colincasey-sequel 2.10.0 → 2.10.1

data/lib/sequel_core/dataset/sql.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1010 @@
+module Sequel
+  class Dataset
+    AND_SEPARATOR = " AND ".freeze
+    BOOL_FALSE = "'f'".freeze
+    BOOL_TRUE = "'t'".freeze
+    COLUMN_REF_RE1 = /\A([\w ]+)__([\w ]+)___([\w ]+)\z/.freeze
+    COLUMN_REF_RE2 = /\A([\w ]+)___([\w ]+)\z/.freeze
+    COLUMN_REF_RE3 = /\A([\w ]+)__([\w ]+)\z/.freeze
+    COUNT_FROM_SELF_OPTS = [:distinct, :group, :sql, :limit, :compounds]
+    DATE_FORMAT = "DATE '%Y-%m-%d'".freeze
+    N_ARITY_OPERATORS = ::Sequel::SQL::ComplexExpression::N_ARITY_OPERATORS
+    NULL = "NULL".freeze
+    QUESTION_MARK = '?'.freeze
+    STOCK_COUNT_OPTS = {:select => ["COUNT(*)".lit], :order => nil}.freeze
+    SELECT_CLAUSE_ORDER = %w'distinct columns from join where group having compounds order limit'.freeze
+    TIMESTAMP_FORMAT = "TIMESTAMP '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'".freeze
+    TWO_ARITY_OPERATORS = ::Sequel::SQL::ComplexExpression::TWO_ARITY_OPERATORS
+    WILDCARD = '*'.freeze
+
+    # Adds an further filter to an existing filter using AND. If no filter 
+    # exists an error is raised. This method is identical to #filter except
+    # it expects an existing filter.
+    def and(*cond, &block)
+      raise(Error::NoExistingFilter, "No existing filter found.") unless @opts[:having] || @opts[:where]
+      filter(*cond, &block)
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for the aliased expression
+    def aliased_expression_sql(ae)
+      as_sql(literal(ae.expression), ae.aliaz)
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for the SQL array.
+    def array_sql(a)
+      a.empty? ? '(NULL)' : "(#{expression_list(a)})"     
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for specifying given CaseExpression.
+    def case_expression_sql(ce)
+      sql = '(CASE '
+      sql << "#{literal(ce.expression)} " if ce.expression
+      ce.conditions.collect{ |c,r|
+        sql << "WHEN #{literal(c)} THEN #{literal(r)} "
+      }
+      sql << "ELSE #{literal(ce.default)} END)"
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for the SQL CAST expression.
+    def cast_sql(expr, type)
+      "CAST(#{literal(expr)} AS #{db.send(:type_literal_base, :type=>type)})"
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for specifying all columns in a given table.
+    def column_all_sql(ca)
+      "#{quote_schema_table(ca.table)}.*"
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for complex expressions
+    def complex_expression_sql(op, args)
+      case op
+      when *TWO_ARITY_OPERATORS
+        "(#{literal(args.at(0))} #{op} #{literal(args.at(1))})"
+      when *N_ARITY_OPERATORS
+        "(#{args.collect{|a| literal(a)}.join(" #{op} ")})"
+      when :NOT
+        "NOT #{literal(args.at(0))}"
+      when :NOOP
+        literal(args.at(0))
+      when :'B~'
+        "~#{literal(args.at(0))}"
+      else
+        raise(Sequel::Error, "invalid operator #{op}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns the number of records in the dataset.
+    def count
+      options_overlap(COUNT_FROM_SELF_OPTS) ? from_self.count : single_value(STOCK_COUNT_OPTS).to_i
+    end
+    alias_method :size, :count
+
+    # Formats a DELETE statement using the given options and dataset options.
+    # 
+    #   dataset.filter{|o| o.price >= 100}.delete_sql #=>
+    #     "DELETE FROM items WHERE (price >= 100)"
+    def delete_sql(opts = nil)
+      opts = opts ? @opts.merge(opts) : @opts
+
+      return static_sql(opts[:sql]) if opts[:sql]
+
+      if opts[:group]
+        raise Error::InvalidOperation, "Grouped datasets cannot be deleted from"
+      elsif opts[:from].is_a?(Array) && opts[:from].size > 1
+        raise Error::InvalidOperation, "Joined datasets cannot be deleted from"
+      end
+
+      sql = "DELETE FROM #{source_list(opts[:from])}"
+
+      if where = opts[:where]
+        sql << " WHERE #{literal(where)}"
+      end
+
+      sql
+    end
+
+    # Adds an EXCEPT clause using a second dataset object. If all is true the
+    # clause used is EXCEPT ALL, which may return duplicate rows.
+    #
+    #   DB[:items].except(DB[:other_items]).sql
+    #   #=> "SELECT * FROM items EXCEPT SELECT * FROM other_items"
+    def except(dataset, all = false)
+      compound_clone(:except, dataset, all)
+    end
+
+    # Performs the inverse of Dataset#filter.
+    #
+    #   dataset.exclude(:category => 'software').sql #=>
+    #     "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (category != 'software')"
+    def exclude(*cond, &block)
+      clause = (@opts[:having] ? :having : :where)
+      cond = cond.first if cond.size == 1
+      cond = cond.sql_or if (Hash === cond) || ((Array === cond) && (cond.all_two_pairs?))
+      cond = filter_expr(cond, &block)
+      cond = SQL::BooleanExpression.invert(cond)
+      cond = SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:AND, @opts[clause], cond) if @opts[clause]
+      clone(clause => cond)
+    end
+
+    # Returns an EXISTS clause for the dataset as a LiteralString.
+    #
+    #   DB.select(1).where(DB[:items].exists).sql
+    #   #=> "SELECT 1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM items)"
+    def exists(opts = nil)
+      "EXISTS (#{select_sql(opts)})".lit
+    end
+
+    # Returns a copy of the dataset with the given conditions imposed upon it.  
+    # If the query has been grouped, then the conditions are imposed in the 
+    # HAVING clause. If not, then they are imposed in the WHERE clause. Filter
+    # 
+    # filter accepts the following argument types:
+    #
+    # * Hash - list of equality expressions
+    # * Array - depends:
+    #   * If first member is a string, assumes the rest of the arguments
+    #     are parameters and interpolates them into the string.
+    #   * If all members are arrays of length two, treats the same way
+    #     as a hash, except it allows for duplicate keys to be
+    #     specified.
+    # * String - taken literally
+    # * Symbol - taken as a boolean column argument (e.g. WHERE active)
+    # * Sequel::SQL::BooleanExpression - an existing condition expression,
+    #   probably created using the Sequel blockless filter DSL.
+    #
+    # filter also takes a block, which should return one of the above argument
+    # types, and is treated the same way. If both a block and regular argument
+    # are provided, they get ANDed together.
+    #
+    # Examples:
+    #
+    #   dataset.filter(:id => 3).sql #=>
+    #     "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (id = 3)"
+    #   dataset.filter('price < ?', 100).sql #=>
+    #     "SELECT * FROM items WHERE price < 100"
+    #   dataset.filter([[:id, (1,2,3)], [:id, 0..10]]).sql #=>
+    #     "SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((id IN (1, 2, 3)) AND ((id >= 0) AND (id <= 10)))"
+    #   dataset.filter('price < 100').sql #=>
+    #     "SELECT * FROM items WHERE price < 100"
+    #   dataset.filter(:active).sql #=>
+    #     "SELECT * FROM items WHERE :active
+    #   dataset.filter{|o| o.price < 100}.sql #=>
+    #     "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (price < 100)"
+    # 
+    # Multiple filter calls can be chained for scoping:
+    #
+    #   software = dataset.filter(:category => 'software')
+    #   software.filter{|o| o.price < 100}.sql #=>
+    #     "SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((category = 'software') AND (price < 100))"
+    #
+    # See doc/dataset_filters.rdoc for more examples and details.
+    def filter(*cond, &block)
+      clause = (@opts[:having] ? :having : :where)
+      cond = cond.first if cond.size == 1
+      cond = transform_save(cond) if @transform if cond.is_a?(Hash)
+      cond = filter_expr(cond, &block)
+      cond = SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:AND, @opts[clause], cond) if @opts[clause] && !@opts[clause].blank?
+      clone(clause => cond)
+    end
+    alias_method :where, :filter
+
+    # The first source (primary table) for this dataset.  If the dataset doesn't
+    # have a table, raises an error.  If the table is aliased, returns the aliased name.
+    def first_source
+      source = @opts[:from]
+      if source.nil? || source.empty?
+        raise Error, 'No source specified for query'
+      end
+      case s = source.first
+      when Hash
+        s.values.first
+      when Symbol
+        sch, table, aliaz = split_symbol(s)
+        aliaz ? aliaz.to_sym : s
+      else
+        s
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns a copy of the dataset with the source changed.
+    def from(*source)
+      clone(:from => source)
+    end
+    
+    # Returns a dataset selecting from the current dataset.
+    #
+    #   ds = DB[:items].order(:name)
+    #   ds.sql #=> "SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY name"
+    #   ds.from_self.sql #=> "SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY name)"
+    def from_self
+      fs = {}
+      @opts.keys.each{|k| fs[k] = nil} 
+      fs[:from] = [self]
+      clone(fs)
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment specifying an SQL function call
+    def function_sql(f)
+      args = f.args
+      "#{f.f}#{args.empty? ? '()' : literal(args)}"
+    end
+
+    # Pattern match any of the columns to any of the terms.  The terms can be
+    # strings (which use LIKE) or regular expressions (which are only supported
+    # in some databases).  See Sequel::SQL::StringExpression.like.  Note that the
+    # total number of pattern matches will be cols.length * terms.length,
+    # which could cause performance issues.
+    def grep(cols, terms)
+      filter(SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:OR, *Array(cols).collect{|c| SQL::StringExpression.like(c, *terms)}))
+    end
+
+    # Returns a copy of the dataset with the results grouped by the value of 
+    # the given columns
+    def group(*columns)
+      clone(:group => columns)
+    end
+    alias_method :group_by, :group
+
+    # Returns a copy of the dataset with the having conditions changed. Raises 
+    # an error if the dataset has not been grouped. See also #filter.
+    def having(*cond, &block)
+      raise(Error::InvalidOperation, "Can only specify a HAVING clause on a grouped dataset") unless @opts[:group]
+      clone(:having=>{}).filter(*cond, &block)
+    end
+    
+    # Inserts multiple values. If a block is given it is invoked for each
+    # item in the given array before inserting it.  See #multi_insert as
+    # a possible faster version that inserts multiple records in one
+    # SQL statement.
+    def insert_multiple(array, &block)
+      if block
+        array.each {|i| insert(block[i])}
+      else
+        array.each {|i| insert(i)}
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Formats an INSERT statement using the given values. If a hash is given,
+    # the resulting statement includes column names. If no values are given, 
+    # the resulting statement includes a DEFAULT VALUES clause.
+    #
+    #   dataset.insert_sql() #=> 'INSERT INTO items DEFAULT VALUES'
+    #   dataset.insert_sql(1,2,3) #=> 'INSERT INTO items VALUES (1, 2, 3)'
+    #   dataset.insert_sql(:a => 1, :b => 2) #=>
+    #     'INSERT INTO items (a, b) VALUES (1, 2)'
+    def insert_sql(*values)
+      return static_sql(@opts[:sql]) if @opts[:sql]
+
+      from = source_list(@opts[:from])
+      case values.size
+      when 0
+        values = {}
+      when 1
+        vals = values.at(0)
+        if vals.is_one_of?(Hash, Dataset, Array)
+          values = vals
+        elsif vals.respond_to?(:values)
+          values = vals.values
+        end
+      end
+
+      case values
+      when Array
+        if values.empty?
+          insert_default_values_sql
+        else
+          "INSERT INTO #{from} VALUES #{literal(values)}"
+        end
+      when Hash
+        values = @opts[:defaults].merge(values) if @opts[:defaults]
+        values = values.merge(@opts[:overrides]) if @opts[:overrides]
+        values = transform_save(values) if @transform
+        if values.empty?
+          insert_default_values_sql
+        else
+          fl, vl = [], []
+          values.each do |k, v|
+            fl << literal(String === k ? k.to_sym : k)
+            vl << literal(v)
+          end
+          "INSERT INTO #{from} (#{fl.join(COMMA_SEPARATOR)}) VALUES (#{vl.join(COMMA_SEPARATOR)})"
+        end
+      when Dataset
+        "INSERT INTO #{from} #{literal(values)}"
+      end
+    end
+    
+    # Adds an INTERSECT clause using a second dataset object. If all is true 
+    # the clause used is INTERSECT ALL, which may return duplicate rows.
+    #
+    #   DB[:items].intersect(DB[:other_items]).sql
+    #   #=> "SELECT * FROM items INTERSECT SELECT * FROM other_items"
+    def intersect(dataset, all = false)
+      compound_clone(:intersect, dataset, all)
+    end
+
+    # Inverts the current filter
+    #
+    #   dataset.filter(:category => 'software').invert.sql #=>
+    #     "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (category != 'software')"
+    def invert
+      having, where = @opts[:having], @opts[:where]
+      raise(Error, "No current filter") unless having || where
+      o = {}
+      o[:having] = SQL::BooleanExpression.invert(having) if having
+      o[:where] = SQL::BooleanExpression.invert(where) if where
+      clone(o)
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment specifying an Irregular (cast/extract) SQL function call
+    def irregular_function_sql(f)
+      "#{f.f}(#{literal(f.arg1)} #{f.joiner} #{literal(f.arg2)})"
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment specifying a JOIN clause without ON or USING.
+    def join_clause_sql(jc)
+      table = jc.table
+      table_alias = jc.table_alias
+      table_alias = nil if table == table_alias
+      tref = table_ref(table)
+      " #{join_type_sql(jc.join_type)} #{table_alias ? as_sql(tref, table_alias) : tref}"
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment specifying a JOIN clause with ON.
+    def join_on_clause_sql(jc)
+      "#{join_clause_sql(jc)} ON #{literal(filter_expr(jc.on))}"
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment specifying a JOIN clause with USING.
+    def join_using_clause_sql(jc)
+      "#{join_clause_sql(jc)} USING (#{column_list(jc.using)})"
+    end
+
+    # Returns a joined dataset.  Uses the following arguments:
+    #
+    # * type - The type of join to do (:inner, :left_outer, :right_outer, :full)
+    # * table - Depends on type:
+    #   * Dataset - a subselect is performed with an alias of tN for some value of N
+    #   * Model (or anything responding to :table_name) - table.table_name
+    #   * String, Symbol: table
+    # * expr - specifies conditions, depends on type:
+    #   * Hash, Array with all two pairs - Assumes key (1st arg) is column of joined table (unless already
+    #     qualified), and value (2nd arg) is column of the last joined or primary table (or the
+    #     :implicit_qualifier option).
+    #     To specify multiple conditions on a single joined table column, you must use an array.
+    #     Uses a JOIN with an ON clause.
+    #   * Array - If all members of the array are symbols, considers them as columns and 
+    #     uses a JOIN with a USING clause.  Most databases will remove duplicate columns from
+    #     the result set if this is used.
+    #   * nil - If a block is not given, doesn't use ON or USING, so the JOIN should be a NATURAL
+    #     or CROSS join. If a block is given, uses a ON clause based on the block, see below.
+    #   * Everything else - pretty much the same as a using the argument in a call to filter,
+    #     so strings are considered literal, symbols specify boolean columns, and blockless
+    #     filter expressions can be used. Uses a JOIN with an ON clause.
+    # * options - a hash of options, with any of the following keys:
+    #   * :table_alias - the name of the table's alias when joining, necessary for joining
+    #     to the same table more than once.  No alias is used by default.
+    #   * :implicit_qualifer - The name to use for qualifying implicit conditions.  By default,
+    #     the last joined or primary table is used.
+    # * block - The block argument should only be given if a JOIN with an ON clause is used,
+    #   in which case it yields the table alias/name for the table currently being joined,
+    #   the table alias/name for the last joined (or first table), and an array of previous
+    #   SQL::JoinClause.
+    def join_table(type, table, expr=nil, options={}, &block)
+      if options.is_one_of?(Symbol, String)
+        table_alias = options
+        last_alias = nil 
+      else
+        table_alias = options[:table_alias]
+        last_alias = options[:implicit_qualifier]
+      end
+      if Dataset === table
+        if table_alias.nil?
+          table_alias_num = (@opts[:num_dataset_sources] || 0) + 1
+          table_alias = "t#{table_alias_num}"
+        end
+        table_name = table_alias
+      else
+        table = table.table_name if table.respond_to?(:table_name)
+        table_name = table_alias || table
+      end
+
+      join = if expr.nil? and !block_given?
+        SQL::JoinClause.new(type, table, table_alias)
+      elsif Array === expr and !expr.empty? and expr.all?{|x| Symbol === x}
+        raise(Sequel::Error, "can't use a block if providing an array of symbols as expr") if block_given?
+        SQL::JoinUsingClause.new(expr, type, table, table_alias)
+      else
+        last_alias ||= @opts[:last_joined_table] || (first_source.is_a?(Dataset) ? 't1' : first_source)
+        if Hash === expr or (Array === expr and expr.all_two_pairs?)
+          expr = expr.collect do |k, v|
+            k = qualified_column_name(k, table_name) if k.is_a?(Symbol)
+            v = qualified_column_name(v, last_alias) if v.is_a?(Symbol)
+            [k,v]
+          end
+        end
+        if block_given?
+          expr2 = yield(table_name, last_alias, @opts[:join] || [])
+          expr = expr ? SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:AND, expr, expr2) : expr2
+        end
+        SQL::JoinOnClause.new(expr, type, table, table_alias)
+      end
+
+      opts = {:join => (@opts[:join] || []) + [join], :last_joined_table => table_name}
+      opts[:num_dataset_sources] = table_alias_num if table_alias_num
+      clone(opts)
+    end
+
+    # If given an integer, the dataset will contain only the first l results.
+    # If given a range, it will contain only those at offsets within that
+    # range. If a second argument is given, it is used as an offset.
+    def limit(l, o = nil)
+      return from_self.limit(l, o) if @opts[:sql]
+
+      if Range === l
+        o = l.first
+        l = l.interval + 1
+      end
+      l = l.to_i
+      raise(Error, 'Limits must be greater than or equal to 1') unless l >= 1
+      opts = {:limit => l}
+      if o
+        o = o.to_i
+        raise(Error, 'Offsets must be greater than or equal to 0') unless o >= 0
+        opts[:offset] = o
+      end
+      clone(opts)
+    end
+    
+    # Returns a literal representation of a value to be used as part
+    # of an SQL expression. 
+    # 
+    #   dataset.literal("abc'def\\") #=> "'abc''def\\\\'"
+    #   dataset.literal(:items__id) #=> "items.id"
+    #   dataset.literal([1, 2, 3]) => "(1, 2, 3)"
+    #   dataset.literal(DB[:items]) => "(SELECT * FROM items)"
+    #   dataset.literal(:x + 1 > :y) => "((x + 1) > y)"
+    #
+    # If an unsupported object is given, an exception is raised.
+    def literal(v)
+      case v
+      when LiteralString
+        v
+      when String
+        "'#{v.gsub(/\\/, "\\\\\\\\").gsub(/'/, "''")}'"
+      when Integer, Float
+        v.to_s
+      when BigDecimal
+        d = v.to_s("F")
+        d = "'#{d}'" if v.nan? || v.infinite?
+        d
+      when NilClass
+        NULL
+      when TrueClass
+        BOOL_TRUE
+      when FalseClass
+        BOOL_FALSE
+      when Symbol
+        symbol_to_column_ref(v)
+      when ::Sequel::SQL::Expression
+        v.to_s(self)
+      when Array
+        v.all_two_pairs? ? literal(v.sql_expr) : array_sql(v)
+      when Hash
+        literal(v.sql_expr)
+      when Time, DateTime
+        v.strftime(TIMESTAMP_FORMAT)
+      when Date
+        v.strftime(DATE_FORMAT)
+      when Dataset
+        "(#{subselect_sql(v)})"
+      else
+        raise Error, "can't express #{v.inspect} as a SQL literal"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns an array of insert statements for inserting multiple records.
+    # This method is used by #multi_insert to format insert statements and
+    # expects a keys array and and an array of value arrays.
+    #
+    # This method should be overridden by descendants if the support
+    # inserting multiple records in a single SQL statement.
+    def multi_insert_sql(columns, values)
+      table = quote_identifier(@opts[:from].first)
+      columns = identifier_list(columns)
+      values.map do |r|
+        "INSERT INTO #{table} (#{columns}) VALUES #{literal(r)}"
+      end
+    end
+    
+    # Adds an alternate filter to an existing filter using OR. If no filter 
+    # exists an error is raised.
+    def or(*cond, &block)
+      clause = (@opts[:having] ? :having : :where)
+      cond = cond.first if cond.size == 1
+      if @opts[clause]
+        clone(clause => SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:OR, @opts[clause], filter_expr(cond, &block)))
+      else
+        raise Error::NoExistingFilter, "No existing filter found."
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns a copy of the dataset with the order changed. If a nil is given
+    # the returned dataset has no order. This can accept multiple arguments
+    # of varying kinds, and even SQL functions.
+    #
+    #   ds.order(:name).sql #=> 'SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY name'
+    #   ds.order(:a, :b).sql #=> 'SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY a, b'
+    #   ds.order('a + b'.lit).sql #=> 'SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY a + b'
+    #   ds.order(:a + :b).sql #=> 'SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY (a + b)'
+    #   ds.order(:name.desc).sql #=> 'SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY name DESC'
+    #   ds.order(:name.asc).sql #=> 'SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY name ASC'
+    #   ds.order(:arr|1).sql #=> 'SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY arr[1]'
+    #   ds.order(nil).sql #=> 'SELECT * FROM items'
+    def order(*columns)
+      columns += Array((yield SQL::VirtualRow.new)) if block_given?
+      clone(:order => (columns.compact.empty?) ? nil : columns)
+    end
+    alias_method :order_by, :order
+    
+    # Returns a copy of the dataset with the order columns added
+    # to the existing order.
+    def order_more(*columns)
+      columns += Array((yield SQL::VirtualRow.new)) if block_given?
+      order(*((@opts[:order] || []) + columns))
+    end
+    
+    # SQL fragment for the ordered expression, used in the ORDER BY
+    # clause.
+    def ordered_expression_sql(oe)
+      "#{literal(oe.expression)} #{oe.descending ? 'DESC' : 'ASC'}"
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for a literal string with placeholders
+    def placeholder_literal_string_sql(pls)
+      args = pls.args.dup
+      s = pls.str.gsub(QUESTION_MARK){literal(args.shift)}
+      s = "(#{s})" if pls.parens
+      s
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for the qualifed identifier, specifying
+    # a table and a column (or schema and table).
+    def qualified_identifier_sql(qcr)
+      [qcr.table, qcr.column].map{|x| x.is_one_of?(SQL::QualifiedIdentifier, SQL::Identifier, Symbol) ? literal(x) : quote_identifier(x)}.join('.')
+    end
+
+    # Adds quoting to identifiers (columns and tables). If identifiers are not
+    # being quoted, returns name as a string.  If identifiers are being quoted
+    # quote the name with quoted_identifier.
+    def quote_identifier(name)
+      return name if name.is_a?(LiteralString)
+      name = input_identifier(name)
+      name = quoted_identifier(name) if quote_identifiers?
+      name
+    end
+    alias_method :quote_column_ref, :quote_identifier
+
+    # Separates the schema from the table and returns a string with them
+    # quoted (if quoting identifiers)
+    def quote_schema_table(table)
+      schema, table = schema_and_table(table)
+      "#{"#{quote_identifier(schema)}." if schema}#{quote_identifier(table)}"
+    end
+
+    # This method quotes the given name with the SQL standard double quote. 
+    # should be overridden by subclasses to provide quoting not matching the
+    # SQL standard, such as backtick (used by MySQL and SQLite).
+    def quoted_identifier(name)
+      "\"#{name.to_s.gsub('"', '""')}\""
+    end
+
+    # Returns a copy of the dataset with the order reversed. If no order is
+    # given, the existing order is inverted.
+    def reverse_order(*order)
+      order(*invert_order(order.empty? ? @opts[:order] : order))
+    end
+    alias_method :reverse, :reverse_order
+
+    # Split the schema information from the table
+    def schema_and_table(table_name)
+      sch = db.default_schema if db
+      case table_name
+      when Symbol
+        s, t, a = split_symbol(table_name)
+        [s||sch, t]
+      when SQL::QualifiedIdentifier
+        [table_name.table, table_name.column]
+      when SQL::Identifier
+        [sch, table_name.value]
+      when String
+        [sch, table_name]
+      else
+        raise Error, 'table_name should be a Symbol, SQL::QualifiedIdentifier, SQL::Identifier, or String'
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns a copy of the dataset with the columns selected changed
+    # to the given columns.
+    def select(*columns)
+      columns += Array((yield SQL::VirtualRow.new)) if block_given?
+      clone(:select => columns)
+    end
+    
+    # Returns a copy of the dataset selecting the wildcard.
+    def select_all
+      clone(:select => nil)
+    end
+
+    # Returns a copy of the dataset with the given columns added
+    # to the existing selected columns.
+    def select_more(*columns)
+      columns += Array((yield SQL::VirtualRow.new)) if block_given?
+      select(*((@opts[:select] || []) + columns))
+    end
+    
+    # Formats a SELECT statement using the given options and the dataset
+    # options.
+    def select_sql(opts = nil)
+      opts = opts ? @opts.merge(opts) : @opts
+      return static_sql(opts[:sql]) if opts[:sql]
+      sql = 'SELECT'
+      select_clause_order.each{|x| send("select_#{x}_sql", sql, opts)}
+      sql
+    end
+
+    # Same as select_sql, not aliased directly to make subclassing simpler.
+    def sql(*args)
+      select_sql(*args)
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for specifying subscripts (SQL arrays)
+    def subscript_sql(s)
+      "#{s.f}[#{s.sub.join(COMMA_SEPARATOR)}]"
+    end
+
+    # Converts a symbol into a column name. This method supports underscore
+    # notation in order to express qualified (two underscores) and aliased
+    # (three underscores) columns:
+    #
+    #   ds = DB[:items]
+    #   :abc.to_column_ref(ds) #=> "abc"
+    #   :abc___a.to_column_ref(ds) #=> "abc AS a"
+    #   :items__abc.to_column_ref(ds) #=> "items.abc"
+    #   :items__abc___a.to_column_ref(ds) #=> "items.abc AS a"
+    #
+    def symbol_to_column_ref(sym)
+      c_table, column, c_alias = split_symbol(sym)
+      qc = "#{"#{quote_identifier(c_table)}." if c_table}#{quote_identifier(column)}"
+      c_alias ? as_sql(qc, c_alias) : qc
+    end
+
+    # Returns a copy of the dataset with no filters (HAVING or WHERE clause) applied.
+    def unfiltered
+      clone(:where => nil, :having => nil)
+    end
+
+    # Adds a UNION clause using a second dataset object. If all is true the
+    # clause used is UNION ALL, which may return duplicate rows.
+    #
+    #   DB[:items].union(DB[:other_items]).sql
+    #   #=> "SELECT * FROM items UNION SELECT * FROM other_items"
+    def union(dataset, all = false)
+      compound_clone(:union, dataset, all)
+    end
+
+    # Returns a copy of the dataset with the distinct option.
+    def uniq(*args)
+      clone(:distinct => args)
+    end
+    alias_method :distinct, :uniq
+
+    # Returns a copy of the dataset with no order.
+    def unordered
+      order(nil)
+    end
+
+    # Formats an UPDATE statement using the given values.
+    #
+    #   dataset.update_sql(:price => 100, :category => 'software') #=>
+    #     "UPDATE items SET price = 100, category = 'software'"
+    #
+    # Accepts a block, but such usage is discouraged.
+    #
+    # Raises an error if the dataset is grouped or includes more
+    # than one table.
+    def update_sql(values = {}, opts = nil)
+      opts = opts ? @opts.merge(opts) : @opts
+
+      return static_sql(opts[:sql]) if opts[:sql]
+
+      if opts[:group]
+        raise Error::InvalidOperation, "A grouped dataset cannot be updated"
+      elsif (opts[:from].size > 1) or opts[:join]
+        raise Error::InvalidOperation, "A joined dataset cannot be updated"
+      end
+      
+      sql = "UPDATE #{source_list(@opts[:from])} SET "
+      set = if values.is_a?(Hash)
+        values = opts[:defaults].merge(values) if opts[:defaults]
+        values = values.merge(opts[:overrides]) if opts[:overrides]
+        # get values from hash
+        values = transform_save(values) if @transform
+        values.map do |k, v|
+          "#{k.is_one_of?(String, Symbol) ? quote_identifier(k) : literal(k)} = #{literal(v)}"
+        end.join(COMMA_SEPARATOR)
+      else
+        # copy values verbatim
+        values
+      end
+      sql << set
+      if where = opts[:where]
+        sql << " WHERE #{literal(where)}"
+      end
+
+      sql
+    end
+
+    [:inner, :full_outer, :right_outer, :left_outer].each do |jtype|
+      class_eval("def #{jtype}_join(*args, &block); join_table(:#{jtype}, *args, &block) end")
+    end
+    alias_method :join, :inner_join
+
+    protected
+
+    # Returns a table reference for use in the FROM clause.  Returns an SQL subquery
+    # frgament with an optional table alias.
+    def to_table_reference(table_alias=nil)
+      s = "(#{sql})"
+      table_alias ? as_sql(s, table_alias) : s
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # SQL fragment for specifying an alias.  expression should already be literalized.
+    def as_sql(expression, aliaz)
+      "#{expression} AS #{quote_identifier(aliaz)}"
+    end
+
+    # Converts an array of column names into a comma seperated string of 
+    # column names. If the array is empty, a wildcard (*) is returned.
+    def column_list(columns)
+      if columns.blank?
+        WILDCARD
+      else
+        m = columns.map do |i|
+          i.is_a?(Hash) ? i.map{|k, v| as_sql(literal(k), v)} : literal(i)
+        end
+        m.join(COMMA_SEPARATOR)
+      end
+    end
+    
+    # Add the dataset to the list of compounds
+    def compound_clone(type, dataset, all)
+      clone(:compounds=>Array(@opts[:compounds]).map{|x| x.dup} + [[type, dataset, all]])
+    end
+    
+    # Converts an array of expressions into a comma separated string of
+    # expressions.
+    def expression_list(columns)
+      columns.map{|i| literal(i)}.join(COMMA_SEPARATOR)
+    end
+    
+    # SQL fragment based on the expr type.  See #filter.
+    def filter_expr(expr = nil, &block)
+      expr = nil if expr == []
+      if expr && block
+        return SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:AND, filter_expr(expr), filter_expr(block))
+      elsif block
+        expr = block
+      end
+      case expr
+      when Hash
+        SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(expr)
+      when Array
+        if String === expr[0]
+          SQL::PlaceholderLiteralString.new(expr.shift, expr, true)
+        else
+          SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(expr)
+        end
+      when Proc
+        filter_expr(expr.call(SQL::VirtualRow.new))
+      when SQL::NumericExpression, SQL::StringExpression
+        raise(Error, "Invalid SQL Expression type: #{expr.inspect}") 
+      when Symbol, SQL::Expression
+        expr
+      when TrueClass, FalseClass
+        SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:NOOP, expr)
+      when String
+        "(#{expr})".lit
+      else
+        raise(Error, 'Invalid filter argument')
+      end
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment specifying a list of identifiers
+    def identifier_list(columns)
+      columns.map{|i| quote_identifier(i)}.join(COMMA_SEPARATOR)
+    end
+
+    # SQL statement for formatting an insert statement with default values
+    def insert_default_values_sql
+      "INSERT INTO #{source_list(@opts[:from])} DEFAULT VALUES"
+    end
+
+    # Inverts the given order by breaking it into a list of column references
+    # and inverting them.
+    #
+    #   dataset.invert_order([:id.desc]]) #=> [:id]
+    #   dataset.invert_order(:category, :price.desc]) #=>
+    #     [:category.desc, :price]
+    def invert_order(order)
+      return nil unless order
+      new_order = []
+      order.map do |f|
+        case f
+        when SQL::OrderedExpression
+          SQL::OrderedExpression.new(f.expression, !f.descending)
+        else
+          SQL::OrderedExpression.new(f)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    
+    # SQL fragment specifying a JOIN type, converts underscores to
+    # spaces and upcases.
+    def join_type_sql(join_type)
+      "#{join_type.to_s.gsub('_', ' ').upcase} JOIN"
+    end
+
+    # Returns a qualified column name (including a table name) if the column
+    # name isn't already qualified.
+    def qualified_column_name(column, table)
+      if Symbol === column 
+        c_table, column, c_alias = split_symbol(column)
+        unless c_table
+          case table
+          when Symbol
+            schema, table, t_alias = split_symbol(table)
+            t_alias ||= Sequel::SQL::QualifiedIdentifier.new(schema, table) if schema
+          when Sequel::SQL::AliasedExpression
+            t_alias = table.aliaz
+          end
+          c_table = t_alias || table
+        end
+        ::Sequel::SQL::QualifiedIdentifier.new(c_table, column)
+      else
+        column
+      end
+    end
+
+    # The order of methods to call to build the SELECT SQL statement
+    def select_clause_order
+      SELECT_CLAUSE_ORDER
+    end
+
+    # Modify the sql to add the columns selected
+    def select_columns_sql(sql, opts)
+      sql << " #{column_list(opts[:select])}"
+    end
+
+    # Modify the sql to add the DISTINCT modifier
+    def select_distinct_sql(sql, opts)
+      if distinct = opts[:distinct]
+        sql << " DISTINCT#{" ON (#{expression_list(distinct)})" unless distinct.empty?}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Modify the sql to add a dataset to the via an EXCEPT, INTERSECT, or UNION clause.
+    # This uses a subselect for the compound datasets used, because using parantheses doesn't
+    # work on all databases.  I consider this an ugly hack, but can't I think of a better default.
+    def select_compounds_sql(sql, opts)
+      return unless opts[:compounds]
+      opts[:compounds].each do |type, dataset, all|
+        compound_sql = subselect_sql(dataset)
+        compound_sql = "SELECT * FROM (#{compound_sql})" if dataset.opts[:compounds]
+        sql.replace("#{sql} #{type.to_s.upcase}#{' ALL' if all} #{compound_sql}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Modify the sql to add the list of tables to select FROM
+    def select_from_sql(sql, opts)
+      sql << " FROM #{source_list(opts[:from])}" if opts[:from]
+    end
+
+    # Modify the sql to add the expressions to GROUP BY
+    def select_group_sql(sql, opts)
+      sql << " GROUP BY #{expression_list(opts[:group])}" if opts[:group]
+    end
+
+    # Modify the sql to add the filter criteria in the HAVING clause
+    def select_having_sql(sql, opts)
+      sql << " HAVING #{literal(opts[:having])}" if opts[:having]
+    end
+
+    # Modify the sql to add the list of tables to JOIN to
+    def select_join_sql(sql, opts)
+      opts[:join].each{|j| sql << literal(j)} if opts[:join]
+    end
+
+    # Modify the sql to limit the number of rows returned and offset
+    def select_limit_sql(sql, opts)
+      sql << " LIMIT #{opts[:limit]}" if opts[:limit]
+      sql << " OFFSET #{opts[:offset]}" if opts[:offset]
+    end
+
+    # Modify the sql to add the expressions to ORDER BY
+    def select_order_sql(sql, opts)
+      sql << " ORDER BY #{expression_list(opts[:order])}" if opts[:order]
+    end
+
+    # Modify the sql to add the filter criteria in the WHERE clause
+    def select_where_sql(sql, opts)
+      sql << " WHERE #{literal(opts[:where])}" if opts[:where]
+    end
+
+    # Converts an array of source names into into a comma separated list.
+    def source_list(source)
+      if source.nil? || source.empty?
+        raise Error, 'No source specified for query'
+      end
+      auto_alias_count = @opts[:num_dataset_sources] || 0
+      m = source.map do |s|
+        case s
+        when Dataset
+          auto_alias_count += 1
+          s.to_table_reference("t#{auto_alias_count}")
+        else
+          table_ref(s)
+        end
+      end
+      m.join(COMMA_SEPARATOR)
+    end
+    
+    # Splits the symbol into three parts.  Each part will
+    # either be a string or nil.
+    #
+    # For columns, these parts are the table, column, and alias.
+    # For tables, these parts are the schema, table, and alias.
+    def split_symbol(sym)
+      s = sym.to_s
+      if m = COLUMN_REF_RE1.match(s)
+        m[1..3]
+      elsif m = COLUMN_REF_RE2.match(s)
+        [nil, m[1], m[2]]
+      elsif m = COLUMN_REF_RE3.match(s)
+        [m[1], m[2], nil]
+      else
+        [nil, s, nil]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # SQL to use if this dataset uses static SQL.  Since static SQL
+    # can be a PlaceholderLiteralString in addition to a String,
+    # we literalize nonstrings.
+    def static_sql(sql)
+      sql.is_a?(String) ? sql : literal(sql)
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for a subselect using the given database's SQL.
+    def subselect_sql(ds)
+      ds.sql
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment specifying a table name.
+    def table_ref(t)
+      case t
+      when Dataset
+        t.to_table_reference
+      when Hash
+        t.map{|k, v| as_sql(table_ref(k), v)}.join(COMMA_SEPARATOR)
+      when Symbol
+        symbol_to_column_ref(t)
+      when String
+        quote_identifier(t)
+      else
+        literal(t)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end