chef 14.0.190-universal-mingw32 → 14.0.202-universal-mingw32

data/lib/chef/knife.rb

@@ -1,617 +1,619 @@
-#
-# Author:: Adam Jacob (<adam@chef.io>)
-# Author:: Christopher Brown (<cb@chef.io>)
-# Copyright:: Copyright 2009-2018, Chef Software Inc.
-# License:: Apache License, Version 2.0
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-#
-
-require "forwardable"
-require "chef/version"
-require "mixlib/cli"
-require "chef/workstation_config_loader"
-require "chef/mixin/convert_to_class_name"
-require "chef/mixin/path_sanity"
-require "chef/knife/core/subcommand_loader"
-require "chef/knife/core/ui"
-require "chef/local_mode"
-require "chef/server_api"
-require "chef/http/authenticator"
-require "chef/http/http_request"
-require "chef/http"
-require "pp"
-
-class Chef
-  class Knife
-
-    Chef::HTTP::HTTPRequest.user_agent = "Chef Knife#{Chef::HTTP::HTTPRequest::UA_COMMON}"
-
-    include Mixlib::CLI
-    include Chef::Mixin::PathSanity
-    extend Chef::Mixin::ConvertToClassName
-    extend Forwardable
-
-    # @note Backwards Compat:
-    #   Ideally, we should not vomit all of these methods into this base class;
-    #   instead, they should be accessed by hitting the ui object directly.
-    def_delegator :@ui, :stdout
-    def_delegator :@ui, :stderr
-    def_delegator :@ui, :stdin
-    def_delegator :@ui, :msg
-    def_delegator :@ui, :ask_question
-    def_delegator :@ui, :pretty_print
-    def_delegator :@ui, :output
-    def_delegator :@ui, :format_list_for_display
-    def_delegator :@ui, :format_for_display
-    def_delegator :@ui, :format_cookbook_list_for_display
-    def_delegator :@ui, :edit_data
-    def_delegator :@ui, :edit_hash
-    def_delegator :@ui, :edit_object
-    def_delegator :@ui, :confirm
-
-    attr_accessor :name_args
-    attr_accessor :ui
-
-    # Configure mixlib-cli to always separate defaults from user-supplied CLI options
-    def self.use_separate_defaults?
-      true
-    end
-
-    def self.ui
-      @ui ||= Chef::Knife::UI.new(STDOUT, STDERR, STDIN, {})
-    end
-
-    def self.msg(msg = "")
-      ui.msg(msg)
-    end
-
-    def self.reset_config_loader!
-      @@chef_config_dir = nil
-      @config_loader = nil
-    end
-
-    def self.reset_subcommands!
-      @@subcommands = {}
-      @subcommands_by_category = nil
-    end
-
-    def self.inherited(subclass)
-      unless subclass.unnamed?
-        subcommands[subclass.snake_case_name] = subclass
-        subcommand_files[subclass.snake_case_name] +=
-          if subclass.superclass.to_s == "Chef::ChefFS::Knife"
-            # ChefFS-based commands have a superclass that defines an
-            # inhereited method which calls super. This means that the
-            # top of the call stack is not the class definition for
-            # our subcommand.  Try the second entry in the call stack.
-            [path_from_caller(caller[1])]
-          else
-            [path_from_caller(caller[0])]
-          end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Explicitly set the category for the current command to +new_category+
-    # The category is normally determined from the first word of the command
-    # name, but some commands make more sense using two or more words
-    # @param new_category [String] value to set the category to (see examples)
-    #
-    # @example Data bag commands would be in the 'data' category by default. To
-    #  put them in the 'data bag' category:
-    #  category('data bag')
-    def self.category(new_category)
-      @category = new_category
-    end
-
-    def self.subcommand_category
-      @category || snake_case_name.split("_").first unless unnamed?
-    end
-
-    def self.snake_case_name
-      convert_to_snake_case(name.split("::").last) unless unnamed?
-    end
-
-    def self.common_name
-      snake_case_name.split("_").join(" ")
-    end
-
-    # Does this class have a name? (Classes created via Class.new don't)
-    def self.unnamed?
-      name.nil? || name.empty?
-    end
-
-    def self.subcommand_loader
-      @subcommand_loader ||= Chef::Knife::SubcommandLoader.for_config(chef_config_dir)
-    end
-
-    def self.load_commands
-      @commands_loaded ||= subcommand_loader.load_commands
-    end
-
-    def self.guess_category(args)
-      subcommand_loader.guess_category(args)
-    end
-
-    def self.subcommand_class_from(args)
-      if args.size == 1 && args[0].strip.casecmp("rehash") == 0
-        # To prevent issues with the rehash file not pointing to the correct plugins,
-        # we always use the glob loader when regenerating the rehash file
-        @subcommand_loader = Chef::Knife::SubcommandLoader.gem_glob_loader(chef_config_dir)
-      end
-      subcommand_loader.command_class_from(args) || subcommand_not_found!(args)
-    end
-
-    def self.subcommands
-      @@subcommands ||= {}
-    end
-
-    def self.subcommand_files
-      @@subcommand_files ||= Hash.new([])
-    end
-
-    def self.subcommands_by_category
-      unless @subcommands_by_category
-        @subcommands_by_category = Hash.new { |hash, key| hash[key] = [] }
-        subcommands.each do |snake_cased, klass|
-          @subcommands_by_category[klass.subcommand_category] << snake_cased
-        end
-      end
-      @subcommands_by_category
-    end
-
-    # Shared with subclasses
-    @@chef_config_dir = nil
-
-    def self.config_loader
-      @config_loader ||= WorkstationConfigLoader.new(nil, Chef::Log)
-    end
-
-    def self.load_config(explicit_config_file, profile)
-      config_loader.explicit_config_file = explicit_config_file
-      config_loader.profile = profile
-      config_loader.load
-
-      ui.warn("No knife configuration file found. See https://docs.chef.io/config_rb_knife.html for details.") if config_loader.no_config_found?
-
-      config_loader
-    rescue Exceptions::ConfigurationError => e
-      ui.error(ui.color("CONFIGURATION ERROR:", :red) + e.message)
-      exit 1
-    end
-
-    def self.chef_config_dir
-      @@chef_config_dir ||= config_loader.chef_config_dir
-    end
-
-    # Run knife for the given +args+ (ARGV), adding +options+ to the list of
-    # CLI options that the subcommand knows how to handle.
-    #
-    # @param args [Array] The arguments. Usually ARGV
-    # @param options [Mixlib::CLI option parser hash] These +options+ are how
-    #   subcommands know about global knife CLI options
-    #
-    def self.run(args, options = {})
-      # Fallback debug logging. Normally the logger isn't configured until we
-      # read the config, but this means any logging that happens before the
-      # config file is read may be lost. If the KNIFE_DEBUG variable is set, we
-      # setup the logger for debug logging to stderr immediately to catch info
-      # from early in the setup process.
-      if ENV["KNIFE_DEBUG"]
-        Chef::Log.init($stderr)
-        Chef::Log.level(:debug)
-      end
-
-      subcommand_class = subcommand_class_from(args)
-      subcommand_class.options = options.merge!(subcommand_class.options)
-      subcommand_class.load_deps
-      instance = subcommand_class.new(args)
-      instance.configure_chef
-      instance.run_with_pretty_exceptions
-    end
-
-    def self.dependency_loaders
-      @dependency_loaders ||= []
-    end
-
-    def self.deps(&block)
-      dependency_loaders << block
-    end
-
-    def self.load_deps
-      dependency_loaders.each do |dep_loader|
-        dep_loader.call
-      end
-    end
-
-    OFFICIAL_PLUGINS = %w{ec2 rackspace windows openstack terremark bluebox}
-
-    class << self
-      def list_commands(preferred_category = nil)
-        category_desc = preferred_category ? preferred_category + " " : ""
-        msg "Available #{category_desc}subcommands: (for details, knife SUB-COMMAND --help)\n\n"
-        subcommand_loader.list_commands(preferred_category).sort.each do |category, commands|
-          next if category =~ /deprecated/i
-          msg "** #{category.upcase} COMMANDS **"
-          commands.sort.each do |command|
-            subcommand_loader.load_command(command)
-            msg subcommands[command].banner if subcommands[command]
-          end
-          msg
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      # @api private
-      def path_from_caller(caller_line)
-        caller_line.split(/:\d+/).first
-      end
-
-      # :nodoc:
-      # Error out and print usage. probably because the arguments given by the
-      # user could not be resolved to a subcommand.
-      # @api private
-      def subcommand_not_found!(args)
-        ui.fatal("Cannot find subcommand for: '#{args.join(' ')}'")
-
-        # Mention rehash when the subcommands cache(plugin_manifest.json) is used
-        if subcommand_loader.is_a?(Chef::Knife::SubcommandLoader::HashedCommandLoader)
-          ui.info("If this is a recently installed plugin, please run 'knife rehash' to update the subcommands cache.")
-        end
-
-        if category_commands = guess_category(args)
-          list_commands(category_commands)
-        elsif missing_plugin = ( OFFICIAL_PLUGINS.find { |plugin| plugin == args[0] } )
-          ui.info("The #{missing_plugin} commands were moved to plugins in Chef 0.10")
-          ui.info("You can install the plugin with `(sudo) gem install knife-#{missing_plugin}`")
-          ui.info("Use `chef gem install knife-#{missing_plugin}` instead if using ChefDK")
-        else
-          list_commands
-        end
-
-        exit 10
-      end
-
-      # @api private
-      def reset_config_path!
-        @@chef_config_dir = nil
-      end
-
-    end
-
-    reset_config_path!
-
-    # Create a new instance of the current class configured for the given
-    # arguments and options
-    def initialize(argv = [])
-      super() # having to call super in initialize is the most annoying anti-pattern :(
-      @ui = Chef::Knife::UI.new(STDOUT, STDERR, STDIN, config)
-
-      command_name_words = self.class.snake_case_name.split("_")
-
-      # Mixlib::CLI ignores the embedded name_args
-      @name_args = parse_options(argv)
-      @name_args.delete(command_name_words.join("-"))
-      @name_args.reject! { |name_arg| command_name_words.delete(name_arg) }
-
-      # knife node run_list add requires that we have extra logic to handle
-      # the case that command name words could be joined by an underscore :/
-      command_name_words = command_name_words.join("_")
-      @name_args.reject! { |name_arg| command_name_words == name_arg }
-
-      if config[:help]
-        msg opt_parser
-        exit 1
-      end
-
-      # copy Mixlib::CLI over so that it can be configured in knife.rb
-      # config file
-      Chef::Config[:verbosity] = config[:verbosity] if config[:verbosity]
-    end
-
-    def parse_options(args)
-      super
-    rescue OptionParser::InvalidOption => e
-      puts "Error: " + e.to_s
-      show_usage
-      exit(1)
-    end
-
-    # keys from mixlib-cli options
-    def cli_keys
-      self.class.options.keys
-    end
-
-    # extracts the settings from the Chef::Config[:knife] sub-hash that correspond
-    # to knife cli options -- in preparation for merging config values with cli values
-    #
-    # NOTE: due to weirdness in mixlib-config #has_key? is only true if the value has
-    # been set by the user -- the Chef::Config defaults return #has_key?() of false and
-    # this code DEPENDS on that functionality since applying the default values in
-    # Chef::Config[:knife] would break the defaults in the cli that we would otherwise
-    # overwrite.
-    def config_file_settings
-      cli_keys.each_with_object({}) do |key, memo|
-        memo[key] = Chef::Config[:knife][key] if Chef::Config[:knife].has_key?(key)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # config is merged in this order (inverse of precedence)
-    #  default_config       - mixlib-cli defaults (accessor from the mixin)
-    #  config_file_settings - Chef::Config[:knife] sub-hash
-    #  config               - mixlib-cli settings (accessor from the mixin)
-    def merge_configs
-      # other code may have a handle to the config object, so use Hash#replace to deliberately
-      # update-in-place.
-      config.replace(
-        default_config.merge(config_file_settings).merge(config)
-      )
-    end
-
-    # Catch-all method that does any massaging needed for various config
-    # components, such as expanding file paths and converting verbosity level
-    # into log level.
-    def apply_computed_config
-      Chef::Config[:color] = config[:color]
-
-      case Chef::Config[:verbosity]
-      when 0, nil
-        Chef::Config[:log_level] = :warn
-      when 1
-        Chef::Config[:log_level] = :info
-      else
-        Chef::Config[:log_level] = :debug
-      end
-
-      Chef::Config[:log_level] = :debug if ENV["KNIFE_DEBUG"]
-
-      Chef::Config[:node_name]         = config[:node_name]       if config[:node_name]
-      Chef::Config[:client_key]        = config[:client_key]      if config[:client_key]
-      Chef::Config[:chef_server_url]   = config[:chef_server_url] if config[:chef_server_url]
-      Chef::Config[:environment]       = config[:environment]     if config[:environment]
-
-      Chef::Config.local_mode = config[:local_mode] if config.has_key?(:local_mode)
-
-      Chef::Config.listen = config[:listen] if config.has_key?(:listen)
-
-      if Chef::Config.local_mode && !Chef::Config.has_key?(:cookbook_path) && !Chef::Config.has_key?(:chef_repo_path)
-        Chef::Config.chef_repo_path = Chef::Config.find_chef_repo_path(Dir.pwd)
-      end
-      Chef::Config.chef_zero.host = config[:chef_zero_host] if config[:chef_zero_host]
-      Chef::Config.chef_zero.port = config[:chef_zero_port] if config[:chef_zero_port]
-
-      # Expand a relative path from the config directory. Config from command
-      # line should already be expanded, and absolute paths will be unchanged.
-      if Chef::Config[:client_key] && config[:config_file]
-        Chef::Config[:client_key] = File.expand_path(Chef::Config[:client_key], File.dirname(config[:config_file]))
-      end
-
-      Mixlib::Log::Formatter.show_time = false
-      Chef::Log.init(Chef::Config[:log_location])
-      Chef::Log.level(Chef::Config[:log_level] || :error)
-    end
-
-    def configure_chef
-      # knife needs to send logger output to STDERR by default
-      Chef::Config[:log_location] = STDERR
-      config_loader = self.class.load_config(config[:config_file], config[:profile])
-      config[:config_file] = config_loader.config_location
-
-      # For CLI options like `--config-option key=value`. These have to get
-      # parsed and applied separately.
-      extra_config_options = config.delete(:config_option)
-
-      merge_configs
-      apply_computed_config
-
-      # This has to be after apply_computed_config so that Mixlib::Log is configured
-      Chef::Log.info("Using configuration from #{config[:config_file]}") if config[:config_file]
-
-      begin
-        Chef::Config.apply_extra_config_options(extra_config_options)
-      rescue ChefConfig::UnparsableConfigOption => e
-        ui.error e.message
-        show_usage
-        exit(1)
-      end
-
-      Chef::Config.export_proxies
-    end
-
-    def show_usage
-      stdout.puts("USAGE: " + opt_parser.to_s)
-    end
-
-    def run_with_pretty_exceptions(raise_exception = false)
-      unless respond_to?(:run)
-        ui.error "You need to add a #run method to your knife command before you can use it"
-      end
-      enforce_path_sanity
-      maybe_setup_fips
-      Chef::LocalMode.with_server_connectivity do
-        run
-      end
-    rescue Exception => e
-      raise if raise_exception || Chef::Config[:verbosity] == 2
-      humanize_exception(e)
-      exit 100
-    end
-
-    def humanize_exception(e)
-      case e
-      when SystemExit
-        raise # make sure exit passes through.
-      when Net::HTTPServerException, Net::HTTPFatalError
-        humanize_http_exception(e)
-      when OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError
-        ui.error "Could not establish a secure connection to the server."
-        ui.info "Use `knife ssl check` to troubleshoot your SSL configuration."
-        ui.info "If your Chef Server uses a self-signed certificate, you can use"
-        ui.info "`knife ssl fetch` to make knife trust the server's certificates."
-        ui.info ""
-        ui.info  "Original Exception: #{e.class.name}: #{e.message}"
-      when Errno::ECONNREFUSED, Timeout::Error, Errno::ETIMEDOUT, SocketError
-        ui.error "Network Error: #{e.message}"
-        ui.info "Check your knife configuration and network settings"
-      when NameError, NoMethodError
-        ui.error "knife encountered an unexpected error"
-        ui.info  "This may be a bug in the '#{self.class.common_name}' knife command or plugin"
-        ui.info  "Please collect the output of this command with the `-VV` option before filing a bug report."
-        ui.info  "Exception: #{e.class.name}: #{e.message}"
-      when Chef::Exceptions::PrivateKeyMissing
-        ui.error "Your private key could not be loaded from #{api_key}"
-        ui.info  "Check your configuration file and ensure that your private key is readable"
-      when Chef::Exceptions::InvalidRedirect
-        ui.error "Invalid Redirect: #{e.message}"
-        ui.info  "Change your server location in knife.rb to the server's FQDN to avoid unwanted redirections."
-      else
-        ui.error "#{e.class.name}: #{e.message}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def humanize_http_exception(e)
-      response = e.response
-      case response
-      when Net::HTTPUnauthorized
-        ui.error "Failed to authenticate to #{server_url} as #{username} with key #{api_key}"
-        ui.info "Response:  #{format_rest_error(response)}"
-      when Net::HTTPForbidden
-        ui.error "You authenticated successfully to #{server_url} as #{username} but you are not authorized for this action."
-        proxy_env_vars = ENV.to_hash.keys.map(&:downcase) & %w{http_proxy https_proxy ftp_proxy socks_proxy no_proxy}
-        unless proxy_env_vars.empty?
-          ui.error "There are proxy servers configured, your Chef server may need to be added to NO_PROXY."
-        end
-        ui.info "Response:  #{format_rest_error(response)}"
-      when Net::HTTPBadRequest
-        ui.error "The data in your request was invalid"
-        ui.info "Response: #{format_rest_error(response)}"
-      when Net::HTTPNotFound
-        ui.error "The object you are looking for could not be found"
-        ui.info "Response: #{format_rest_error(response)}"
-      when Net::HTTPInternalServerError
-        ui.error "internal server error"
-        ui.info "Response: #{format_rest_error(response)}"
-      when Net::HTTPBadGateway
-        ui.error "bad gateway"
-        ui.info "Response: #{format_rest_error(response)}"
-      when Net::HTTPServiceUnavailable
-        ui.error "Service temporarily unavailable"
-        ui.info "Response: #{format_rest_error(response)}"
-      when Net::HTTPNotAcceptable
-        version_header = Chef::JSONCompat.from_json(response["x-ops-server-api-version"])
-        client_api_version = version_header["request_version"]
-        min_server_version = version_header["min_version"]
-        max_server_version = version_header["max_version"]
-        ui.error "The version of Chef that Knife is using is not supported by the Chef server you sent this request to"
-        ui.info "The request that Knife sent was using API version #{client_api_version}"
-        ui.info "The Chef server you sent the request to supports a min API verson of #{min_server_version} and a max API version of #{max_server_version}"
-        ui.info "Please either update your Chef client or server to be a compatible set"
-      else
-        ui.error response.message
-        ui.info "Response: #{format_rest_error(response)}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def username
-      Chef::Config[:node_name]
-    end
-
-    def api_key
-      Chef::Config[:client_key]
-    end
-
-    # Parses JSON from the error response sent by Chef Server and returns the
-    # error message
-    #--
-    # TODO: this code belongs in Chef::REST
-    def format_rest_error(response)
-      Array(Chef::JSONCompat.from_json(response.body)["error"]).join("; ")
-    rescue Exception
-      response.body
-    end
-
-    # FIXME: yard with @yield
-    def create_object(object, pretty_name = nil, object_class: nil)
-      output = if object_class
-                 edit_data(object, object_class: object_class)
-               else
-                 edit_hash(object)
-               end
-
-      if Kernel.block_given?
-        output = yield(output)
-      else
-        output.save
-      end
-
-      pretty_name ||= output
-
-      msg("Created #{pretty_name}")
-
-      output(output) if config[:print_after]
-    end
-
-    # FIXME: yard with @yield
-    def delete_object(klass, name, delete_name = nil)
-      confirm("Do you really want to delete #{name}")
-
-      if Kernel.block_given?
-        object = yield
-      else
-        object = klass.load(name)
-        object.destroy
-      end
-
-      output(format_for_display(object)) if config[:print_after]
-
-      obj_name = delete_name ? "#{delete_name}[#{name}]" : object
-      msg("Deleted #{obj_name}")
-    end
-
-    # helper method for testing if a field exists
-    # and returning the usage and proper error if not
-    def test_mandatory_field(field, fieldname)
-      if field.nil?
-        show_usage
-        ui.fatal("You must specify a #{fieldname}")
-        exit 1
-      end
-    end
-
-    def rest
-      @rest ||= begin
-        require "chef/server_api"
-        Chef::ServerAPI.new(Chef::Config[:chef_server_url])
-      end
-    end
-
-    def noauth_rest
-      @rest ||= begin
-        require "chef/http/simple_json"
-        Chef::HTTP::SimpleJSON.new(Chef::Config[:chef_server_url])
-      end
-    end
-
-    def server_url
-      Chef::Config[:chef_server_url]
-    end
-
-    def maybe_setup_fips
-      if !config[:fips].nil?
-        Chef::Config[:fips] = config[:fips]
-      end
-      Chef::Config.init_openssl
-    end
-  end
-end
+#
+# Author:: Adam Jacob (<adam@chef.io>)
+# Author:: Christopher Brown (<cb@chef.io>)
+# Copyright:: Copyright 2009-2018, Chef Software Inc.
+# License:: Apache License, Version 2.0
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+
+require "forwardable"
+require "chef/version"
+require "mixlib/cli"
+require "chef/workstation_config_loader"
+require "chef/mixin/convert_to_class_name"
+require "chef/mixin/path_sanity"
+require "chef/knife/core/subcommand_loader"
+require "chef/knife/core/ui"
+require "chef/local_mode"
+require "chef/server_api"
+require "chef/http/authenticator"
+require "chef/http/http_request"
+require "chef/http"
+require "pp"
+
+class Chef
+  class Knife
+
+    Chef::HTTP::HTTPRequest.user_agent = "Chef Knife#{Chef::HTTP::HTTPRequest::UA_COMMON}"
+
+    include Mixlib::CLI
+    include Chef::Mixin::PathSanity
+    extend Chef::Mixin::ConvertToClassName
+    extend Forwardable
+
+    # @note Backwards Compat:
+    #   Ideally, we should not vomit all of these methods into this base class;
+    #   instead, they should be accessed by hitting the ui object directly.
+    def_delegator :@ui, :stdout
+    def_delegator :@ui, :stderr
+    def_delegator :@ui, :stdin
+    def_delegator :@ui, :msg
+    def_delegator :@ui, :ask_question
+    def_delegator :@ui, :pretty_print
+    def_delegator :@ui, :output
+    def_delegator :@ui, :format_list_for_display
+    def_delegator :@ui, :format_for_display
+    def_delegator :@ui, :format_cookbook_list_for_display
+    def_delegator :@ui, :edit_data
+    def_delegator :@ui, :edit_hash
+    def_delegator :@ui, :edit_object
+    def_delegator :@ui, :confirm
+
+    attr_accessor :name_args
+    attr_accessor :ui
+
+    # Configure mixlib-cli to always separate defaults from user-supplied CLI options
+    def self.use_separate_defaults?
+      true
+    end
+
+    def self.ui
+      @ui ||= Chef::Knife::UI.new(STDOUT, STDERR, STDIN, {})
+    end
+
+    def self.msg(msg = "")
+      ui.msg(msg)
+    end
+
+    def self.reset_config_loader!
+      @@chef_config_dir = nil
+      @config_loader = nil
+    end
+
+    def self.reset_subcommands!
+      @@subcommands = {}
+      @subcommands_by_category = nil
+    end
+
+    def self.inherited(subclass)
+      unless subclass.unnamed?
+        subcommands[subclass.snake_case_name] = subclass
+        subcommand_files[subclass.snake_case_name] +=
+          if subclass.superclass.to_s == "Chef::ChefFS::Knife"
+            # ChefFS-based commands have a superclass that defines an
+            # inhereited method which calls super. This means that the
+            # top of the call stack is not the class definition for
+            # our subcommand.  Try the second entry in the call stack.
+            [path_from_caller(caller[1])]
+          else
+            [path_from_caller(caller[0])]
+          end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Explicitly set the category for the current command to +new_category+
+    # The category is normally determined from the first word of the command
+    # name, but some commands make more sense using two or more words
+    # @param new_category [String] value to set the category to (see examples)
+    #
+    # @example Data bag commands would be in the 'data' category by default. To
+    #  put them in the 'data bag' category:
+    #  category('data bag')
+    def self.category(new_category)
+      @category = new_category
+    end
+
+    def self.subcommand_category
+      @category || snake_case_name.split("_").first unless unnamed?
+    end
+
+    def self.snake_case_name
+      convert_to_snake_case(name.split("::").last) unless unnamed?
+    end
+
+    def self.common_name
+      snake_case_name.split("_").join(" ")
+    end
+
+    # Does this class have a name? (Classes created via Class.new don't)
+    def self.unnamed?
+      name.nil? || name.empty?
+    end
+
+    def self.subcommand_loader
+      @subcommand_loader ||= Chef::Knife::SubcommandLoader.for_config(chef_config_dir)
+    end
+
+    def self.load_commands
+      @commands_loaded ||= subcommand_loader.load_commands
+    end
+
+    def self.guess_category(args)
+      subcommand_loader.guess_category(args)
+    end
+
+    def self.subcommand_class_from(args)
+      if args.size == 1 && args[0].strip.casecmp("rehash") == 0
+        # To prevent issues with the rehash file not pointing to the correct plugins,
+        # we always use the glob loader when regenerating the rehash file
+        @subcommand_loader = Chef::Knife::SubcommandLoader.gem_glob_loader(chef_config_dir)
+      end
+      subcommand_loader.command_class_from(args) || subcommand_not_found!(args)
+    end
+
+    def self.subcommands
+      @@subcommands ||= {}
+    end
+
+    def self.subcommand_files
+      @@subcommand_files ||= Hash.new([])
+    end
+
+    def self.subcommands_by_category
+      unless @subcommands_by_category
+        @subcommands_by_category = Hash.new { |hash, key| hash[key] = [] }
+        subcommands.each do |snake_cased, klass|
+          @subcommands_by_category[klass.subcommand_category] << snake_cased
+        end
+      end
+      @subcommands_by_category
+    end
+
+    # Shared with subclasses
+    @@chef_config_dir = nil
+
+    def self.config_loader
+      @config_loader ||= WorkstationConfigLoader.new(nil, Chef::Log)
+    end
+
+    def self.load_config(explicit_config_file, profile)
+      config_loader.explicit_config_file = explicit_config_file
+      config_loader.profile = profile
+      config_loader.load
+
+      ui.warn("No knife configuration file found. See https://docs.chef.io/config_rb_knife.html for details.") if config_loader.no_config_found?
+
+      config_loader
+    rescue Exceptions::ConfigurationError => e
+      ui.error(ui.color("CONFIGURATION ERROR:", :red) + e.message)
+      exit 1
+    end
+
+    def self.chef_config_dir
+      @@chef_config_dir ||= config_loader.chef_config_dir
+    end
+
+    # Run knife for the given +args+ (ARGV), adding +options+ to the list of
+    # CLI options that the subcommand knows how to handle.
+    #
+    # @param args [Array] The arguments. Usually ARGV
+    # @param options [Mixlib::CLI option parser hash] These +options+ are how
+    #   subcommands know about global knife CLI options
+    #
+    def self.run(args, options = {})
+      # Fallback debug logging. Normally the logger isn't configured until we
+      # read the config, but this means any logging that happens before the
+      # config file is read may be lost. If the KNIFE_DEBUG variable is set, we
+      # setup the logger for debug logging to stderr immediately to catch info
+      # from early in the setup process.
+      if ENV["KNIFE_DEBUG"]
+        Chef::Log.init($stderr)
+        Chef::Log.level(:debug)
+      end
+
+      subcommand_class = subcommand_class_from(args)
+      subcommand_class.options = options.merge!(subcommand_class.options)
+      subcommand_class.load_deps
+      instance = subcommand_class.new(args)
+      instance.configure_chef
+      instance.run_with_pretty_exceptions
+    end
+
+    def self.dependency_loaders
+      @dependency_loaders ||= []
+    end
+
+    def self.deps(&block)
+      dependency_loaders << block
+    end
+
+    def self.load_deps
+      dependency_loaders.each do |dep_loader|
+        dep_loader.call
+      end
+    end
+
+    OFFICIAL_PLUGINS = %w{ec2 rackspace windows openstack terremark bluebox}
+
+    class << self
+      def list_commands(preferred_category = nil)
+        category_desc = preferred_category ? preferred_category + " " : ""
+        msg "Available #{category_desc}subcommands: (for details, knife SUB-COMMAND --help)\n\n"
+        subcommand_loader.list_commands(preferred_category).sort.each do |category, commands|
+          next if category =~ /deprecated/i
+          msg "** #{category.upcase} COMMANDS **"
+          commands.sort.each do |command|
+            subcommand_loader.load_command(command)
+            msg subcommands[command].banner if subcommands[command]
+          end
+          msg
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # @api private
+      def path_from_caller(caller_line)
+        caller_line.split(/:\d+/).first
+      end
+
+      # :nodoc:
+      # Error out and print usage. probably because the arguments given by the
+      # user could not be resolved to a subcommand.
+      # @api private
+      def subcommand_not_found!(args)
+        ui.fatal("Cannot find subcommand for: '#{args.join(' ')}'")
+
+        # Mention rehash when the subcommands cache(plugin_manifest.json) is used
+        if subcommand_loader.is_a?(Chef::Knife::SubcommandLoader::HashedCommandLoader)
+          ui.info("If this is a recently installed plugin, please run 'knife rehash' to update the subcommands cache.")
+        end
+
+        if category_commands = guess_category(args)
+          list_commands(category_commands)
+        elsif missing_plugin = ( OFFICIAL_PLUGINS.find { |plugin| plugin == args[0] } )
+          ui.info("The #{missing_plugin} commands were moved to plugins in Chef 0.10")
+          ui.info("You can install the plugin with `(sudo) gem install knife-#{missing_plugin}`")
+          ui.info("Use `chef gem install knife-#{missing_plugin}` instead if using ChefDK")
+        else
+          list_commands
+        end
+
+        exit 10
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      def reset_config_path!
+        @@chef_config_dir = nil
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    reset_config_path!
+
+    # Create a new instance of the current class configured for the given
+    # arguments and options
+    def initialize(argv = [])
+      super() # having to call super in initialize is the most annoying anti-pattern :(
+      @ui = Chef::Knife::UI.new(STDOUT, STDERR, STDIN, config)
+
+      command_name_words = self.class.snake_case_name.split("_")
+
+      # Mixlib::CLI ignores the embedded name_args
+      @name_args = parse_options(argv)
+      @name_args.delete(command_name_words.join("-"))
+      @name_args.reject! { |name_arg| command_name_words.delete(name_arg) }
+
+      # knife node run_list add requires that we have extra logic to handle
+      # the case that command name words could be joined by an underscore :/
+      command_name_words = command_name_words.join("_")
+      @name_args.reject! { |name_arg| command_name_words == name_arg }
+
+      if config[:help]
+        msg opt_parser
+        exit 1
+      end
+
+      # copy Mixlib::CLI over so that it can be configured in knife.rb
+      # config file
+      Chef::Config[:verbosity] = config[:verbosity] if config[:verbosity]
+    end
+
+    def parse_options(args)
+      super
+    rescue OptionParser::InvalidOption => e
+      puts "Error: " + e.to_s
+      show_usage
+      exit(1)
+    end
+
+    # keys from mixlib-cli options
+    def cli_keys
+      self.class.options.keys
+    end
+
+    # extracts the settings from the Chef::Config[:knife] sub-hash that correspond
+    # to knife cli options -- in preparation for merging config values with cli values
+    #
+    # NOTE: due to weirdness in mixlib-config #has_key? is only true if the value has
+    # been set by the user -- the Chef::Config defaults return #has_key?() of false and
+    # this code DEPENDS on that functionality since applying the default values in
+    # Chef::Config[:knife] would break the defaults in the cli that we would otherwise
+    # overwrite.
+    def config_file_settings
+      cli_keys.each_with_object({}) do |key, memo|
+        memo[key] = Chef::Config[:knife][key] if Chef::Config[:knife].has_key?(key)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # config is merged in this order (inverse of precedence)
+    #  default_config       - mixlib-cli defaults (accessor from the mixin)
+    #  config_file_settings - Chef::Config[:knife] sub-hash
+    #  config               - mixlib-cli settings (accessor from the mixin)
+    def merge_configs
+      # other code may have a handle to the config object, so use Hash#replace to deliberately
+      # update-in-place.
+      config.replace(
+        default_config.merge(config_file_settings).merge(config)
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Catch-all method that does any massaging needed for various config
+    # components, such as expanding file paths and converting verbosity level
+    # into log level.
+    def apply_computed_config
+      Chef::Config[:color] = config[:color]
+
+      case Chef::Config[:verbosity]
+      when 0, nil
+        Chef::Config[:log_level] = :warn
+      when 1
+        Chef::Config[:log_level] = :info
+      when 2
+        Chef::Config[:log_level] = :debug
+      else
+        Chef::Config[:log_level] = :trace
+      end
+
+      Chef::Config[:log_level] = :trace if ENV["KNIFE_DEBUG"]
+
+      Chef::Config[:node_name]         = config[:node_name]       if config[:node_name]
+      Chef::Config[:client_key]        = config[:client_key]      if config[:client_key]
+      Chef::Config[:chef_server_url]   = config[:chef_server_url] if config[:chef_server_url]
+      Chef::Config[:environment]       = config[:environment]     if config[:environment]
+
+      Chef::Config.local_mode = config[:local_mode] if config.has_key?(:local_mode)
+
+      Chef::Config.listen = config[:listen] if config.has_key?(:listen)
+
+      if Chef::Config.local_mode && !Chef::Config.has_key?(:cookbook_path) && !Chef::Config.has_key?(:chef_repo_path)
+        Chef::Config.chef_repo_path = Chef::Config.find_chef_repo_path(Dir.pwd)
+      end
+      Chef::Config.chef_zero.host = config[:chef_zero_host] if config[:chef_zero_host]
+      Chef::Config.chef_zero.port = config[:chef_zero_port] if config[:chef_zero_port]
+
+      # Expand a relative path from the config directory. Config from command
+      # line should already be expanded, and absolute paths will be unchanged.
+      if Chef::Config[:client_key] && config[:config_file]
+        Chef::Config[:client_key] = File.expand_path(Chef::Config[:client_key], File.dirname(config[:config_file]))
+      end
+
+      Mixlib::Log::Formatter.show_time = false
+      Chef::Log.init(Chef::Config[:log_location])
+      Chef::Log.level(Chef::Config[:log_level] || :error)
+    end
+
+    def configure_chef
+      # knife needs to send logger output to STDERR by default
+      Chef::Config[:log_location] = STDERR
+      config_loader = self.class.load_config(config[:config_file], config[:profile])
+      config[:config_file] = config_loader.config_location
+
+      # For CLI options like `--config-option key=value`. These have to get
+      # parsed and applied separately.
+      extra_config_options = config.delete(:config_option)
+
+      merge_configs
+      apply_computed_config
+
+      # This has to be after apply_computed_config so that Mixlib::Log is configured
+      Chef::Log.info("Using configuration from #{config[:config_file]}") if config[:config_file]
+
+      begin
+        Chef::Config.apply_extra_config_options(extra_config_options)
+      rescue ChefConfig::UnparsableConfigOption => e
+        ui.error e.message
+        show_usage
+        exit(1)
+      end
+
+      Chef::Config.export_proxies
+    end
+
+    def show_usage
+      stdout.puts("USAGE: " + opt_parser.to_s)
+    end
+
+    def run_with_pretty_exceptions(raise_exception = false)
+      unless respond_to?(:run)
+        ui.error "You need to add a #run method to your knife command before you can use it"
+      end
+      enforce_path_sanity
+      maybe_setup_fips
+      Chef::LocalMode.with_server_connectivity do
+        run
+      end
+    rescue Exception => e
+      raise if raise_exception || Chef::Config[:verbosity] == 2
+      humanize_exception(e)
+      exit 100
+    end
+
+    def humanize_exception(e)
+      case e
+      when SystemExit
+        raise # make sure exit passes through.
+      when Net::HTTPServerException, Net::HTTPFatalError
+        humanize_http_exception(e)
+      when OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError
+        ui.error "Could not establish a secure connection to the server."
+        ui.info "Use `knife ssl check` to troubleshoot your SSL configuration."
+        ui.info "If your Chef Server uses a self-signed certificate, you can use"
+        ui.info "`knife ssl fetch` to make knife trust the server's certificates."
+        ui.info ""
+        ui.info  "Original Exception: #{e.class.name}: #{e.message}"
+      when Errno::ECONNREFUSED, Timeout::Error, Errno::ETIMEDOUT, SocketError
+        ui.error "Network Error: #{e.message}"
+        ui.info "Check your knife configuration and network settings"
+      when NameError, NoMethodError
+        ui.error "knife encountered an unexpected error"
+        ui.info  "This may be a bug in the '#{self.class.common_name}' knife command or plugin"
+        ui.info  "Please collect the output of this command with the `-VVV` option before filing a bug report."
+        ui.info  "Exception: #{e.class.name}: #{e.message}"
+      when Chef::Exceptions::PrivateKeyMissing
+        ui.error "Your private key could not be loaded from #{api_key}"
+        ui.info  "Check your configuration file and ensure that your private key is readable"
+      when Chef::Exceptions::InvalidRedirect
+        ui.error "Invalid Redirect: #{e.message}"
+        ui.info  "Change your server location in knife.rb to the server's FQDN to avoid unwanted redirections."
+      else
+        ui.error "#{e.class.name}: #{e.message}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def humanize_http_exception(e)
+      response = e.response
+      case response
+      when Net::HTTPUnauthorized
+        ui.error "Failed to authenticate to #{server_url} as #{username} with key #{api_key}"
+        ui.info "Response:  #{format_rest_error(response)}"
+      when Net::HTTPForbidden
+        ui.error "You authenticated successfully to #{server_url} as #{username} but you are not authorized for this action."
+        proxy_env_vars = ENV.to_hash.keys.map(&:downcase) & %w{http_proxy https_proxy ftp_proxy socks_proxy no_proxy}
+        unless proxy_env_vars.empty?
+          ui.error "There are proxy servers configured, your Chef server may need to be added to NO_PROXY."
+        end
+        ui.info "Response:  #{format_rest_error(response)}"
+      when Net::HTTPBadRequest
+        ui.error "The data in your request was invalid"
+        ui.info "Response: #{format_rest_error(response)}"
+      when Net::HTTPNotFound
+        ui.error "The object you are looking for could not be found"
+        ui.info "Response: #{format_rest_error(response)}"
+      when Net::HTTPInternalServerError
+        ui.error "internal server error"
+        ui.info "Response: #{format_rest_error(response)}"
+      when Net::HTTPBadGateway
+        ui.error "bad gateway"
+        ui.info "Response: #{format_rest_error(response)}"
+      when Net::HTTPServiceUnavailable
+        ui.error "Service temporarily unavailable"
+        ui.info "Response: #{format_rest_error(response)}"
+      when Net::HTTPNotAcceptable
+        version_header = Chef::JSONCompat.from_json(response["x-ops-server-api-version"])
+        client_api_version = version_header["request_version"]
+        min_server_version = version_header["min_version"]
+        max_server_version = version_header["max_version"]
+        ui.error "The version of Chef that Knife is using is not supported by the Chef server you sent this request to"
+        ui.info "The request that Knife sent was using API version #{client_api_version}"
+        ui.info "The Chef server you sent the request to supports a min API verson of #{min_server_version} and a max API version of #{max_server_version}"
+        ui.info "Please either update your Chef client or server to be a compatible set"
+      else
+        ui.error response.message
+        ui.info "Response: #{format_rest_error(response)}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def username
+      Chef::Config[:node_name]
+    end
+
+    def api_key
+      Chef::Config[:client_key]
+    end
+
+    # Parses JSON from the error response sent by Chef Server and returns the
+    # error message
+    #--
+    # TODO: this code belongs in Chef::REST
+    def format_rest_error(response)
+      Array(Chef::JSONCompat.from_json(response.body)["error"]).join("; ")
+    rescue Exception
+      response.body
+    end
+
+    # FIXME: yard with @yield
+    def create_object(object, pretty_name = nil, object_class: nil)
+      output = if object_class
+                 edit_data(object, object_class: object_class)
+               else
+                 edit_hash(object)
+               end
+
+      if Kernel.block_given?
+        output = yield(output)
+      else
+        output.save
+      end
+
+      pretty_name ||= output
+
+      msg("Created #{pretty_name}")
+
+      output(output) if config[:print_after]
+    end
+
+    # FIXME: yard with @yield
+    def delete_object(klass, name, delete_name = nil)
+      confirm("Do you really want to delete #{name}")
+
+      if Kernel.block_given?
+        object = yield
+      else
+        object = klass.load(name)
+        object.destroy
+      end
+
+      output(format_for_display(object)) if config[:print_after]
+
+      obj_name = delete_name ? "#{delete_name}[#{name}]" : object
+      msg("Deleted #{obj_name}")
+    end
+
+    # helper method for testing if a field exists
+    # and returning the usage and proper error if not
+    def test_mandatory_field(field, fieldname)
+      if field.nil?
+        show_usage
+        ui.fatal("You must specify a #{fieldname}")
+        exit 1
+      end
+    end
+
+    def rest
+      @rest ||= begin
+        require "chef/server_api"
+        Chef::ServerAPI.new(Chef::Config[:chef_server_url])
+      end
+    end
+
+    def noauth_rest
+      @rest ||= begin
+        require "chef/http/simple_json"
+        Chef::HTTP::SimpleJSON.new(Chef::Config[:chef_server_url])
+      end
+    end
+
+    def server_url
+      Chef::Config[:chef_server_url]
+    end
+
+    def maybe_setup_fips
+      if !config[:fips].nil?
+        Chef::Config[:fips] = config[:fips]
+      end
+      Chef::Config.init_openssl
+    end
+  end
+end