commonmeta-ruby 3.2.4 → 3.2.6
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- checksums.yaml +4 -4
- data/Gemfile.lock +7 -6
- data/lib/commonmeta/cli.rb +17 -21
- data/lib/commonmeta/readers/json_feed_reader.rb +6 -11
- data/lib/commonmeta/utils.rb +2 -4
- data/lib/commonmeta/version.rb +1 -1
- data/spec/cli_spec.rb +2 -4
- data/spec/fixtures/vcr_cassettes/Commonmeta_CLI/json_feed/blog_post_uuid.yml +980 -0
- data/spec/fixtures/vcr_cassettes/Commonmeta_Metadata/get_json_feed/all_posts.yml +977 -0
- data/spec/readers/json_feed_reader_spec.rb +1 -19
- data/spec/utils_spec.rb +1 -7
- metadata +3 -2
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- Fri, 09 Jun 2023 09:08:09 GMT
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string: '[{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/12/26/why-care-about-grasslands/","uuid":"e4872b3e-cd15-407d-8406-33642c1a98b0","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/12/26/why-care-about-grasslands/","title":"Why
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care about grasslands?","summary":"As someone who has been deeply interested
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by plants as long as I can remember, I have grown to appreciate all the different
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habitats I come across in Ireland. Each has its own unique set of species,
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but one...","date_published":"2022-12-26T00:10:05Z","date_modified":"2022-12-26T17:12:30Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
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Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>As someone who has been deeply
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interested by plants as long as I can remember, I have grown to appreciate
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all the different habitats I come across in Ireland. Each has its own unique
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set of species, but one that has always particularly caught my attention is
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our grasslands. Part of this is probably because my family have been <a rel=\"noreferrer
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noopener\" href=\"https://irishplants.org/field.html\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://irishplants.org/field.html\"
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target=\"_blank\">managing our small field for biodiversity</a>, and seeing
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plants, animals, and fungi flourish there has massively influenced my interest
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in ecology. But there’s also something special about grasslands.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure
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class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
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src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/islands/roe/landscape2.jpg\" width=\"650\"
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height=\"400\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Species-rich grassland
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dominated by Knapweed (<i>Centaurea nigra</i>) on <a href=\"https://irishplants.org/islands/roe.html\">Roe
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Island</a>, Strangford Lough.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>For one, species-rich
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grassland is rare – <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https://pollinators.ie/the-importance-of-species-rich-meadows-and-grasslands-even-mini-ones/\"
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data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://pollinators.ie/the-importance-of-species-rich-meadows-and-grasslands-even-mini-ones/\"
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target=\"_blank\">most has been destroyed through fertiliser input or reseeding</a>.
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Finding even a small area feels like stumbling across a lost world, especially
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in the intensely farmed northern part of Down, on the edge of East Belfast
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where I’ve grown up. Grasslands can be incredibly diverse, with ten
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or twenty plant species in a single square metre (ten species per square metre
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is generally the benchmark for species-rich grassland), from orchids to grasses,
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and from dainty annuals like Eyebright to beefy perennials like Devil’s
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Bit.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\"
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loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/islands/roe/euphrasia.jpg\"
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width=\"650\" height=\"488\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">An Eyebright
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species (<i>Euphrasia nemorosa</i>) on Roe Island.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Grasslands
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also harbour a huge diversity of arthropod species: butterflies and moths,
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bees and wasps, flies, beetles, spiders, harvestmen and many more. In our
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field we have resident Small Heath (<em>Coenonympha pamphilus</em>) and Cryptic
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Wood White (<em>Leptidea juvernica</em>) butterflies among others. These species
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are uncommon and rapidly declining, and it’s only in the small pockets
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of remaining habitat that they can still be seen. Protecting these species’
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habitat means they will continue to be seen every year and not go the way
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of the Wall Brown (<em>Lasiommata megera</em>), which is now so rare <a rel=\"noreferrer
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noopener\" href=\"https://www.facebook.com/savebutterflies/photos/a.210247922322596/6669593713054619/\"
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data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://www.facebook.com/savebutterflies/photos/a.210247922322596/6669593713054619/\"
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target=\"_blank\">it has been seen once in Down in the last five years</a>.
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Habitat loss and nitrogen pollution from run-off and the air now threaten
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once-common species with extinction.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
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size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows/courting_flight.jpg\"
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width=\"650\" height=\"464.3\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cryptic
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Wood White courtship flight at <a href=\"https://irishplants.org/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows.html\">Lagan
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Meadows</a> in Belfast. These butterflies live in young bramble scrub on the
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edges of species-rich grassland, where they can find the vetches that they
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and their larvae feed on. This population is now threatened as the site is
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no longer grazed.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>So what can we do to protect
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grasslands? Firstly, we need to know what a healthy species-rich grassland
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needs:</p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Grazing and/or mowing: grasslands are inherently
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always in flux – they almost always require disturbance and removal
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of plant material, or they turn into something else! <em>Succession</em> is
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the process where grassland becomes scrub and then woodland, and this isn’t
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necessarily a bad thing – natural regeneration is a great way to create
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woodland. However, with species-rich grassland so rare, it’s important
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succession is prevented on these special sites.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Low soil fertility:
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most species-rich grasslands occur on low-fertility soils (the richest are
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often on extremely infertile chalk). Nitrate pollution from fertiliser run-off
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and air pollution (eg. from transport) increase soil fertility, usually allowing
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grasses to out-compete other species and reducing species-richness. There
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are exceptions of course, like <a href=\"https://irishplants.org/islands/bsbiposter.html#communities\"
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data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://irishplants.org/islands/bsbiposter.html#communities\"
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target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">weird, guano-filled islands
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on Strangford Lough</a>!</li>\n\n\n\n<li>A healthy landscape: fragmentation
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of grasslands causes extinction of plants and animals, both in the short-
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and long-term. Fragmented habitats may take decades to lose species following
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loss of neighbouring sites (this is known as <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"
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href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01457.x\"
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data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01457.x\"
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target=\"_blank\">extinction debt</a>), and maintaining and restoring the
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connectivity of habitats is vital to ensure <em>metapopulations</em> stay
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intact – this means even if a species goes extinct at one site, individuals
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from other, connected sites can still re-colonise (the <em>metapopulation</em>
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is this “population of populations”). Loss of connectivity prevents
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this re-colonisation, and also <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2008.0724\"
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data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2008.0724\"
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target=\"_blank\">colonisation of new sites</a>, which stops species from
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responding to climate change. Extinction debt means small fragments of habitat
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can still have many rare species which can return to the wider landscape,
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but only if connectivity is restored.</li>\n</ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
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size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows/map.jpg\"
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width=\"650\" height=\"381\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Grassland
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sites like Lagan Meadows are mostly isolated and fragmented. A lot of the
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Lagan Valley actually has relatively good connectivity for the area but it
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is limited here by surrounding urban development.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>To
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protect our grasslands we need to maintain and improve management at species-rich
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sites, reduce nitrate pollution, and create a healthy landscape by stopping
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the destruction of grasslands as well as creating new ones. In Kent, <a rel=\"noreferrer
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noopener\" href=\"https://youtu.be/gho7BvctPyY\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://youtu.be/gho7BvctPyY\"
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target=\"_blank\">Nature Recovery Networks</a> aim to create extensive networks
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of species-rich grassland to link together existing sites. The team working
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personally with farmers has led to great success, with species like the Black-veined
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Moth (<em>Siona lineata</em>) benefiting. This kind of habitat restoration
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could be replicated in Down, but what would it require? Restored sites would
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have reduced yields, so farmers could be compensated for participating, and
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subsidies for species-rich habitats would be essential. Communicating the
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importance of these sites would be important; engaging with schools by arranging
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trips and linking with biology and geography curricula would help. Site managers
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from different organisations would have to work together over a large area,
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requiring networks and cooperation that doesn’t currently exist. These
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things aren’t an issue, but an opportunity to improve how conservation
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operates.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>As someone who loves the natural world, I have no
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choice but to care about grasslands. I can’t lack ambition for local
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conservation – we <em>need </em>landscape-scale restoration, and sooner
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rather than later, before fragmentation and habitat-loss degrades what’s
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left. It won’t be easy, but anything less amounts to giving up. If we
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can imagine a network of semi-natural grasslands in our intensively agricultural
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landscapes, maybe we can work towards a more biodiverse future.</p>\n","tags":["Ecology","Conservation","Plants","Writing"],"language":"en","blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
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Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
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Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}},{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2023/03/26/comparing-parasite-and-host-strategies-in-a-portuguese-grassland/","uuid":"27add77e-66af-402c-b462-d050516ae65b","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2023/03/26/comparing-parasite-and-host-strategies-in-a-portuguese-grassland/","title":"Comparing
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parasite and host strategies in a Portuguese grassland","summary":"by Jake
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Dalzell, Hazel Garrett, Catriona Forrest, Wayne Liang, Rosalind Mackey, Denis
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Pavlov, and Josh Simpson This was a small project we threw together over three
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days on our Plant Sciences fieldtrip to...","date_published":"2023-03-26T20:00:04Z","date_modified":"2023-05-07T15:28:38Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
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Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>by Jake Dalzell, Hazel Garrett,
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Catriona Forrest, Wayne Liang, Rosalind Mackey, Denis Pavlov, and Josh Simpson</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This
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was a small project we threw together over three days on our Plant Sciences
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fieldtrip to Portugal. Everyone on the fieldtrip used six different techniques
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to explore plant physiology and ecology, and each group came up with a research
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question that could be answered using some of these techniques. Given the
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short time frame, our samples were biased and small (too small for robust
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statistics!). We can’t really draw any hard conclusions from our results,
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but they do show interesting trends.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our project compared the
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strategies used by two parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae and a shared
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host species in the Fabaceae. We also compared host individuals which were
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parasitised by each species with each other and with uninfected hosts. We
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were particularly interested in how water use differed between the different
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plants. We expected to see a lower water potential in the parasites than in
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their host, as has been shown in other Orobanchaceae︎¹<sup>,</sup>². This
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water potential gradient generates a sink, so there is a flux of xylem fluid
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from host roots to parasite¹.</p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Study
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species</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>We chose to study a holoparasite, <em>Phelipanche ramosa</em>;
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a hemiparasite, <em>Bellardia trixago</em>; and a legume that they both parasitise,
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<em>Medicago polymorpha</em>. These were abundant in the grassland where we
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were staying, Quinta de São Pedro.</p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group
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is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-1\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
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size-medium\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/phelipanche-225x300.jpg\"
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alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-414\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/phelipanche-225x300.jpg
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225w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/phelipanche-768x1024.jpg
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768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/phelipanche-1152x1536.jpg
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1152w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/phelipanche-1536x2048.jpg
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1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/phelipanche.jpg
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1619w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Phelipanche
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ramosa</em></figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><img
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decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/bellardia-225x300.jpg\"
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alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-415\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/bellardia-225x300.jpg
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225w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/bellardia-768x1023.jpg
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768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/bellardia.jpg
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1069w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Bellardia
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trixago</em></figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><img
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decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/medicago-225x300.jpg\"
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alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-416\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/medicago-225x300.jpg
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225w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/medicago-768x1024.jpg
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1013w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Medicago
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polymorpha</em></figcaption></figure>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
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aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
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src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/haustoria.jpg\"
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alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-422\" width=\"270\" height=\"349\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/haustoria.jpg
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768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">root
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connections are visible between the <em>Phelipanche</em> and a host Fabaceae
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sp.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mycorrhizal
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staining</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>We cleared the roots using Sodium hydroxide, then
|
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stained for mycorrhizal fungi by using a blue dye that binds to chitin, followed
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by washing with Hydrochloric acid and then water.</p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group
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alignfull is-content-justification-center is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-2\">\n<figure
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class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
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width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/washingRoots-225x300.jpg\"
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alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-412\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/washingRoots-225x300.jpg
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1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Josh
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and Catriona washing roots</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
|
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size-medium\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\"
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src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/mycorrhizalStain-300x225.jpg\"
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alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-413\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/mycorrhizalStain-300x225.jpg
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2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Wayne,
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Jake, and Rosalind staining mycorrhiza</figcaption></figure>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<p>The
|
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results were fairly clear: the parasites had minimal fungal infection (holoparasite)
|
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or none (hemiparasite), while the host had many hyphae and arbuscules. The
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hyphae visible in the holoparasite may have been an early stage of mycorrhization
|
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but the way the samples were prepared means the context of the root was lost.
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Fungal structures are visible in blue:</p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group
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is-content-justification-center is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-3\">\n<figure
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class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
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width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/holoRoot-300x300.jpg\"
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alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-417\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/holoRoot-300x300.jpg
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2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">holoparasite
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root with some hyphae visible</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
|
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size-medium\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\"
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src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/hemiRoot-300x300.jpg\"
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alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-418\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/hemiRoot-300x300.jpg
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2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">hemiparasite
|
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roots with no fungal structures visible</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure
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class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
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width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/hostRoot-300x300.jpg\"
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alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-419\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/hostRoot-300x300.jpg
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2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">host
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root with many hyphae and arbuscules</figcaption></figure>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<figure
|
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class=\"wp-block-table is-style-regular\"><table class=\"has-base-background-color
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has-background has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td></td><td>Host</td><td>Holoparasite</td><td>Hemiparasite</td></tr><tr><td>Hyphae?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Arbuscules?</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The
|
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lack of mycorrhizae in the parasites suggests that they do not need fungi
|
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to acquire resources as they can just steal them (and hence the carbon cost
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of mycorrhizae is not worth it). The resources are acquired from mycorrhizae
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at a carbon cost by the host, and then promptly stolen by the parasites. It
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would be interesting to compare with a hemiparasite grown without a host –
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does it now form mycorrhizae, as it cannot steal resources from other plants?</p>\n\n\n\n<h3
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class=\"wp-block-heading\">Water relations</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Licor was used to
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measure stomatal conductance and other metrics, and estimate water use efficiency.
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A pressure bomb was used to measure instantaneous water potential in stems
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cut around 3cm from the base. The holoparasite could not be measured using
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licor as it does not have substantial leaves.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
|
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aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/waterPotential.png\"
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alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-423\" width=\"650\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/waterPotential.png
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1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/waterPotential-2048x1365.png
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2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3750px) 100vw, 3750px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The
|
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shoot water potential was much lower in the hemiparasite than in the host,
|
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as expected. The holoparasite had a very high water potential, which was unexpected.
|
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This may have been due to issues in measurement, as the texture of the stems
|
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made gauging the point at which water was visible at the cut end difficult.
|
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It may be that the water potential in the tubercle of the holoparasite was
|
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lower as in <em>Cistanche</em>², so it could still act as a sink on the host
|
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plant. The extremely high water potential is still strange though, and merits
|
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|
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further research.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full
|
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is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/conductance.png\"
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alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-420\" width=\"500\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/conductance.png
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2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Stomatal
|
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conductance was considerably higher in the hemiparasite than in the host,
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providing a mechanism for its low water potential.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
|
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aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/wue.png\"
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alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-424\" width=\"500\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/wue.png
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2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The
|
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water use efficiency of the hemiparasite was much lower than that of the host.
|
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This can be explained by its high conductance.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Overall the hemiparasite
|
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has a strong “spender” strategy, freely using resources that it
|
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gains from its host and transpiring a lot of water to pull a low water potential
|
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and get more host resources.</p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References</h3>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Ackroyd,
|
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317
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+
Robert D., and Jonathan D. Graves. 1997. ‘The Regulation of the Water Potential
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318
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+
Gradient in the Host and Parasite Relationship between <em>Sorghum bicolor</em>
|
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319
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and <em>Striga hermonthica</em>’. <em>Annals of Botany</em> 80 (5): 649–56.
|
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<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1997.0506\">https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1997.0506</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fahmy,
|
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321
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Gamal Mohammad. 2013. ‘Ecophysiology of the Holoparasitic Angiosperm <em>Cistanche
|
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phelypaea</em> (Orobanchaceae) in a Coastal Salt Marsh’. <em>Turkish Journal
|
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323
|
+
of Botany</em> 37: 908–19. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1210-48\">https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1210-48</a>.</li>\n</ol>\n","tags":["Plants","Ecology","Fieldwork","Parasitic
|
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plants","Research"],"language":"en","blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
|
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+
Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
|
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+
Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}},{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/12/27/hemiparasitic-plants-in-irish-grasslands/","uuid":"121cba29-9f66-40a5-a434-0c2390955c09","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/12/27/hemiparasitic-plants-in-irish-grasslands/","title":"Hemiparasitic
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plants in Irish grasslands","summary":"Hemiparasitic plants are those which
|
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|
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steal water and nutrients from other plants, but still photosynthesise (so
|
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+
are green). They are an interesting part of the Irish flora, and some can
|
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|
+
play an important role...","date_published":"2022-12-27T22:45:56Z","date_modified":"2023-05-07T15:40:14Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
|
|
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|
+
Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>Hemiparasitic plants are those
|
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+
which steal water and nutrients from other plants, but still photosynthesise
|
|
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+
(so are green). They are an interesting part of the Irish flora, and some
|
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+
can play an important role in grasslands by weakening other plants –
|
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+
particularly Yellow Rattle. I want to run through some of the common hemiparasites
|
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+
found in Irish grasslands and look at their importance for conservation, both
|
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+
as species in themselves and as <em>keystone species</em> which affect the
|
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|
+
ecosystem they live in. Note that all of these species are in the broomrape
|
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|
+
family <em>Orobanchaceae</em>. Also note that apart from the Louseworts these
|
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+
are all annuals.</p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#rhinanthus\" data-type=\"internal\"
|
|
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|
+
data-id=\"#rhinanthus\">Yellow Rattle (<em>Rhinanthus minor</em>)</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a
|
|
342
|
+
href=\"#odontites\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#odontites\">Red Bartsia
|
|
343
|
+
(<em>Odontites vernus</em>)</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#euphrasia\" data-type=\"internal\"
|
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|
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data-id=\"#euphrasia\">Eyebright (<em>Euphrasia</em> spp.)</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a
|
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|
+
href=\"#pedicularis\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#pedicularis\">Lousewort
|
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+
(<em>Pedicularis</em> spp.)</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#parentucellia\"
|
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|
+
data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#parentucellia\">Yellow Bartsia (<em>Parentucellia
|
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|
+
viscosa</em>)</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><em>N.B.</em>
|
|
349
|
+
These aren’t the only groups, note that Cow-wheats (<em>Melampyrum</em>
|
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350
|
+
spp.) are also present in Ireland, but I don’t know very much about
|
|
351
|
+
them and I don’t have any good photos. Note also that Mistletoe (<em>Viscum
|
|
352
|
+
album</em>) is a hemiparasite, though obviously very different to those in
|
|
353
|
+
the <em>Orobanchaceae</em>. It is not native but does occur in Ireland.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure
|
|
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|
+
class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
|
|
355
|
+
width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/DSC_0984-min-scaled.jpg\"
|
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|
+
alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-395\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/DSC_0984-min-scaled.jpg
|
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|
+
2560w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/DSC_0984-min-300x200.jpg
|
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|
+
300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Calcareous
|
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|
+
grassland at Crom Estate, Fermanagh. Both Yellow Rattle and an Eyebright species
|
|
360
|
+
(probably <em>E. nemorosa</em>) are abundant here.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<h3
|
|
361
|
+
class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"rhinanthus\">Yellow Rattle</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Anyone
|
|
362
|
+
who has an interest in species-rich grassland in Ireland or Britain is likely
|
|
363
|
+
to have come across the “meadow-maker” Yellow Rattle. We are told
|
|
364
|
+
that it increases biodiversity by weakening grasses, letting light through
|
|
365
|
+
to other plants and reducing competition. The results are often self-evident,
|
|
366
|
+
as in<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https://irishplants.org/field.html\"
|
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367
|
+
target=\"_blank\">our field</a>, where Bird’s-foot Trefoil (<em>Lotus
|
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|
+
corniculatus</em>) grows happily through the Yellow Rattle, providing food
|
|
369
|
+
for the larvae of the Common Blue butterfly (<em>Polyommatus icarus</em>):</p>\n\n\n\n<figure
|
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370
|
+
class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-4
|
|
371
|
+
is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\"
|
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372
|
+
loading=\"lazy\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1459\" data-id=\"232\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0778_edit-scaled.jpg\"
|
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alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-232\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0778_edit-scaled.jpg
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2560w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0778_edit-300x171.jpg
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300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure
|
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class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
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width=\"2560\" height=\"1244\" data-id=\"231\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20200812_124229-scaled.jpg\"
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alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-231\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20200812_124229-scaled.jpg
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2560w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20200812_124229-300x146.jpg
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300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20200812_124229-768x373.jpg
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768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20200812_124229-1536x747.jpg
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1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20200812_124229-2048x996.jpg
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2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" /></figure>\n</figure>\n\n\n\n<p>I
|
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don’t doubt that introducing Yellow Rattle has benefited biodiversity
|
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in our field, but how?</p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Determining
|
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386
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<em>community structure</em></h4>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Community</em> here means
|
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387
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the plant species found in a place, and their relative abundance. By changing
|
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the structure of plant communities, Yellow Rattle is a <em><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_species\"
|
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data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_species\"
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target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">keystone species</a></em>.</p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Yellow
|
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Rattle will try to parasitise all of the plants growing around it, but grasses
|
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can’t defend themselves from its attacks as well as some herbaceous
|
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perennials (forbs) can (Jiang et al., 2010). The sensitivity to attack varies,
|
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394
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for example Meadow Vetchling (<em>Lathyrus pratensis</em>) is sensitive but
|
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Lady’s Bedstraw (<em>Galium verum</em>) is unaffected (Cameron et al.,
|
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2005).</li>\n\n\n\n<li>By outcompeting grassses, Yellow Rattle can become
|
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very dominant in a grassland, as in our field. This increases the amount of
|
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+
light available to plants in the understory. <strong>Light competition is
|
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399
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+
a major driving factor in grassland plant diversity</strong> (Eskelinen et
|
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400
|
+
al., 2022), so increasing the amount of light available to low-growing plants
|
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401
|
+
can increase biodiversity.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>There are <strong>winners and losers</strong>
|
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402
|
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when community structure changes – some plants (not just grasses!) decrease
|
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403
|
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in abundance due to parasitism and others increase as they are ‘released’
|
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404
|
+
from the pressures of competition. Desey et al. (2015) found that the Common
|
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405
|
+
Spotted Orchid (<em>Dactylorhiza fuchsii</em>) is at a massive advantage when
|
|
406
|
+
another Rattle species is present in Belgian grasslands, as it is not parasitised,
|
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|
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and in the parasite’s absence is vulnerable to being shaded out.</li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<figure
|
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408
|
+
class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-6
|
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|
+
is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\"
|
|
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|
+
loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1000\" data-id=\"261\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0061-min1.jpg\"
|
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|
+
alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-261\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0061-min1.jpg
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|
+
1500w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0061-min1-300x200.jpg
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+
300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0061-min1-768x512.jpg
|
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|
+
768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The
|
|
415
|
+
Field in Jun 2016. Grasses like Yorkshire Fog (<em>Holcus lanatus</em>) are
|
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416
|
+
dominant.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img
|
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|
+
decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1444\" height=\"614\" data-id=\"260\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0805_edit-min1.jpg\"
|
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|
+
alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-260\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0805_edit-min1.jpg
|
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|
+
1444w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0805_edit-min1-300x128.jpg
|
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+
300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DSC_0805_edit-min1-768x327.jpg
|
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|
+
768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1444px) 100vw, 1444px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The
|
|
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|
+
Field in June 2021. Yellow Rattle is now one of the most abundant species.</figcaption></figure>\n</figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Yellow
|
|
423
|
+
Rattle dominance isn’t necessarily static over time – Yellow Rattle
|
|
424
|
+
can invade a stand of grass, but once it is dominant it can be outcompeted
|
|
425
|
+
by herbaceous perennials (forbs), which can be themselves outcompeted by grasses.
|
|
426
|
+
These “rock-paper-scissors” dynamics where no strategy can win
|
|
427
|
+
out the others can result in the community structure changing constantly (Cameron
|
|
428
|
+
et al., 2009). This is itself an increase in structural diversity within the
|
|
429
|
+
grassland.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Most studies have found Yellow Rattle has a positive
|
|
430
|
+
or neutral effect on plant biodiversity in grasslands (Chaudron et al., 2021).</li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<h3
|
|
431
|
+
class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"odontites\">Red Bartsia</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Red
|
|
432
|
+
Bartsia is another common species found in many open habitats from machair
|
|
433
|
+
and saltmarsh to more common types of lowland grassland. It can be very abundant
|
|
434
|
+
in places, like on <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https://irishplants.org/islands/roe.html\"
|
|
435
|
+
data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://irishplants.org/islands/roe.html\" target=\"_blank\">Roe
|
|
436
|
+
Island</a> where it grows along animal trails with another hemiparasite, the
|
|
437
|
+
Eyebright species <em>Euphrasia nemorosa</em>:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
|
|
438
|
+
size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/islands/roe/path.jpg\"
|
|
439
|
+
width=\"700\" height=\"340\"></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The effects of Red Bartsia
|
|
440
|
+
on community structure aren’t well-researched, but I did find a cool
|
|
441
|
+
article showing how it indirectly affects the competition of two grass species
|
|
442
|
+
on a saltmarsh. When it is absent, Creeping Bent (<em>Agrostis stolonifera</em>)
|
|
443
|
+
is more competitive than a Salt Grass species (<em>Puccinellia phryganodes</em>),
|
|
444
|
+
but when it is present the competitive advantage of Bent is reduced (Niemelä
|
|
445
|
+
et al., 2008; note <em>Odontites litoralis</em> subsp. <em>litoralis </em>is
|
|
446
|
+
a synonym of <em>Odontites vernus</em> subsp. <em>litoralis</em>, a subspecies
|
|
447
|
+
not found in Ireland). It seems fairly likely that it affects other interspecies
|
|
448
|
+
interactions too, and at the high densities it sometimes gets to it could
|
|
449
|
+
have a notable effect on community structure.</p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"
|
|
450
|
+
id=\"euphrasia\">Eyebright</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Eyebrights are fab wee plants. They
|
|
451
|
+
mostly grow in grasslands and heathlands. There are at least twenty species
|
|
452
|
+
in Ireland, and some are generalist on many host species, while others are
|
|
453
|
+
more specialised. There are quite a few species of conservation concern in
|
|
454
|
+
this genus, including the famous limestone specialist Irish Eyebright (<em>Euphrasia
|
|
455
|
+
salisburgensis</em>). A fairly common one in lowland grassland is <em>Euphrasia
|
|
456
|
+
nemorosa</em>, which I saw on Roe Island this summer:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
|
|
457
|
+
size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/islands/roe/euphrasia.jpg\"
|
|
458
|
+
width=\"650\" height=\"488\"></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>I couldn’t find any
|
|
459
|
+
research looking at how Eyebrights affect community structure. They don’t
|
|
460
|
+
seem to be looked at as keystone species in the way larger hemiparasites are,
|
|
461
|
+
but they can be pretty abundant in the understory so this is maybe worth researching.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure
|
|
462
|
+
class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
|
|
463
|
+
width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/DSC_0981-min-scaled.jpg\"
|
|
464
|
+
alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-393\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/DSC_0981-min-scaled.jpg
|
|
465
|
+
2560w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/DSC_0981-min-300x200.jpg
|
|
466
|
+
300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Eyebright
|
|
467
|
+
in the understory of calcareous grassland at Crom Estate, Fermanagh</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure
|
|
468
|
+
class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
|
|
469
|
+
width=\"2560\" height=\"1244\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210613_105324-scaled.jpg\"
|
|
470
|
+
alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-243\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210613_105324-scaled.jpg
|
|
471
|
+
2560w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210613_105324-300x146.jpg
|
|
472
|
+
300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210613_105324-768x373.jpg
|
|
473
|
+
768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210613_105324-1536x747.jpg
|
|
474
|
+
1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210613_105324-2048x996.jpg
|
|
475
|
+
2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">An
|
|
476
|
+
Eyebright species is abundant in this damp grassland at Crom, Fermanagh, with
|
|
477
|
+
Forget-Me-Not (<em>Myosotis</em>), Red Clover (<em>Trifolium pratense</em>)
|
|
478
|
+
and Orchids (<em>Dactylorhiza </em>sp.).</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<h3
|
|
479
|
+
class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pedicularis\">Lousewort</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>There
|
|
480
|
+
are two Louseworts in Ireland. The smaller Common Lousewort (<em>Pedicularis
|
|
481
|
+
sylvatica</em>) is more common, probably most common on damp heath and bog,
|
|
482
|
+
but it can be abundant on some neutral and acidic lowland grassland –
|
|
483
|
+
there just isn’t a whole lot of species-rich grassland about to find
|
|
484
|
+
it in! The other, Marsh Lousewort (<em>P. palustris</em>) is a specialist
|
|
485
|
+
of wetter habitats like damp grasslands and fens.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that
|
|
486
|
+
Common Lousewort is <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https://plantatlas.brc.ac.uk/plant/pedicularis-sylvatica\"
|
|
487
|
+
target=\"_blank\">“perennial, rarely biennial”</a> while Marsh
|
|
488
|
+
Lousewort is <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https://plantatlas.brc.ac.uk/plant/pedicularis-palustris\"
|
|
489
|
+
data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://plantatlas.brc.ac.uk/plant/pedicularis-palustris\"
|
|
490
|
+
target=\"_blank\">“annual to biennial”</a>.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Common
|
|
491
|
+
Lousewort could be seen on lowland damp grassland at <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"
|
|
492
|
+
href=\"https://irishplants.org/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows.html\" data-type=\"URL\"
|
|
493
|
+
data-id=\"https://irishplants.org/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows.html\" target=\"_blank\">Lagan
|
|
494
|
+
Meadows</a>, growing alongside Devil’s Bit (<em>Succisa pratensis</em>).
|
|
495
|
+
Grazing was stopped at this site so the habitat is no longer appropriate (I
|
|
496
|
+
suspect it may recover from the seedbed if grazing returned). I got nice photos
|
|
497
|
+
during lockdown:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img
|
|
498
|
+
decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows/lousewort_closeup.jpeg\"
|
|
499
|
+
width=\"650\" height=\"519.4\"></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
|
|
500
|
+
size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows/lousewort_sward.jpg\"
|
|
501
|
+
width=\"650\" height=\"474.0\"></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Marsh Lousewort is known
|
|
502
|
+
to have a large impact on fen community structure in England and has been
|
|
503
|
+
used to encourage less vigorous plant species (Webb, 2020). Decleer et al.
|
|
504
|
+
(2013) recommended (re)introduction to help with fen-meadow conservation.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Demey
|
|
505
|
+
et al. (2015) found that Common Lousewort had a fairly minor effect on community
|
|
506
|
+
structure in semi-natural grasslands in Belgium, but some species did better
|
|
507
|
+
when it was removed, indicating its parasitism suppresses at least some plants.</p>\n\n\n\n<h3
|
|
508
|
+
class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"parentucellia\">Yellow Bartsia</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>I’ve
|
|
509
|
+
never seen this species, but I found an interesting paper (Suetsugu et al.,
|
|
510
|
+
2012) that showed it had a significant impact on grasses and legumes (vetches
|
|
511
|
+
etc) but <em>not other herbaceous perennials</em> in floodplain grasslands
|
|
512
|
+
in Japan, where it is an invasive species.</p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References</h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Cameron,
|
|
513
|
+
D. D., Hwangbo, J. K., Keith, A. M., Geniez, J. M., Kraushaar, D., Rowntree,
|
|
514
|
+
J., & Seel, W. E. (2005). Interactions between the hemiparasitic angiosperm
|
|
515
|
+
Rhinanthus minor and its hosts: From the cell to the ecosystem. <em>Folia
|
|
516
|
+
Geobotanica</em>, <em>40</em>(2–3), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02803236</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cameron,
|
|
517
|
+
D. D., White, A., & Antonovics, J. (2009). Parasite–grass–forb interactions
|
|
518
|
+
and rock–paper– scissor dynamics: predicting the effects of the parasitic
|
|
519
|
+
plant Rhinanthus minor on host plant communities. <em>Journal of Ecology</em>,
|
|
520
|
+
<em>97</em>(6), 1311–1319. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2745.2009.01568.X</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chaudron,
|
|
521
|
+
C., Mazalová, M., Kuras, T., Malenovský, I., & Mládek, J. (2021). Introducing
|
|
522
|
+
ecosystem engineers for grassland biodiversity conservation: A review of the
|
|
523
|
+
effects of hemiparasitic Rhinanthus species on plant and animal communities
|
|
524
|
+
at multiple trophic levels. In <em>Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution
|
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525
|
+
and Systematics</em> (Vol. 52). Elsevier GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2021.125633</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Decleer,
|
|
526
|
+
K., Bonte, D., & van Diggelen, R. (2013). The hemiparasite Pedicularis palustris:
|
|
527
|
+
“Ecosystem engineer” for fen-meadow restoration. <em>Journal for Nature Conservation</em>,
|
|
528
|
+
<em>21</em>(2), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2012.10.004</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Demey,
|
|
529
|
+
A., de Frenne, P., Baeten, L., Verstraeten, G., Hermy, M., Boeckx, P., & Verheyen,
|
|
530
|
+
K. (2015). The effects of hemiparasitic plant removal on community structure
|
|
531
|
+
and seedling establishment in semi-natural grasslands. <em>Journal of Vegetation
|
|
532
|
+
Science</em>, <em>26</em>(3), 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/JVS.12262</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eskelinen,
|
|
533
|
+
A., Harpole, W. S., Jessen, M.-T., Virtanen, R., & Hautier, Y. (2022). Light
|
|
534
|
+
competition drives herbivore and nutrient effects on plant diversity. <em>Nature</em>,
|
|
535
|
+
1–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05383-9</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jiang, F., Jeschke,
|
|
536
|
+
W. D., Hartung, W., & Cameron, D. D. (2010). Interactions Between Rhinanthus
|
|
537
|
+
minor and Its Hosts: A Review of Water, Mineral Nutrient and Hormone Flows
|
|
538
|
+
and Exchanges in the Hemiparasitic Association. <em>Folia Geobotanica</em>,
|
|
539
|
+
<em>45</em>(4), 369–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12224-010-9093-2</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Niemelä,
|
|
540
|
+
M., Markkola, A., & Mutikainen, P. (2008). Modification of competition between
|
|
541
|
+
two grass species by a hemiparasitic plant and simulated grazing. <em>Basic
|
|
542
|
+
and Applied Ecology</em>, <em>9</em>(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2007.01.001</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Suetsugu,
|
|
543
|
+
K., Takeuchi, Y., Futai, K., & Kato, M. (2012). Host selectivity, haustorial
|
|
544
|
+
anatomy and impact of the invasive parasite Parentucellia viscosa on floodplain
|
|
545
|
+
vegetative communities in Japan. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em>,
|
|
546
|
+
<em>170</em>(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1095-8339.2012.01263.X</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Webb,
|
|
547
|
+
J.A. (2020). Marsh Lousewort as an Ecosystem Engineer in Oxfordshire Fen Restoration
|
|
548
|
+
Projects. <em>Freshwater Habitats Trust</em>. https://freshwaterhabitats.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Marsh-louse-wort-as-an-ecosystem-engineerV3-JW-July-2020for-OFP.pdf
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[Accessed 27th Dec. 2022]</p>\n","tags":["Plants","Conservation","Ecology","Parasitic
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plants","Review"],"language":"en","blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
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Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
|
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Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}},{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/08/04/the-islands-project/","uuid":"0765c67d-a40a-463e-b243-a0dd7eda9aa7","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/08/04/the-islands-project/","title":"The
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Islands Project","summary":"This summer I am cataloguing the flora and plant
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communities of twelve islands [EDIT 20/11/22: it ended up being eleven islands!]
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in Strangford Lough, with the help of a BSBI Plant Study Grant. The goal is
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to...","date_published":"2022-08-04T22:00:32Z","date_modified":"2022-12-24T23:25:11Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
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Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>This summer I am cataloguing
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the flora and plant communities of twelve islands [EDIT 20/11/22: it ended
|
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up being eleven islands!] in Strangford Lough, with the help of a BSBI Plant
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Study Grant. The goal is to have a complete species list of each island and
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a map showing all of the plant communities and where they occur. I have been
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kayaking to these islands and doing a thorough survey, and also quadrats in
|
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each distinct plant community. I hope to publish this in a suitable journal,
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under the (working) title <em>The Vascular Flora of Darragh and nearby Islands
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in Strangford Lough</em>.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This project has been a huge opportunity
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for me to improve my skills as an all-round botanist and ecologist, and challenge
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myself with groups like grasses and sedges that I have mostly ignored before.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure
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class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20210912_182142-1024x498.jpg\"
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alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-79\"/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Darragh
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Island, the most diverse and species-rich of the twelve</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>One
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thing I hadn’t appreciated about fieldwork before beginning this project
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– it generates a huge amount of data! Finding time to actually ID difficult
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specimens I brought home and enter and analyse all my data, then create figures
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based on it has been exhausting! On the other hand, working hard on figures
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and being really satisfied with the results is a great feeling, and I think
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my maps are going to turn out really well.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
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size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"593\"
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src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/darragh-map-1024x593.png\"
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alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-90\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/darragh-map-1024x593.png
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1024w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/darragh-map-300x174.png
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300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/darragh-map-768x445.png
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768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/darragh-map-1536x890.png
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1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/darragh-map-2048x1187.png
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2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">my
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(work in progress) plant community map of Darragh – light green is grassland,
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grassland/scrub mosaic, saltmarsh, iris and rush pasture communities (obviously
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those all need split up still!), dark green is scrub, brown is mature scrub,
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pink is H7b heath, grey is rocky shore</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>It
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has also been nice to spend a lot of time kayaking and exploring the islands,
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seeing the wildlife that lives there, particularly birds and insects. Sharing
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the wildlife I encounter here has been great, especially with the people who
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live and work in the area.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img
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decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"498\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220804_191146-1024x498.jpg\"
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alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-71\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220804_191146-1024x498.jpg
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1024w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220804_191146-300x146.jpg
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300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220804_191146-768x373.jpg
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768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220804_191146-1536x747.jpg
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1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220804_191146-2048x996.jpg
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2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">me
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and my friend Ashley spent half a day surveying Shamrock – her first
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time kayaking and her first time doing botanical fieldwork!</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure
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class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
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width=\"1024\" height=\"559\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220726_150722-scaled-e1659651675728-1024x559.jpg\"
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alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-82\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220726_150722-scaled-e1659651675728-1024x559.jpg
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1024w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220726_150722-scaled-e1659651675728-300x164.jpg
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300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220726_150722-scaled-e1659651675728-768x419.jpg
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768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220726_150722-scaled-e1659651675728-1536x838.jpg
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1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220726_150722-scaled-e1659651675728.jpg
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2028w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">a
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Humingbird Hawkmoth larva (<em>Macroglossum stellatarum</em>) on Darragh,
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a rare sight in Ireland as the migrant moths rarely lay eggs</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure
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class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
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width=\"755\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220731_152422-scaled-e1659651787975-755x1024.jpg\"
|
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alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-83\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220731_152422-scaled-e1659651787975-755x1024.jpg
|
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755w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220731_152422-scaled-e1659651787975-221x300.jpg
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221w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220731_152422-scaled-e1659651787975-768x1042.jpg
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768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220731_152422-scaled-e1659651787975-1133x1536.jpg
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1133w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220731_152422-scaled-e1659651787975.jpg
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619
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1241w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 755px) 100vw, 755px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">a
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620
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+
Six-Spot Burnet moth (<em>Zygaena filipendulae</em>) nectaring on Sneezewort
|
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621
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+
(<em>Achillea ptarmica</em>) on Darragh</figcaption></figure>\n","tags":["Islands","Ecology","Fieldwork","Plants","Strangford
|
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622
|
+
Lough Islands"],"language":"en","blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
|
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+
Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
|
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Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}},{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2023/05/07/water-stress-an-overlooked-factor-in-grassland-hemiparasite-ecology/","uuid":"47f3a4f9-4950-4ff3-ac38-73f1d286920f","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2023/05/07/water-stress-an-overlooked-factor-in-grassland-hemiparasite-ecology/","title":"Total
|
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+
ecosystem evapotranspiration – an overlooked factor in grassland hemiparasite
|
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+
ecology?","summary":"The water relations of parasitic plants and their hosts
|
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|
+
are fairly well documented¹,². The effect of hemiparasites such as Rhinanthus
|
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|
+
(Yellow Rattle) on community structure³,⁴ and functional traits⁵ has also...","date_published":"2023-05-07T15:22:05Z","date_modified":"2023-05-07T15:44:31Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
|
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+
Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>The water relations of parasitic
|
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+
plants and their hosts are fairly well documented¹<sup>,</sup>². The effect
|
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+
of hemiparasites such as <em>Rhinanthus</em> (Yellow Rattle) on community
|
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632
|
+
structure³<sup>,</sup>⁴ and functional traits⁵ has also been studied. However,
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633
|
+
a factor that I believe has been overlooked is the interaction of these two
|
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634
|
+
phenomena: that hemiparasitic plants could have a significant effect on water
|
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|
+
availability in grassland communities, by increasing the total evapotransiration
|
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+
in the ecosystem.</p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Rhinanthus</em> maintains a significantly
|
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+
higher stomatal conductance than its hosts⁶. This creates a low water potential,
|
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+
so the parasite acts as a sink for xylem sap, drawing water and other resources
|
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+
in from the host root system, and potentially increasing the total amount
|
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+
of evapotranspiration relative to that from an unparasitised host. This could
|
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+
increase water loss from the soil. However, parasitism also reduces host growth,
|
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642
|
+
so the total amount of water taken up by the host is reduced⁶. Hence the effect
|
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+
of parasitism on total evapotranspiration is complex, and an increase won’t
|
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+
necessarily be the result. This is further complicated by water and nutrient
|
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+
availability, which also affect the interaction of <em>Rhinanthus</em> and
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+
its hosts⁷.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>A second effect to consider is gaps in the sward
|
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+
which several authors have proposed the annual death of <em>Rhinanthus</em>
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+
creates in the sward⁸<sup>,</sup>⁹. This could potentially increase evaporation
|
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+
from the soil for part of the year, although bare soil evaporation is only
|
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+
the dominant way water is lost in dry grasslands receiving less than 370 mm
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+
of precipitation annually¹⁰, so this effect may be negligible.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>I
|
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652
|
+
propose that high densities of <em>Rhinanthus</em> could have a significant
|
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+
effect on water availability in grasslands. Drought tolerant plants could
|
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+
be favoured both because they can withstand the water stress caused by parasitism
|
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+
directly, and also because <em>Rhinanthus</em> parasitism increases the total
|
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|
+
evapotranspiration of water from the ecosystem. This could be tested both
|
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+
by looking at whether drought-tolerance is favoured in grasslands with <em>Rhinanthus</em>
|
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|
+
and direct measurement of evapotranspiration and soil moisture.</p>\n\n\n\n<h4
|
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659
|
+
class=\"wp-block-heading\">References</h4>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Fahmy, Gamal Mohammad.
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+
2013. ‘Ecophysiology of the Holoparasitic Angiosperm <em>Cistanche Phelypaea</em>
|
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661
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+
(Orobanchaceae) in a Coastal Salt Marsh’. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany</em>
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|
662
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+
37: 908–19. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1210-48\">https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1210-48</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jiang,
|
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663
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+
Fan, W. Dieter Jeschke, Wolfram Hartung, and Duncan D. Cameron. 2010. ‘Interactions
|
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664
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+
Between Rhinanthus Minor and Its Hosts: A Review of Water, Mineral Nutrient
|
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665
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+
and Hormone Flows and Exchanges in the Hemiparasitic Association’. <em>Folia
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+
Geobotanica</em> 45 (4): 369–85. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/S12224-010-9093-2/TABLES/1\">https://doi.org/10.1007/S12224-010-9093-2/TABLES/1</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chaudron,
|
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667
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+
Clémence, Monika Mazalová, Tomáš Kuras, Igor Malenovský, and Jan Mládek. 2021.
|
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668
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+
‘Introducing Ecosystem Engineers for Grassland Biodiversity Conservation:
|
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669
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+
A Review of the Effects of Hemiparasitic Rhinanthus Species on Plant and Animal
|
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670
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+
Communities at Multiple Trophic Levels’. <em>Perspectives in Plant Ecology,
|
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671
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+
Evolution and Systematics</em> 52 (October). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2021.125633\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2021.125633</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heer,
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672
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+
Nico, Fabian Klimmek, Christoph Zwahlen, Markus Fischer, Norbert Hölzel, Valentin
|
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673
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+
H. Klaus, Till Kleinebecker, Daniel Prati, and Steffen Boch. 2018. ‘Hemiparasite-Density
|
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674
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+
Effects on Grassland Plant Diversity, Composition and Biomass’. <em>Perspectives
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675
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+
in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics</em> 32 (June): 22–29. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2018.01.004\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2018.01.004</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mudrák,
|
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676
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+
Ondřej, Francesco de Bello, Jiří Doležal, and Jan Lepš. 2016. ‘Changes in
|
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677
|
+
the Functional Trait Composition and Diversity of Meadow Communities Induced
|
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678
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+
by <em>Rhinanthus Minor</em> L.’ <em>Folia Geobotanica</em> 51 (1): 1–11.
|
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679
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+
<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/S12224-016-9238-Z/FIGURES/2\">https://doi.org/10.1007/S12224-016-9238-Z/FIGURES/2</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jiang,
|
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680
|
+
Fan, W. Dieter Jeschke, and Wolfram Hartung. 2003. ‘Water Flows in the Parasitic
|
|
681
|
+
Association Rhinanthus Minor/Hordeum Vulgare’. <em>Journal of Experimental
|
|
682
|
+
Botany</em> 54 (389): 1985–93. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erg212\">https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erg212</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Těšitel,
|
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683
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+
Jakub, Tamara Těšitelová, James P. Fisher, Jan Lepš, and Duncan D. Cameron.
|
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684
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+
2015. ‘Integrating Ecology and Physiology of Root-Hemiparasitic Interaction:
|
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685
|
+
Interactive Effects of Abiotic Resources Shape the Interplay between Parasitism
|
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686
|
+
and Autotrophy’. <em>New Phytologist</em> 205 (1): 350–60. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13006\">https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13006</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Joshi,
|
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687
|
+
Jasmin, Diethart Matthies, and Bernhard Schmid. 2000. ‘Root Hemiparasites
|
|
688
|
+
and Plant Diversity in Experimental Grassland Communities’. <em>Journal of
|
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689
|
+
Ecology</em> 88 (4): 634–44. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00487.x\">https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00487.x</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pywell,
|
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690
|
+
Richard F., James M. Bullock, Kevin J. Walker, Sarah J. Coulson, Steve J.
|
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691
|
+
Gregory, and Mark J. Stevenson. 2004. ‘Facilitating Grassland Diversification
|
|
692
|
+
Using the Hemiparasitic Plant Rhinanthus Minor’. <em>Journal of Applied Ecology</em>
|
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693
|
+
41 (5): 880–87. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00940.x\">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00940.x</a>.</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sala,
|
|
694
|
+
Osvaldo. 2001. ‘Productivity of Temperate Grasslands’. In <em>Terrestrial
|
|
695
|
+
Global Productivity</em>. Academic Press.</li>\n</ol>\n","tags":["Plants","Uncategorised","Ecology","Parasitic
|
|
696
|
+
plants","Soil"],"language":"en","blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
|
|
697
|
+
Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
|
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|
+
Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}},{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/12/31/the-cryptic-wood-white-butterfly/","uuid":"e17b2574-a9c2-4c01-91cf-ebed02873e8b","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/12/31/the-cryptic-wood-white-butterfly/","title":"The
|
|
699
|
+
Cryptic Wood White butterfly","summary":"My favourite butterfly, which I first
|
|
700
|
+
saw during lockdown. They are the most delicate of the white species (Pieridae)
|
|
701
|
+
found in Ireland and flutter through grasslands in May and June. June 2021
|
|
702
|
+
A male Wood...","date_published":"2022-12-31T21:44:43Z","date_modified":"2023-01-06T19:16:06Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
|
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703
|
+
Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>My favourite butterfly, which
|
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704
|
+
I first saw during lockdown. They are the most delicate of the white species
|
|
705
|
+
(Pieridae) found in Ireland and flutter through grasslands in May and June.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure
|
|
706
|
+
class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
|
|
707
|
+
src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows/courting_flight.jpg\"
|
|
708
|
+
width=\"650\" height=\"464.3\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><b>June
|
|
709
|
+
2021</b> A male Wood White courting a female.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<h4
|
|
710
|
+
class=\"wp-block-heading\">Taxonomy</h4>\n\n\n\n<p>For a long time, scientists
|
|
711
|
+
wondered why Wood Whites (<em>Leptidea sinapis</em>) were fairly widespread
|
|
712
|
+
and common in Ireland, when they were so rare in England. Then, first in the
|
|
713
|
+
80s and then in 2011, it was realised that there were two more “cryptic
|
|
714
|
+
species” hidden within the Wood White¹. Réal’s Wood White (<em>Leptidea
|
|
715
|
+
reali</em>) was the first to be discovered and said to be found throughout
|
|
716
|
+
Ireland (except for the Burren, where <em>L. sinapis</em> is found). However,
|
|
717
|
+
when it was further split in two in 2011, our species was named the Cryptic
|
|
718
|
+
Wood White (<em>Leptidea juvernica</em>)². It’s a great demonstration
|
|
719
|
+
that insect taxonomy is challenging and that there is a lot of hidden biodiversity
|
|
720
|
+
yet to be discovered.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img
|
|
721
|
+
decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1900\" height=\"1497\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210524_121244.jpg\"
|
|
722
|
+
alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-295\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210524_121244.jpg
|
|
723
|
+
1900w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210524_121244-300x236.jpg
|
|
724
|
+
300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210524_121244-768x605.jpg
|
|
725
|
+
768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20210524_121244-1536x1210.jpg
|
|
726
|
+
1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1900px) 100vw, 1900px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A
|
|
727
|
+
Cryptic Wood White butterfly at Lagan Meadows, Belfast.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<h4
|
|
728
|
+
class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ecology</h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Cryptic Wood Whites can
|
|
729
|
+
be difficult to see during the flight period in May and June, but at the right
|
|
730
|
+
site they can be common. The best site I have found for them was <a rel=\"noreferrer
|
|
731
|
+
noopener\" href=\"https://irishplants.org/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows.html\"
|
|
732
|
+
data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://irishplants.org/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows.html\"
|
|
733
|
+
target=\"_blank\">Lagan Meadows</a>, in a patchy mosaic of damp species-rich
|
|
734
|
+
grassland and bramble scrub. Here the foodplants (vetches) are common in young,
|
|
735
|
+
developing scrub and in long grass. I have also seen them at Murlough NNR
|
|
736
|
+
on mature dune grassland. The species can exist on very small and fragmented
|
|
737
|
+
sites: the site at Lagan Meadows is small (around 5 ha)³; I believe <a rel=\"noreferrer
|
|
738
|
+
noopener\" href=\"https://irishplants.org/field.html\" target=\"_blank\">our
|
|
739
|
+
field</a> was colonised from a hedgerow/road verge population with little-to-no
|
|
740
|
+
species-rich grassland nearby.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img
|
|
741
|
+
decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows/wood_white_on_cardamine.jpg\"
|
|
742
|
+
width=\"700\" height=\"340.3\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><b>May
|
|
743
|
+
2021</b> A Wood White nectars on Cuckooflower (<i>Cardamine pratensis</i>)
|
|
744
|
+
in a damper part of Lagan Meadows.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Foodplants</h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Warnock⁴
|
|
745
|
+
studied the species’ preferences in Armagh and found they mostly prefer
|
|
746
|
+
to lay their eggs on Meadow Vetchling (<em>Lathyrus pratensis</em>), also
|
|
747
|
+
using Lesser Bird’s-foot Trefoil (<em>Lotus corniculatus</em>), Greater
|
|
748
|
+
Bird’s-foot Trefoil (<em>Lotus pedunculatus</em>), and rarely Bush Vetch
|
|
749
|
+
(<em>Vicia sepium</em>). At Murlough they mostly use Lesser Bird’s-foot
|
|
750
|
+
Trefoil⁴. in Edenderry, O’Neill and Montgomery³ only saw egg-laying
|
|
751
|
+
on Meadow Vetchling.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the same study⁴ nectar plants included
|
|
752
|
+
Bush Vetch, Meadow Vetchling, Lesser Bird’s-foot Trefoil, Tufted Vetch
|
|
753
|
+
(<em>Vicia cracca</em>), Ragged Robin (<em>Lychnis flos-cuculi</em>), and
|
|
754
|
+
Red Clover (<em>Trifolium pratense</em>). At Murlough they have been observed
|
|
755
|
+
using Tormentil (<em>Potentilla erecta</em>).</p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Courtship</h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Courtship
|
|
756
|
+
generally occurs on the nectar plant. I have observed two courtship displays
|
|
757
|
+
on Bush Vetch, and one on grass. The male hovers behind and above the female,
|
|
758
|
+
then lands facing her and begins to wave his proboscis on either side of her,
|
|
759
|
+
while she occasionally flaps her wings. If she approves of the male, mating
|
|
760
|
+
follows, but I have never seen this and it seems to be rare⁴ – most
|
|
761
|
+
males are rejected.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><iframe
|
|
762
|
+
loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/N_0K4bzqarA\" width=\"350\"
|
|
763
|
+
height=\"437.5\">\n</iframe><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><b>May
|
|
764
|
+
2020</b> A video of two pairs at Lagan Meadows courting. In both, the female
|
|
765
|
+
rejected the male.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This fairly complex ritual
|
|
766
|
+
has evolved as a response to the similarity of the different <em>Leptidea</em>
|
|
767
|
+
species – the female has to spend a long time working out if the male
|
|
768
|
+
is actually the same species as her⁵. Why do they stay separate species at
|
|
769
|
+
all then? Well, the different species occupy different niches in the areas
|
|
770
|
+
where their ranges overlap. It is advantageous for them to make sure they
|
|
771
|
+
mate with those of the same species, as the offspring will then share the
|
|
772
|
+
specialisation to that niche⁶. Hybrid offspring would be less well-adapted
|
|
773
|
+
to either of the niches of its parents; this is a form of <em><a rel=\"noreferrer
|
|
774
|
+
noopener\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outbreeding_depression\" data-type=\"URL\"
|
|
775
|
+
data-id=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outbreeding_depression\" target=\"_blank\">outbreeding
|
|
776
|
+
depression</a></em>.</p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conservation</h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Heal⁷
|
|
777
|
+
reported that the Cryptic Wood White spread rapidly northwards into north-east
|
|
778
|
+
Ulster along the railways in the mid-20th century. It is now in retreat⁴<sup>,</sup>⁸;
|
|
779
|
+
the main concern is habitat loss⁹. At Lagan Meadows the habitat is quickly
|
|
780
|
+
becoming inappropriate as grazing has stopped – this will stop the disturbance
|
|
781
|
+
needed to create new areas of young scrub, and lead to the loss of the species-rich
|
|
782
|
+
grassland.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\"
|
|
783
|
+
loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/images/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows/leptidea_print.jpeg\"
|
|
784
|
+
width=\"650\" height=\"457\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><b>December
|
|
785
|
+
2021</b> A linocut print I made inspired by the Wood Whites I saw over lockdown.</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<h2
|
|
786
|
+
class=\"wp-block-heading\">References</h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><em>N.B.</em>
|
|
787
|
+
I have changed the format to superscript numbers Vancouver style as I think
|
|
788
|
+
it is less intrusive!</p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Dincǎ, V., Lukhtanov, V. A., Talavera,
|
|
789
|
+
G., & Vila, R. (2011). Unexpected layers of cryptic diversity in wood white
|
|
790
|
+
<em>Leptidea </em>butterflies. <em>Nature Communications</em>, <em>2</em>(1).
|
|
791
|
+
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1329</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cryptic Wood White. [online]
|
|
792
|
+
<em>UK Butterflies</em>. https://www.ukbutterflies.co.uk/species.php?species=juvernica
|
|
793
|
+
[accessed 31 Dec 2022]</li>\n\n\n\n<li>O’Neill, J., & Montgomery, I. (2018).
|
|
794
|
+
Demographics and spatial ecology in a population of cryptic wood white butterfly
|
|
795
|
+
Leptidea juvernica in Northern Ireland. <em>Journal of Insect Conservation</em>,
|
|
796
|
+
<em>22</em>(3–4), 499–510. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10841-018-0077-5</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Warnock,
|
|
797
|
+
N. (2008). The ecology and conservation of <em>Leptidea reali</em> (Real’s
|
|
798
|
+
Wood White) in Northern Ireland. MSc Thesis, Queen’s University Belfast. http://ns340113.ip-5-196-79.eu:7080/images/3_programmes/papillons/biblio/43.pdf</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Friberg,
|
|
799
|
+
M., Vongvanich, N., Borg-Karlson, A. K., Kemp, D. J., Merilaita, S., & Wiklund,
|
|
800
|
+
C. (2008). Female mate choice determines reproductive isolation between sympatric
|
|
801
|
+
butterflies. <em>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</em>, <em>62</em>(6),
|
|
802
|
+
873–886. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00265-007-0511-2</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Friberg,
|
|
803
|
+
M., Leimar, O., & Wiklund, C. (2013). Heterospecific courtship, minority effects
|
|
804
|
+
and niche separation between cryptic butterfly species. <em>Journal of Evolutionary
|
|
805
|
+
Biology</em>, <em>26</em>(5), 971–979. https://doi.org/10.1111/JEB.12106</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heal,
|
|
806
|
+
H. (1965). The Wood White, <em>Leptidea sinapis</em> L., and the Railways.
|
|
807
|
+
<em>The Irish Naturalists’ Journal</em>, <em>15</em>(1), 8–13. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25536916</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Staats,
|
|
808
|
+
W. T., & Regan, E. C. (2014). Initial population trends from a 5-year butterfly
|
|
809
|
+
monitoring scheme. <em>Journal of Insect Conservation</em>, <em>18</em>(3),
|
|
810
|
+
365–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10841-014-9644-6</li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Leptidea
|
|
811
|
+
juvernica</em> – cryptic wood white. [online] <em>Northern Ireland Priority
|
|
812
|
+
Species</em>. http://www.habitas.org.uk/priority/species.asp?item=430857 [accessed
|
|
813
|
+
31 Dec 2022]</li>\n</ol>\n","tags":["Invertebrates","Conservation","Ecology","Insects","Review"],"language":"en","blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
|
|
814
|
+
Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
|
|
815
|
+
Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}},{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/12/25/belfasts-urban-flora/","uuid":"b2106939-601c-489c-9b1e-64cea2e5b18c","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/12/25/belfasts-urban-flora/","title":"Belfast’s
|
|
816
|
+
urban flora","summary":"In the nineties, the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club
|
|
817
|
+
extensively surveyed the urban flora of Belfast, resulting in a book, Urban
|
|
818
|
+
Flora of Belfast. Many plants new to Down and Antrim were found, and most
|
|
819
|
+
of...","date_published":"2022-12-25T00:36:34Z","date_modified":"2022-12-26T17:12:40Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
|
|
820
|
+
Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>In the nineties, the Belfast
|
|
821
|
+
Naturalists’ Field Club extensively surveyed the urban flora of Belfast,
|
|
822
|
+
resulting in a book, <em>Urban Flora of Belfast</em>. Many plants new to Down
|
|
823
|
+
and Antrim were found, and most of these were new to Ireland as well. This
|
|
824
|
+
was a three-year effort involving some thirty-one recorders. Since this survey,
|
|
825
|
+
Belfast has seen many new species arrive: Yellow-wort (<em>Blackstonia perfoliata</em>),
|
|
826
|
+
at one of its only stations in Ulster; Annual Beard-grass (<em>Polypogon monspeliensis</em>),
|
|
827
|
+
new to Down (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/10/07/annual-beard-grass-a-new-species-for-county-down-h38/\"
|
|
828
|
+
data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/10/07/annual-beard-grass-a-new-species-for-county-down-h38/\"
|
|
829
|
+
target=\"_blank\">after I found it!</a>); and Narrow-leaved Ragwort (<em>Senecio
|
|
830
|
+
inaequidens</em>), which has exploded onto the radar as a pavement plant.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Urban
|
|
831
|
+
areas are a hotspot for new, potentially invasive, non-native species which
|
|
832
|
+
arrive in ports and on people all the time. They can also provide new niches
|
|
833
|
+
for native plants, like the many species which have colonised tarmac and concrete,
|
|
834
|
+
and those which find brownfield sites similar enough to their normal habitat.
|
|
835
|
+
In Belfast, scarce natives like Fairy Flax (<em>Linum catharticum</em>) and
|
|
836
|
+
Common Centaury (<em>Centaurium erythraea</em>) mingle with recent colonists
|
|
837
|
+
on the gravel of building sites and industrial estate.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>It’s
|
|
838
|
+
important to remember that urban areas aren’t devoid of semi-natural
|
|
839
|
+
habitats either. Belfast has species-rich grassland in the Lagan Valley, like
|
|
840
|
+
at <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https://irishplants.org/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows.html\"
|
|
841
|
+
data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://irishplants.org/other_grasslands/lagan_meadows.html\"
|
|
842
|
+
target=\"_blank\">Lagan Meadows</a>, and in the Belfast Hills; some parks
|
|
843
|
+
have been growing increasingly rich, like the now flower-and-butterfly-filled
|
|
844
|
+
Orangefield Park. There are old woodlands and even small fens at Cregagh Glen.
|
|
845
|
+
Belfast has retained an area of semi-natural ecosystems that rivals rural
|
|
846
|
+
Down just to the south – we should not be dismissive of our forests
|
|
847
|
+
and meadows!</p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, many of these habitats do go under-appreciated.
|
|
848
|
+
The fantastic new arrivals go unrecorded, increasing the risk of invasive
|
|
849
|
+
species going undetected until it’s too late. Recording of native species
|
|
850
|
+
is little better, and our knowledge of what we have to cherish and protect
|
|
851
|
+
is lacking as a result. Lagan Meadows has not been grazed by cattle for several
|
|
852
|
+
years, leaving the grassland and pond plants that rely on disturbance doomed
|
|
853
|
+
to the tide of vegetational succession. <em>Rhododendron</em>, Cherry Laurel
|
|
854
|
+
(<em>Prunus laurocerasus</em>) and other species are invading Cregagh Glen,
|
|
855
|
+
threatening to smother the woodland plants and trees, while Himalayan Balsam
|
|
856
|
+
(<em>Impatiens glandulifera</em>) runs rampant along riversides and in damp
|
|
857
|
+
woodland.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>I hope to see changes in the urban flora of Belfast:
|
|
858
|
+
not just new arrivals, but changes in our knowledge and understanding of what’s
|
|
859
|
+
already here; not just knowledge, but changes in how we treat our precious,
|
|
860
|
+
irreplaceable habitats. Recording, campaigning, appreciating, <em>seeing</em>,
|
|
861
|
+
I think there’s something we can all do for Belfast’s urban flora.</p>\n","tags":["Plants","Ecology","Writing"],"language":"en","blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
|
|
862
|
+
Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
|
|
863
|
+
Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}},{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/11/19/british-and-irish-botanical-conference-november-22/","uuid":"22f1f8a5-20ee-42eb-992e-ce851238a10b","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/11/19/british-and-irish-botanical-conference-november-22/","title":"British
|
|
864
|
+
and Irish Botanical Conference, November 22","summary":"Today I went to the
|
|
865
|
+
BSBI’s November conference in the Natural History Museum in London! I presented
|
|
866
|
+
my poster on my summer project surveying islands on Strangford Lough, and
|
|
867
|
+
got to do a 60 second flash talk....","date_published":"2022-11-19T22:13:11Z","date_modified":"2022-12-24T23:29:18Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
|
|
868
|
+
Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>Today I went to the BSBI’s
|
|
869
|
+
November conference in the Natural History Museum in London! I presented my
|
|
870
|
+
poster on my summer project surveying islands on Strangford Lough, and got
|
|
871
|
+
to do a 60 second flash talk. It was really great to meet other people who
|
|
872
|
+
are passionate about plants and learn from them.</p>\n\n\n\n<p><a rel=\"noreferrer
|
|
873
|
+
noopener\" href=\"https://irishplants.org/islands/bsbiposter.html\" data-type=\"URL\"
|
|
874
|
+
data-id=\"https://irishplants.org/islands/bsbiposter.html\" target=\"_blank\">Read
|
|
875
|
+
the html version of my poster here.</a></p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https://youtu.be/VCne0d2bH34\"
|
|
876
|
+
data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://youtu.be/VCne0d2bH34\" target=\"_blank\"
|
|
877
|
+
rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Watch my (very brief!) flash talk here.</a></p>\n\n\n\n<figure
|
|
878
|
+
class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
|
|
879
|
+
width=\"3500\" height=\"2472\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/poster_compress.png\"
|
|
880
|
+
alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-120\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/poster_compress.png
|
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881
|
+
3500w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/poster_compress-300x212.png
|
|
882
|
+
300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/poster_compress-768x542.png
|
|
883
|
+
768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/poster_compress-1536x1085.png
|
|
884
|
+
1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/poster_compress-2048x1446.png
|
|
885
|
+
2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3500px) 100vw, 3500px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">my
|
|
886
|
+
poster “Plants and plant communities of Strangford Lough islands”</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This
|
|
887
|
+
was an exciting day for me as I had never been to a scientific conference
|
|
888
|
+
before, and getting to present some of my findings from the summer was a great
|
|
889
|
+
experience. The BSBI have been so encouraging throughout this project and
|
|
890
|
+
I am very thankful for this opportunity. Next step: writing up and publishing
|
|
891
|
+
a paper!</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Something I found particularly interesting and inspiring
|
|
892
|
+
was the very high resolution, detailed distribution work some other botanists
|
|
893
|
+
have achieved, particularly David Barden’s work on Llantrisant Common.
|
|
894
|
+
He has made 10m scale distribution maps for particularly interesting or rare
|
|
895
|
+
taxa, and these really give a sense of their local ecology. It is now something
|
|
896
|
+
I am considering doing for the rarer plants I encounter while surveying. It
|
|
897
|
+
emphasises the value of returning to a site year after year to build up a
|
|
898
|
+
good dataset. You can read more about this work <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"
|
|
899
|
+
href=\"https://aem.bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/BSBI-AEM-2020-poster-Barden-1.pdf\"
|
|
900
|
+
data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://aem.bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/BSBI-AEM-2020-poster-Barden-1.pdf\"
|
|
901
|
+
target=\"_blank\">here (pdf download).</a></p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
|
|
902
|
+
size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\"
|
|
903
|
+
src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/IMG_20221119_124524-768x1024.jpg\"
|
|
904
|
+
alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-114\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/IMG_20221119_124524-768x1024.jpg
|
|
905
|
+
768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/IMG_20221119_124524-225x300.jpg
|
|
906
|
+
225w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/IMG_20221119_124524-1152x1536.jpg
|
|
907
|
+
1152w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/IMG_20221119_124524-1536x2048.jpg
|
|
908
|
+
1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/IMG_20221119_124524-scaled.jpg
|
|
909
|
+
1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Another
|
|
910
|
+
fun part of the day was a tour of the British and Irish herbarium in the NHM.
|
|
911
|
+
We saw very old specimens, and I particularly liked these Spring Gentian specimens
|
|
912
|
+
from the Burren. We learnt that the herbarium gets less specimens than it
|
|
913
|
+
used to and that many areas and taxa are underrepresented, something we all
|
|
914
|
+
as botanists can rectify! I’m definitely considering submitting some
|
|
915
|
+
of my specimens now.</p>\n","tags":["Islands","Conference","Ecology","Fieldwork","Plants"],"language":"en","blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
|
|
916
|
+
Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
|
|
917
|
+
Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}},{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/11/25/fen-soil-carbon-flux/","uuid":"bd5d8342-09bb-4e41-a100-2b6139b8a8f0","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/11/25/fen-soil-carbon-flux/","title":"Fen
|
|
918
|
+
soil carbon flux","summary":"Today I had the opportunity to work as a field
|
|
919
|
+
assistant with a PhD student, Thomas Marquand. He is researching CO₂ and methane
|
|
920
|
+
dynamics in soil in restored and reclaimed fens in East Anglia (with the Centre...","date_published":"2022-11-25T20:44:48Z","date_modified":"2022-12-31T11:37:39Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
|
|
921
|
+
Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>Today I had the opportunity to
|
|
922
|
+
work as a field assistant with a PhD student, Thomas Marquand. He is researching
|
|
923
|
+
CO₂ and methane dynamics in soil in restored and reclaimed fens in East Anglia
|
|
924
|
+
(with the <a href=\"https://www.clr.conservation.cam.ac.uk/\" data-type=\"URL\"
|
|
925
|
+
data-id=\"https://www.clr.conservation.cam.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer
|
|
926
|
+
noopener\">Centre for Landscape Regeneration</a>). We took samples from the
|
|
927
|
+
fen exhibit in the Cambridge Botanic Gardens and used a spectrometer to measure
|
|
928
|
+
CO₂ and methane concentration, and also δ¹³C-CO₂.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
|
|
929
|
+
size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\"
|
|
930
|
+
src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/FiqBPwvWAAEUGb_-scaled.jpeg\"
|
|
931
|
+
alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-138\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/FiqBPwvWAAEUGb_-scaled.jpeg
|
|
932
|
+
1920w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/FiqBPwvWAAEUGb_-225x300.jpeg
|
|
933
|
+
225w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/FiqBPwvWAAEUGb_-768x1024.jpeg
|
|
934
|
+
768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/FiqBPwvWAAEUGb_-1152x1536.jpeg
|
|
935
|
+
1152w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/FiqBPwvWAAEUGb_-1536x2048.jpeg
|
|
936
|
+
1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Me,
|
|
937
|
+
Tom, and Margeaux (from the botanic gardens) at the fen exhibit</figcaption></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure
|
|
938
|
+
class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"
|
|
939
|
+
width=\"2311\" height=\"2560\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/9crop-scaled.jpg\"
|
|
940
|
+
alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-139\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/9crop-scaled.jpg
|
|
941
|
+
2311w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/9crop-271x300.jpg
|
|
942
|
+
271w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/9crop-768x851.jpg
|
|
943
|
+
768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/9crop-1386x1536.jpg
|
|
944
|
+
1386w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/9crop-1849x2048.jpg
|
|
945
|
+
1849w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2311px) 100vw, 2311px\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Soil
|
|
946
|
+
samples we took from the exhibit – note the one on the right is from
|
|
947
|
+
the shallow layer of peat that has formed since the exhibit was created, while
|
|
948
|
+
the others are a thick clay</figcaption></figure>\n","tags":["Earth Sciences","Fieldwork","Soil"],"language":null,"blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
|
|
949
|
+
Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
|
|
950
|
+
Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}},{"id":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/10/07/annual-beard-grass-a-new-species-for-county-down-h38/","uuid":"dc120ed6-0759-4159-a158-42225cade34d","url":"https://irishplants.org/blog/2022/10/07/annual-beard-grass-a-new-species-for-county-down-h38/","title":"Annual
|
|
951
|
+
Beard-grass: a new species for County Down (H38)","summary":"Earlier this
|
|
952
|
+
year, I found a species of grass I didn’t recognise, growing as a pavement
|
|
953
|
+
plant in East Belfast. With a guide I identified it as Polypogon monspeliensis
|
|
954
|
+
(Annual Beard-grass), a new species for...","date_published":"2022-10-07T15:03:25Z","date_modified":"2022-12-24T23:24:37Z","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Jake
|
|
955
|
+
Dalzell"}],"image":null,"content_html":"\n<p>Earlier this year, I found a
|
|
956
|
+
species of grass I didn’t recognise, growing as a pavement plant in
|
|
957
|
+
East Belfast. With a guide I identified it as <em>Polypogon monspeliensis</em>
|
|
958
|
+
(Annual Beard-grass), a new species for County Down.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image
|
|
959
|
+
size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1244\" height=\"2560\"
|
|
960
|
+
src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/processed-dd44da64-4106-43b0-b63c-34f0dbbf9936_IL7IE1e9-edited-scaled.jpeg\"
|
|
961
|
+
alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-102\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/processed-dd44da64-4106-43b0-b63c-34f0dbbf9936_IL7IE1e9-edited-scaled.jpeg
|
|
962
|
+
1244w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/processed-dd44da64-4106-43b0-b63c-34f0dbbf9936_IL7IE1e9-edited-146x300.jpeg
|
|
963
|
+
146w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/processed-dd44da64-4106-43b0-b63c-34f0dbbf9936_IL7IE1e9-edited-498x1024.jpeg
|
|
964
|
+
498w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/processed-dd44da64-4106-43b0-b63c-34f0dbbf9936_IL7IE1e9-edited-768x1580.jpeg
|
|
965
|
+
768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/processed-dd44da64-4106-43b0-b63c-34f0dbbf9936_IL7IE1e9-edited-747x1536.jpeg
|
|
966
|
+
747w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1244px) 100vw, 1244px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This
|
|
967
|
+
species is known from Dublin and Cork, and there is a previous Ulster record
|
|
968
|
+
from Keady in Armagh. It may continue to increase in urban areas, like many
|
|
969
|
+
plants of pavements and waste ground that have recently colonised Ireland.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This
|
|
970
|
+
record featured in the September 2022 edition of BSBI News – my first
|
|
971
|
+
appearance!</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\"
|
|
972
|
+
loading=\"lazy\" width=\"860\" height=\"438\" src=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/my-record-in-BSBI-News.png\"
|
|
973
|
+
alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-103\" srcset=\"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/my-record-in-BSBI-News.png
|
|
974
|
+
860w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/my-record-in-BSBI-News-300x153.png
|
|
975
|
+
300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/my-record-in-BSBI-News-768x391.png
|
|
976
|
+
768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 860px) 100vw, 860px\" /></figure>\n","tags":["Plants","Ecology","Fieldwork"],"language":null,"blog_id":"2bzkh64","blogs":{"id":"2bzkh64","title":"Irish
|
|
977
|
+
Plants","description":"Jake''s blog.","language":"en","icon":null,"favicon":"https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/favicon32.png","feed_url":"http://irishplants.org/blog/feed/atom/","home_page_url":"https://irishplants.org/blog","base_url":null,"user_id":"8498eaf6-8c58-4b58-bc15-27eda292b1aa","created_at":"2023-05-31T13:47:52+00:00","indexed_at":"2023-01-04","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","generator":"WordPress","category":"Natural
|
|
978
|
+
Sciences","prefix":"10.59350"}}]'
|
|
979
|
+
recorded_at: Fri, 09 Jun 2023 09:08:09 GMT
|
|
980
|
+
recorded_with: VCR 6.1.0
|