cmeiklejohn-aws 2.3.8

data/lib/sdb/active_sdb.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,954 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2008 RightScale Inc
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+# the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+# LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+# WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+#
+
+begin
+    require 'uuidtools'
+rescue LoadError => e
+    STDERR.puts("RightSDB requires the uuidtools gem.  Run \'gem install uuidtools\' and try again.")
+    exit
+end
+
+module Aws
+
+    # = Aws::ActiveSdb -- RightScale SDB interface (alpha release)
+    # The Aws::ActiveSdb class provides a complete interface to Amazon's Simple
+    # Database Service.
+    #
+    # ActiveSdb is in alpha and does not load by default with the rest of Aws.  You must use an additional require statement to load the ActiveSdb class.  For example:
+    #
+    #   require 'right_aws'
+    #   require 'sdb/active_sdb'
+    #
+    # Additionally, the ActiveSdb class requires the 'uuidtools' gem; this gem is not normally required by Aws and is not installed as a
+    # dependency of Aws.
+    #
+    # Simple ActiveSdb usage example:
+    #
+    #  class Client < Aws::ActiveSdb::Base
+    #  end
+    #
+    #  # connect to SDB
+    #  Aws::ActiveSdb.establish_connection
+    #
+    #  # create domain
+    #  Client.create_domain
+    #
+    #  # create initial DB
+    #  Client.create 'name' => 'Bush',     'country' => 'USA',    'gender' => 'male',   'expiration' => '2009', 'post' => 'president'
+    #  Client.create 'name' => 'Putin',    'country' => 'Russia', 'gender' => 'male',   'expiration' => '2008', 'post' => 'president'
+    #  Client.create 'name' => 'Medvedev', 'country' => 'Russia', 'gender' => 'male',   'expiration' => '2012', 'post' => 'president'
+    #  Client.create 'name' => 'Mary',     'country' => 'USA',    'gender' => 'female', 'hobby' => ['patchwork', 'bundle jumping']
+    #  Client.create 'name' => 'Mary',     'country' => 'Russia', 'gender' => 'female', 'hobby' => ['flowers', 'cats', 'cooking']
+    #  sandy_id = Client.create('name' => 'Sandy', 'country' => 'Russia', 'gender' => 'female', 'hobby' => ['flowers', 'cats', 'cooking']).id
+    #
+    #  # find all Bushes in USA
+    #  Client.find(:all, :conditions => ["['name'=?] intersection ['country'=?]",'Bush','USA']).each do |client|
+    #    client.reload
+    #    puts client.attributes.inspect
+    #  end
+    #
+    #  # find all Maries through the world
+    #  Client.find_all_by_name_and_gender('Mary','female').each do |mary|
+    #    mary.reload
+    #    puts "#{mary[:name]}, gender: #{mary[:gender]}, hobbies: #{mary[:hobby].join(',')}"
+    #  end
+    #
+    #  # find new russian president
+    #  medvedev = Client.find_by_post_and_country_and_expiration('president','Russia','2012')
+    #  if medvedev
+    #    medvedev.reload
+    #    medvedev.save_attributes('age' => '42', 'hobby' => 'Gazprom')
+    #  end
+    #
+    #  # retire old president
+    #  Client.find_by_name('Putin').delete
+    #
+    #  # Sandy disappointed in 'cooking' and decided to hide her 'gender' and 'country' ()
+    #  sandy = Client.find(sandy_id)
+    #  sandy.reload
+    #  sandy.delete_values('hobby' => ['cooking'] )
+    #  sandy.delete_attributes('country', 'gender')
+    #
+    #  # remove domain
+    #  Client.delete_domain
+    #
+    class ActiveSdb
+
+        module ActiveSdbConnect
+            def connection
+                @connection || raise(ActiveSdbError.new('Connection to SDB is not established'))
+            end
+
+            # Create a new handle to an Sdb account. All handles share the same per process or per thread
+            # HTTP connection to Amazon Sdb. Each handle is for a specific account.
+            # The +params+ are passed through as-is to Aws::SdbInterface.new
+            # Params:
+            #    { :server       => 'sdb.amazonaws.com'  # Amazon service host: 'sdb.amazonaws.com'(default)
+            #      :port         => 443                  # Amazon service port: 80 or 443(default)
+            #      :protocol     => 'https'              # Amazon service protocol: 'http' or 'https'(default)
+            #      :signature_version => '2'             # The signature version : '0', '1' or '2' (default)
+            #      DEPRECATED :multi_thread => true|false           # Multi-threaded (connection per each thread): true or false(default)
+            #      :connection_mode  => :default         # options are :default (will use best known option, may change in the future)
+            #                                                  :per_request (opens and closes a connection on every request to SDB)
+            #                                                  :single (same as old multi_thread=>false)
+            #                                                  :per_thread (same as old multi_thread=>true)
+            #                                                  :pool (uses a connection pool with a maximum number of connections - NOT IMPLEMENTED YET)
+            #      :logger       => Logger Object        # Logger instance: logs to STDOUT if omitted
+            #      :nil_representation => 'mynil'}       # interpret Ruby nil as this string value; i.e. use this string in SDB to represent Ruby nils (default is the string 'nil')
+            #      :service_endpoint	=> '/'		 # Set this to /mdb/request.mgwsi for usage with M/DB
+
+            def establish_connection(aws_access_key_id=nil, aws_secret_access_key=nil, params={})
+                @connection = Aws::SdbInterface.new(aws_access_key_id, aws_secret_access_key, params)
+            end
+
+            def close_connection
+                @connection.close_connection unless @connection.nil?
+            end
+        end
+
+        class ActiveSdbError < RuntimeError
+        end
+
+        class << self
+            include ActiveSdbConnect
+
+            # Retreive a list of domains.
+            #
+            #  put Aws::ActiveSdb.domains #=> ['co-workers','family','friends','clients']
+            #
+            def domains
+                connection.list_domains[:domains]
+            end
+
+            # Create new domain.
+            # Raises no errors if the domain already exists.
+            #
+            #  Aws::ActiveSdb.create_domain('alpha')  #=> {:request_id=>"6fc652a0-0000-41d5-91f4-3ed390a3d3b2", :box_usage=>"0.0055590278"}
+            #
+            def create_domain(domain_name)
+                connection.create_domain(domain_name)
+            end
+
+            # Remove domain from SDB.
+            # Raises no errors if the domain does not exist.
+            #
+            #  Aws::ActiveSdb.create_domain('alpha')  #=> {:request_id=>"6fc652a0-0000-41c6-91f4-3ed390a3d3b2", :box_usage=>"0.0055590001"}
+            #
+            def delete_domain(domain_name)
+                connection.delete_domain(domain_name)
+            end
+        end
+
+        class Base
+
+            class << self
+                include ActiveSdbConnect
+
+                # next_token value returned by last find: is useful to continue finding
+                attr_accessor :next_token
+
+                # Returns a Aws::SdbInterface object
+                #
+                #  class A < Aws::ActiveSdb::Base
+                #  end
+                #
+                #  class B < Aws::ActiveSdb::Base
+                #  end
+                #
+                #  class C < Aws::ActiveSdb::Base
+                #  end
+                #
+                #  Aws::ActiveSdb.establish_connection 'key_id_1', 'secret_key_1'
+                #
+                #  C.establish_connection 'key_id_2', 'secret_key_2'
+                #
+                #  # A and B uses the default connection, C - uses its own
+                #  puts A.connection  #=> #<Aws::SdbInterface:0xb76d6d7c>
+                #  puts B.connection  #=> #<Aws::SdbInterface:0xb76d6d7c>
+                #  puts C.connection  #=> #<Aws::SdbInterface:0xb76d6ca0>
+                #
+                def connection
+                    @connection || ActiveSdb::connection
+                end
+
+                @domain = nil
+
+                # Current domain name.
+                #
+                #  # if 'ActiveSupport' is not loaded then class name converted to downcase
+                #  class Client < Aws::ActiveSdb::Base
+                #  end
+                #  puts Client.domain  #=> 'client'
+                #
+                #  # if 'ActiveSupport' is loaded then class name being tableized
+                #  require 'activesupport'
+                #  class Client < Aws::ActiveSdb::Base
+                #  end
+                #  puts Client.domain  #=> 'clients'
+                #
+                #  # Explicit domain name definition
+                #  class Client < Aws::ActiveSdb::Base
+                #    set_domain_name :foreign_clients
+                #  end
+                #  puts Client.domain  #=> 'foreign_clients'
+                #
+                def domain
+                    unless @domain
+                        if defined? ActiveSupport::CoreExtensions::String::Inflections
+                            @domain = name.tableize
+                        else
+                            @domain = name.downcase
+                        end
+                    end
+                    @domain
+                end
+
+                # Change the default domain name to user defined.
+                #
+                #  class Client < Aws::ActiveSdb::Base
+                #    set_domain_name :foreign_clients
+                #  end
+                #
+                def set_domain_name(domain)
+                    @domain = domain.to_s
+                end
+
+                # Create domain at SDB.
+                # Raises no errors if the domain already exists.
+                #
+                #  class Client < Aws::ActiveSdb::Base
+                #  end
+                #  Client.create_domain  #=> {:request_id=>"6fc652a0-0000-41d5-91f4-3ed390a3d3b2", :box_usage=>"0.0055590278"}
+                #
+                def create_domain
+                    connection.create_domain(domain)
+                end
+
+                # Remove domain from SDB.
+                # Raises no errors if the domain does not exist.
+                #
+                #  class Client < Aws::ActiveSdb::Base
+                #  end
+                #  Client.delete_domain  #=> {:request_id=>"e14d90d3-0000-4898-9995-0de28cdda270", :box_usage=>"0.0055590278"}
+                #
+                def delete_domain
+                    connection.delete_domain(domain)
+                end
+
+                #
+                # See select(), original find with QUERY syntax is deprecated so now find and select are synonyms.
+                #
+                def find(*args)
+                      options = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+#           puts 'first=' + args.first.to_s
+                    case args.first
+                        when nil then
+                            raise "Invalid parameters passed to find: nil."
+                        when :all   then
+                            sql_select(options)
+                        when :first then
+                            sql_select(options.merge(:limit => 1)).first
+                        when :count then
+                            res = sql_select(options.merge(:count => true))
+                            res
+                        else
+                            select_from_ids args, options
+                    end
+                end
+
+                # Perform a SQL-like select request.
+                #
+                # Single record:
+                #
+                #  Client.select(:first)
+                #  Client.select(:first, :conditions=> [ "name=? AND wife=?", "Jon", "Sandy"])
+                #  Client.select(:first, :conditions=> { :name=>"Jon", :wife=>"Sandy" }, :select => :girfriends)
+                #
+                # Bunch of records:
+                #
+                #  Client.select(:all)
+                #  Client.select(:all, :limit => 10)
+                #  Client.select(:all, :conditions=> [ "name=? AND 'girlfriend'=?", "Jon", "Judy"])
+                #  Client.select(:all, :conditions=> { :name=>"Sandy" }, :limit => 3)
+                #
+                # Records by ids:
+                #
+                #  Client.select('1')
+                #  Client.select('1234987b4583475347523948')
+                #  Client.select('1','2','3','4', :conditions=> ["toys=?", "beer"])
+                #
+                # Find helpers: Aws::ActiveSdb::Base.select_by_... and Aws::ActiveSdb::Base.select_all_by_...
+                #
+                #  Client.select_by_name('Matias Rust')
+                #  Client.select_by_name_and_city('Putin','Moscow')
+                #  Client.select_by_name_and_city_and_post('Medvedev','Moscow','president')
+                #
+                #  Client.select_all_by_author('G.Bush jr')
+                #  Client.select_all_by_age_and_gender_and_ethnicity('34','male','russian')
+                #  Client.select_all_by_gender_and_country('male', 'Russia', :order => 'name')
+                #
+                # Continue listing:
+                #
+                #  # initial listing
+                #  Client.select(:all, :limit => 10)
+                #  # continue listing
+                #  begin
+                #    Client.select(:all, :limit => 10, :next_token => Client.next_token)
+                #  end while Client.next_token
+                #
+                #  Sort oder:
+                #  If :order=>'attribute' option is specified then result response (ordered by 'attribute') will contain only items where attribute is defined (is not null).
+                #
+                #    Client.select(:all)                         # returns all records
+                #    Client.select(:all, :order => 'gender')     # returns all records ordered by gender where gender attribute exists
+                #    Client.select(:all, :order => 'name desc')  # returns all records ordered by name in desc order where name attribute exists
+                #
+                # see http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonSimpleDB/2007-11-07/DeveloperGuide/index.html?UsingSelect.html
+                #
+                def select(*args)
+                    find(*args)
+                end
+
+                def generate_id # :nodoc:
+                    UUIDTools::UUID.timestamp_create().to_s
+                end
+
+                protected
+
+                # Select
+
+                def select_from_ids(args, options) # :nodoc:
+                    cond = []
+                    # detect amount of records requested
+                    bunch_of_records_requested = args.size > 1 || args.first.is_a?(Array)
+                    # flatten ids
+                    args = args.to_a.flatten
+                    args.each { |id| cond << "itemName() = #{self.connection.escape(id)}" }
+                    ids_cond = "(#{cond.join(' OR ')})"
+                    # user defined :conditions to string (if it was defined)
+                    options[:conditions] = build_conditions(options[:conditions])
+                    # join ids condition and user defined conditions
+                    options[:conditions] = options[:conditions].blank? ? ids_cond : "(#{options[:conditions]}) AND #{ids_cond}"
+                    result = sql_select(options)
+                    # if one record was requested then return it
+                    unless bunch_of_records_requested
+                        record = result.first
+                        # railse if nothing was found
+                        raise ActiveSdbError.new("Couldn't find #{name} with ID #{args}") unless record
+                        record
+                    else
+                        # if a bunch of records was requested then return check that we found all of them
+                        # and return as an array
+                        unless args.size == result.size
+                            # todo: might make sense to return the array but with nil values in the slots where an item wasn't found?
+                            id_list = args.map{|i| "'#{i}'"}.join(',')
+                            raise ActiveSdbError.new("Couldn't find all #{name} with IDs (#{id_list}) (found #{result.size} results, but was looking for #{args.size})")
+                        else
+                            result
+                        end
+                    end
+                end
+
+                def sql_select(options) # :nodoc:
+                    count = options[:count] || false
+                    #puts 'count? ' + count.to_s
+                    @next_token = options[:next_token]
+                    select_expression = build_select(options)
+                    # request items
+                    query_result = self.connection.select(select_expression, @next_token)
+                    #puts 'QR=' + query_result.inspect
+                    if count
+                        return query_result[:items][0]["Domain"]["Count"][0].to_i
+                    end
+                    @next_token = query_result[:next_token]
+                    items = query_result[:items].map do |hash|
+                        id, attributes = hash.shift
+                        new_item = self.new( )
+                        new_item.initialize_from_db(attributes.merge({ 'id' => id }))
+                        new_item.mark_as_old
+                        new_item
+                    end
+                    items
+                end
+
+                # select_by helpers
+                def select_all_by_(format_str, args, options) # :nodoc:
+                    fields = format_str.to_s.sub(/^select_(all_)?by_/, '').split('_and_')
+                    conditions = fields.map { |field| "#{field}=?" }.join(' AND ')
+                    options[:conditions] = [conditions, *args]
+                    find(:all, options)
+                end
+
+                def select_by_(format_str, args, options) # :nodoc:
+                    options[:limit] = 1
+                    select_all_by_(format_str, args, options).first
+                end
+
+                # Query
+
+                # Returns an array of query attributes.
+                # Query_expression must be a well formated SDB query string:
+                # query_attributes("['title' starts-with 'O\\'Reily'] intersection ['year' = '2007']") #=> ["title", "year"]
+                def query_attributes(query_expression) # :nodoc:
+                    attrs = []
+                    array = query_expression.scan(/['"](.*?[^\\])['"]/).flatten
+                    until array.empty? do
+                        attrs << array.shift # skip it's value
+                        array.shift #
+                    end
+                    attrs
+                end
+
+                # Returns an array of [attribute_name, 'asc'|'desc']
+                def sort_options(sort_string)
+                    sort_string[/['"]?(\w+)['"]? *(asc|desc)?/i]
+                    [$1, ($2 || 'asc')]
+                end
+
+                # Perform a query request.
+                #
+                # Options
+                #  :query_expression     nil | string | array
+                #  :max_number_of_items  nil | integer
+                #  :next_token           nil | string
+                #  :sort_option          nil | string    "name desc|asc"
+                #
+                def query(options) # :nodoc:
+                    @next_token = options[:next_token]
+                    query_expression = build_conditions(options[:query_expression])
+                    # add sort_options to the query_expression
+                    if options[:sort_option]
+                        sort_by, sort_order = sort_options(options[:sort_option])
+                        sort_query_expression = "['#{sort_by}' starts-with '']"
+                        sort_by_expression    = " sort '#{sort_by}' #{sort_order}"
+                        # make query_expression to be a string (it may be null)
+                        query_expression = query_expression.to_s
+                        # quote from Amazon:
+                        # The sort attribute must be present in at least one of the predicates of the query expression.
+                        if query_expression.blank?
+                            query_expression = sort_query_expression
+                        elsif !query_attributes(query_expression).include?(sort_by)
+                            query_expression += " intersection #{sort_query_expression}"
+                        end
+                        query_expression += sort_by_expression
+                    end
+                    # request items
+                    query_result = self.connection.query(domain, query_expression, options[:max_number_of_items], @next_token)
+                    @next_token = query_result[:next_token]
+                    items = query_result[:items].map do |name|
+                        new_item = self.new('id' => name)
+                        new_item.mark_as_old
+                        reload_if_exists(record) if options[:auto_load]
+                        new_item
+                    end
+                    items
+                end
+
+                # reload a record unless it is nil
+                def reload_if_exists(record) # :nodoc:
+                    record && record.reload
+                end
+
+                def reload_all_records(*list) # :nodoc:
+                    list.flatten.each { |record| reload_if_exists(record) }
+                end
+
+                def find_every(options) # :nodoc:
+                    records = query( :query_expression    => options[:conditions],
+                                     :max_number_of_items => options[:limit],
+                                     :next_token          => options[:next_token],
+                                     :sort_option         => options[:sort] || options[:order] )
+                    options[:auto_load] ? reload_all_records(records) : records
+                end
+
+                def find_initial(options) # :nodoc:
+                    options[:limit] = 1
+                    record = find_every(options).first
+                    options[:auto_load] ? reload_all_records(record).first : record
+                end
+
+                def find_from_ids(args, options) # :nodoc:
+                    cond = []
+                    # detect amount of records requested
+                    bunch_of_records_requested = args.size > 1 || args.first.is_a?(Array)
+                    # flatten ids
+                    args = args.to_a.flatten
+                    args.each { |id| cond << "'id'=#{self.connection.escape(id)}" }
+                    ids_cond = "[#{cond.join(' OR ')}]"
+                    # user defined :conditions to string (if it was defined)
+                    options[:conditions] = build_conditions(options[:conditions])
+                    # join ids condition and user defined conditions
+                    options[:conditions] = options[:conditions].blank? ? ids_cond : "#{options[:conditions]} intersection #{ids_cond}"
+                    result = find_every(options)
+                    # if one record was requested then return it
+                    unless bunch_of_records_requested
+                        record = result.first
+                        # railse if nothing was found
+                        raise ActiveSdbError.new("Couldn't find #{name} with ID #{args}") unless record
+                        options[:auto_load] ? reload_all_records(record).first : record
+                    else
+                        # if a bunch of records was requested then return check that we found all of them
+                        # and return as an array
+                        unless args.size == result.size
+                            id_list = args.map{|i| "'#{i}'"}.join(',')
+                            raise ActiveSdbError.new("Couldn't find all #{name} with IDs (#{id_list}) (found #{result.size} results, but was looking for #{args.size})")
+                        else
+                            options[:auto_load] ? reload_all_records(result) : result
+                        end
+                    end
+                end
+
+                # find_by helpers
+                def find_all_by_(format_str, args, options) # :nodoc:
+                    fields = format_str.to_s.sub(/^find_(all_)?by_/, '').split('_and_')
+                    conditions = fields.map { |field| "['#{field}'=?]" }.join(' intersection ')
+                    options[:conditions] = [conditions, *args]
+                    find(:all, options)
+                end
+
+                def find_by_(format_str, args, options) # :nodoc:
+                    options[:limit] = 1
+                    find_all_by_(format_str, args, options).first
+                end
+
+                # Misc
+
+                def method_missing(method, *args) # :nodoc:
+                    if method.to_s[/^(find_all_by_|find_by_|select_all_by_|select_by_)/]
+                        # get rid of the find ones, only select now
+                        to_send_to = $1
+                        attributes = method.to_s[$1.length..method.to_s.length]
+#            puts 'attributes=' + attributes
+                        if to_send_to[0...4] == "find"
+                            to_send_to = "select" + to_send_to[4..to_send_to.length]
+#              puts 'CONVERTED ' + $1 + " to " + to_send_to
+                        end
+
+                        options = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+                        __send__(to_send_to, attributes, args, options)
+                    else
+                        super(method, *args)
+                    end
+                end
+
+                def build_select(options) # :nodoc:
+                    select     = options[:select]    || '*'
+                    select     = options[:count] ? "count(*)" : select
+                    #puts 'select=' + select.to_s
+                    from       = options[:from]      || domain
+                    conditions = options[:conditions] ? " WHERE #{build_conditions(options[:conditions])}" : ''
+                    order      = options[:order]      ? " ORDER BY #{options[:order]}"                     : ''
+                    limit      = options[:limit]      ? " LIMIT #{options[:limit]}"                        : ''
+                    # mix sort by argument (it must present in response)
+                    unless order.blank?
+                        sort_by, sort_order = sort_options(options[:order])
+                        conditions << (conditions.blank? ? " WHERE " : " AND ") << "(#{sort_by} IS NOT NULL)"
+                    end
+                    "SELECT #{select} FROM `#{from}`#{conditions}#{order}#{limit}"
+                end
+
+                def build_conditions(conditions) # :nodoc:
+                    case
+                        when conditions.is_a?(Array) then
+                            connection.query_expression_from_array(conditions)
+                        when conditions.is_a?(Hash)  then
+                            connection.query_expression_from_hash(conditions)
+                        else
+                            conditions
+                    end
+                end
+
+            end
+
+            public
+
+            # instance attributes
+            attr_accessor :attributes
+
+            # item name
+            attr_accessor :id
+
+            # Create new Item instance.
+            # +attrs+ is a hash: { attribute1 => values1, ..., attributeN => valuesN }.
+            #
+            #  item = Client.new('name' => 'Jon', 'toys' => ['girls', 'beer', 'pub'])
+            #  puts item.inspect   #=> #<Client:0xb77a2698 @new_record=true, @attributes={"name"=>["Jon"], "toys"=>["girls", "beer", "pub"]}>
+            #  item.save           #=> {"name"=>["Jon"], "id"=>"c03edb7e-e45c-11dc-bede-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["girls", "beer", "pub"]}
+            #  puts item.inspect   #=> #<Client:0xb77a2698 @new_record=false, @attributes={"name"=>["Jon"], "id"=>"c03edb7e-e45c-11dc-bede-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["girls", "beer", "pub"]}>
+            #
+            def initialize(attrs={})
+                @attributes = uniq_values(attrs)
+                @new_record = true
+            end
+
+            # This is to separate initialization from user vs coming from db (ie: find())
+            def initialize_from_db(attrs={})
+                initialize(attrs)
+            end
+
+            # Create and save new Item instance.
+            # +Attributes+ is a hash: { attribute1 => values1, ..., attributeN => valuesN }.
+            #
+            #  item = Client.create('name' => 'Cat', 'toys' => ['Jons socks', 'mice', 'clew'])
+            #  puts item.inspect   #=> #<Client:0xb77a0a78 @new_record=false, @attributes={"name"=>["Cat"], "id"=>"2937601a-e45d-11dc-a75f-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["Jons socks", "mice", "clew"]}>
+            #
+            def self.create(attributes={})
+                item = self.new(attributes)
+                item.save
+                item
+            end
+
+            # Returns an item id. Same as: item['id'] or item.attributes['id']
+            def id
+                @attributes['id']
+            end
+
+            # Sets an item id.
+            def id=(id)
+                @attributes['id'] = id.to_s
+            end
+
+            # Returns a hash of all the attributes.
+            #
+            #  puts item.attributes.inspect #=> {"name"=>["Cat"], "id"=>"2937601a-e45d-11dc-a75f-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["Jons socks", "clew", "mice"]}
+            #
+            def attributes
+                @attributes.dup
+            end
+
+            # Allows one to set all the attributes at once by passing in a hash with keys matching the attribute names.
+            # if '+id+' attribute is not set in new attributes has then it being derived from old attributes.
+            #
+            #  puts item.attributes.inspect   #=> {"name"=>["Cat"], "id"=>"2937601a-e45d-11dc-a75f-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["Jons socks", "clew", "mice"]}
+            #  # set new attributes ('id' is missed)
+            #  item.attributes = { 'name'=>'Dog', 'toys'=>['bones','cats'] }
+            #  puts item.attributes.inspect   #=> {"name"=>["Dog"], "id"=>"2937601a-e45d-11dc-a75f-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["bones", "cats"]}
+            #  # set new attributes ('id' is set)
+            #  item.attributes = { 'id' => 'blah-blah', 'name'=>'Birds', 'toys'=>['seeds','dogs tail'] }
+            #  puts item.attributes.inspect   #=> {"name"=>["Birds"], "id"=>"blah-blah", "toys"=>["seeds", "dogs tail"]}
+            #
+            def attributes=(attrs)
+                old_id = @attributes['id']
+                @attributes = uniq_values(attrs)
+                @attributes['id'] = old_id if @attributes['id'].blank? && !old_id.blank?
+                self.attributes
+            end
+
+            def connection
+                self.class.connection
+            end
+
+            # Item domain name.
+            def domain
+                self.class.domain
+            end
+
+            # Returns the values of the attribute identified by +attribute+.
+            #
+            #  puts item['Cat'].inspect  #=> ["Jons socks", "clew", "mice"]
+            #
+            def [](attribute)
+                @attributes[attribute.to_s]
+            end
+
+            # Updates the attribute identified by +attribute+ with the specified +values+.
+            #
+            #  puts item['Cat'].inspect  #=> ["Jons socks", "clew", "mice"]
+            #  item['Cat'] = ["Whiskas", "chicken"]
+            #  puts item['Cat'].inspect  #=> ["Whiskas", "chicken"]
+            #
+            def []=(attribute, values)
+                attribute = attribute.to_s
+                @attributes[attribute] = attribute == 'id' ? values.to_s : values.is_a?(Array) ? values.uniq : [values]
+
+            end
+
+            # Reload attributes from SDB. Replaces in-memory attributes.
+            #
+            #  item = Client.find_by_name('Cat')  #=> #<Client:0xb77d0d40 @attributes={"id"=>"2937601a-e45d-11dc-a75f-001bfc466dd7"}, @new_record=false>
+            #  item.reload                        #=> #<Client:0xb77d0d40 @attributes={"id"=>"2937601a-e45d-11dc-a75f-001bfc466dd7", "name"=>["Cat"], "toys"=>["Jons socks", "clew", "mice"]}, @new_record=false>
+            #
+            def reload
+                raise_on_id_absence
+                old_id = id
+                attrs = connection.get_attributes(domain, id)[:attributes]
+                @attributes = {}
+                unless attrs.blank?
+                    attrs.each { |attribute, values| @attributes[attribute] = values }
+                    @attributes['id'] = old_id
+                end
+                mark_as_old
+                @attributes
+            end
+
+            # Reload a set of attributes from SDB. Adds the loaded list to in-memory data.
+            # +attrs_list+ is an array or comma separated list of attributes names.
+            # Returns a hash of loaded attributes.
+            #
+            # This is not the best method to get a bunch of attributes because
+            # a web service call is being performed for every attribute.
+            #
+            #  item = Client.find_by_name('Cat')
+            #  item.reload_attributes('toys', 'name')   #=> {"name"=>["Cat"], "toys"=>["Jons socks", "clew", "mice"]}
+            #
+            def reload_attributes(*attrs_list)
+                raise_on_id_absence
+                attrs_list = attrs_list.flatten.map{ |attribute| attribute.to_s }
+                attrs_list.delete('id')
+                result = {}
+                attrs_list.flatten.uniq.each do |attribute|
+                    attribute = attribute.to_s
+                    values = connection.get_attributes(domain, id, attribute)[:attributes][attribute]
+                    unless values.blank?
+                        @attributes[attribute] = result[attribute] = values
+                    else
+                        @attributes.delete(attribute)
+                    end
+                end
+                mark_as_old
+                result
+            end
+
+            # Stores in-memory attributes to SDB.
+            # Adds the attributes values to already stored at SDB.
+            # Returns a hash of stored attributes.
+            #
+            #  sandy = Client.new(:name => 'Sandy') #=> #<Client:0xb775a7a8 @attributes={"name"=>["Sandy"]}, @new_record=true>
+            #  sandy['toys'] = 'boys'
+            #  sandy.put
+            #  sandy['toys'] = 'patchwork'
+            #  sandy.put
+            #  sandy['toys'] = 'kids'
+            #  sandy.put
+            #  puts sandy.attributes.inspect        #=> {"name"=>["Sandy"], "id"=>"b2832ce2-e461-11dc-b13c-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["kids"]}
+            #  sandy.reload                         #=> {"name"=>["Sandy"], "id"=>"b2832ce2-e461-11dc-b13c-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["boys", "kids", "patchwork"]}
+            #
+            # compare to +save+ method
+            def put
+                @attributes = uniq_values(@attributes)
+                prepare_for_update
+                attrs = @attributes.dup
+                attrs.delete('id')
+                connection.put_attributes(domain, id, attrs) unless attrs.blank?
+                connection.put_attributes(domain, id, { 'id' => id }, :replace)
+                mark_as_old
+                @attributes
+            end
+
+            # Stores specified attributes.
+            # +attrs+ is a hash: { attribute1 => values1, ..., attributeN => valuesN }.
+            # Returns a hash of saved attributes.
+            #
+            # see to +put+ method
+            def put_attributes(attrs)
+                attrs = uniq_values(attrs)
+                prepare_for_update
+                # if 'id' is present in attrs hash:
+                # replace internal 'id' attribute and remove it from the attributes to be sent
+                @attributes['id'] = attrs['id'] unless attrs['id'].blank?
+                attrs.delete('id')
+                # add new values to all attributes from list
+                connection.put_attributes(domain, id, attrs) unless attrs.blank?
+                connection.put_attributes(domain, id, { 'id' => id }, :replace)
+                attrs.each do |attribute, values|
+                    @attributes[attribute] ||= []
+                    @attributes[attribute] += values
+                    @attributes[attribute].uniq!
+                end
+                mark_as_old
+                attributes
+            end
+
+            # Store in-memory attributes to SDB.
+            # Replaces the attributes values already stored at SDB by in-memory data.
+            # Returns a hash of stored attributes.
+            #
+            #  sandy = Client.new(:name => 'Sandy')  #=> #<Client:0xb775a7a8 @attributes={"name"=>["Sandy"]}, @new_record=true>
+            #  sandy['toys'] = 'boys'
+            #  sandy.save
+            #  sandy['toys'] = 'patchwork'
+            #  sandy.save
+            #  sandy['toys'] = 'kids'
+            #  sandy.save
+            #  puts sandy.attributes.inspect         #=> {"name"=>["Sandy"], "id"=>"b2832ce2-e461-11dc-b13c-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["kids"]}
+            #  sandy.reload                          #=> {"name"=>["Sandy"], "id"=>"b2832ce2-e461-11dc-b13c-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["kids"]}
+            #
+            # Options:
+            #   - :except => Array of attributes to NOT save
+            #
+            # compare to +put+ method
+            def save(options={})
+                pre_save2
+                atts_to_save = @attributes.dup
+                #puts 'atts_to_save=' + atts_to_save.inspect
+                #options = params.first.is_a?(Hash) ? params.pop : {}
+                if options[:except]
+                    options[:except].each do |e|
+                        atts_to_save.delete(e).inspect
+                    end
+                end
+                if options[:dirty] # Only used in simple_record right now
+                    # only save if the attribute is dirty
+                    dirty_atts = options[:dirty_atts]
+                    atts_to_save.delete_if { |key, value| !dirty_atts.has_key?(key) }
+                end
+                #puts 'atts_to_save2=' + atts_to_save.inspect
+                connection.put_attributes(domain, id, atts_to_save, :replace)
+                apres_save2
+                @attributes
+            end
+
+            def pre_save2
+                @attributes = uniq_values(@attributes)
+                prepare_for_update
+            end
+
+            def apres_save2
+                mark_as_old
+            end
+
+            # Replaces the attributes at SDB by the given values.
+            # +Attrs+ is a hash: { attribute1 => values1, ..., attributeN => valuesN }.
+            # The other in-memory attributes are not being saved.
+            # Returns a hash of stored attributes.
+            #
+            # see +save+ method
+            def save_attributes(attrs)
+                prepare_for_update
+                attrs = uniq_values(attrs)
+                # if 'id' is present in attrs hash then replace internal 'id' attribute
+                unless attrs['id'].blank?
+                    @attributes['id'] = attrs['id']
+                else
+                    attrs['id'] = id
+                end
+                connection.put_attributes(domain, id, attrs, :replace) unless attrs.blank?
+                attrs.each { |attribute, values| attrs[attribute] = values }
+                mark_as_old
+                attrs
+            end
+
+            # Remove specified values from corresponding attributes.
+            # +attrs+ is a hash: { attribute1 => values1, ..., attributeN => valuesN }.
+            #
+            #  sandy = Client.find_by_name 'Sandy'
+            #  sandy.reload
+            #  puts sandy.inspect                                #=> #<Client:0xb77b48fc @new_record=false, @attributes={"name"=>["Sandy"], "id"=>"b2832ce2-e461-11dc-b13c-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["boys", "kids", "patchwork"]}>
+            #  puts sandy.delete_values('toys' => 'patchwork')   #=> { 'toys' => ['patchwork'] }
+            #  puts sandy.inspect                                #=> #<Client:0xb77b48fc @new_record=false, @attributes={"name"=>["Sandy"], "id"=>"b2832ce2-e461-11dc-b13c-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["boys", "kids"]}>
+            #
+            def delete_values(attrs)
+                raise_on_id_absence
+                attrs = uniq_values(attrs)
+                attrs.delete('id')
+                unless attrs.blank?
+                    connection.delete_attributes(domain, id, attrs)
+                    attrs.each do |attribute, values|
+                        # remove the values from the attribute
+                        if @attributes[attribute]
+                            @attributes[attribute] -= values
+                        else
+                            # if the attribute is unknown remove it from a resulting list of fixed attributes
+                            attrs.delete(attribute)
+                        end
+                    end
+                end
+                attrs
+            end
+
+            # Removes specified attributes from the item.
+            # +attrs_list+ is an array or comma separated list of attributes names.
+            # Returns the list of deleted attributes.
+            #
+            #  sandy = Client.find_by_name 'Sandy'
+            #  sandy.reload
+            #  puts sandy.inspect                   #=> #<Client:0xb7761d28 @new_record=false, @attributes={"name"=>["Sandy"], "id"=>"b2832ce2-e461-11dc-b13c-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["boys", "kids", "patchwork"}>
+            #  puts sandy.delete_attributes('toys') #=> ['toys']
+            #  puts sandy.inspect                   #=> #<Client:0xb7761d28 @new_record=false, @attributes={"name"=>["Sandy"], "id"=>"b2832ce2-e461-11dc-b13c-001bfc466dd7"}>
+            #
+            def delete_attributes(*attrs_list)
+                raise_on_id_absence
+                attrs_list = attrs_list.flatten.map{ |attribute| attribute.to_s }
+                attrs_list.delete('id')
+                unless attrs_list.blank?
+                    connection.delete_attributes(domain, id, attrs_list)
+                    attrs_list.each { |attribute| @attributes.delete(attribute) }
+                end
+                attrs_list
+            end
+
+            # Delete the Item entirely from SDB.
+            #
+            #  sandy = Client.find_by_name 'Sandy'
+            #  sandy.reload
+            #  sandy.inspect       #=> #<Client:0xb7761d28 @new_record=false, @attributes={"name"=>["Sandy"], "id"=>"b2832ce2-e461-11dc-b13c-001bfc466dd7", "toys"=>["boys", "kids", "patchwork"}>
+            #  puts sandy.delete
+            #  sandy.reload
+            #  puts sandy.inspect  #=> #<Client:0xb7761d28 @attributes={}, @new_record=false>
+            #
+            def delete
+                raise_on_id_absence
+                connection.delete_attributes(domain, id)
+            end
+
+            # Item ID
+            def to_s
+                @id
+            end
+
+            # Returns true if this object hasn‘t been saved yet.
+            def new_record?
+                @new_record
+            end
+
+            def mark_as_old  # :nodoc:
+                @new_record = false
+            end
+
+            private
+
+            def raise_on_id_absence
+                raise ActiveSdbError.new('Unknown record id') unless id
+            end
+
+            def prepare_for_update
+                @attributes['id'] = self.class.generate_id if @attributes['id'].blank?
+            end
+
+            def uniq_values(attributes=nil) # :nodoc:
+                attrs = {}
+                attributes.each do |attribute, values|
+                    attribute = attribute.to_s
+                    newval = attribute == 'id' ? values.to_s : values.is_a?(Array) ? values.uniq : [values]
+                    attrs[attribute] = newval
+                    if newval.blank?
+#                        puts "VALUE IS BLANK " + attribute.to_s + " val=" + values.inspect
+                        attrs.delete(attribute)
+                    end
+                end
+                attrs
+            end
+
+        end
+    end
+end