      const std::uint32_t aLo = (std::uint32_t)a;
+      const std::uint32_t aHi = ( std::uint32_t )( a >> 32 );
+      const std::uint32_t bLo = (std::uint32_t)b;
+      const std::uint32_t bHi = ( std::uint32_t )( b >> 32 );
+
+      const std::uint64_t b00 = (std::uint64_t)aLo * bLo;
+      const std::uint64_t b01 = (std::uint64_t)aLo * bHi;
+      const std::uint64_t b10 = (std::uint64_t)aHi * bLo;
+      const std::uint64_t b11 = (std::uint64_t)aHi * bHi;
+
+      const std::uint64_t midSum = b01 + b10;
+      const std::uint64_t midCarry = midSum < b01;
+
+      const std::uint64_t productLo = b00 + ( midSum << 32 );
+      const std::uint64_t productLoCarry = productLo < b00;
+
+      productHi = b11 + ( midSum >> 32 ) + ( midCarry << 32 ) + productLoCarry;
+      return productLo;
+   }
+
+   static inline std::uint64_t shiftright128( const std::uint64_t lo, const std::uint64_t hi, const std::uint32_t dist )
+   {
+      // We don't need to handle the case dist >= 64 here (see above).
+      assert( dist > 0 );
+      assert( dist < 64 );
+      return ( hi << ( 64 - dist ) ) | ( lo >> dist );
+   }
+
+#endif
+
+   // A table of all two-digit numbers. This is used to speed up decimal digit
+   // generation by copying pairs of digits into the final output.
+   // static const char digit_table[ 200 ] = {
+   //    '0', '0', '0', '1', '0', '2', '0', '3', '0', '4', '0', '5', '0', '6', '0', '7', '0', '8', '0', '9', '1', '0', '1', '1', '1', '2', '1', '3', '1', '4', '1', '5', '1', '6', '1', '7', '1', '8', '1', '9', '2', '0', '2', '1', '2', '2', '2', '3', '2', '4', '2', '5', '2', '6', '2', '7', '2', '8', '2', '9', '3', '0', '3', '1', '3', '2', '3', '3', '3', '4', '3', '5', '3', '6', '3', '7', '3', '8', '3', '9', '4', '0', '4', '1', '4', '2', '4', '3', '4', '4', '4', '5', '4', '6', '4', '7', '4', '8', '4', '9', '5', '0', '5', '1', '5', '2', '5', '3', '5', '4', '5', '5', '5', '6', '5', '7', '5', '8', '5', '9', '6', '0', '6', '1', '6', '2', '6', '3', '6', '4', '6', '5', '6', '6', '6', '7', '6', '8', '6', '9', '7', '0', '7', '1', '7', '2', '7', '3', '7', '4', '7', '5', '7', '6', '7', '7', '7', '8', '7', '9', '8', '0', '8', '1', '8', '2', '8', '3', '8', '4', '8', '5', '8', '6', '8', '7', '8', '8', '8', '9', '9', '0', '9', '1', '9', '2', '9', '3', '9', '4', '9', '5', '9', '6', '9', '7', '9', '8', '9', '9'
+   // };
+   // NOTE: Now uses itoa::s_pairs to prevent having the same data twice.
+
+   // These tables are generated by PrintDoubleLookupTable.
+   constexpr inline std::uint64_t pow5_inv_split[ 292 ][ 2 ] = {
+      { 1u, 288230376151711744u },
+      { 3689348814741910324u, 230584300921369395u },
+      { 2951479051793528259u, 184467440737095516u },
+      { 17118578500402463900u, 147573952589676412u },
+      { 12632330341676300947u, 236118324143482260u },
+      { 10105864273341040758u, 188894659314785808u },
+      { 15463389048156653253u, 151115727451828646u },
+      { 17362724847566824558u, 241785163922925834u },
+      { 17579528692795369969u, 193428131138340667u },
+      { 6684925324752475329u, 154742504910672534u },
+      { 18074578149087781173u, 247588007857076054u },
+      { 18149011334012135262u, 198070406285660843u },
+      { 3451162622983977240u, 158456325028528675u },
+      { 5521860196774363583u, 253530120045645880u },
+      { 4417488157419490867u, 202824096036516704u },
+      { 7223339340677503017u, 162259276829213363u },
+      { 7867994130342094503u, 259614842926741381u },
+      { 2605046489531765280u, 207691874341393105u },
+      { 2084037191625412224u, 166153499473114484u },
+      { 10713157136084480204u, 265845599156983174u },
+      { 12259874523609494487u, 212676479325586539u },
+      { 13497248433629505913u, 170141183460469231u },
+      { 14216899864323388813u, 272225893536750770u },
+      { 11373519891458711051u, 217780714829400616u },
+      { 5409467098425058518u, 174224571863520493u },
+      { 4965798542738183305u, 278759314981632789u },
+      { 7661987648932456967u, 223007451985306231u },
+      { 2440241304404055250u, 178405961588244985u },
+      { 3904386087046488400u, 285449538541191976u },
+      { 17880904128604832013u, 228359630832953580u },
+      { 14304723302883865611u, 182687704666362864u },
+      { 15133127457049002812u, 146150163733090291u },
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+      { 5437978005854438120u, 191561942608236107u },
+      { 15418428848909281466u, 153249554086588885u },
+      { 6222742084545298729u, 245199286538542217u },
+      { 16046240111861969953u, 196159429230833773u },
+      { 1768945645263844993u, 156927543384667019u },
+      { 10209010661905972635u, 251084069415467230u },
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+      { 13739044029062464211u, 263280729171392966u },
+      { 7301886408508061046u, 210624583337114373u },
+      { 1322020 - 20216756290269483u, 168499666669691498u },
+      { 17462981995322520850u, 269599466671506397u },
+      { 6591687966774196033u, 215679573337205118u },
+      { 12652048002903177473u, 172543658669764094u },
+      { 9175230360419352987u, 276069853871622551u },
+      { 3650835473593572067u, 220855883097298041u },
+      { 17678063637842498946u, 176684706477838432u },
+      { 13527506561580357021u, 282695530364541492u },
+      { 3443307619780464970u, 226156424291633194u },
+      { 6443994910566282300u, 180925139433306555u },
+      { 5155195928453025840u, 144740111546645244u },
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+      { 15903913885032455010u, 198929294563914656u },
+      { 9033782293284053685u, 159143435651131725u },
+      { 14454051669254485895u, 254629497041810760u },
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+      { 16629290697806691620u, 162962878106758886u },
+      { 781423413297334329u, 260740604970814219u },
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+      { 3451590036303822229u, 166873987181321100u },
+      { 5522544058086115566u, 266998379490113760u },
+      { 4418035246468892453u, 213598703592091008u },
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+      { 17244178680193423523u, 254364564242548151u },
+      { 10105994129412828495u, 203491651394038521u },
+      { 4395446488788352473u, 162793321115230817u },
+      { 10722063196803274280u, 260469313784369307u },
+      { 1198952927958798777u, 208375451027495446u },
+      { 15716557601334680315u, 166700360821996356u },
+      { 17767794532651667857u, 266720577315194170u },
+      { 14214235626121334286u, 213376461852155336u },
+      { 7682039686155157106u, 170701169481724269u },
+      { 1223217053622520399u, 273121871170758831u },
+      { 15735968901865657612u, 218497496936607064u },
+      { 16278123936234436413u, 174797997549285651u },
+      { 219556594781725998u, 279676796078857043u },
+      { 7554342905309201445u, 223741436863085634u },
+      { 9732823138989271479u, 178993149490468507u },
+      { 815121763415193074u, 286389039184749612u },
+      { 11720143854957885429u, 229111231347799689u },
+      { 13065463898708218666u, 183288985078239751u },
+      { 6763022304224664610u, 146631188062591801u },
+      { 3442138057275642729u, 234609900900146882u },
+      { 13821756890046245153u, 187687920720117505u },
+      { 11057405512036996122u, 150150336576094004u },
+      { 6623802375033462826u, 240240538521750407u },
+      { 16367088344252501231u, 192192430817400325u },
+      { 13093670675402000985u, 153753944653920260u },
+      { 2503129006933649959u, 246006311446272417u },
+      { 13070549649772650937u, 196805049157017933u },
+      { 17835137349301941396u, 157444039325614346u },
+      { 2710778055689733971u, 251910462920982955u },
+      { 2168622444551787177u, 201528370336786364u },
+      { 5424246770383340065u, 161222696269429091u },
+      { 1300097203129523457u, 257956314031086546u },
+      { 15797473021471260058u, 206365051224869236u },
+      { 8948629602435097724u, 165092040979895389u },
+      { 3249760919670425388u, 264147265567832623u },
+      { 9978506365220160957u, 211317812454266098u },
+      { 15361502721659949412u, 169054249963412878u },
+      { 2442311466204457120u, 270486799941460606u },
+      { 16711244431931206989u, 216389439953168484u },
+      { 17058344360286875914u, 173111551962534787u },
+      { 12535955717491360170u, 276978483140055660u },
+      { 10028764573993088136u, 221582786512044528u },
+      { 15401709288678291155u, 177266229209635622u },
+      { 9885339602917624555u, 283625966735416996u },
+      { 4218922867592189321u, 226900773388333597u },
+      { 14443184738299482427u, 181520618710666877u },
+      { 4175850161155765295u, 145216494968533502u },
+      { 10370709072591134795u, 232346391949653603u },
+      { 15675264887556728482u, 185877113559722882u },
+      { 5161514280561562140u, 148701690847778306u },
+      { 879725219414678777u, 237922705356445290u },
+      { 703780175531743021u, 190338164285156232u },
+      { 11631070584651125387u, 152270531428124985u },
+      { 162968861732249003u, 243632850284999977u },
+      { 11198421533611530172u, 194906280227999981u },
+      { 5269388412147313814u, 155925024182399985u },
+      { 8431021459435702103u, 249480038691839976u },
+      { 3055468352806651359u, 199584030953471981u },
+      { 17201769941212962380u, 159667224762777584u },
+      { 16454785461715008838u, 255467559620444135u },
+      { 13163828369372007071u, 204374047696355308u },
+      { 17909760324981426303u, 163499238157084246u },
+      { 2830174816776909822u, 261598781051334795u },
+      { 2264139853421527858u, 209279024841067836u },
+      { 16568707141704863579u, 167423219872854268u },
+      { 4373838538276319787u, 267877151796566830u },
+      { 3499070830621055830u, 214301721437253464u },
+      { 6488605479238754987u, 171441377149802771u },
+      { 3003071137298187333u, 274306203439684434u },
+      { 6091805724580460189u, 219444962751747547u },
+      { 15941491023890099121u, 175555970201398037u },
+      { 10748990379256517301u, 280889552322236860u },
+      { 8599192303405213841u, 224711641857789488u },
+      { 14258051472207991719u, 179769313486231590u },
+   };
+
+   constexpr inline std::uint64_t pow5_split[ 326 ][ 2 ] = {
+      { 0u, 72057594037927936u },
+      { 0u, 90071992547409920u },
+      { 0u, 112589990684262400u },
+      { 0u, 140737488355328000u },
+      { 0u, 87960930222080000u },
+      { 0u, 109951162777600000u },
+      { 0u, 137438953472000000u },
+      { 0u, 85899345920000000u },
+      { 0u, 107374182400000000u },
+      { 0u, 134217728000000000u },
+      { 0u, 83886080000000000u },
+      { 0u, 104857600000000000u },
+      { 0u, 131072000000000000u },
+      { 0u, 81920000000000000u },
+      { 0u, 102400000000000000u },
+      { 0u, 128000000000000000u },
+      { 0u, 80000000000000000u },
+      { 0u, 100000000000000000u },
+      { 0u, 125000000000000000u },
+      { 0u, 78125000000000000u },
+      { 0u, 97656250000000000u },
+      { 0u, 122070312500000000u },
+      { 0u, 76293945312500000u },
+      { 0u, 95367431640625000u },
+      { 0u, 119209289550781250u },
+      { 4611686018427387904u, 74505805969238281u },
+      { 10376293541461622784u, 93132257461547851u },
+      { 8358680908399640576u, 116415321826934814u },
+      { 612489549322387456u, 72759576141834259u },
+      { 14600669991935148032u, 90949470177292823u },
+      { 13639151471491547136u, 113686837721616029u },
+      { 3213881284082270208u, 142108547152020 - 2021037u },
+      { 4314518811765112832u, 88817841970012523u },
+      { 781462496279003136u, 111022302462515654u },
+      { 10200200157203529728u, 138777878078144567u },
+      { 13292654125893287936u, 86736173798840354u },
+      { 7392445620511834112u, 108420217248550443u },
+      { 4628871007212404736u, 135525271560688054u },
+      { 16728102434789916672u, 84703294725430033u },
+      { 7075069988205232128u, 105879118406787542u },
+      { 18067209522111315968u, 132348898008484427u },
+      { 8986162942105878528u, 82718061255302767u },
+      { 6621017659204960256u, 103397576569128459u },
+      { 3664586055578812416u, 129246970711410574u },
+      { 16125424340018921472u, 80779356694631608u },
+      { 1710036351314100224u, 100974195868289511u },
+      { 15972603494424788992u, 126217744835361888u },
+      { 9982877184015493120u, 78886090522101180u },
+      { 12478596480019366400u, 98607613152626475u },
+      { 10986559581596820096u, 123259516440783094u },
+      { 2254913720070624656u, 77037197775489434u },
+      { 12042014186943056628u, 96296497219361792u },
+      { 15052517733678820785u, 120370621524202240u },
+      { 9407823583549262990u, 75231638452626400u },
+      { 11759779479436578738u, 94039548065783000u },
+      { 14699724349295723422u, 117549435082228750u },
+      { 4575641699882439235u, 73468396926392969u },
+      { 10331238143280436948u, 91835496157991211u },
+      { 8302361660673158281u, 114794370197489014u },
+      { 1154580038986672043u, 143492962746861268u },
+      { 9944984561221445835u, 89683101716788292u },
+      { 12431230701526807293u, 112103877145985365u },
+      { 1703980321626345405u, 140129846432481707u },
+      { 17205888765512323542u, 87581154020301066u },
+      { 12283988920035628619u, 109476442525376333u },
+      { 1519928094762372062u, 136845553156720417u },
+      { 12479170105294952299u, 85528470722950260u },
+      { 15598962631618690374u, 106910588403687825u },
+      { 5663645234241199255u, 133638235504609782u },
+      { 17374836326682913246u, 83523897190381113u },
+      { 7883487353071477846u, 104404871487976392u },
+      { 9854359191339347308u, 130506089359970490u },
+      { 10770660513014479971u, 81566305849981556u },
+      { 13463325641268099964u, 101957882312476945u },
+      { 2994098996302961243u, 127447352890596182u },
+      { 15706369927971514489u, 79654595556622613u },
+      { 5797904354682229399u, 99568244445778267u },
+      { 2635694424925398845u, 124460305557222834u },
+      { 6258995034005762182u, 77787690973264271u },
+      { 3212057774079814824u, 97234613716580339u },
+      { 17850130272881932242u, 121543267145725423u },
+      { 18073860448192289507u, 75964541966078389u },
+      { 8757267504958198172u, 94955677457597987u },
+      { 6334898362770359811u, 118694596821997484u },
+      { 13182683513586250689u, 74184123013748427u },
+      { 11866668373555425458u, 92730153767185534u },
+      { 5609963430089506015u, 115912692208981918u },
+      { 17341285199088104971u, 72445432630613698u },
+      { 12453234462005355406u, 90556790788267123u },
+      { 10954857059079306353u, 113195988485333904u },
+      { 13693571323849132942u, 141494985606667380u },
+      { 17781854114260483896u, 88434366004167112u },
+      { 3780573569116053255u, 110542957505208891u },
+      { 114030942967678664u, 138178696881511114u },
+      { 4682955357782187069u, 86361685550944446u },
+      { 15077066234082509644u, 107952106938680557u },
+      { 5011274737320973344u, 134940133673350697u },
+      { 14661261756894078100u, 84337583545844185u },
+      { 4491519140835433913u, 105421979432305232u },
+      { 5614398926044292391u, 131777474290381540u },
+      { 12732371365632458552u, 82360921431488462u },
+      { 6692092170185797382u, 102951151789360578u },
+      { 17588487249587022536u, 128688939736700722u },
+      { 15604490549419276989u, 80430587335437951u },
+      { 14893927168346708332u, 100538234169297439u },
+      { 14005722942005997511u, 125672792711621799u },
+      { 15671105866394830300u, 78545495444763624u },
+      { 1142138259283986260u, 98181869305954531u },
+      { 15262730879387146537u, 122727336632443163u },
+      { 7233363790403272633u, 76704585395276977u },
+      { 13653390756431478696u, 95880731744096221u },
+      { 3231680390257184658u, 119850914680120277u },
+      { 4325643253124434363u, 74906821675075173u },
+      { 10018740084832930858u, 93633527093843966u },
+      { 3300053069186387764u, 117041908867304958u },
+      { 15897591223523656064u, 73151193042065598u },
+      { 10648616992549794273u, 91438991302581998u },
+      { 4087399203832467033u, 114298739128227498u },
+      { 14332621041645359599u, 142873423910284372u },
+      { 18181260187883125557u, 89295889943927732u },
+      { 4279831161144355331u, 111619862429909666u },
+      { 14573160988285219972u, 139524828037387082u },
+      { 13719911636105650386u, 87203017523366926u },
+      { 7926517508277287175u, 109003771904208658u },
+      { 684774848491833161u, 136254714880260823u },
+      { 7345513307948477581u, 85159196800163014u },
+      { 18405263671790372785u, 106448996000203767u },
+      { 18394893571310578077u, 133061245000254709u },
+      { 13802651491282805250u, 83163278125159193u },
+      { 3418256308821342851u, 103954097656448992u },
+      { 4272820386026678563u, 129942622070561240u },
+      { 2670512741266674102u, 81214138794100775u },
+      { 17173198981865506339u, 101517673492625968u },
+      { 3019754653622331308u, 126897091865782461u },
+      { 4193189667727651020u, 79310682416114038u },
+      { 14464859121514339583u, 99138353020142547u },
+      { 13469387883465536574u, 123922941275178184u },
+      { 8418367427165960359u, 77451838296986365u },
+      { 15134645302384838353u, 96814797871232956u },
+      { 471562554271496325u, 121018497339041196u },
+      { 9518098633274461011u, 75636560836900747u },
+      { 7285937273165688360u, 94545701046125934u },
+      { 18330793628311886258u, 118182126307657417u },
+      { 4539216990053847055u, 73863828942285886u },
+      { 14897393274422084627u, 92329786177857357u },
+      { 4786683537745442072u, 115412232722321697u },
+      { 14520892257159371055u, 72132645451451060u },
+      { 18151115321449213818u, 90165806814313825u },
+      { 8853836096529353561u, 112707258517892282u },
+      { 1843923083806916143u, 140884073147365353u },
+      { 12681666973447792349u, 88052545717103345u },
+      { 2017025661527576725u, 110065682146379182u },
+      { 11744654113764246714u, 137582102682973977u },
+      { 422879793461572340u, 85988814176858736u },
+      { 528599741826965425u, 107486017721073420u },
+      { 660749677283706782u, 134357522151341775u },
+      { 7330497575943398595u, 83973451344588609u },
+      { 13774807988356636147u, 104966814180735761u },
+      { 3383451930163631472u, 131208517725919702u },
+      { 15949715511634433382u, 82005323578699813u },
+      { 6102086334260878016u, 102506654473374767u },
+      { 3015921899398709616u, 128133318091718459u },
+      { 18025852251620051174u, 80083323807324036u },
+      { 4085571240815512351u, 100104154759155046u },
+      { 14330336087874166247u, 125130193448943807u },
+      { 15873989082562435760u, 78206370905589879u },
+      { 15230800334775656796u, 97757963631987349u },
+      { 5203442363187407284u, 122197454539984187u },
+      { 946308467778435600u, 76373409087490117u },
+      { 5794571603150432404u, 95466761359362646u },
+      { 16466586540792816313u, 119333451699203307u },
+      { 7985773578781816244u, 74583407312002067u },
+      { 5370530955049882401u, 93229259140002584u },
+      { 6713163693812353001u, 116536573925003230u },
+      { 18030785363914884337u, 72835358703127018u },
+      { 13315109668038829614u, 91044198378908773u },
+      { 2808829029766373305u, 113805247973635967u },
+      { 17346094342490130344u, 142256559967044958u },
+      { 6229622945628943561u, 88910349979403099u },
+      { 3175342663608791547u, 111137937474253874u },
+      { 13192550366365765242u, 138922421842817342u },
+      { 3633657960551215372u, 86826513651760839u },
+      { 18377130505971182927u, 108533142064701048u },
+      { 4524669058754427043u, 135666427580876311u },
+      { 9745447189362598758u, 84791517238047694u },
+      { 2958436949848472639u, 105989396547559618u },
+      { 12921418224165366607u, 132486745684449522u },
+      { 12687572408530742033u, 82804216052780951u },
+      { 11247779492236039638u, 103505270065976189u },
+      { 224666310012885835u, 129381587582470237u },
+      { 2446259452971747599u, 80863492239043898u },
+      { 12281196353069460307u, 101079365298804872u },
+      { 15351495441336825384u, 126349206623506090u },
+      { 14206370669262903769u, 78968254139691306u },
+      { 8534591299723853903u, 98710317674614133u },
+      { 15279925143082205283u, 123387897093267666u },
+      { 14161639232853766206u, 77117435683292291u },
+      { 13090363022639819853u, 96396794604115364u },
+      { 16362953778299774816u, 120495993255144205u },
+      { 12532689120651053212u, 75309995784465128u },
+      { 15665861400813816515u, 94137494730581410u },
+      { 10358954714162494836u, 117671868413226763u },
+      { 4168503687137865320u, 73544917758266727u },
+      { 598943590494943747u, 91931147197833409u },
+      { 5360365506546067587u, 114913933997291761u },
+      { 11312142901609972388u, 143642417496614701u },
+      { 9375932322719926695u, 89776510935384188u },
+      { 11719915403399908368u, 112220638669230235u },
+      { 10038208235822497557u, 140275798336537794u },
+      { 10885566165816448877u, 87672373960336121u },
+      { 18218643725697949000u, 109590467450420151u },
+      { 18161618638695048346u, 136988084313025189u },
+      { 13656854658398099168u, 85617552695640743u },
+      { 12459382304570236056u, 107021940869550929u },
+      { 1739169825430631358u, 133777426086938662u },
+      { 14922039196176308311u, 83610891304336663u },
+      { 14040862976792997485u, 104513614130420829u },
+      { 3716020665709083144u, 130642017663026037u },
+      { 4628355925281870917u, 81651261039391273u },
+      { 10397130925029726550u, 102064076299239091u },
+      { 8384727637859770284u, 127580095374048864u },
+      { 5240454773662356427u, 79737559608780540u },
+      { 6550568467077945534u, 99671949510975675u },
+      { 3576524565420044014u, 124589936888719594u },
+      { 6847013871814915412u, 77868710555449746u },
+      { 17782139376623420074u, 97335888194312182u },
+      { 13004302183924499284u, 121669860242890228u },
+      { 17351060901807587860u, 76043662651806392u },
+      { 3242082053549933210u, 95054578314757991u },
+      { 17887660622219580224u, 118818222893447488u },
+      { 11179787888887237640u, 74261389308404680u },
+      { 13974734861109047050u, 92826736635505850u },
+      { 8245046539531533005u, 116033420794382313u },
+      { 16682369133275677888u, 72520887996488945u },
+      { 7017903361312433648u, 90651109995611182u },
+      { 17995751238495317868u, 113313887494513977u },
+      { 8659630992836983623u, 141642359368142472u },
+      { 5412269370523114764u, 88526474605089045u },
+      { 11377022731581281359u, 110658093256361306u },
+      { 4997906377621825891u, 138322616570451633u },
+      { 14652906532082110942u, 86451635356532270u },
+      { 9092761128247862869u, 108064544195665338u },
+      { 2142579373455052779u, 135080680244581673u },
+      { 12868327154477877747u, 84425425152863545u },
+      { 2250350887815183471u, 105531781441079432u },
+      { 2812938609768979339u, 131914726801349290u },
+      { 6369772649532999991u, 82446704250843306u },
+      { 17185587848771025797u, 103058380313554132u },
+      { 3035240737254230630u, 128822975391942666u },
+      { 6508711479211282048u, 80514359619964166u },
+      { 17359261385868878368u, 100642949524955207u },
+      { 17087390713908710056u, 125803686906194009u },
+      { 3762090168551861929u, 78627304316371256u },
+      { 4702612710689827411u, 98284130395464070u },
+      { 15101637925217060072u, 122855162994330087u },
+      { 16356052730901744401u, 76784476871456304u },
+      { 1998321839917628885u, 95980596089320381u },
+      { 7109588318324424010u, 119975745111650476u },
+      { 13666864735807540814u, 74984840694781547u },
+      { 12471894901332038114u, 93731050868476934u },
+      { 6366496589810271835u, 117163813585596168u },
+      { 3979060368631419896u, 73227383490997605u },
+      { 9585511479216662775u, 91534229363747006u },
+      { 2758517312166052660u, 114417786704683758u },
+      { 12671518677062341634u, 143022233380854697u },
+      { 1002170145522881665u, 89388895863034186u },
+      { 10476084718758377889u, 111736119828792732u },
+      { 13095105898447972362u, 139670149785990915u },
+      { 5878598177316288774u, 87293843616244322u },
+      { 16571619758500136775u, 109117304520305402u },
+      { 11491152661270395161u, 136396630650381753u },
+      { 264441385652915120u, 85247894156488596u },
+      { 330551732066143900u, 106559867695610745u },
+      { 5024875683510067779u, 133199834619513431u },
+      { 10058076329834874218u, 83249896637195894u },
+      { 3349223375438816964u, 104062370796494868u },
+      { 4186529219298521205u, 130077963495618585u },
+      { 14145795808130045513u, 81298727184761615u },
+      { 13070558741735168987u, 101623408980952019u },
+      { 11726512408741573330u, 127029261226190024u },
+      { 7329070255463483331u, 79393288266368765u },
+      { 13773023837756742068u, 99241610332960956u },
+      { 17216279797195927585u, 124052012916201195u },
+      { 8454331864033760789u, 77532508072625747u },
+      { 5956228811614813082u, 96915635090782184u },
+      { 7445286014518516353u, 121144543863477730u },
+      { 9264989777501460624u, 75715339914673581u },
+      { 16192923240304213684u, 94644174893341976u },
+      { 1794409976670715490u, 118305218616677471u },
+      { 8039035263060279037u, 73940761635423419u },
+      { 5437108060397960892u, 92425952044279274u },
+      { 16019757112352226923u, 115532440055349092u },
+      { 788976158365366019u, 72207775034593183u },
+      { 14821278253238871236u, 90259718793241478u },
+      { 9303225779693813237u, 112824648491551848u },
+      { 11629032224617266546u, 141030810614439810u },
+      { 11879831158813179495u, 88144256634024881u },
+      { 1014730893234310657u, 110180320792531102u },
+      { 10491785653397664129u, 137725400990663877u },
+      { 8863209042587234033u, 86078375619164923u },
+      { 6467325284806654637u, 107597969523956154u },
+      { 17307528642863094104u, 134497461904945192u },
+      { 10817205401789433815u, 84060913690590745u },
+      { 18133192770664180173u, 105076142113238431u },
+      { 18054804944902837312u, 131345177641548039u },
+      { 18201782118205355176u, 82090736025967524u },
+      { 4305483574047142354u, 102613420032459406u },
+      { 14605226504413703751u, 128266775040574257u },
+      { 2210737537617482988u, 80166734400358911u },
+      { 16598479977304017447u, 100208418000448638u },
+      { 11524727934775246001u, 125260522500560798u },
+      { 2591268940807140847u, 78287826562850499u },
+      { 17074144231291089770u, 97859783203563123u },
+      { 16730994270686474309u, 122324729004453904u },
+      { 10456871419179046443u, 76452955627783690u },
+      { 3847717237119032246u, 95566194534729613u },
+      { 9421332564826178211u, 119457743168412016u },
+      { 5888332853016361382u, 74661089480257510u },
+      { 16583788103125227536u, 93326361850321887u },
+      { 16118049110479146516u, 116657952312902359u },
+      { 16991309721690548428u, 72911220195563974u },
+      { 12015765115258409727u, 91139025244454968u },
+      { 15019706394073012159u, 113923781555568710u },
+      { 9551260955736489391u, 142404726944460888u },
+      { 5969538097335305869u, 89002954340288055u },
+      { 2850236603241744433u, 111253692925360069u },
+   };
+
+#define TAO_RYU_DOUBLE_MANTISSA_BITS 52
+#define TAO_RYU_DOUBLE_EXPONENT_BITS 11
+
+#define TAO_RYU_DOUBLE_POW5_INV_BITCOUNT 122
+#define TAO_RYU_DOUBLE_POW5_BITCOUNT 121
+
+   inline std::int32_t pow5Factor( std::uint64_t value )
+   {
+      for( std::int32_t count = 0; value > 0; ++count ) {
+         if( value % 5 != 0 ) {
+            return count;
+         }
+         value /= 5;
+      }
+      return 0;
+   }
+
+   // Returns true if value is divisible by 5^p.
+   inline bool multipleOfPowerOf5( const std::uint64_t value, const std::int32_t p )
+   {
+      // I tried a case distinction on p, but there was no performance difference.
+      return pow5Factor( value ) >= p;
+   }
+
+   // We need a 64x128-bit multiplication and a subsequent 128-bit shift.
+   // Multiplication:
+   //   The 64-bit factor is variable and passed in, the 128-bit factor comes
+   //   from a lookup table. We know that the 64-bit factor only has 55
+   //   significant bits (i.e., the 9 topmost bits are zeros). The 128-bit
+   //   factor only has 124 significant bits (i.e., the 4 topmost bits are
+   //   zeros).
+   // Shift:
+   //   In principle, the multiplication result requires 55+124=179 bits to
+   //   represent. However, we then shift this value to the right by j, which is
+   //   at least j >= 115, so the result is guaranteed to fit into 179-115=64
+   //   bits. This means that we only need the topmost 64 significant bits of
+   //   the 64x128-bit multiplication.
+   //
+   // There are several ways to do this:
+   // 1. Best case: the compiler exposes a 128-bit type.
+   //    We perform two 64x64-bit multiplications, add the higher 64 bits of the
+   //    lower result to the higher result, and shift by j-64 bits.
+   //
+   //    We explicitly cast from 64-bit to 128-bit, so the compiler can tell
+   //    that these are only 64-bit inputs, and can map these to the best
+   //    possible sequence of assembly instructions.
+   //    x86-64 machines happen to have matching assembly instructions for
+   //    64x64-bit multiplications and 128-bit shifts.
+   //
+   // 2. Second best case: the compiler exposes intrinsics for the x86-64 assembly
+   //    instructions mentioned in 1.
+   //
+   // 3. We only have 64x64 bit instructions that return the lower 64 bits of
+   //    the result, i.e., we have to use plain C.
+   //    Our inputs are less than the full width, so we have three options:
+   //    a. Ignore this fact and just implement the intrinsics manually.
+   //    b. Split both into 31-bit pieces, which guarantees no internal overflow,
+   //       but requires extra work upfront (unless we change the lookup table).
+   //    c. Split only the first factor into 31-bit pieces, which also guarantees
+   //       no internal overflow, but requires extra work since the intermediate
+   //       results are not perfectly aligned.
+#if defined( HAS_UINT128 )
+
+   // Best case: use 128-bit type.
+   inline std::uint64_t mulShift( const std::uint64_t m, const std::uint64_t* const mul, const std::int32_t j )
+   {
+      const uint128_t b0 = ( (uint128_t)m ) * mul[ 0 ];
+      const uint128_t b2 = ( (uint128_t)m ) * mul[ 1 ];
+      return ( std::uint64_t )( ( ( b0 >> 64 ) + b2 ) >> ( j - 64 ) );
+   }
+
+   inline std::uint64_t mulShiftAll( const std::uint64_t m, const std::uint64_t* const mul, const std::int32_t j, std::uint64_t* const vp, std::uint64_t* const vm, const std::uint32_t mmShift )
+   {
+      //  m <<= 2;
+      //  uint128_t b0 = ((uint128_t) m) * mul[0]; // 0
+      //  uint128_t b2 = ((uint128_t) m) * mul[1]; // 64
+      //
+      //  uint128_t hi = (b0 >> 64) + b2;
+      //  uint128_t lo = b0 & 0xffffffffffffffffull;
+      //  uint128_t factor = (((uint128_t) mul[1]) << 64) + mul[0];
+      //  uint128_t vpLo = lo + (factor << 1);
+      //  *vp = (uint64_t) ((hi + (vpLo >> 64)) >> (j - 64));
+      //  uint128_t vmLo = lo - (factor << mmShift);
+      //  *vm = (uint64_t) ((hi + (vmLo >> 64) - (((uint128_t) 1ull) << 64)) >> (j - 64));
+      //  return (uint64_t) (hi >> (j - 64));
+      *vp = mulShift( 4 * m + 2, mul, j );
+      *vm = mulShift( 4 * m - 1 - mmShift, mul, j );
+      return mulShift( 4 * m, mul, j );
+   }
+
+#elif defined( HAS_64_BIT_INTRINSICS )
+
+   inline std::uint64_t mulShift( const std::uint64_t m, const std::uint64_t* const mul, const std::int32_t j )
+   {
+      // m is maximum 55 bits
+      std::uint64_t high1;                                       // 128
+      const std::uint64_t low1 = umul128( m, mul[ 1 ], high1 );  // 64
+      std::uint64_t high0;                                       // 64
+      umul128( m, mul[ 0 ], high0 );                             // 0
+      const std::uint64_t sum = high0 + low1;
+      if( sum < high0 ) {
+         ++high1;  // overflow into high1
+      }
+      return shiftright128( sum, high1, j - 64 );
+   }
+
+   inline std::uint64_t mulShiftAll( const std::uint64_t m, const std::uint64_t* const mul, const std::int32_t j, std::uint64_t* const vp, std::uint64_t* const vm, const std::uint32_t mmShift )
+   {
+      *vp = mulShift( 4 * m + 2, mul, j );
+      *vm = mulShift( 4 * m - 1 - mmShift, mul, j );
+      return mulShift( 4 * m, mul, j );
+   }
+
+#else  // !defined( HAS_UINT128 ) && !defined( HAS_64_BIT_INTRINSICS )
+
+   static inline std::uint64_t mulShiftAll( std::uint64_t m, const std::uint64_t* const mul, const std::int32_t j, std::uint64_t* const vp, std::uint64_t* const vm, const std::uint32_t mmShift )
+   {
+      m <<= 1;
+      // m is maximum 55 bits
+      std::uint64_t tmp;
+      const std::uint64_t lo = umul128( m, mul[ 0 ], tmp );
+      std::uint64_t hi;
+      const std::uint64_t mid = tmp + umul128( m, mul[ 1 ], hi );
+      hi += mid < tmp;  // overflow into hi
+
+      const std::uint64_t lo2 = lo + mul[ 0 ];
+      const std::uint64_t mid2 = mid + mul[ 1 ] + ( lo2 < lo );
+      const std::uint64_t hi2 = hi + ( mid2 < mid );
+      *vp = shiftright128( mid2, hi2, j - 64 - 1 );
+
+      if( mmShift == 1 ) {
+         const std::uint64_t lo3 = lo - mul[ 0 ];
+         const std::uint64_t mid3 = mid - mul[ 1 ] - ( lo3 > lo );
+         const std::uint64_t hi3 = hi - ( mid3 > mid );
+         *vm = shiftright128( mid3, hi3, j - 64 - 1 );
+      }
+      else {
+         const std::uint64_t lo3 = lo + lo;
+         const std::uint64_t mid3 = mid + mid + ( lo3 < lo );
+         const std::uint64_t hi3 = hi + hi + ( mid3 < mid );
+         const std::uint64_t lo4 = lo3 - mul[ 0 ];
+         const std::uint64_t mid4 = mid3 - mul[ 1 ] - ( lo4 > lo3 );
+         const std::uint64_t hi4 = hi3 - ( mid4 > mid3 );
+         *vm = shiftright128( mid4, hi4, j - 64 );
+      }
+      return shiftright128( mid, hi, j - 64 - 1 );
+   }
+
+#endif
+
+   inline std::uint32_t decimalLength( const std::uint64_t v )
+   {
+      // This is slightly faster than a loop.
+      // The average output length is 16.38 digits, so we check high-to-low.
+      // Function precondition: v is not an 18, 19, or 20-digit number.
+      // (17 digits are sufficient for round-tripping.)
+      assert( v < 100000000000000000L );
+      if( v >= 10000000000000000L ) {
+         return 17;
+      }
+      if( v >= 1000000000000000L ) {
+         return 16;
+      }
+      if( v >= 100000000000000L ) {
+         return 15;
+      }
+      if( v >= 10000000000000L ) {
+         return 14;
+      }
+      if( v >= 1000000000000L ) {
+         return 13;
+      }
+      if( v >= 100000000000L ) {
+         return 12;
+      }
+      if( v >= 10000000000L ) {
+         return 11;
+      }
+      if( v >= 1000000000L ) {
+         return 10;
+      }
+      if( v >= 100000000L ) {
+         return 9;
+      }
+      if( v >= 10000000L ) {
+         return 8;
+      }
+      if( v >= 1000000L ) {
+         return 7;
+      }
+      if( v >= 100000L ) {
+         return 6;
+      }
+      if( v >= 10000L ) {
+         return 5;
+      }
+      if( v >= 1000L ) {
+         return 4;
+      }
+      if( v >= 100L ) {
+         return 3;
+      }
+      if( v >= 10L ) {
+         return 2;
+      }
+      return 1;
+   }
+
+   inline std::uint32_t d2s_simplistic_step5( std::uint64_t output, std::int32_t exp, const std::int32_t olength, char* result )
+   {
+      // TODO: Use digit_table?
+
+      if( exp <= 0 ) {
+         std::memcpy( result, "0.", 2 );
+         std::memset( result + 2, '0', -exp );
+         const auto* end = itoa::u64toa( output, result + 2 - exp );
+         return static_cast< std::uint32_t >( end - result );
+      }
+      else if( exp >= olength ) {
+         itoa::u64toa( output, result );  // Return value MUST be result + olength
+         std::memset( result + olength, '0', exp + 2 - olength );
+         result[ exp ] = '.';
+         return exp + 2;
+      }
+      else {  // ( exp > 0 ) && ( exp < olength )
+         for( std::int32_t i = 0; i < olength - exp; ++i ) {
+            const std::uint32_t c = output % 10;
+            output /= 10;
+            result[ olength - i ] = char( '0' + c );
+         }
+         result[ exp ] = '.';
+         for( std::int32_t i = 0; i < exp; ++i ) {
+            const std::uint32_t c = output % 10;
+            output /= 10;
+            result[ exp - i - 1 ] = char( '0' + c );
+         }
+         return olength + 1;
+      }
+   }
+
+   inline std::uint32_t d2s_scientific_step5( std::uint64_t output, std::int32_t exp, const std::uint32_t olength, char* result )
+   {
+      int index = olength;
+
+      if( olength > 1 ) {
+         itoa::u64toa( output, result + 1 );
+         result[ 0 ] = result[ 1 ];
+         result[ 1 ] = '.';
+         ++index;
+      }
+      else {
+         result[ 0 ] = char( '0' + output );
+      }
+      if( exp ) {
+         result[ index++ ] = 'e';
+         const auto end = itoa::i32toa( exp, result + index );
+         return static_cast< std::uint32_t >( end - result );
+      }
+      return index;
+   }
+
+   inline std::uint32_t d2s_finite( const double f, char* result )
+   {
+      // Step 1: Decode the floating-point number, and unify normalized and subnormal cases.
+      const std::uint32_t mantissaBits = TAO_RYU_DOUBLE_MANTISSA_BITS;
+      const std::uint32_t exponentBits = TAO_RYU_DOUBLE_EXPONENT_BITS;
+      const std::uint32_t offset = ( 1u << ( exponentBits - 1 ) ) - 1;
+
+      std::uint64_t bits;
+      // This only works on little-endian architectures.
+      std::memcpy( &bits, &f, sizeof( double ) );  // TODO: Fix for big-endian!
+
+      // Decode bits into sign, mantissa, and exponent.
+      const bool sign = ( ( bits >> ( mantissaBits + exponentBits ) ) & 1 ) != 0;
+      const std::uint64_t ieeeMantissa = bits & ( ( 1ull << mantissaBits ) - 1 );
+      const std::uint32_t ieeeExponent = std::uint32_t( ( bits >> mantissaBits ) & ( ( 1u << exponentBits ) - 1 ) );
+
+      std::int32_t e2;
+      std::uint64_t m2;
+
+      // NOTE: For taocpp/json this function assumes that f is finite!
+      //            if (ieeeExponent == ((1u << exponentBits) - 1u)) {
+      //               std::strcpy( result, (ieeeMantissa != 0) ? "NaN" : ( sign ? "-Infinity" : "Infinity" ) );
+      //               return std::strlen( result );
+      //            } else if (ieeeExponent == 0) {
+      // Case distinction; exit early for the easy cases.
+      if( ieeeExponent == 0 ) {
+         if( ieeeMantissa == 0 ) {
+            const std::uint32_t size = sign ? 4 : 3;
+            std::memcpy( result, &( "-0.0"[ 4 - size ] ), size );
+            return size;
+         }
+         // We subtract 2 so that the bounds computation has 2 additional bits.
+         e2 = 1 - offset - mantissaBits - 2;
+         m2 = ieeeMantissa;
+      }
+      else {
+         e2 = ieeeExponent - offset - mantissaBits - 2;
+         m2 = ( 1ull << mantissaBits ) | ieeeMantissa;
+      }
+      const bool acceptBounds = ( m2 & 1 ) == 0;
+
+      // Step 2: Determine the interval of legal decimal representations.
+      const std::uint64_t mv = 4 * m2;
+      // Implicit bool -> int conversion. True is 1, false is 0.
+      const std::uint32_t mmShift = ( m2 != ( 1ull << mantissaBits ) ) || ( ieeeExponent <= 1 );
+      // We would compute mp and mm like this:
+      //  std::uint64_t mp = 4 * m2 + 2;
+      //  std::uint64_t mm = mv - 1 - mmShift;
+
+      // Step 3: Convert to a decimal power base using 128-bit arithmetic.
+      std::uint64_t vr, vp, vm;
+      std::int32_t e10;
+
+      bool vmIsTrailingZeros = false;
+      bool vrIsTrailingZeros = false;
+
+      if( e2 >= 0 ) {
+         // I tried special-casing q == 0, but there was no effect on performance.
+         // This expression is slightly faster than max(0, log10Pow2(e2) - 1).
+         const std::int32_t q = log10Pow2( e2 ) - ( e2 > 3 );
+         e10 = q;
+         const std::int32_t k = TAO_RYU_DOUBLE_POW5_INV_BITCOUNT + pow5bits( q ) - 1;
+         const std::int32_t i = -e2 + q + k;
+         vr = mulShiftAll( m2, pow5_inv_split[ q ], i, &vp, &vm, mmShift );
+         if( q <= 21 ) {
+            // Only one of mp, mv, and mm can be a multiple of 5, if any.
+            if( mv % 5 == 0 ) {
+               vrIsTrailingZeros = multipleOfPowerOf5( mv, q );
+            }
+            else {
+               if( acceptBounds ) {
+                  // Same as min(e2 + (~mm & 1), pow5Factor(mm)) >= q
+                  // <=> e2 + (~mm & 1) >= q && pow5Factor(mm) >= q
+                  // <=> true && pow5Factor(mm) >= q, since e2 >= q.
+                  vmIsTrailingZeros = multipleOfPowerOf5( mv - 1 - mmShift, q );
+               }
+               else {
+                  // Same as min(e2 + 1, pow5Factor(mp)) >= q.
+                  vp -= multipleOfPowerOf5( mv + 2, q );
+               }
+            }
+         }
+      }
+      else {
+         // This expression is slightly faster than max(0, log10Pow5(-e2) - 1).
+         const std::int32_t q = log10Pow5( -e2 ) - ( -e2 > 1 );
+         e10 = q + e2;
+         const std::int32_t i = -e2 - q;
+         const std::int32_t k = pow5bits( i ) - TAO_RYU_DOUBLE_POW5_BITCOUNT;
+         const std::int32_t j = q - k;
+         vr = mulShiftAll( m2, pow5_split[ i ], j, &vp, &vm, mmShift );
+         if( q <= 1 ) {
+            vrIsTrailingZeros = ( ~( std::uint32_t( mv ) ) & 1 ) >= std::uint32_t( q );
+            if( acceptBounds ) {
+               vmIsTrailingZeros = ( ~( std::uint32_t( mv - 1 - mmShift ) ) & 1 ) >= std::uint32_t( q );
+            }
+            else {
+               --vp;
+            }
+         }
+         else if( q < 63 ) {  // TODO(ulfjack): Use a tighter bound here.
+            // We need to compute min(ntz(mv), pow5Factor(mv) - e2) >= q-1
+            // <=> ntz(mv) >= q-1  &&  pow5Factor(mv) - e2 >= q-1
+            // <=> ntz(mv) >= q-1
+            // <=> (mv & ((1 << (q-1)) - 1)) == 0
+            // We also need to make sure that the left shift does not overflow.
+            vrIsTrailingZeros = ( mv & ( ( 1ull << ( q - 1 ) ) - 1 ) ) == 0;
+         }
+      }
+      // Step 4: Find the shortest decimal representation in the interval of legal representations.
+      std::uint32_t removed = 0;
+      uint8_t lastRemovedDigit = 0;
+      std::uint64_t output;
+      // On average, we remove ~2 digits.
+      if( vmIsTrailingZeros || vrIsTrailingZeros ) {
+         // General case, which happens rarely (<1%).
+         while( vp / 10 > vm / 10 ) {
+#ifdef __clang__
+            // https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=23106
+            // The compiler does not realize that vm % 10 can be computed from vm / 10
+            // as vm - (vm / 10) * 10.
+            vmIsTrailingZeros &= vm - ( vm / 10 ) * 10 == 0;
+#else
+            vmIsTrailingZeros &= vm % 10 == 0;
+#endif
+            vrIsTrailingZeros &= lastRemovedDigit == 0;
+            lastRemovedDigit = std::uint8_t( vr % 10 );
+            vr /= 10;
+            vp /= 10;
+            vm /= 10;
+            ++removed;
+         }
+         if( vmIsTrailingZeros ) {
+            while( vm % 10 == 0 ) {
+               vrIsTrailingZeros &= lastRemovedDigit == 0;
+               lastRemovedDigit = std::uint8_t( vr % 10 );
+               vr /= 10;
+               vp /= 10;
+               vm /= 10;
+               ++removed;
+            }
+         }
+         if( vrIsTrailingZeros && ( lastRemovedDigit == 5 ) && ( vr % 2 == 0 ) ) {
+            // Round down not up if the number ends in X50000.
+            lastRemovedDigit = 4;
+         }
+         // We need to take vr+1 if vr is outside bounds or we need to round up.
+         output = vr + ( ( vr == vm && ( !acceptBounds || !vmIsTrailingZeros ) ) || ( lastRemovedDigit >= 5 ) );
+      }
+      else {
+         // Specialized for the common case (>99%).
+         while( vp / 10 > vm / 10 ) {
+            lastRemovedDigit = std::uint8_t( vr % 10 );
+            vr /= 10;
+            vp /= 10;
+            vm /= 10;
+            ++removed;
+         }
+         // We need to take vr+1 if vr is outside bounds or we need to round up.
+         output = vr + ( ( vr == vm ) || ( lastRemovedDigit >= 5 ) );
+      }
+      // Step 5: Print the decimal representation.
+
+      if( sign ) {
+         *result++ = '-';
+      }
+      // The average output length is 16.38 digits.
+      const std::uint32_t olength = decimalLength( output );
+      const std::int32_t exp = e10 + olength + removed;
+
+      if( ( -6 < exp ) && ( exp < 22 ) ) {
+         return d2s_simplistic_step5( output, exp, olength, result ) + std::uint32_t( sign );
+      }
+      else {
+         return d2s_scientific_step5( output, exp - 1, olength, result ) + std::uint32_t( sign );
+      }
+   }
+
+   inline void d2s_stream( std::ostream& o, const double f )
+   {
+      char b[ 28 ];
+      const auto s = d2s_finite( f, b );
+      o.write( b, s );
+   }
+
+}  // namespace tao::json::ryu
+
+#endif