cloudsmith-api 2.0.7 → 2.0.8

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/addressable-2.8.4/lib/addressable/uri.rb

@@ -1,2576 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-#--
-# Copyright (C) Bob Aman
-#
-#    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-#    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-#    You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-#    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-#    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-#    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-#    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-#    limitations under the License.
-#++
-
-
-require "addressable/version"
-require "addressable/idna"
-require "public_suffix"
-
-##
-# Addressable is a library for processing links and URIs.
-module Addressable
-  ##
-  # This is an implementation of a URI parser based on
-  # <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">RFC 3986</a>,
-  # <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">RFC 3987</a>.
-  class URI
-    ##
-    # Raised if something other than a uri is supplied.
-    class InvalidURIError < StandardError
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Container for the character classes specified in
-    # <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">RFC 3986</a>.
-    #
-    # Note: Concatenated and interpolated `String`s are not affected by the
-    #       `frozen_string_literal` directive and must be frozen explicitly.
-    #
-    #       Interpolated `String`s *were* frozen this way before Ruby 3.0:
-    #       https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17104
-    module CharacterClasses
-      ALPHA = "a-zA-Z"
-      DIGIT = "0-9"
-      GEN_DELIMS = "\\:\\/\\?\\#\\[\\]\\@"
-      SUB_DELIMS = "\\!\\$\\&\\'\\(\\)\\*\\+\\,\\;\\="
-      RESERVED = (GEN_DELIMS + SUB_DELIMS).freeze
-      UNRESERVED = (ALPHA + DIGIT + "\\-\\.\\_\\~").freeze
-      PCHAR = (UNRESERVED + SUB_DELIMS + "\\:\\@").freeze
-      SCHEME = (ALPHA + DIGIT + "\\-\\+\\.").freeze
-      HOST = (UNRESERVED + SUB_DELIMS + "\\[\\:\\]").freeze
-      AUTHORITY = (PCHAR + "\\[\\]").freeze
-      PATH = (PCHAR + "\\/").freeze
-      QUERY = (PCHAR + "\\/\\?").freeze
-      FRAGMENT = (PCHAR + "\\/\\?").freeze
-    end
-
-    module NormalizeCharacterClasses
-      HOST = /[^#{CharacterClasses::HOST}]/
-      UNRESERVED = /[^#{CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED}]/
-      PCHAR = /[^#{CharacterClasses::PCHAR}]/
-      SCHEME = /[^#{CharacterClasses::SCHEME}]/
-      FRAGMENT = /[^#{CharacterClasses::FRAGMENT}]/
-      QUERY = %r{[^a-zA-Z0-9\-\.\_\~\!\$\'\(\)\*\+\,\=\:\@\/\?%]|%(?!2B|2b)}
-    end
-
-    SLASH = '/'
-    EMPTY_STR = ''
-
-    URIREGEX = /^(([^:\/?#]+):)?(\/\/([^\/?#]*))?([^?#]*)(\?([^#]*))?(#(.*))?$/
-
-    PORT_MAPPING = {
-      "http" => 80,
-      "https" => 443,
-      "ftp" => 21,
-      "tftp" => 69,
-      "sftp" => 22,
-      "ssh" => 22,
-      "svn+ssh" => 22,
-      "telnet" => 23,
-      "nntp" => 119,
-      "gopher" => 70,
-      "wais" => 210,
-      "ldap" => 389,
-      "prospero" => 1525
-    }.freeze
-
-    ##
-    # Returns a URI object based on the parsed string.
-    #
-    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] uri
-    #   The URI string to parse.
-    #   No parsing is performed if the object is already an
-    #   <code>Addressable::URI</code>.
-    #
-    # @return [Addressable::URI] The parsed URI.
-    def self.parse(uri)
-      # If we were given nil, return nil.
-      return nil unless uri
-      # If a URI object is passed, just return itself.
-      return uri.dup if uri.kind_of?(self)
-
-      # If a URI object of the Ruby standard library variety is passed,
-      # convert it to a string, then parse the string.
-      # We do the check this way because we don't want to accidentally
-      # cause a missing constant exception to be thrown.
-      if uri.class.name =~ /^URI\b/
-        uri = uri.to_s
-      end
-
-      # Otherwise, convert to a String
-      begin
-        uri = uri.to_str
-      rescue TypeError, NoMethodError
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{uri.class} into String."
-      end unless uri.is_a?(String)
-
-      # This Regexp supplied as an example in RFC 3986, and it works great.
-      scan = uri.scan(URIREGEX)
-      fragments = scan[0]
-      scheme = fragments[1]
-      authority = fragments[3]
-      path = fragments[4]
-      query = fragments[6]
-      fragment = fragments[8]
-      user = nil
-      password = nil
-      host = nil
-      port = nil
-      if authority != nil
-        # The Regexp above doesn't split apart the authority.
-        userinfo = authority[/^([^\[\]]*)@/, 1]
-        if userinfo != nil
-          user = userinfo.strip[/^([^:]*):?/, 1]
-          password = userinfo.strip[/:(.*)$/, 1]
-        end
-
-        host = authority.sub(
-          /^([^\[\]]*)@/, EMPTY_STR
-        ).sub(
-          /:([^:@\[\]]*?)$/, EMPTY_STR
-        )
-
-        port = authority[/:([^:@\[\]]*?)$/, 1]
-        port = nil if port == EMPTY_STR
-      end
-
-      return new(
-        :scheme => scheme,
-        :user => user,
-        :password => password,
-        :host => host,
-        :port => port,
-        :path => path,
-        :query => query,
-        :fragment => fragment
-      )
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Converts an input to a URI. The input does not have to be a valid
-    # URI — the method will use heuristics to guess what URI was intended.
-    # This is not standards-compliant, merely user-friendly.
-    #
-    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] uri
-    #   The URI string to parse.
-    #   No parsing is performed if the object is already an
-    #   <code>Addressable::URI</code>.
-    # @param [Hash] hints
-    #   A <code>Hash</code> of hints to the heuristic parser.
-    #   Defaults to <code>{:scheme => "http"}</code>.
-    #
-    # @return [Addressable::URI] The parsed URI.
-    def self.heuristic_parse(uri, hints={})
-      # If we were given nil, return nil.
-      return nil unless uri
-      # If a URI object is passed, just return itself.
-      return uri.dup if uri.kind_of?(self)
-
-      # If a URI object of the Ruby standard library variety is passed,
-      # convert it to a string, then parse the string.
-      # We do the check this way because we don't want to accidentally
-      # cause a missing constant exception to be thrown.
-      if uri.class.name =~ /^URI\b/
-        uri = uri.to_s
-      end
-
-      unless uri.respond_to?(:to_str)
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{uri.class} into String."
-      end
-      # Otherwise, convert to a String
-      uri = uri.to_str.dup.strip
-      hints = {
-        :scheme => "http"
-      }.merge(hints)
-      case uri
-      when /^http:\//i
-        uri.sub!(/^http:\/+/i, "http://")
-      when /^https:\//i
-        uri.sub!(/^https:\/+/i, "https://")
-      when /^feed:\/+http:\//i
-        uri.sub!(/^feed:\/+http:\/+/i, "feed:http://")
-      when /^feed:\//i
-        uri.sub!(/^feed:\/+/i, "feed://")
-      when %r[^file:/{4}]i
-        uri.sub!(%r[^file:/+]i, "file:////")
-      when %r[^file://localhost/]i
-        uri.sub!(%r[^file://localhost/+]i, "file:///")
-      when %r[^file:/+]i
-        uri.sub!(%r[^file:/+]i, "file:///")
-      when /^\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}/
-        uri.sub!(/^/, hints[:scheme] + "://")
-      when /\A\d+\..*:\d+\z/
-        uri = "#{hints[:scheme]}://#{uri}"
-      end
-      match = uri.match(URIREGEX)
-      fragments = match.captures
-      authority = fragments[3]
-      if authority && authority.length > 0
-        new_authority = authority.tr("\\", "/").gsub(" ", "%20")
-        # NOTE: We want offset 4, not 3!
-        offset = match.offset(4)
-        uri = uri.dup
-        uri[offset[0]...offset[1]] = new_authority
-      end
-      parsed = self.parse(uri)
-      if parsed.scheme =~ /^[^\/?#\.]+\.[^\/?#]+$/
-        parsed = self.parse(hints[:scheme] + "://" + uri)
-      end
-      if parsed.path.include?(".")
-        if parsed.path[/\b@\b/]
-          parsed.scheme = "mailto" unless parsed.scheme
-        elsif new_host = parsed.path[/^([^\/]+\.[^\/]*)/, 1]
-          parsed.defer_validation do
-            new_path = parsed.path.sub(
-              Regexp.new("^" + Regexp.escape(new_host)), EMPTY_STR)
-            parsed.host = new_host
-            parsed.path = new_path
-            parsed.scheme = hints[:scheme] unless parsed.scheme
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      return parsed
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Converts a path to a file scheme URI. If the path supplied is
-    # relative, it will be returned as a relative URI. If the path supplied
-    # is actually a non-file URI, it will parse the URI as if it had been
-    # parsed with <code>Addressable::URI.parse</code>. Handles all of the
-    # various Microsoft-specific formats for specifying paths.
-    #
-    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] path
-    #   Typically a <code>String</code> path to a file or directory, but
-    #   will return a sensible return value if an absolute URI is supplied
-    #   instead.
-    #
-    # @return [Addressable::URI]
-    #   The parsed file scheme URI or the original URI if some other URI
-    #   scheme was provided.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   base = Addressable::URI.convert_path("/absolute/path/")
-    #   uri = Addressable::URI.convert_path("relative/path")
-    #   (base + uri).to_s
-    #   #=> "file:///absolute/path/relative/path"
-    #
-    #   Addressable::URI.convert_path(
-    #     "c:\\windows\\My Documents 100%20\\foo.txt"
-    #   ).to_s
-    #   #=> "file:///c:/windows/My%20Documents%20100%20/foo.txt"
-    #
-    #   Addressable::URI.convert_path("http://example.com/").to_s
-    #   #=> "http://example.com/"
-    def self.convert_path(path)
-      # If we were given nil, return nil.
-      return nil unless path
-      # If a URI object is passed, just return itself.
-      return path if path.kind_of?(self)
-      unless path.respond_to?(:to_str)
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{path.class} into String."
-      end
-      # Otherwise, convert to a String
-      path = path.to_str.strip
-
-      path.sub!(/^file:\/?\/?/, EMPTY_STR) if path =~ /^file:\/?\/?/
-      path = SLASH + path if path =~ /^([a-zA-Z])[\|:]/
-      uri = self.parse(path)
-
-      if uri.scheme == nil
-        # Adjust windows-style uris
-        uri.path.sub!(/^\/?([a-zA-Z])[\|:][\\\/]/) do
-          "/#{$1.downcase}:/"
-        end
-        uri.path.tr!("\\", SLASH)
-        if File.exist?(uri.path) &&
-            File.stat(uri.path).directory?
-          uri.path.chomp!(SLASH)
-          uri.path = uri.path + '/'
-        end
-
-        # If the path is absolute, set the scheme and host.
-        if uri.path.start_with?(SLASH)
-          uri.scheme = "file"
-          uri.host = EMPTY_STR
-        end
-        uri.normalize!
-      end
-
-      return uri
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Joins several URIs together.
-    #
-    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] *uris
-    #   The URIs to join.
-    #
-    # @return [Addressable::URI] The joined URI.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   base = "http://example.com/"
-    #   uri = Addressable::URI.parse("relative/path")
-    #   Addressable::URI.join(base, uri)
-    #   #=> #<Addressable::URI:0xcab390 URI:http://example.com/relative/path>
-    def self.join(*uris)
-      uri_objects = uris.collect do |uri|
-        unless uri.respond_to?(:to_str)
-          raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{uri.class} into String."
-        end
-        uri.kind_of?(self) ? uri : self.parse(uri.to_str)
-      end
-      result = uri_objects.shift.dup
-      uri_objects.each do |uri|
-        result.join!(uri)
-      end
-      return result
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Tables used to optimize encoding operations in `self.encode_component`
-    # and `self.normalize_component`
-    SEQUENCE_ENCODING_TABLE = Hash.new do |hash, sequence|
-      hash[sequence] = sequence.unpack("C*").map do |c|
-        format("%02x", c)
-      end.join
-    end
-
-    SEQUENCE_UPCASED_PERCENT_ENCODING_TABLE = Hash.new do |hash, sequence|
-      hash[sequence] = sequence.unpack("C*").map do |c|
-        format("%%%02X", c)
-      end.join
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Percent encodes a URI component.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #to_str] component The URI component to encode.
-    #
-    # @param [String, Regexp] character_class
-    #   The characters which are not percent encoded. If a <code>String</code>
-    #   is passed, the <code>String</code> must be formatted as a regular
-    #   expression character class. (Do not include the surrounding square
-    #   brackets.)  For example, <code>"b-zB-Z0-9"</code> would cause
-    #   everything but the letters 'b' through 'z' and the numbers '0' through
-    #  '9' to be percent encoded. If a <code>Regexp</code> is passed, the
-    #   value <code>/[^b-zB-Z0-9]/</code> would have the same effect. A set of
-    #   useful <code>String</code> values may be found in the
-    #   <code>Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses</code> module. The default
-    #   value is the reserved plus unreserved character classes specified in
-    #   <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">RFC 3986</a>.
-    #
-    # @param [Regexp] upcase_encoded
-    #   A string of characters that may already be percent encoded, and whose
-    #   encodings should be upcased. This allows normalization of percent
-    #   encodings for characters not included in the
-    #   <code>character_class</code>.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The encoded component.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Addressable::URI.encode_component("simple/example", "b-zB-Z0-9")
-    #   => "simple%2Fex%61mple"
-    #   Addressable::URI.encode_component("simple/example", /[^b-zB-Z0-9]/)
-    #   => "simple%2Fex%61mple"
-    #   Addressable::URI.encode_component(
-    #     "simple/example", Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
-    #   )
-    #   => "simple%2Fexample"
-    def self.encode_component(component, character_class=
-        CharacterClasses::RESERVED + CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED,
-        upcase_encoded='')
-      return nil if component.nil?
-
-      begin
-        if component.kind_of?(Symbol) ||
-            component.kind_of?(Numeric) ||
-            component.kind_of?(TrueClass) ||
-            component.kind_of?(FalseClass)
-          component = component.to_s
-        else
-          component = component.to_str
-        end
-      rescue TypeError, NoMethodError
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{component.class} into String."
-      end if !component.is_a? String
-
-      if ![String, Regexp].include?(character_class.class)
-        raise TypeError,
-          "Expected String or Regexp, got #{character_class.inspect}"
-      end
-      if character_class.kind_of?(String)
-        character_class = /[^#{character_class}]/
-      end
-      # We can't perform regexps on invalid UTF sequences, but
-      # here we need to, so switch to ASCII.
-      component = component.dup
-      component.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
-      # Avoiding gsub! because there are edge cases with frozen strings
-      component = component.gsub(character_class) do |sequence|
-        SEQUENCE_UPCASED_PERCENT_ENCODING_TABLE[sequence]
-      end
-      if upcase_encoded.length > 0
-        upcase_encoded_chars = upcase_encoded.chars.map do |char|
-          SEQUENCE_ENCODING_TABLE[char]
-        end
-        component = component.gsub(/%(#{upcase_encoded_chars.join('|')})/,
-                                   &:upcase)
-      end
-      return component
-    end
-
-    class << self
-      alias_method :escape_component, :encode_component
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Unencodes any percent encoded characters within a URI component.
-    # This method may be used for unencoding either components or full URIs,
-    # however, it is recommended to use the <code>unencode_component</code>
-    # alias when unencoding components.
-    #
-    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] uri
-    #   The URI or component to unencode.
-    #
-    # @param [Class] return_type
-    #   The type of object to return.
-    #   This value may only be set to <code>String</code> or
-    #   <code>Addressable::URI</code>. All other values are invalid. Defaults
-    #   to <code>String</code>.
-    #
-    # @param [String] leave_encoded
-    #   A string of characters to leave encoded. If a percent encoded character
-    #   in this list is encountered then it will remain percent encoded.
-    #
-    # @return [String, Addressable::URI]
-    #   The unencoded component or URI.
-    #   The return type is determined by the <code>return_type</code>
-    #   parameter.
-    def self.unencode(uri, return_type=String, leave_encoded='')
-      return nil if uri.nil?
-
-      begin
-        uri = uri.to_str
-      rescue NoMethodError, TypeError
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{uri.class} into String."
-      end if !uri.is_a? String
-      if ![String, ::Addressable::URI].include?(return_type)
-        raise TypeError,
-          "Expected Class (String or Addressable::URI), " +
-          "got #{return_type.inspect}"
-      end
-
-      result = uri.gsub(/%[0-9a-f]{2}/i) do |sequence|
-        c = sequence[1..3].to_i(16).chr
-        c.force_encoding(sequence.encoding)
-        leave_encoded.include?(c) ? sequence : c
-      end
-
-      result.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
-      if return_type == String
-        return result
-      elsif return_type == ::Addressable::URI
-        return ::Addressable::URI.parse(result)
-      end
-    end
-
-    class << self
-      alias_method :unescape, :unencode
-      alias_method :unencode_component, :unencode
-      alias_method :unescape_component, :unencode
-    end
-
-
-    ##
-    # Normalizes the encoding of a URI component.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #to_str] component The URI component to encode.
-    #
-    # @param [String, Regexp] character_class
-    #   The characters which are not percent encoded. If a <code>String</code>
-    #   is passed, the <code>String</code> must be formatted as a regular
-    #   expression character class. (Do not include the surrounding square
-    #   brackets.)  For example, <code>"b-zB-Z0-9"</code> would cause
-    #   everything but the letters 'b' through 'z' and the numbers '0'
-    #   through '9' to be percent encoded. If a <code>Regexp</code> is passed,
-    #   the value <code>/[^b-zB-Z0-9]/</code> would have the same effect. A
-    #   set of useful <code>String</code> values may be found in the
-    #   <code>Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses</code> module. The default
-    #   value is the reserved plus unreserved character classes specified in
-    #   <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">RFC 3986</a>.
-    #
-    # @param [String] leave_encoded
-    #   When <code>character_class</code> is a <code>String</code> then
-    #   <code>leave_encoded</code> is a string of characters that should remain
-    #   percent encoded while normalizing the component; if they appear percent
-    #   encoded in the original component, then they will be upcased ("%2f"
-    #   normalized to "%2F") but otherwise left alone.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The normalized component.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Addressable::URI.normalize_component("simpl%65/%65xampl%65", "b-zB-Z")
-    #   => "simple%2Fex%61mple"
-    #   Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
-    #     "simpl%65/%65xampl%65", /[^b-zB-Z]/
-    #   )
-    #   => "simple%2Fex%61mple"
-    #   Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
-    #     "simpl%65/%65xampl%65",
-    #     Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
-    #   )
-    #   => "simple%2Fexample"
-    #   Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
-    #     "one%20two%2fthree%26four",
-    #     "0-9a-zA-Z &/",
-    #     "/"
-    #   )
-    #   => "one two%2Fthree&four"
-    def self.normalize_component(component, character_class=
-        CharacterClasses::RESERVED + CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED,
-        leave_encoded='')
-      return nil if component.nil?
-
-      begin
-        component = component.to_str
-      rescue NoMethodError, TypeError
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{component.class} into String."
-      end if !component.is_a? String
-
-      if ![String, Regexp].include?(character_class.class)
-        raise TypeError,
-          "Expected String or Regexp, got #{character_class.inspect}"
-      end
-      if character_class.kind_of?(String)
-        leave_re = if leave_encoded.length > 0
-          character_class = "#{character_class}%" unless character_class.include?('%')
-
-          "|%(?!#{leave_encoded.chars.flat_map do |char|
-            seq = SEQUENCE_ENCODING_TABLE[char]
-            [seq.upcase, seq.downcase]
-          end.join('|')})"
-        end
-
-        character_class = if leave_re
-                            /[^#{character_class}]#{leave_re}/
-                          else
-                            /[^#{character_class}]/
-                          end
-      end
-      # We can't perform regexps on invalid UTF sequences, but
-      # here we need to, so switch to ASCII.
-      component = component.dup
-      component.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
-      unencoded = self.unencode_component(component, String, leave_encoded)
-      begin
-        encoded = self.encode_component(
-          unencoded.unicode_normalize(:nfc),
-          character_class,
-          leave_encoded
-        )
-      rescue ArgumentError
-        encoded = self.encode_component(unencoded)
-      end
-      encoded.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
-      return encoded
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Percent encodes any special characters in the URI.
-    #
-    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] uri
-    #   The URI to encode.
-    #
-    # @param [Class] return_type
-    #   The type of object to return.
-    #   This value may only be set to <code>String</code> or
-    #   <code>Addressable::URI</code>. All other values are invalid. Defaults
-    #   to <code>String</code>.
-    #
-    # @return [String, Addressable::URI]
-    #   The encoded URI.
-    #   The return type is determined by the <code>return_type</code>
-    #   parameter.
-    def self.encode(uri, return_type=String)
-      return nil if uri.nil?
-
-      begin
-        uri = uri.to_str
-      rescue NoMethodError, TypeError
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{uri.class} into String."
-      end if !uri.is_a? String
-
-      if ![String, ::Addressable::URI].include?(return_type)
-        raise TypeError,
-          "Expected Class (String or Addressable::URI), " +
-          "got #{return_type.inspect}"
-      end
-      uri_object = uri.kind_of?(self) ? uri : self.parse(uri)
-      encoded_uri = Addressable::URI.new(
-        :scheme => self.encode_component(uri_object.scheme,
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::SCHEME),
-        :authority => self.encode_component(uri_object.authority,
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::AUTHORITY),
-        :path => self.encode_component(uri_object.path,
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::PATH),
-        :query => self.encode_component(uri_object.query,
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::QUERY),
-        :fragment => self.encode_component(uri_object.fragment,
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::FRAGMENT)
-      )
-      if return_type == String
-        return encoded_uri.to_s
-      elsif return_type == ::Addressable::URI
-        return encoded_uri
-      end
-    end
-
-    class << self
-      alias_method :escape, :encode
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Normalizes the encoding of a URI. Characters within a hostname are
-    # not percent encoded to allow for internationalized domain names.
-    #
-    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] uri
-    #   The URI to encode.
-    #
-    # @param [Class] return_type
-    #   The type of object to return.
-    #   This value may only be set to <code>String</code> or
-    #   <code>Addressable::URI</code>. All other values are invalid. Defaults
-    #   to <code>String</code>.
-    #
-    # @return [String, Addressable::URI]
-    #   The encoded URI.
-    #   The return type is determined by the <code>return_type</code>
-    #   parameter.
-    def self.normalized_encode(uri, return_type=String)
-      begin
-        uri = uri.to_str
-      rescue NoMethodError, TypeError
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{uri.class} into String."
-      end if !uri.is_a? String
-
-      if ![String, ::Addressable::URI].include?(return_type)
-        raise TypeError,
-          "Expected Class (String or Addressable::URI), " +
-          "got #{return_type.inspect}"
-      end
-      uri_object = uri.kind_of?(self) ? uri : self.parse(uri)
-      components = {
-        :scheme => self.unencode_component(uri_object.scheme),
-        :user => self.unencode_component(uri_object.user),
-        :password => self.unencode_component(uri_object.password),
-        :host => self.unencode_component(uri_object.host),
-        :port => (uri_object.port.nil? ? nil : uri_object.port.to_s),
-        :path => self.unencode_component(uri_object.path),
-        :query => self.unencode_component(uri_object.query),
-        :fragment => self.unencode_component(uri_object.fragment)
-      }
-      components.each do |key, value|
-        if value != nil
-          begin
-            components[key] = value.to_str.unicode_normalize(:nfc)
-          rescue ArgumentError
-            # Likely a malformed UTF-8 character, skip unicode normalization
-            components[key] = value.to_str
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      encoded_uri = Addressable::URI.new(
-        :scheme => self.encode_component(components[:scheme],
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::SCHEME),
-        :user => self.encode_component(components[:user],
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED),
-        :password => self.encode_component(components[:password],
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED),
-        :host => components[:host],
-        :port => components[:port],
-        :path => self.encode_component(components[:path],
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::PATH),
-        :query => self.encode_component(components[:query],
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::QUERY),
-        :fragment => self.encode_component(components[:fragment],
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::FRAGMENT)
-      )
-      if return_type == String
-        return encoded_uri.to_s
-      elsif return_type == ::Addressable::URI
-        return encoded_uri
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Encodes a set of key/value pairs according to the rules for the
-    # <code>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</code> MIME type.
-    #
-    # @param [#to_hash, #to_ary] form_values
-    #   The form values to encode.
-    #
-    # @param [TrueClass, FalseClass] sort
-    #   Sort the key/value pairs prior to encoding.
-    #   Defaults to <code>false</code>.
-    #
-    # @return [String]
-    #   The encoded value.
-    def self.form_encode(form_values, sort=false)
-      if form_values.respond_to?(:to_hash)
-        form_values = form_values.to_hash.to_a
-      elsif form_values.respond_to?(:to_ary)
-        form_values = form_values.to_ary
-      else
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{form_values.class} into Array."
-      end
-
-      form_values = form_values.inject([]) do |accu, (key, value)|
-        if value.kind_of?(Array)
-          value.each do |v|
-            accu << [key.to_s, v.to_s]
-          end
-        else
-          accu << [key.to_s, value.to_s]
-        end
-        accu
-      end
-
-      if sort
-        # Useful for OAuth and optimizing caching systems
-        form_values = form_values.sort
-      end
-      escaped_form_values = form_values.map do |(key, value)|
-        # Line breaks are CRLF pairs
-        [
-          self.encode_component(
-            key.gsub(/(\r\n|\n|\r)/, "\r\n"),
-            CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
-          ).gsub("%20", "+"),
-          self.encode_component(
-            value.gsub(/(\r\n|\n|\r)/, "\r\n"),
-            CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
-          ).gsub("%20", "+")
-        ]
-      end
-      return escaped_form_values.map do |(key, value)|
-        "#{key}=#{value}"
-      end.join("&")
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Decodes a <code>String</code> according to the rules for the
-    # <code>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</code> MIME type.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #to_str] encoded_value
-    #   The form values to decode.
-    #
-    # @return [Array]
-    #   The decoded values.
-    #   This is not a <code>Hash</code> because of the possibility for
-    #   duplicate keys.
-    def self.form_unencode(encoded_value)
-      if !encoded_value.respond_to?(:to_str)
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{encoded_value.class} into String."
-      end
-      encoded_value = encoded_value.to_str
-      split_values = encoded_value.split("&").map do |pair|
-        pair.split("=", 2)
-      end
-      return split_values.map do |(key, value)|
-        [
-          key ? self.unencode_component(
-            key.gsub("+", "%20")).gsub(/(\r\n|\n|\r)/, "\n") : nil,
-          value ? (self.unencode_component(
-            value.gsub("+", "%20")).gsub(/(\r\n|\n|\r)/, "\n")) : nil
-        ]
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Creates a new uri object from component parts.
-    #
-    # @option [String, #to_str] scheme The scheme component.
-    # @option [String, #to_str] user The user component.
-    # @option [String, #to_str] password The password component.
-    # @option [String, #to_str] userinfo
-    #   The userinfo component. If this is supplied, the user and password
-    #   components must be omitted.
-    # @option [String, #to_str] host The host component.
-    # @option [String, #to_str] port The port component.
-    # @option [String, #to_str] authority
-    #   The authority component. If this is supplied, the user, password,
-    #   userinfo, host, and port components must be omitted.
-    # @option [String, #to_str] path The path component.
-    # @option [String, #to_str] query The query component.
-    # @option [String, #to_str] fragment The fragment component.
-    #
-    # @return [Addressable::URI] The constructed URI object.
-    def initialize(options={})
-      if options.has_key?(:authority)
-        if (options.keys & [:userinfo, :user, :password, :host, :port]).any?
-          raise ArgumentError,
-            "Cannot specify both an authority and any of the components " +
-            "within the authority."
-        end
-      end
-      if options.has_key?(:userinfo)
-        if (options.keys & [:user, :password]).any?
-          raise ArgumentError,
-            "Cannot specify both a userinfo and either the user or password."
-        end
-      end
-
-      reset_ivs
-
-      defer_validation do
-        # Bunch of crazy logic required because of the composite components
-        # like userinfo and authority.
-        self.scheme = options[:scheme] if options[:scheme]
-        self.user = options[:user] if options[:user]
-        self.password = options[:password] if options[:password]
-        self.userinfo = options[:userinfo] if options[:userinfo]
-        self.host = options[:host] if options[:host]
-        self.port = options[:port] if options[:port]
-        self.authority = options[:authority] if options[:authority]
-        self.path = options[:path] if options[:path]
-        self.query = options[:query] if options[:query]
-        self.query_values = options[:query_values] if options[:query_values]
-        self.fragment = options[:fragment] if options[:fragment]
-      end
-
-      to_s # force path validation
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Freeze URI, initializing instance variables.
-    #
-    # @return [Addressable::URI] The frozen URI object.
-    def freeze
-      self.normalized_scheme
-      self.normalized_user
-      self.normalized_password
-      self.normalized_userinfo
-      self.normalized_host
-      self.normalized_port
-      self.normalized_authority
-      self.normalized_site
-      self.normalized_path
-      self.normalized_query
-      self.normalized_fragment
-      self.hash
-      super
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The scheme component for this URI.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The scheme component.
-    attr_reader :scheme
-
-    ##
-    # The scheme component for this URI, normalized.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The scheme component, normalized.
-    def normalized_scheme
-      return nil unless self.scheme
-      if @normalized_scheme == NONE
-        @normalized_scheme = if self.scheme =~ /^\s*ssh\+svn\s*$/i
-          "svn+ssh".dup
-        else
-          Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
-            self.scheme.strip.downcase,
-            Addressable::URI::NormalizeCharacterClasses::SCHEME
-          )
-        end
-      end
-      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
-      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_scheme)
-      @normalized_scheme
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the scheme component for this URI.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #to_str] new_scheme The new scheme component.
-    def scheme=(new_scheme)
-      if new_scheme && !new_scheme.respond_to?(:to_str)
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_scheme.class} into String."
-      elsif new_scheme
-        new_scheme = new_scheme.to_str
-      end
-      if new_scheme && new_scheme !~ /\A[a-z][a-z0-9\.\+\-]*\z/i
-        raise InvalidURIError, "Invalid scheme format: '#{new_scheme}'"
-      end
-      @scheme = new_scheme
-      @scheme = nil if @scheme.to_s.strip.empty?
-
-      # Reset dependent values
-      @normalized_scheme = NONE
-      remove_composite_values
-
-      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
-      validate()
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The user component for this URI.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The user component.
-    attr_reader :user
-
-    ##
-    # The user component for this URI, normalized.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The user component, normalized.
-    def normalized_user
-      return nil unless self.user
-      return @normalized_user unless @normalized_user == NONE
-      @normalized_user = begin
-        if normalized_scheme =~ /https?/ && self.user.strip.empty? &&
-            (!self.password || self.password.strip.empty?)
-          nil
-        else
-          Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
-            self.user.strip,
-            Addressable::URI::NormalizeCharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
-          )
-        end
-      end
-      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
-      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_user)
-      @normalized_user
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the user component for this URI.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #to_str] new_user The new user component.
-    def user=(new_user)
-      if new_user && !new_user.respond_to?(:to_str)
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_user.class} into String."
-      end
-      @user = new_user ? new_user.to_str : nil
-
-      # You can't have a nil user with a non-nil password
-      if password != nil
-        @user = EMPTY_STR unless user
-      end
-
-      # Reset dependent values
-      @userinfo = nil
-      @normalized_userinfo = NONE
-      @authority = nil
-      @normalized_user = NONE
-      remove_composite_values
-
-      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
-      validate()
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The password component for this URI.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The password component.
-    attr_reader :password
-
-    ##
-    # The password component for this URI, normalized.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The password component, normalized.
-    def normalized_password
-      return nil unless self.password
-      return @normalized_password unless @normalized_password == NONE
-      @normalized_password = begin
-        if self.normalized_scheme =~ /https?/ && self.password.strip.empty? &&
-            (!self.user || self.user.strip.empty?)
-          nil
-        else
-          Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
-            self.password.strip,
-            Addressable::URI::NormalizeCharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
-          )
-        end
-      end
-      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
-      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_password)
-      @normalized_password
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the password component for this URI.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #to_str] new_password The new password component.
-    def password=(new_password)
-      if new_password && !new_password.respond_to?(:to_str)
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_password.class} into String."
-      end
-      @password = new_password ? new_password.to_str : nil
-
-      # You can't have a nil user with a non-nil password
-      if @password != nil
-        self.user = EMPTY_STR if user.nil?
-      end
-
-      # Reset dependent values
-      @userinfo = nil
-      @normalized_userinfo = NONE
-      @authority = nil
-      @normalized_password = NONE
-      remove_composite_values
-
-      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
-      validate()
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The userinfo component for this URI.
-    # Combines the user and password components.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The userinfo component.
-    def userinfo
-      current_user = self.user
-      current_password = self.password
-      (current_user || current_password) && @userinfo ||= begin
-        if current_user && current_password
-          "#{current_user}:#{current_password}"
-        elsif current_user && !current_password
-          "#{current_user}"
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The userinfo component for this URI, normalized.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The userinfo component, normalized.
-    def normalized_userinfo
-      return nil unless self.userinfo
-      return @normalized_userinfo unless @normalized_userinfo == NONE
-      @normalized_userinfo = begin
-        current_user = self.normalized_user
-        current_password = self.normalized_password
-        if !current_user && !current_password
-          nil
-        elsif current_user && current_password
-          "#{current_user}:#{current_password}".dup
-        elsif current_user && !current_password
-          "#{current_user}".dup
-        end
-      end
-      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
-      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_userinfo)
-      @normalized_userinfo
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the userinfo component for this URI.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #to_str] new_userinfo The new userinfo component.
-    def userinfo=(new_userinfo)
-      if new_userinfo && !new_userinfo.respond_to?(:to_str)
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_userinfo.class} into String."
-      end
-      new_user, new_password = if new_userinfo
-        [
-          new_userinfo.to_str.strip[/^(.*):/, 1],
-          new_userinfo.to_str.strip[/:(.*)$/, 1]
-        ]
-      else
-        [nil, nil]
-      end
-
-      # Password assigned first to ensure validity in case of nil
-      self.password = new_password
-      self.user = new_user
-
-      # Reset dependent values
-      @authority = nil
-      remove_composite_values
-
-      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
-      validate()
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The host component for this URI.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The host component.
-    attr_reader :host
-
-    ##
-    # The host component for this URI, normalized.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The host component, normalized.
-    def normalized_host
-      return nil unless self.host
-
-      @normalized_host ||= begin
-        if !self.host.strip.empty?
-          result = ::Addressable::IDNA.to_ascii(
-            URI.unencode_component(self.host.strip.downcase)
-          )
-          if result =~ /[^\.]\.$/
-            # Single trailing dots are unnecessary.
-            result = result[0...-1]
-          end
-          result = Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
-            result,
-            NormalizeCharacterClasses::HOST
-          )
-          result
-        else
-          EMPTY_STR.dup
-        end
-      end
-      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
-      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_host)
-      @normalized_host
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the host component for this URI.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #to_str] new_host The new host component.
-    def host=(new_host)
-      if new_host && !new_host.respond_to?(:to_str)
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_host.class} into String."
-      end
-      @host = new_host ? new_host.to_str : nil
-
-      # Reset dependent values
-      @authority = nil
-      @normalized_host = nil
-      remove_composite_values
-
-      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
-      validate()
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # This method is same as URI::Generic#host except
-    # brackets for IPv6 (and 'IPvFuture') addresses are removed.
-    #
-    # @see Addressable::URI#host
-    #
-    # @return [String] The hostname for this URI.
-    def hostname
-      v = self.host
-      /\A\[(.*)\]\z/ =~ v ? $1 : v
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # This method is same as URI::Generic#host= except
-    # the argument can be a bare IPv6 address (or 'IPvFuture').
-    #
-    # @see Addressable::URI#host=
-    #
-    # @param [String, #to_str] new_hostname The new hostname for this URI.
-    def hostname=(new_hostname)
-      if new_hostname &&
-          (new_hostname.respond_to?(:ipv4?) || new_hostname.respond_to?(:ipv6?))
-        new_hostname = new_hostname.to_s
-      elsif new_hostname && !new_hostname.respond_to?(:to_str)
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_hostname.class} into String."
-      end
-      v = new_hostname ? new_hostname.to_str : nil
-      v = "[#{v}]" if /\A\[.*\]\z/ !~ v && /:/ =~ v
-      self.host = v
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Returns the top-level domain for this host.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Addressable::URI.parse("http://www.example.co.uk").tld # => "co.uk"
-    def tld
-      PublicSuffix.parse(self.host, ignore_private: true).tld
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the top-level domain for this URI.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #to_str] new_tld The new top-level domain.
-    def tld=(new_tld)
-      replaced_tld = host.sub(/#{tld}\z/, new_tld)
-      self.host = PublicSuffix::Domain.new(replaced_tld).to_s
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Returns the public suffix domain for this host.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Addressable::URI.parse("http://www.example.co.uk").domain # => "example.co.uk"
-    def domain
-      PublicSuffix.domain(self.host, ignore_private: true)
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The authority component for this URI.
-    # Combines the user, password, host, and port components.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The authority component.
-    def authority
-      self.host && @authority ||= begin
-        authority = String.new
-        if self.userinfo != nil
-          authority << "#{self.userinfo}@"
-        end
-        authority << self.host
-        if self.port != nil
-          authority << ":#{self.port}"
-        end
-        authority
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The authority component for this URI, normalized.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The authority component, normalized.
-    def normalized_authority
-      return nil unless self.authority
-      @normalized_authority ||= begin
-        authority = String.new
-        if self.normalized_userinfo != nil
-          authority << "#{self.normalized_userinfo}@"
-        end
-        authority << self.normalized_host
-        if self.normalized_port != nil
-          authority << ":#{self.normalized_port}"
-        end
-        authority
-      end
-      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
-      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_authority)
-      @normalized_authority
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the authority component for this URI.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #to_str] new_authority The new authority component.
-    def authority=(new_authority)
-      if new_authority
-        if !new_authority.respond_to?(:to_str)
-          raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_authority.class} into String."
-        end
-        new_authority = new_authority.to_str
-        new_userinfo = new_authority[/^([^\[\]]*)@/, 1]
-        if new_userinfo
-          new_user = new_userinfo.strip[/^([^:]*):?/, 1]
-          new_password = new_userinfo.strip[/:(.*)$/, 1]
-        end
-        new_host = new_authority.sub(
-          /^([^\[\]]*)@/, EMPTY_STR
-        ).sub(
-          /:([^:@\[\]]*?)$/, EMPTY_STR
-        )
-        new_port =
-          new_authority[/:([^:@\[\]]*?)$/, 1]
-      end
-
-      # Password assigned first to ensure validity in case of nil
-      self.password = new_password
-      self.user = new_user
-      self.host = new_host
-      self.port = new_port
-
-      # Reset dependent values
-      @userinfo = nil
-      @normalized_userinfo = NONE
-      remove_composite_values
-
-      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
-      validate()
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The origin for this URI, serialized to ASCII, as per
-    # RFC 6454, section 6.2.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The serialized origin.
-    def origin
-      if self.scheme && self.authority
-        if self.normalized_port
-          "#{self.normalized_scheme}://#{self.normalized_host}" +
-          ":#{self.normalized_port}"
-        else
-          "#{self.normalized_scheme}://#{self.normalized_host}"
-        end
-      else
-        "null"
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the origin for this URI, serialized to ASCII, as per
-    # RFC 6454, section 6.2. This assignment will reset the `userinfo`
-    # component.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #to_str] new_origin The new origin component.
-    def origin=(new_origin)
-      if new_origin
-        if !new_origin.respond_to?(:to_str)
-          raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_origin.class} into String."
-        end
-        new_origin = new_origin.to_str
-        new_scheme = new_origin[/^([^:\/?#]+):\/\//, 1]
-        unless new_scheme
-          raise InvalidURIError, 'An origin cannot omit the scheme.'
-        end
-        new_host = new_origin[/:\/\/([^\/?#:]+)/, 1]
-        unless new_host
-          raise InvalidURIError, 'An origin cannot omit the host.'
-        end
-        new_port = new_origin[/:([^:@\[\]\/]*?)$/, 1]
-      end
-
-      self.scheme = new_scheme
-      self.host = new_host
-      self.port = new_port
-      self.userinfo = nil
-
-      # Reset dependent values
-      @userinfo = nil
-      @normalized_userinfo = NONE
-      @authority = nil
-      @normalized_authority = nil
-      remove_composite_values
-
-      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
-      validate()
-    end
-
-    # Returns an array of known ip-based schemes. These schemes typically
-    # use a similar URI form:
-    # <code>//<user>:<password>@<host>:<port>/<url-path></code>
-    def self.ip_based_schemes
-      return self.port_mapping.keys
-    end
-
-    # Returns a hash of common IP-based schemes and their default port
-    # numbers. Adding new schemes to this hash, as necessary, will allow
-    # for better URI normalization.
-    def self.port_mapping
-      PORT_MAPPING
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The port component for this URI.
-    # This is the port number actually given in the URI. This does not
-    # infer port numbers from default values.
-    #
-    # @return [Integer] The port component.
-    attr_reader :port
-
-    ##
-    # The port component for this URI, normalized.
-    #
-    # @return [Integer] The port component, normalized.
-    def normalized_port
-      return nil unless self.port
-      return @normalized_port unless @normalized_port == NONE
-      @normalized_port = begin
-        if URI.port_mapping[self.normalized_scheme] == self.port
-          nil
-        else
-          self.port
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the port component for this URI.
-    #
-    # @param [String, Integer, #to_s] new_port The new port component.
-    def port=(new_port)
-      if new_port != nil && new_port.respond_to?(:to_str)
-        new_port = Addressable::URI.unencode_component(new_port.to_str)
-      end
-
-      if new_port.respond_to?(:valid_encoding?) && !new_port.valid_encoding?
-        raise InvalidURIError, "Invalid encoding in port"
-      end
-
-      if new_port != nil && !(new_port.to_s =~ /^\d+$/)
-        raise InvalidURIError,
-          "Invalid port number: #{new_port.inspect}"
-      end
-
-      @port = new_port.to_s.to_i
-      @port = nil if @port == 0
-
-      # Reset dependent values
-      @authority = nil
-      @normalized_port = NONE
-      remove_composite_values
-
-      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
-      validate()
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The inferred port component for this URI.
-    # This method will normalize to the default port for the URI's scheme if
-    # the port isn't explicitly specified in the URI.
-    #
-    # @return [Integer] The inferred port component.
-    def inferred_port
-      if self.port.to_i == 0
-        self.default_port
-      else
-        self.port.to_i
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The default port for this URI's scheme.
-    # This method will always returns the default port for the URI's scheme
-    # regardless of the presence of an explicit port in the URI.
-    #
-    # @return [Integer] The default port.
-    def default_port
-      URI.port_mapping[self.scheme.strip.downcase] if self.scheme
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The combination of components that represent a site.
-    # Combines the scheme, user, password, host, and port components.
-    # Primarily useful for HTTP and HTTPS.
-    #
-    # For example, <code>"http://example.com/path?query"</code> would have a
-    # <code>site</code> value of <code>"http://example.com"</code>.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The components that identify a site.
-    def site
-      (self.scheme || self.authority) && @site ||= begin
-        site_string = "".dup
-        site_string << "#{self.scheme}:" if self.scheme != nil
-        site_string << "//#{self.authority}" if self.authority != nil
-        site_string
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The normalized combination of components that represent a site.
-    # Combines the scheme, user, password, host, and port components.
-    # Primarily useful for HTTP and HTTPS.
-    #
-    # For example, <code>"http://example.com/path?query"</code> would have a
-    # <code>site</code> value of <code>"http://example.com"</code>.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The normalized components that identify a site.
-    def normalized_site
-      return nil unless self.site
-      @normalized_site ||= begin
-        site_string = "".dup
-        if self.normalized_scheme != nil
-          site_string << "#{self.normalized_scheme}:"
-        end
-        if self.normalized_authority != nil
-          site_string << "//#{self.normalized_authority}"
-        end
-        site_string
-      end
-      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
-      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_site)
-      @normalized_site
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the site value for this URI.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #to_str] new_site The new site value.
-    def site=(new_site)
-      if new_site
-        if !new_site.respond_to?(:to_str)
-          raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_site.class} into String."
-        end
-        new_site = new_site.to_str
-        # These two regular expressions derived from the primary parsing
-        # expression
-        self.scheme = new_site[/^(?:([^:\/?#]+):)?(?:\/\/(?:[^\/?#]*))?$/, 1]
-        self.authority = new_site[
-          /^(?:(?:[^:\/?#]+):)?(?:\/\/([^\/?#]*))?$/, 1
-        ]
-      else
-        self.scheme = nil
-        self.authority = nil
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The path component for this URI.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The path component.
-    attr_reader :path
-
-    NORMPATH = /^(?!\/)[^\/:]*:.*$/
-    ##
-    # The path component for this URI, normalized.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The path component, normalized.
-    def normalized_path
-      @normalized_path ||= begin
-        path = self.path.to_s
-        if self.scheme == nil && path =~ NORMPATH
-          # Relative paths with colons in the first segment are ambiguous.
-          path = path.sub(":", "%2F")
-        end
-        # String#split(delimeter, -1) uses the more strict splitting behavior
-        # found by default in Python.
-        result = path.strip.split(SLASH, -1).map do |segment|
-          Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
-            segment,
-            Addressable::URI::NormalizeCharacterClasses::PCHAR
-          )
-        end.join(SLASH)
-
-        result = URI.normalize_path(result)
-        if result.empty? &&
-            ["http", "https", "ftp", "tftp"].include?(self.normalized_scheme)
-          result = SLASH.dup
-        end
-        result
-      end
-      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
-      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_path)
-      @normalized_path
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the path component for this URI.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #to_str] new_path The new path component.
-    def path=(new_path)
-      if new_path && !new_path.respond_to?(:to_str)
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_path.class} into String."
-      end
-      @path = (new_path || EMPTY_STR).to_str
-      if !@path.empty? && @path[0..0] != SLASH && host != nil
-        @path = "/#{@path}"
-      end
-
-      # Reset dependent values
-      @normalized_path = nil
-      remove_composite_values
-
-      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
-      validate()
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The basename, if any, of the file in the path component.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The path's basename.
-    def basename
-      # Path cannot be nil
-      return File.basename(self.path).sub(/;[^\/]*$/, EMPTY_STR)
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The extname, if any, of the file in the path component.
-    # Empty string if there is no extension.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The path's extname.
-    def extname
-      return nil unless self.path
-      return File.extname(self.basename)
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The query component for this URI.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The query component.
-    attr_reader :query
-
-    ##
-    # The query component for this URI, normalized.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The query component, normalized.
-    def normalized_query(*flags)
-      return nil unless self.query
-      return @normalized_query unless @normalized_query == NONE
-      @normalized_query = begin
-        modified_query_class = Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::QUERY.dup
-        # Make sure possible key-value pair delimiters are escaped.
-        modified_query_class.sub!("\\&", "").sub!("\\;", "")
-        pairs = (query || "").split("&", -1)
-        pairs.delete_if(&:empty?).uniq! if flags.include?(:compacted)
-        pairs.sort! if flags.include?(:sorted)
-        component = pairs.map do |pair|
-          Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
-            pair,
-            Addressable::URI::NormalizeCharacterClasses::QUERY,
-            "+"
-          )
-        end.join("&")
-        component == "" ? nil : component
-      end
-      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
-      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_query)
-      @normalized_query
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the query component for this URI.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #to_str] new_query The new query component.
-    def query=(new_query)
-      if new_query && !new_query.respond_to?(:to_str)
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_query.class} into String."
-      end
-      @query = new_query ? new_query.to_str : nil
-
-      # Reset dependent values
-      @normalized_query = NONE
-      remove_composite_values
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Converts the query component to a Hash value.
-    #
-    # @param [Class] return_type The return type desired. Value must be either
-    #   `Hash` or `Array`.
-    #
-    # @return [Hash, Array, nil] The query string parsed as a Hash or Array
-    #   or nil if the query string is blank.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Addressable::URI.parse("?one=1&two=2&three=3").query_values
-    #   #=> {"one" => "1", "two" => "2", "three" => "3"}
-    #   Addressable::URI.parse("?one=two&one=three").query_values(Array)
-    #   #=> [["one", "two"], ["one", "three"]]
-    #   Addressable::URI.parse("?one=two&one=three").query_values(Hash)
-    #   #=> {"one" => "three"}
-    #   Addressable::URI.parse("?").query_values
-    #   #=> {}
-    #   Addressable::URI.parse("").query_values
-    #   #=> nil
-    def query_values(return_type=Hash)
-      empty_accumulator = Array == return_type ? [] : {}
-      if return_type != Hash && return_type != Array
-        raise ArgumentError, "Invalid return type. Must be Hash or Array."
-      end
-      return nil if self.query == nil
-      split_query = self.query.split("&").map do |pair|
-        pair.split("=", 2) if pair && !pair.empty?
-      end.compact
-      return split_query.inject(empty_accumulator.dup) do |accu, pair|
-        # I'd rather use key/value identifiers instead of array lookups,
-        # but in this case I really want to maintain the exact pair structure,
-        # so it's best to make all changes in-place.
-        pair[0] = URI.unencode_component(pair[0])
-        if pair[1].respond_to?(:to_str)
-          value = pair[1].to_str
-          # I loathe the fact that I have to do this. Stupid HTML 4.01.
-          # Treating '+' as a space was just an unbelievably bad idea.
-          # There was nothing wrong with '%20'!
-          # If it ain't broke, don't fix it!
-          value = value.tr("+", " ") if ["http", "https", nil].include?(scheme)
-          pair[1] = URI.unencode_component(value)
-        end
-        if return_type == Hash
-          accu[pair[0]] = pair[1]
-        else
-          accu << pair
-        end
-        accu
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the query component for this URI from a Hash object.
-    # An empty Hash or Array will result in an empty query string.
-    #
-    # @param [Hash, #to_hash, Array] new_query_values The new query values.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   uri.query_values = {:a => "a", :b => ["c", "d", "e"]}
-    #   uri.query
-    #   # => "a=a&b=c&b=d&b=e"
-    #   uri.query_values = [['a', 'a'], ['b', 'c'], ['b', 'd'], ['b', 'e']]
-    #   uri.query
-    #   # => "a=a&b=c&b=d&b=e"
-    #   uri.query_values = [['a', 'a'], ['b', ['c', 'd', 'e']]]
-    #   uri.query
-    #   # => "a=a&b=c&b=d&b=e"
-    #   uri.query_values = [['flag'], ['key', 'value']]
-    #   uri.query
-    #   # => "flag&key=value"
-    def query_values=(new_query_values)
-      if new_query_values == nil
-        self.query = nil
-        return nil
-      end
-
-      if !new_query_values.is_a?(Array)
-        if !new_query_values.respond_to?(:to_hash)
-          raise TypeError,
-            "Can't convert #{new_query_values.class} into Hash."
-        end
-        new_query_values = new_query_values.to_hash
-        new_query_values = new_query_values.map do |key, value|
-          key = key.to_s if key.kind_of?(Symbol)
-          [key, value]
-        end
-        # Useful default for OAuth and caching.
-        # Only to be used for non-Array inputs. Arrays should preserve order.
-        new_query_values.sort!
-      end
-
-      # new_query_values have form [['key1', 'value1'], ['key2', 'value2']]
-      buffer = "".dup
-      new_query_values.each do |key, value|
-        encoded_key = URI.encode_component(
-          key, CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
-        )
-        if value == nil
-          buffer << "#{encoded_key}&"
-        elsif value.kind_of?(Array)
-          value.each do |sub_value|
-            encoded_value = URI.encode_component(
-              sub_value, CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
-            )
-            buffer << "#{encoded_key}=#{encoded_value}&"
-          end
-        else
-          encoded_value = URI.encode_component(
-            value, CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
-          )
-          buffer << "#{encoded_key}=#{encoded_value}&"
-        end
-      end
-      self.query = buffer.chop
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The HTTP request URI for this URI.  This is the path and the
-    # query string.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The request URI required for an HTTP request.
-    def request_uri
-      return nil if self.absolute? && self.scheme !~ /^https?$/i
-      return (
-        (!self.path.empty? ? self.path : SLASH) +
-        (self.query ? "?#{self.query}" : EMPTY_STR)
-      )
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the HTTP request URI for this URI.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #to_str] new_request_uri The new HTTP request URI.
-    def request_uri=(new_request_uri)
-      if !new_request_uri.respond_to?(:to_str)
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_request_uri.class} into String."
-      end
-      if self.absolute? && self.scheme !~ /^https?$/i
-        raise InvalidURIError,
-          "Cannot set an HTTP request URI for a non-HTTP URI."
-      end
-      new_request_uri = new_request_uri.to_str
-      path_component = new_request_uri[/^([^\?]*)\??(?:.*)$/, 1]
-      query_component = new_request_uri[/^(?:[^\?]*)\?(.*)$/, 1]
-      path_component = path_component.to_s
-      path_component = (!path_component.empty? ? path_component : SLASH)
-      self.path = path_component
-      self.query = query_component
-
-      # Reset dependent values
-      remove_composite_values
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # The fragment component for this URI.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The fragment component.
-    attr_reader :fragment
-
-    ##
-    # The fragment component for this URI, normalized.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The fragment component, normalized.
-    def normalized_fragment
-      return nil unless self.fragment
-      return @normalized_fragment unless @normalized_fragment == NONE
-      @normalized_fragment = begin
-        component = Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
-          self.fragment,
-          Addressable::URI::NormalizeCharacterClasses::FRAGMENT
-        )
-        component == "" ? nil : component
-      end
-      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
-      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_fragment)
-      @normalized_fragment
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Sets the fragment component for this URI.
-    #
-    # @param [String, #to_str] new_fragment The new fragment component.
-    def fragment=(new_fragment)
-      if new_fragment && !new_fragment.respond_to?(:to_str)
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_fragment.class} into String."
-      end
-      @fragment = new_fragment ? new_fragment.to_str : nil
-
-      # Reset dependent values
-      @normalized_fragment = NONE
-      remove_composite_values
-
-      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
-      validate()
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Determines if the scheme indicates an IP-based protocol.
-    #
-    # @return [TrueClass, FalseClass]
-    #   <code>true</code> if the scheme indicates an IP-based protocol.
-    #   <code>false</code> otherwise.
-    def ip_based?
-      if self.scheme
-        return URI.ip_based_schemes.include?(
-          self.scheme.strip.downcase)
-      end
-      return false
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Determines if the URI is relative.
-    #
-    # @return [TrueClass, FalseClass]
-    #   <code>true</code> if the URI is relative. <code>false</code>
-    #   otherwise.
-    def relative?
-      return self.scheme.nil?
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Determines if the URI is absolute.
-    #
-    # @return [TrueClass, FalseClass]
-    #   <code>true</code> if the URI is absolute. <code>false</code>
-    #   otherwise.
-    def absolute?
-      return !relative?
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Joins two URIs together.
-    #
-    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] The URI to join with.
-    #
-    # @return [Addressable::URI] The joined URI.
-    def join(uri)
-      if !uri.respond_to?(:to_str)
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{uri.class} into String."
-      end
-      if !uri.kind_of?(URI)
-        # Otherwise, convert to a String, then parse.
-        uri = URI.parse(uri.to_str)
-      end
-      if uri.to_s.empty?
-        return self.dup
-      end
-
-      joined_scheme = nil
-      joined_user = nil
-      joined_password = nil
-      joined_host = nil
-      joined_port = nil
-      joined_path = nil
-      joined_query = nil
-      joined_fragment = nil
-
-      # Section 5.2.2 of RFC 3986
-      if uri.scheme != nil
-        joined_scheme = uri.scheme
-        joined_user = uri.user
-        joined_password = uri.password
-        joined_host = uri.host
-        joined_port = uri.port
-        joined_path = URI.normalize_path(uri.path)
-        joined_query = uri.query
-      else
-        if uri.authority != nil
-          joined_user = uri.user
-          joined_password = uri.password
-          joined_host = uri.host
-          joined_port = uri.port
-          joined_path = URI.normalize_path(uri.path)
-          joined_query = uri.query
-        else
-          if uri.path == nil || uri.path.empty?
-            joined_path = self.path
-            if uri.query != nil
-              joined_query = uri.query
-            else
-              joined_query = self.query
-            end
-          else
-            if uri.path[0..0] == SLASH
-              joined_path = URI.normalize_path(uri.path)
-            else
-              base_path = self.path.dup
-              base_path = EMPTY_STR if base_path == nil
-              base_path = URI.normalize_path(base_path)
-
-              # Section 5.2.3 of RFC 3986
-              #
-              # Removes the right-most path segment from the base path.
-              if base_path.include?(SLASH)
-                base_path.sub!(/\/[^\/]+$/, SLASH)
-              else
-                base_path = EMPTY_STR
-              end
-
-              # If the base path is empty and an authority segment has been
-              # defined, use a base path of SLASH
-              if base_path.empty? && self.authority != nil
-                base_path = SLASH
-              end
-
-              joined_path = URI.normalize_path(base_path + uri.path)
-            end
-            joined_query = uri.query
-          end
-          joined_user = self.user
-          joined_password = self.password
-          joined_host = self.host
-          joined_port = self.port
-        end
-        joined_scheme = self.scheme
-      end
-      joined_fragment = uri.fragment
-
-      return self.class.new(
-        :scheme => joined_scheme,
-        :user => joined_user,
-        :password => joined_password,
-        :host => joined_host,
-        :port => joined_port,
-        :path => joined_path,
-        :query => joined_query,
-        :fragment => joined_fragment
-      )
-    end
-    alias_method :+, :join
-
-    ##
-    # Destructive form of <code>join</code>.
-    #
-    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] The URI to join with.
-    #
-    # @return [Addressable::URI] The joined URI.
-    #
-    # @see Addressable::URI#join
-    def join!(uri)
-      replace_self(self.join(uri))
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Merges a URI with a <code>Hash</code> of components.
-    # This method has different behavior from <code>join</code>. Any
-    # components present in the <code>hash</code> parameter will override the
-    # original components. The path component is not treated specially.
-    #
-    # @param [Hash, Addressable::URI, #to_hash] The components to merge with.
-    #
-    # @return [Addressable::URI] The merged URI.
-    #
-    # @see Hash#merge
-    def merge(hash)
-      unless hash.respond_to?(:to_hash)
-        raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{hash.class} into Hash."
-      end
-      hash = hash.to_hash
-
-      if hash.has_key?(:authority)
-        if (hash.keys & [:userinfo, :user, :password, :host, :port]).any?
-          raise ArgumentError,
-            "Cannot specify both an authority and any of the components " +
-            "within the authority."
-        end
-      end
-      if hash.has_key?(:userinfo)
-        if (hash.keys & [:user, :password]).any?
-          raise ArgumentError,
-            "Cannot specify both a userinfo and either the user or password."
-        end
-      end
-
-      uri = self.class.new
-      uri.defer_validation do
-        # Bunch of crazy logic required because of the composite components
-        # like userinfo and authority.
-        uri.scheme =
-          hash.has_key?(:scheme) ? hash[:scheme] : self.scheme
-        if hash.has_key?(:authority)
-          uri.authority =
-            hash.has_key?(:authority) ? hash[:authority] : self.authority
-        end
-        if hash.has_key?(:userinfo)
-          uri.userinfo =
-            hash.has_key?(:userinfo) ? hash[:userinfo] : self.userinfo
-        end
-        if !hash.has_key?(:userinfo) && !hash.has_key?(:authority)
-          uri.user =
-            hash.has_key?(:user) ? hash[:user] : self.user
-          uri.password =
-            hash.has_key?(:password) ? hash[:password] : self.password
-        end
-        if !hash.has_key?(:authority)
-          uri.host =
-            hash.has_key?(:host) ? hash[:host] : self.host
-          uri.port =
-            hash.has_key?(:port) ? hash[:port] : self.port
-        end
-        uri.path =
-          hash.has_key?(:path) ? hash[:path] : self.path
-        uri.query =
-          hash.has_key?(:query) ? hash[:query] : self.query
-        uri.fragment =
-          hash.has_key?(:fragment) ? hash[:fragment] : self.fragment
-      end
-
-      return uri
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Destructive form of <code>merge</code>.
-    #
-    # @param [Hash, Addressable::URI, #to_hash] The components to merge with.
-    #
-    # @return [Addressable::URI] The merged URI.
-    #
-    # @see Addressable::URI#merge
-    def merge!(uri)
-      replace_self(self.merge(uri))
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Returns the shortest normalized relative form of this URI that uses the
-    # supplied URI as a base for resolution. Returns an absolute URI if
-    # necessary. This is effectively the opposite of <code>route_to</code>.
-    #
-    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] uri The URI to route from.
-    #
-    # @return [Addressable::URI]
-    #   The normalized relative URI that is equivalent to the original URI.
-    def route_from(uri)
-      uri = URI.parse(uri).normalize
-      normalized_self = self.normalize
-      if normalized_self.relative?
-        raise ArgumentError, "Expected absolute URI, got: #{self.to_s}"
-      end
-      if uri.relative?
-        raise ArgumentError, "Expected absolute URI, got: #{uri.to_s}"
-      end
-      if normalized_self == uri
-        return Addressable::URI.parse("##{normalized_self.fragment}")
-      end
-      components = normalized_self.to_hash
-      if normalized_self.scheme == uri.scheme
-        components[:scheme] = nil
-        if normalized_self.authority == uri.authority
-          components[:user] = nil
-          components[:password] = nil
-          components[:host] = nil
-          components[:port] = nil
-          if normalized_self.path == uri.path
-            components[:path] = nil
-            if normalized_self.query == uri.query
-              components[:query] = nil
-            end
-          else
-            if uri.path != SLASH and components[:path]
-              self_splitted_path = split_path(components[:path])
-              uri_splitted_path = split_path(uri.path)
-              self_dir = self_splitted_path.shift
-              uri_dir = uri_splitted_path.shift
-              while !self_splitted_path.empty? && !uri_splitted_path.empty? and self_dir == uri_dir
-                self_dir = self_splitted_path.shift
-                uri_dir = uri_splitted_path.shift
-              end
-              components[:path] = (uri_splitted_path.fill('..') + [self_dir] + self_splitted_path).join(SLASH)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      # Avoid network-path references.
-      if components[:host] != nil
-        components[:scheme] = normalized_self.scheme
-      end
-      return Addressable::URI.new(
-        :scheme => components[:scheme],
-        :user => components[:user],
-        :password => components[:password],
-        :host => components[:host],
-        :port => components[:port],
-        :path => components[:path],
-        :query => components[:query],
-        :fragment => components[:fragment]
-      )
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Returns the shortest normalized relative form of the supplied URI that
-    # uses this URI as a base for resolution. Returns an absolute URI if
-    # necessary. This is effectively the opposite of <code>route_from</code>.
-    #
-    # @param [String, Addressable::URI, #to_str] uri The URI to route to.
-    #
-    # @return [Addressable::URI]
-    #   The normalized relative URI that is equivalent to the supplied URI.
-    def route_to(uri)
-      return URI.parse(uri).route_from(self)
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Returns a normalized URI object.
-    #
-    # NOTE: This method does not attempt to fully conform to specifications.
-    # It exists largely to correct other people's failures to read the
-    # specifications, and also to deal with caching issues since several
-    # different URIs may represent the same resource and should not be
-    # cached multiple times.
-    #
-    # @return [Addressable::URI] The normalized URI.
-    def normalize
-      # This is a special exception for the frequently misused feed
-      # URI scheme.
-      if normalized_scheme == "feed"
-        if self.to_s =~ /^feed:\/*http:\/*/
-          return URI.parse(
-            self.to_s[/^feed:\/*(http:\/*.*)/, 1]
-          ).normalize
-        end
-      end
-
-      return self.class.new(
-        :scheme => normalized_scheme,
-        :authority => normalized_authority,
-        :path => normalized_path,
-        :query => normalized_query,
-        :fragment => normalized_fragment
-      )
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Destructively normalizes this URI object.
-    #
-    # @return [Addressable::URI] The normalized URI.
-    #
-    # @see Addressable::URI#normalize
-    def normalize!
-      replace_self(self.normalize)
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Creates a URI suitable for display to users. If semantic attacks are
-    # likely, the application should try to detect these and warn the user.
-    # See <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">RFC 3986</a>,
-    # section 7.6 for more information.
-    #
-    # @return [Addressable::URI] A URI suitable for display purposes.
-    def display_uri
-      display_uri = self.normalize
-      display_uri.host = ::Addressable::IDNA.to_unicode(display_uri.host)
-      return display_uri
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Returns <code>true</code> if the URI objects are equal. This method
-    # normalizes both URIs before doing the comparison, and allows comparison
-    # against <code>Strings</code>.
-    #
-    # @param [Object] uri The URI to compare.
-    #
-    # @return [TrueClass, FalseClass]
-    #   <code>true</code> if the URIs are equivalent, <code>false</code>
-    #   otherwise.
-    def ===(uri)
-      if uri.respond_to?(:normalize)
-        uri_string = uri.normalize.to_s
-      else
-        begin
-          uri_string = ::Addressable::URI.parse(uri).normalize.to_s
-        rescue InvalidURIError, TypeError
-          return false
-        end
-      end
-      return self.normalize.to_s == uri_string
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Returns <code>true</code> if the URI objects are equal. This method
-    # normalizes both URIs before doing the comparison.
-    #
-    # @param [Object] uri The URI to compare.
-    #
-    # @return [TrueClass, FalseClass]
-    #   <code>true</code> if the URIs are equivalent, <code>false</code>
-    #   otherwise.
-    def ==(uri)
-      return false unless uri.kind_of?(URI)
-      return self.normalize.to_s == uri.normalize.to_s
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Returns <code>true</code> if the URI objects are equal. This method
-    # does NOT normalize either URI before doing the comparison.
-    #
-    # @param [Object] uri The URI to compare.
-    #
-    # @return [TrueClass, FalseClass]
-    #   <code>true</code> if the URIs are equivalent, <code>false</code>
-    #   otherwise.
-    def eql?(uri)
-      return false unless uri.kind_of?(URI)
-      return self.to_s == uri.to_s
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # A hash value that will make a URI equivalent to its normalized
-    # form.
-    #
-    # @return [Integer] A hash of the URI.
-    def hash
-      @hash ||= self.to_s.hash * -1
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Clones the URI object.
-    #
-    # @return [Addressable::URI] The cloned URI.
-    def dup
-      duplicated_uri = self.class.new(
-        :scheme => self.scheme ? self.scheme.dup : nil,
-        :user => self.user ? self.user.dup : nil,
-        :password => self.password ? self.password.dup : nil,
-        :host => self.host ? self.host.dup : nil,
-        :port => self.port,
-        :path => self.path ? self.path.dup : nil,
-        :query => self.query ? self.query.dup : nil,
-        :fragment => self.fragment ? self.fragment.dup : nil
-      )
-      return duplicated_uri
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Omits components from a URI.
-    #
-    # @param [Symbol] *components The components to be omitted.
-    #
-    # @return [Addressable::URI] The URI with components omitted.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   uri = Addressable::URI.parse("http://example.com/path?query")
-    #   #=> #<Addressable::URI:0xcc5e7a URI:http://example.com/path?query>
-    #   uri.omit(:scheme, :authority)
-    #   #=> #<Addressable::URI:0xcc4d86 URI:/path?query>
-    def omit(*components)
-      invalid_components = components - [
-        :scheme, :user, :password, :userinfo, :host, :port, :authority,
-        :path, :query, :fragment
-      ]
-      unless invalid_components.empty?
-        raise ArgumentError,
-          "Invalid component names: #{invalid_components.inspect}."
-      end
-      duplicated_uri = self.dup
-      duplicated_uri.defer_validation do
-        components.each do |component|
-          duplicated_uri.send((component.to_s + "=").to_sym, nil)
-        end
-        duplicated_uri.user = duplicated_uri.normalized_user
-      end
-      duplicated_uri
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Destructive form of omit.
-    #
-    # @param [Symbol] *components The components to be omitted.
-    #
-    # @return [Addressable::URI] The URI with components omitted.
-    #
-    # @see Addressable::URI#omit
-    def omit!(*components)
-      replace_self(self.omit(*components))
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Determines if the URI is an empty string.
-    #
-    # @return [TrueClass, FalseClass]
-    #   Returns <code>true</code> if empty, <code>false</code> otherwise.
-    def empty?
-      return self.to_s.empty?
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Converts the URI to a <code>String</code>.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The URI's <code>String</code> representation.
-    def to_s
-      if self.scheme == nil && self.path != nil && !self.path.empty? &&
-          self.path =~ NORMPATH
-        raise InvalidURIError,
-          "Cannot assemble URI string with ambiguous path: '#{self.path}'"
-      end
-      @uri_string ||= begin
-        uri_string = String.new
-        uri_string << "#{self.scheme}:" if self.scheme != nil
-        uri_string << "//#{self.authority}" if self.authority != nil
-        uri_string << self.path.to_s
-        uri_string << "?#{self.query}" if self.query != nil
-        uri_string << "##{self.fragment}" if self.fragment != nil
-        uri_string.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
-        uri_string
-      end
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # URI's are glorified <code>Strings</code>. Allow implicit conversion.
-    alias_method :to_str, :to_s
-
-    ##
-    # Returns a Hash of the URI components.
-    #
-    # @return [Hash] The URI as a <code>Hash</code> of components.
-    def to_hash
-      return {
-        :scheme => self.scheme,
-        :user => self.user,
-        :password => self.password,
-        :host => self.host,
-        :port => self.port,
-        :path => self.path,
-        :query => self.query,
-        :fragment => self.fragment
-      }
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Returns a <code>String</code> representation of the URI object's state.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The URI object's state, as a <code>String</code>.
-    def inspect
-      sprintf("#<%s:%#0x URI:%s>", URI.to_s, self.object_id, self.to_s)
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # This method allows you to make several changes to a URI simultaneously,
-    # which separately would cause validation errors, but in conjunction,
-    # are valid.  The URI will be revalidated as soon as the entire block has
-    # been executed.
-    #
-    # @param [Proc] block
-    #   A set of operations to perform on a given URI.
-    def defer_validation
-      raise LocalJumpError, "No block given." unless block_given?
-      @validation_deferred = true
-      yield
-      @validation_deferred = false
-      validate
-    ensure
-      @validation_deferred = false
-    end
-
-  protected
-    SELF_REF = '.'
-    PARENT = '..'
-
-    RULE_2A = /\/\.\/|\/\.$/
-    RULE_2B_2C = /\/([^\/]*)\/\.\.\/|\/([^\/]*)\/\.\.$/
-    RULE_2D = /^\.\.?\/?/
-    RULE_PREFIXED_PARENT = /^\/\.\.?\/|^(\/\.\.?)+\/?$/
-
-    ##
-    # Resolves paths to their simplest form.
-    #
-    # @param [String] path The path to normalize.
-    #
-    # @return [String] The normalized path.
-    def self.normalize_path(path)
-      # Section 5.2.4 of RFC 3986
-
-      return if path.nil?
-      normalized_path = path.dup
-      loop do
-        mod ||= normalized_path.gsub!(RULE_2A, SLASH)
-
-        pair = normalized_path.match(RULE_2B_2C)
-        if pair
-          parent  = pair[1]
-          current = pair[2]
-        else
-          parent  = nil
-          current = nil
-        end
-
-        regexp = "/#{Regexp.escape(parent.to_s)}/\\.\\./|"
-        regexp += "(/#{Regexp.escape(current.to_s)}/\\.\\.$)"
-
-        if pair && ((parent != SELF_REF && parent != PARENT) ||
-            (current != SELF_REF && current != PARENT))
-          mod ||= normalized_path.gsub!(Regexp.new(regexp), SLASH)
-        end
-
-        mod ||= normalized_path.gsub!(RULE_2D, EMPTY_STR)
-        # Non-standard, removes prefixed dotted segments from path.
-        mod ||= normalized_path.gsub!(RULE_PREFIXED_PARENT, SLASH)
-        break if mod.nil?
-      end
-
-      normalized_path
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Ensures that the URI is valid.
-    def validate
-      return if !!@validation_deferred
-      if self.scheme != nil && self.ip_based? &&
-          (self.host == nil || self.host.empty?) &&
-          (self.path == nil || self.path.empty?)
-        raise InvalidURIError,
-          "Absolute URI missing hierarchical segment: '#{self.to_s}'"
-      end
-      if self.host == nil
-        if self.port != nil ||
-            self.user != nil ||
-            self.password != nil
-          raise InvalidURIError, "Hostname not supplied: '#{self.to_s}'"
-        end
-      end
-      if self.path != nil && !self.path.empty? && self.path[0..0] != SLASH &&
-          self.authority != nil
-        raise InvalidURIError,
-          "Cannot have a relative path with an authority set: '#{self.to_s}'"
-      end
-      if self.path != nil && !self.path.empty? &&
-          self.path[0..1] == SLASH + SLASH && self.authority == nil
-        raise InvalidURIError,
-          "Cannot have a path with two leading slashes " +
-          "without an authority set: '#{self.to_s}'"
-      end
-      unreserved = CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
-      sub_delims = CharacterClasses::SUB_DELIMS
-      if !self.host.nil? && (self.host =~ /[<>{}\/\\\?\#\@"[[:space:]]]/ ||
-          (self.host[/^\[(.*)\]$/, 1] != nil && self.host[/^\[(.*)\]$/, 1] !~
-          Regexp.new("^[#{unreserved}#{sub_delims}:]*$")))
-        raise InvalidURIError, "Invalid character in host: '#{self.host.to_s}'"
-      end
-      return nil
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Replaces the internal state of self with the specified URI's state.
-    # Used in destructive operations to avoid massive code repetition.
-    #
-    # @param [Addressable::URI] uri The URI to replace <code>self</code> with.
-    #
-    # @return [Addressable::URI] <code>self</code>.
-    def replace_self(uri)
-      # Reset dependent values
-      reset_ivs
-
-      @scheme = uri.scheme
-      @user = uri.user
-      @password = uri.password
-      @host = uri.host
-      @port = uri.port
-      @path = uri.path
-      @query = uri.query
-      @fragment = uri.fragment
-      return self
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Splits path string with "/" (slash).
-    # It is considered that there is empty string after last slash when
-    # path ends with slash.
-    #
-    # @param [String] path The path to split.
-    #
-    # @return [Array<String>] An array of parts of path.
-    def split_path(path)
-      splitted = path.split(SLASH)
-      splitted << EMPTY_STR if path.end_with? SLASH
-      splitted
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Resets composite values for the entire URI
-    #
-    # @api private
-    def remove_composite_values
-      @uri_string = nil
-      @hash = nil
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # Converts the string to be UTF-8 if it is not already UTF-8
-    #
-    # @api private
-    def force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(str)
-      if str && str.encoding != Encoding::UTF_8
-        str.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
-      end
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    ##
-    # Resets instance variables
-    #
-    # @api private
-    def reset_ivs
-      @scheme = nil
-      @user = nil
-      @normalized_scheme = NONE
-      @normalized_user = NONE
-      @uri_string = nil
-      @hash = nil
-      @userinfo = nil
-      @normalized_userinfo = NONE
-      @authority = nil
-      @password = nil
-      @normalized_authority = nil
-      @port = nil
-      @normalized_password = NONE
-      @host = nil
-      @normalized_host = nil
-      @normalized_port = NONE
-      @path = EMPTY_STR
-      @normalized_path = nil
-      @normalized_query = NONE
-      @fragment = nil
-      @normalized_fragment = NONE
-      @query = nil
-    end
-
-    NONE = Object.new.freeze
-
-    private_constant :NONE
-  end
-end