cloud_events 0.8.2 → 0.9.0

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data/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 # Changelog
 
+### v0.9.0 / 2026-03-12
+
+* ADDED: Added an implementation of Kafka Binding
+
+### v0.8.3 / 2026-01-15
+
+* FIXED: Fixed default charset behavior for various non-text/plain content types
+
 ### v0.8.2 / 2025-11-30
 
 * DOCS: Fixed a few typos in documentation and error messages

data/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
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data/lib/cloud_events/content_type.rb

@@ -22,17 +22,15 @@ module CloudEvents
     #
     # @param string [String] Content-Type header value in RFC 2045 format
     # @param default_charset [String] Optional. The charset to use if none is
-    #     specified. Defaults to `us-ascii`.
+    #     specified. Defaults to `utf-8` for all types other than `text/plain`
+    #     for which it defaults to `us-ascii`.
     #
     def initialize(string, default_charset: nil)
       @string = string.to_s
-      @media_type = "text"
-      @subtype_base = @subtype = "plain"
-      @subtype_format = nil
+      @media_type = @subtype = @subtype_base = @subtype_format = @charset = nil
       @params = []
-      @charset = default_charset || "us-ascii"
       @error_message = nil
-      parse(consume_comments(@string.strip))
+      parse(consume_comments(@string.strip), default_charset)
       @canonical_string = "#{@media_type}/#{@subtype}" +
                           @params.map { |k, v| "; #{k}=#{maybe_quote(v)}" }.join
       full_freeze
@@ -86,8 +84,10 @@ module CloudEvents
     attr_reader :params
 
     ##
-    # The charset, defaulting to "us-ascii" if none is explicitly set.
-    # @return [String]
+    # Returns the charset, which may be an appropriate default (e.g. `us-ascii`
+    # for `text/plain`, or `utf-8` for `application/json`), or may be nil for
+    # non-text cases.
+    # @return [String,nil]
     #
     attr_reader :charset
 
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ module CloudEvents
 
     private
 
-    def parse(str)
+    def parse(str, default_charset)
       @media_type, str = consume_token(str, downcase: true, error_message: "Failed to parse media type")
       str = consume_special(str, "/")
       @subtype, str = consume_token(str, downcase: true, error_message: "Failed to parse subtype")
@@ -139,6 +139,13 @@ module CloudEvents
       end
     rescue ParseError => e
       @error_message = e.message
+    ensure
+      unless @subtype
+        @media_type = "text"
+        @subtype_base = @subtype = "plain"
+        @subtype_format = nil
+      end
+      @charset ||= default_charset || choose_default_charset
     end
 
     def consume_token(str, downcase: false, error_message: nil)
@@ -210,6 +217,14 @@ module CloudEvents
       "\"#{str}\""
     end
 
+    def choose_default_charset
+      if @media_type == "text" && @subtype == "plain"
+        "us-ascii"
+      elsif @media_type == "text" || @subtype_base == "json" || @subtype_format == "json"
+        "utf-8"
+      end
+    end
+
     def full_freeze
       instance_variables.each do |iv|
         instance_variable_get(iv).freeze

data/lib/cloud_events/errors.rb

@@ -51,6 +51,14 @@ module CloudEvents
   class AttributeError < CloudEventsError
   end
 
+  ##
+  # An error raised when a protocol binding that does not support batch
+  # content mode receives a batch. For example, the Kafka protocol binding
+  # does not support batches per the CloudEvents spec.
+  #
+  class BatchNotSupportedError < CloudEventsError
+  end
+
   ##
   # Alias of UnsupportedFormatError, for backward compatibility.
   #

data/lib/cloud_events/kafka_binding.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module CloudEvents
+  ##
+  # Kafka protocol binding for CloudEvents.
+  #
+  # This class implements the Kafka protocol binding, including decoding of
+  # events from Kafka message hashes, and encoding of events to Kafka message
+  # hashes. It supports binary (header-based) and structured (body-based)
+  # content modes that can delegate to formatters such as JSON.
+  #
+  # Supports CloudEvents 1.0 only.
+  # See https://github.com/cloudevents/spec/blob/main/cloudevents/bindings/kafka-protocol-binding.md.
+  #
+  # Kafka messages are represented as plain Ruby Hashes with the keys:
+  # - `key:` [String, nil] — the Kafka record key
+  # - `value:` [String, nil] — the Kafka record value (body)
+  # - `headers:` [Hash] — String => String header pairs
+  #
+  class KafkaBinding
+    ##
+    # The name of the JSON decoder/encoder.
+    # @return [String]
+    #
+    JSON_FORMAT = "json"
+
+    ##
+    # The default key mapper for encoding.
+    # Returns the `partitionkey` extension attribute from the event.
+    # @return [Proc]
+    #
+    DEFAULT_KEY_MAPPER = ->(event) { event["partitionkey"] }
+
+    ##
+    # The default reverse key mapper for decoding.
+    # Sets the `partitionkey` extension attribute from the Kafka record key.
+    # Returns an empty hash if the key is nil.
+    # @return [Proc]
+    #
+    DEFAULT_REVERSE_KEY_MAPPER = ->(key) { key.nil? ? {} : { "partitionkey" => key } }
+
+    ##
+    # Returns a default Kafka binding, including support for JSON format.
+    #
+    # @return [KafkaBinding]
+    #
+    def self.default
+      @default ||= begin
+        kafka_binding = new
+        kafka_binding.register_formatter(JsonFormat.new, encoder_name: JSON_FORMAT)
+        kafka_binding.default_encoder_name = JSON_FORMAT
+        kafka_binding
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Create an empty Kafka binding.
+    #
+    # @param key_mapper [Proc,nil] A callable `(event) -> String|nil` used
+    #     to derive the Kafka record key when encoding. Defaults to
+    #     {DEFAULT_KEY_MAPPER}. Set to `nil` to always produce a `nil` key.
+    # @param reverse_key_mapper [Proc,nil] A callable `(key) -> Hash` used
+    #     to derive attributes to merge into the event when decoding.
+    #     Defaults to {DEFAULT_REVERSE_KEY_MAPPER}. Set to `nil` to skip
+    #     key-to-attribute mapping.
+    #
+    def initialize(key_mapper: DEFAULT_KEY_MAPPER, reverse_key_mapper: DEFAULT_REVERSE_KEY_MAPPER)
+      @key_mapper = key_mapper
+      @reverse_key_mapper = reverse_key_mapper
+      @event_decoders = Format::Multi.new do |result|
+        result&.key?(:event) ? result : nil
+      end
+      @event_encoders = {}
+      @data_decoders = Format::Multi.new do |result|
+        result&.key?(:data) && result.key?(:content_type) ? result : nil
+      end
+      @data_encoders = Format::Multi.new do |result|
+        result&.key?(:content) && result.key?(:content_type) ? result : nil
+      end
+      text_format = TextFormat.new
+      @data_decoders.formats.replace([text_format, HttpBinding::DefaultDataFormat])
+      @data_encoders.formats.replace([text_format, HttpBinding::DefaultDataFormat])
+      @default_encoder_name = nil
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Register a formatter for all operations it supports, based on which
+    # methods are implemented by the formatter object. See
+    # {CloudEvents::Format} for a list of possible methods.
+    #
+    # @param formatter [Object] The formatter.
+    # @param encoder_name [String] The encoder name under which this
+    #     formatter will register its encode operations. Optional. If not
+    #     specified, any event encoder will _not_ be registered.
+    # @return [self]
+    #
+    def register_formatter(formatter, encoder_name: nil)
+      encoder_name = encoder_name.to_s.strip.downcase if encoder_name
+      decode_event = formatter.respond_to?(:decode_event)
+      encode_event = encoder_name if formatter.respond_to?(:encode_event)
+      decode_data = formatter.respond_to?(:decode_data)
+      encode_data = formatter.respond_to?(:encode_data)
+      register_formatter_methods(formatter,
+                                 decode_event: decode_event,
+                                 encode_event: encode_event,
+                                 decode_data: decode_data,
+                                 encode_data: encode_data)
+      self
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Registers the given formatter for the given operations. Some arguments
+    # are activated by passing `true`, whereas those that rely on a format
+    # name are activated by passing in a name string.
+    #
+    # @param formatter [Object] The formatter.
+    # @param decode_event [boolean] If true, register the formatter's
+    #     {CloudEvents::Format#decode_event} method.
+    # @param encode_event [String] If set to a string, use the formatter's
+    #     {CloudEvents::Format#encode_event} method when that name is
+    #     requested.
+    # @param decode_data [boolean] If true, register the formatter's
+    #     {CloudEvents::Format#decode_data} method.
+    # @param encode_data [boolean] If true, register the formatter's
+    #     {CloudEvents::Format#encode_data} method.
+    # @return [self]
+    #
+    def register_formatter_methods(formatter,
+                                   decode_event: false,
+                                   encode_event: nil,
+                                   decode_data: false,
+                                   encode_data: false)
+      @event_decoders.formats.unshift(formatter) if decode_event
+      if encode_event
+        encoders = @event_encoders[encode_event] ||= Format::Multi.new do |result|
+          result&.key?(:content) && result.key?(:content_type) ? result : nil
+        end
+        encoders.formats.unshift(formatter)
+      end
+      @data_decoders.formats.unshift(formatter) if decode_data
+      @data_encoders.formats.unshift(formatter) if encode_data
+      self
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The name of the encoder to use if none is specified.
+    #
+    # @return [String,nil]
+    #
+    attr_accessor :default_encoder_name
+
+    ##
+    # Determine whether a Kafka message is likely a CloudEvent, by
+    # inspecting headers only (does not parse the value).
+    #
+    # @param message [Hash] The Kafka message hash.
+    # @return [boolean]
+    #
+    def probable_event?(message)
+      headers = message[:headers] || {}
+      return true if headers.key?("ce_specversion")
+      content_type_string = headers["content-type"]
+      return false unless content_type_string
+      content_type = ContentType.new(content_type_string)
+      content_type.media_type == "application" && content_type.subtype_base == "cloudevents"
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Decode an event from a Kafka message hash.
+    #
+    # @param message [Hash] A hash with `:key`, `:value`, and `:headers` keys.
+    # @param allow_opaque [boolean] If true, returns {Event::Opaque} for
+    #     unrecognized structured formats. Default is false.
+    # @param reverse_key_mapper [Proc,nil,:NOT_SET] A callable
+    #     `(key) -> Hash`, or `nil` to skip key mapping. Defaults to the
+    #     instance's reverse_key_mapper.
+    # @param format_args [keywords] Extra args forwarded to formatters.
+    # @return [CloudEvents::Event] The decoded event.
+    # @raise [NotCloudEventError] if the message is not a CloudEvent.
+    # @raise [SpecVersionError] if the specversion is not supported.
+    # @raise [UnsupportedFormatError] if a structured format is not recognized.
+    # @raise [FormatSyntaxError] if the structured content is malformed.
+    #
+    def decode_event(message, allow_opaque: false, reverse_key_mapper: :NOT_SET, **format_args)
+      reverse_key_mapper = @reverse_key_mapper if reverse_key_mapper == :NOT_SET
+      headers = message[:headers] || {}
+      content_type_string = headers["content-type"]
+      content_type = ContentType.new(content_type_string) if content_type_string
+
+      event = decode_content(message, headers, content_type, content_type_string, allow_opaque, **format_args)
+      apply_reverse_key_mapper(event, message[:key], reverse_key_mapper)
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Encode an event into a Kafka message hash.
+    #
+    # @param event [CloudEvents::Event,CloudEvents::Event::Opaque] The event.
+    # @param structured_format [boolean,String] If false (default), encodes
+    #     in binary content mode. If true or a format name string, encodes
+    #     in structured content mode.
+    # @param key_mapper [Proc,nil,:NOT_SET] A callable
+    #     `(event) -> String|nil`, or `nil` to always produce a `nil` key.
+    #     Defaults to the instance's key_mapper.
+    # @param format_args [keywords] Extra args forwarded to formatters.
+    # @return [Hash] A hash with `:key`, `:value`, and `:headers` keys.
+    #
+    def encode_event(event, structured_format: false, key_mapper: :NOT_SET, **format_args)
+      key_mapper = @key_mapper if key_mapper == :NOT_SET
+      if event.is_a?(Event::Opaque)
+        return encode_opaque_event(event)
+      end
+      unless event.respond_to?(:spec_version)
+        raise(SpecVersionError, "Unable to determine specversion")
+      end
+      unless event.spec_version.start_with?("1.")
+        raise(SpecVersionError, "Unrecognized specversion: #{event.spec_version}")
+      end
+      if structured_format
+        encode_structured_event(event, structured_format, key_mapper, **format_args)
+      else
+        encode_binary_event(event, key_mapper, **format_args)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    OMIT_ATTR_NAMES = ["specversion", "spec_version", "data", "datacontenttype", "data_content_type"].freeze
+
+    private
+
+    # Detect content mode, reject batches, and dispatch to the appropriate
+    # binary or structured decoder. Raises if the message is not a CloudEvent.
+    def decode_content(message, headers, content_type, content_type_string, allow_opaque, **format_args)
+      if content_type&.media_type == "application" && content_type.subtype_base == "cloudevents-batch"
+        raise(BatchNotSupportedError, "Kafka protocol binding does not support batch content mode")
+      end
+      if content_type&.media_type == "application" && content_type.subtype_base == "cloudevents"
+        return decode_structured_content(message, content_type, allow_opaque, **format_args)
+      end
+      if headers.key?("ce_specversion")
+        return decode_binary_content(message, content_type, **format_args)
+      end
+      ct_desc = content_type_string ? content_type_string.inspect : "not present"
+      raise(NotCloudEventError, "content-type is #{ct_desc}, and ce_specversion header is not present")
+    end
+
+    # Decode a single event from binary content mode. Reads ce_* headers as
+    # attributes and the message value as event data.
+    def decode_binary_content(message, content_type, **format_args)
+      headers = message[:headers] || {}
+      spec_version = headers["ce_specversion"]
+      raise(SpecVersionError, "Unrecognized specversion: #{spec_version}") unless spec_version =~ /^1(\.|$)/
+      attributes = { "spec_version" => spec_version }
+      headers.each do |key, value|
+        next unless key.start_with?("ce_")
+        attr_name = key[3..].downcase
+        attributes[attr_name] = value unless OMIT_ATTR_NAMES.include?(attr_name)
+      end
+      value = message[:value]
+      unless value.nil?
+        content_type = populate_data_attributes(attributes, value, content_type, spec_version, format_args)
+      end
+      attributes["data_content_type"] = content_type if content_type
+      Event.create(spec_version: spec_version, set_attributes: attributes)
+    end
+
+    # Populate data-related attributes (data_encoded, data, data_content_type)
+    # by running the value through registered data decoders. Returns the
+    # (possibly updated) content_type.
+    def populate_data_attributes(attributes, value, content_type, spec_version, format_args)
+      attributes["data_encoded"] = value
+      result = @data_decoders.decode_data(spec_version: spec_version,
+                                          content: value,
+                                          content_type: content_type,
+                                          **format_args)
+      if result
+        attributes["data"] = result[:data]
+        content_type = result[:content_type]
+      end
+      content_type
+    end
+
+    # Decode a single event from structured content mode. Delegates to
+    # registered event decoders, falling back to Event::Opaque if allowed.
+    def decode_structured_content(message, content_type, allow_opaque, **format_args)
+      content = message[:value].to_s
+      result = @event_decoders.decode_event(content: content,
+                                            content_type: content_type,
+                                            data_decoder: @data_decoders,
+                                            **format_args)
+      if result
+        event = result[:event]
+        raise(SpecVersionError, "Unable to determine specversion") unless event.respond_to?(:spec_version)
+        unless event.spec_version.start_with?("1.")
+          raise(SpecVersionError, "Unrecognized specversion: #{event.spec_version}")
+        end
+        return event
+      end
+      return Event::Opaque.new(content, content_type) if allow_opaque
+      raise(UnsupportedFormatError, "Unknown cloudevents content type: #{content_type}")
+    end
+
+    # Apply the reverse_key_mapper to merge Kafka record key attributes into
+    # the decoded event. Returns the event unchanged if the mapper is nil or
+    # returns an empty hash.
+    def apply_reverse_key_mapper(event, key, reverse_key_mapper)
+      return event unless reverse_key_mapper
+      mapped_attrs = reverse_key_mapper.call(key)
+      return event if mapped_attrs.nil? || mapped_attrs.empty?
+      event.with(**mapped_attrs.transform_keys(&:to_sym))
+    end
+
+    # Encode an event in binary content mode. Writes attributes as ce_*
+    # headers and event data as the message value.
+    def encode_binary_event(event, key_mapper, **format_args)
+      key = key_mapper&.call(event)
+      headers = {}
+      event.to_h.each do |attr_key, value|
+        next if ["data", "data_encoded", "datacontenttype"].include?(attr_key)
+        headers["ce_#{attr_key}"] = value.to_s
+      end
+      body, content_type = extract_event_data(event, format_args)
+      headers["content-type"] = content_type.to_s if content_type
+      { key: key, value: body, headers: headers }
+    end
+
+    # Encode an event in structured content mode using a named format encoder.
+    # The entire event is serialized into the message value.
+    def encode_structured_event(event, structured_format, key_mapper, **format_args)
+      key = key_mapper&.call(event)
+      structured_format = default_encoder_name if structured_format == true
+      raise(::ArgumentError, "Format name not specified, and no default is set") unless structured_format
+      result = @event_encoders[structured_format]&.encode_event(event: event,
+                                                                data_encoder: @data_encoders,
+                                                                **format_args)
+      raise(::ArgumentError, "Unknown format name: #{structured_format.inspect}") unless result
+      { key: key, value: result[:content], headers: { "content-type" => result[:content_type].to_s } }
+    end
+
+    # Encode an opaque event by passing through its content and content_type
+    # directly, with a nil key.
+    def encode_opaque_event(event)
+      { key: nil, value: event.content, headers: { "content-type" => event.content_type.to_s } }
+    end
+
+    # Extract the event data and content type for binary mode encoding.
+    # Uses data_encoded if present, otherwise delegates to data encoders.
+    # Returns [body, content_type], where body is nil for tombstones.
+    def extract_event_data(event, format_args)
+      body = event.data_encoded
+      if body
+        [body, event.data_content_type]
+      elsif event.data?
+        result = @data_encoders.encode_data(spec_version: event.spec_version,
+                                            data: event.data,
+                                            content_type: event.data_content_type,
+                                            **format_args)
+        raise(UnsupportedFormatError, "Could not encode data content-type") unless result
+        [result[:content], result[:content_type]]
+      else
+        [nil, nil]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/cloud_events/version.rb

@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ module CloudEvents
   # Version of the Ruby CloudEvents SDK
   # @return [String]
   #
-  VERSION = "0.8.2"
+  VERSION = "0.9.0"
 end

data/lib/cloud_events.rb

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ require "cloud_events/errors"
 require "cloud_events/event"
 require "cloud_events/format"
 require "cloud_events/http_binding"
+require "cloud_events/kafka_binding"
 require "cloud_events/json_format"
 require "cloud_events/text_format"
 

metadata

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 --- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
 name: cloud_events
 version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-  version: 0.8.2
+  version: 0.9.0
 platform: ruby
 authors:
 - Daniel Azuma
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ files:
 - ".yardopts"
 - CHANGELOG.md
 - CONTRIBUTING.md
+- LICENSE
 - MAINTAINERS.md
 - README.md
 - RELEASING.md
@@ -36,16 +37,17 @@ files:
 - lib/cloud_events/format.rb
 - lib/cloud_events/http_binding.rb
 - lib/cloud_events/json_format.rb
+- lib/cloud_events/kafka_binding.rb
 - lib/cloud_events/text_format.rb
 - lib/cloud_events/version.rb
 homepage: https://github.com/cloudevents/sdk-ruby
 licenses:
 - Apache-2.0
 metadata:
-  changelog_uri: https://cloudevents.github.io/sdk-ruby/v0.8.2/file.CHANGELOG.html
+  changelog_uri: https://cloudevents.github.io/sdk-ruby/v0.9.0/file.CHANGELOG.html
   source_code_uri: https://github.com/cloudevents/sdk-ruby
   bug_tracker_uri: https://github.com/cloudevents/sdk-ruby/issues
-  documentation_uri: https://cloudevents.github.io/sdk-ruby/v0.8.2
+  documentation_uri: https://cloudevents.github.io/sdk-ruby/v0.9.0
 rdoc_options: []
 require_paths:
 - lib
@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ required_rubygems_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
     - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
       version: '0'
 requirements: []
-rubygems_version: 3.6.9
+rubygems_version: 4.0.3
 specification_version: 4
 summary: Ruby SDK for CloudEvents
 test_files: []