cheetah_qrcode 1.0.0

data/ext/cheetah_qrcode/qrcodegen.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1027 @@
+/* 
+ * QR Code generator library (C)
+ * 
+ * Copyright (c) Project Nayuki. (MIT License)
+ * https://www.nayuki.io/page/qr-code-generator-library
+ * 
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ * - The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ *   all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * - The Software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, express or
+ *   implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability,
+ *   fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. In no event shall the
+ *   authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other
+ *   liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from,
+ *   out of or in connection with the Software or the use or other dealings in the
+ *   Software.
+ */
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "qrcodegen.h"
+
+#ifndef QRCODEGEN_TEST
+	#define testable static  // Keep functions private
+#else
+	#define testable  // Expose private functions
+#endif
+
+
+/*---- Forward declarations for private functions ----*/
+
+// Regarding all public and private functions defined in this source file:
+// - They require all pointer/array arguments to be not null unless the array length is zero.
+// - They only read input scalar/array arguments, write to output pointer/array
+//   arguments, and return scalar values; they are "pure" functions.
+// - They don't read mutable global variables or write to any global variables.
+// - They don't perform I/O, read the clock, print to console, etc.
+// - They allocate a small and constant amount of stack memory.
+// - They don't allocate or free any memory on the heap.
+// - They don't recurse or mutually recurse. All the code
+//   could be inlined into the top-level public functions.
+// - They run in at most quadratic time with respect to input arguments.
+//   Most functions run in linear time, and some in constant time.
+//   There are no unbounded loops or non-obvious termination conditions.
+// - They are completely thread-safe if the caller does not give the
+//   same writable buffer to concurrent calls to these functions.
+
+testable void appendBitsToBuffer(unsigned int val, int numBits, uint8_t buffer[], int *bitLen);
+
+testable void addEccAndInterleave(uint8_t data[], int version, enum qrcodegen_Ecc ecl, uint8_t result[]);
+testable int getNumDataCodewords(int version, enum qrcodegen_Ecc ecl);
+testable int getNumRawDataModules(int ver);
+
+testable void reedSolomonComputeDivisor(int degree, uint8_t result[]);
+testable void reedSolomonComputeRemainder(const uint8_t data[], int dataLen,
+	const uint8_t generator[], int degree, uint8_t result[]);
+testable uint8_t reedSolomonMultiply(uint8_t x, uint8_t y);
+
+testable void initializeFunctionModules(int version, uint8_t qrcode[]);
+static void drawLightFunctionModules(uint8_t qrcode[], int version);
+static void drawFormatBits(enum qrcodegen_Ecc ecl, enum qrcodegen_Mask mask, uint8_t qrcode[]);
+testable int getAlignmentPatternPositions(int version, uint8_t result[7]);
+static void fillRectangle(int left, int top, int width, int height, uint8_t qrcode[]);
+
+static void drawCodewords(const uint8_t data[], int dataLen, uint8_t qrcode[]);
+static void applyMask(const uint8_t functionModules[], uint8_t qrcode[], enum qrcodegen_Mask mask);
+static long getPenaltyScore(const uint8_t qrcode[]);
+static int finderPenaltyCountPatterns(const int runHistory[7], int qrsize);
+static int finderPenaltyTerminateAndCount(bool currentRunColor, int currentRunLength, int runHistory[7], int qrsize);
+static void finderPenaltyAddHistory(int currentRunLength, int runHistory[7], int qrsize);
+
+testable bool getModuleBounded(const uint8_t qrcode[], int x, int y);
+testable void setModuleBounded(uint8_t qrcode[], int x, int y, bool isDark);
+testable void setModuleUnbounded(uint8_t qrcode[], int x, int y, bool isDark);
+static bool getBit(int x, int i);
+
+testable int calcSegmentBitLength(enum qrcodegen_Mode mode, size_t numChars);
+testable int getTotalBits(const struct qrcodegen_Segment segs[], size_t len, int version);
+static int numCharCountBits(enum qrcodegen_Mode mode, int version);
+
+
+
+/*---- Private tables of constants ----*/
+
+// The set of all legal characters in alphanumeric mode, where each character
+// value maps to the index in the string. For checking text and encoding segments.
+static const char *ALPHANUMERIC_CHARSET = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ $%*+-./:";
+
+// Sentinel value for use in only some functions.
+#define LENGTH_OVERFLOW -1
+
+// For generating error correction codes.
+testable const int8_t ECC_CODEWORDS_PER_BLOCK[4][41] = {
+	// Version: (note that index 0 is for padding, and is set to an illegal value)
+	//0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40    Error correction level
+	{-1,  7, 10, 15, 20, 26, 18, 20, 24, 30, 18, 20, 24, 26, 30, 22, 24, 28, 30, 28, 28, 28, 28, 30, 30, 26, 28, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30},  // Low
+	{-1, 10, 16, 26, 18, 24, 16, 18, 22, 22, 26, 30, 22, 22, 24, 24, 28, 28, 26, 26, 26, 26, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28},  // Medium
+	{-1, 13, 22, 18, 26, 18, 24, 18, 22, 20, 24, 28, 26, 24, 20, 30, 24, 28, 28, 26, 30, 28, 30, 30, 30, 30, 28, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30},  // Quartile
+	{-1, 17, 28, 22, 16, 22, 28, 26, 26, 24, 28, 24, 28, 22, 24, 24, 30, 28, 28, 26, 28, 30, 24, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30},  // High
+};
+
+#define qrcodegen_REED_SOLOMON_DEGREE_MAX 30  // Based on the table above
+
+// For generating error correction codes.
+testable const int8_t NUM_ERROR_CORRECTION_BLOCKS[4][41] = {
+	// Version: (note that index 0 is for padding, and is set to an illegal value)
+	//0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40    Error correction level
+	{-1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  6,  6,  6,  6,  7,  8,  8,  9,  9, 10, 12, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25},  // Low
+	{-1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5,  5,  8,  9,  9, 10, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 49},  // Medium
+	{-1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, 8, 8,  8, 10, 12, 16, 12, 17, 16, 18, 21, 20, 23, 23, 25, 27, 29, 34, 34, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 48, 51, 53, 56, 59, 62, 65, 68},  // Quartile
+	{-1, 1, 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 8, 8, 11, 11, 16, 16, 18, 16, 19, 21, 25, 25, 25, 34, 30, 32, 35, 37, 40, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 70, 74, 77, 81},  // High
+};
+
+// For automatic mask pattern selection.
+static const int PENALTY_N1 =  3;
+static const int PENALTY_N2 =  3;
+static const int PENALTY_N3 = 40;
+static const int PENALTY_N4 = 10;
+
+
+
+/*---- High-level QR Code encoding functions ----*/
+
+// Public function - see documentation comment in header file.
+bool qrcodegen_encodeText(const char *text, uint8_t tempBuffer[], uint8_t qrcode[],
+		enum qrcodegen_Ecc ecl, int minVersion, int maxVersion, enum qrcodegen_Mask mask, bool boostEcl) {
+	
+	size_t textLen = strlen(text);
+	if (textLen == 0)
+		return qrcodegen_encodeSegmentsAdvanced(NULL, 0, ecl, minVersion, maxVersion, mask, boostEcl, tempBuffer, qrcode);
+	size_t bufLen = (size_t)qrcodegen_BUFFER_LEN_FOR_VERSION(maxVersion);
+	
+	struct qrcodegen_Segment seg;
+	if (qrcodegen_isNumeric(text)) {
+		if (qrcodegen_calcSegmentBufferSize(qrcodegen_Mode_NUMERIC, textLen) > bufLen)
+			goto fail;
+		seg = qrcodegen_makeNumeric(text, tempBuffer);
+	} else if (qrcodegen_isAlphanumeric(text)) {
+		if (qrcodegen_calcSegmentBufferSize(qrcodegen_Mode_ALPHANUMERIC, textLen) > bufLen)
+			goto fail;
+		seg = qrcodegen_makeAlphanumeric(text, tempBuffer);
+	} else {
+		if (textLen > bufLen)
+			goto fail;
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < textLen; i++)
+			tempBuffer[i] = (uint8_t)text[i];
+		seg.mode = qrcodegen_Mode_BYTE;
+		seg.bitLength = calcSegmentBitLength(seg.mode, textLen);
+		if (seg.bitLength == LENGTH_OVERFLOW)
+			goto fail;
+		seg.numChars = (int)textLen;
+		seg.data = tempBuffer;
+	}
+	return qrcodegen_encodeSegmentsAdvanced(&seg, 1, ecl, minVersion, maxVersion, mask, boostEcl, tempBuffer, qrcode);
+	
+fail:
+	qrcode[0] = 0;  // Set size to invalid value for safety
+	return false;
+}
+
+
+// Public function - see documentation comment in header file.
+bool qrcodegen_encodeBinary(uint8_t dataAndTemp[], size_t dataLen, uint8_t qrcode[],
+		enum qrcodegen_Ecc ecl, int minVersion, int maxVersion, enum qrcodegen_Mask mask, bool boostEcl) {
+	
+	struct qrcodegen_Segment seg;
+	seg.mode = qrcodegen_Mode_BYTE;
+	seg.bitLength = calcSegmentBitLength(seg.mode, dataLen);
+	if (seg.bitLength == LENGTH_OVERFLOW) {
+		qrcode[0] = 0;  // Set size to invalid value for safety
+		return false;
+	}
+	seg.numChars = (int)dataLen;
+	seg.data = dataAndTemp;
+	return qrcodegen_encodeSegmentsAdvanced(&seg, 1, ecl, minVersion, maxVersion, mask, boostEcl, dataAndTemp, qrcode);
+}
+
+
+// Appends the given number of low-order bits of the given value to the given byte-based
+// bit buffer, increasing the bit length. Requires 0 <= numBits <= 16 and val < 2^numBits.
+testable void appendBitsToBuffer(unsigned int val, int numBits, uint8_t buffer[], int *bitLen) {
+	assert(0 <= numBits && numBits <= 16 && (unsigned long)val >> numBits == 0);
+	for (int i = numBits - 1; i >= 0; i--, (*bitLen)++)
+		buffer[*bitLen >> 3] |= ((val >> i) & 1) << (7 - (*bitLen & 7));
+}
+
+
+
+/*---- Low-level QR Code encoding functions ----*/
+
+// Public function - see documentation comment in header file.
+bool qrcodegen_encodeSegments(const struct qrcodegen_Segment segs[], size_t len,
+		enum qrcodegen_Ecc ecl, uint8_t tempBuffer[], uint8_t qrcode[]) {
+	return qrcodegen_encodeSegmentsAdvanced(segs, len, ecl,
+		qrcodegen_VERSION_MIN, qrcodegen_VERSION_MAX, qrcodegen_Mask_AUTO, true, tempBuffer, qrcode);
+}
+
+
+// Public function - see documentation comment in header file.
+bool qrcodegen_encodeSegmentsAdvanced(const struct qrcodegen_Segment segs[], size_t len, enum qrcodegen_Ecc ecl,
+		int minVersion, int maxVersion, enum qrcodegen_Mask mask, bool boostEcl, uint8_t tempBuffer[], uint8_t qrcode[]) {
+	assert(segs != NULL || len == 0);
+	assert(qrcodegen_VERSION_MIN <= minVersion && minVersion <= maxVersion && maxVersion <= qrcodegen_VERSION_MAX);
+	assert(0 <= (int)ecl && (int)ecl <= 3 && -1 <= (int)mask && (int)mask <= 7);
+	
+	// Find the minimal version number to use
+	int version, dataUsedBits;
+	for (version = minVersion; ; version++) {
+		int dataCapacityBits = getNumDataCodewords(version, ecl) * 8;  // Number of data bits available
+		dataUsedBits = getTotalBits(segs, len, version);
+		if (dataUsedBits != LENGTH_OVERFLOW && dataUsedBits <= dataCapacityBits)
+			break;  // This version number is found to be suitable
+		if (version >= maxVersion) {  // All versions in the range could not fit the given data
+			qrcode[0] = 0;  // Set size to invalid value for safety
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+	assert(dataUsedBits != LENGTH_OVERFLOW);
+	
+	// Increase the error correction level while the data still fits in the current version number
+	for (int i = (int)qrcodegen_Ecc_MEDIUM; i <= (int)qrcodegen_Ecc_HIGH; i++) {  // From low to high
+		if (boostEcl && dataUsedBits <= getNumDataCodewords(version, (enum qrcodegen_Ecc)i) * 8)
+			ecl = (enum qrcodegen_Ecc)i;
+	}
+	
+	// Concatenate all segments to create the data bit string
+	memset(qrcode, 0, (size_t)qrcodegen_BUFFER_LEN_FOR_VERSION(version) * sizeof(qrcode[0]));
+	int bitLen = 0;
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+		const struct qrcodegen_Segment *seg = &segs[i];
+		appendBitsToBuffer((unsigned int)seg->mode, 4, qrcode, &bitLen);
+		appendBitsToBuffer((unsigned int)seg->numChars, numCharCountBits(seg->mode, version), qrcode, &bitLen);
+		for (int j = 0; j < seg->bitLength; j++) {
+			int bit = (seg->data[j >> 3] >> (7 - (j & 7))) & 1;
+			appendBitsToBuffer((unsigned int)bit, 1, qrcode, &bitLen);
+		}
+	}
+	assert(bitLen == dataUsedBits);
+	
+	// Add terminator and pad up to a byte if applicable
+	int dataCapacityBits = getNumDataCodewords(version, ecl) * 8;
+	assert(bitLen <= dataCapacityBits);
+	int terminatorBits = dataCapacityBits - bitLen;
+	if (terminatorBits > 4)
+		terminatorBits = 4;
+	appendBitsToBuffer(0, terminatorBits, qrcode, &bitLen);
+	appendBitsToBuffer(0, (8 - bitLen % 8) % 8, qrcode, &bitLen);
+	assert(bitLen % 8 == 0);
+	
+	// Pad with alternating bytes until data capacity is reached
+	for (uint8_t padByte = 0xEC; bitLen < dataCapacityBits; padByte ^= 0xEC ^ 0x11)
+		appendBitsToBuffer(padByte, 8, qrcode, &bitLen);
+	
+	// Compute ECC, draw modules
+	addEccAndInterleave(qrcode, version, ecl, tempBuffer);
+	initializeFunctionModules(version, qrcode);
+	drawCodewords(tempBuffer, getNumRawDataModules(version) / 8, qrcode);
+	drawLightFunctionModules(qrcode, version);
+	initializeFunctionModules(version, tempBuffer);
+	
+	// Do masking
+	if (mask == qrcodegen_Mask_AUTO) {  // Automatically choose best mask
+		long minPenalty = LONG_MAX;
+		for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+			enum qrcodegen_Mask msk = (enum qrcodegen_Mask)i;
+			applyMask(tempBuffer, qrcode, msk);
+			drawFormatBits(ecl, msk, qrcode);
+			long penalty = getPenaltyScore(qrcode);
+			if (penalty < minPenalty) {
+				mask = msk;
+				minPenalty = penalty;
+			}
+			applyMask(tempBuffer, qrcode, msk);  // Undoes the mask due to XOR
+		}
+	}
+	assert(0 <= (int)mask && (int)mask <= 7);
+	applyMask(tempBuffer, qrcode, mask);  // Apply the final choice of mask
+	drawFormatBits(ecl, mask, qrcode);  // Overwrite old format bits
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+
+/*---- Error correction code generation functions ----*/
+
+// Appends error correction bytes to each block of the given data array, then interleaves
+// bytes from the blocks and stores them in the result array. data[0 : dataLen] contains
+// the input data. data[dataLen : rawCodewords] is used as a temporary work area and will
+// be clobbered by this function. The final answer is stored in result[0 : rawCodewords].
+testable void addEccAndInterleave(uint8_t data[], int version, enum qrcodegen_Ecc ecl, uint8_t result[]) {
+	// Calculate parameter numbers
+	assert(0 <= (int)ecl && (int)ecl < 4 && qrcodegen_VERSION_MIN <= version && version <= qrcodegen_VERSION_MAX);
+	int numBlocks = NUM_ERROR_CORRECTION_BLOCKS[(int)ecl][version];
+	int blockEccLen = ECC_CODEWORDS_PER_BLOCK  [(int)ecl][version];
+	int rawCodewords = getNumRawDataModules(version) / 8;
+	int dataLen = getNumDataCodewords(version, ecl);
+	int numShortBlocks = numBlocks - rawCodewords % numBlocks;
+	int shortBlockDataLen = rawCodewords / numBlocks - blockEccLen;
+	
+	// Split data into blocks, calculate ECC, and interleave
+	// (not concatenate) the bytes into a single sequence
+	uint8_t rsdiv[qrcodegen_REED_SOLOMON_DEGREE_MAX];
+	reedSolomonComputeDivisor(blockEccLen, rsdiv);
+	const uint8_t *dat = data;
+	for (int i = 0; i < numBlocks; i++) {
+		int datLen = shortBlockDataLen + (i < numShortBlocks ? 0 : 1);
+		uint8_t *ecc = &data[dataLen];  // Temporary storage
+		reedSolomonComputeRemainder(dat, datLen, rsdiv, blockEccLen, ecc);
+		for (int j = 0, k = i; j < datLen; j++, k += numBlocks) {  // Copy data
+			if (j == shortBlockDataLen)
+				k -= numShortBlocks;
+			result[k] = dat[j];
+		}
+		for (int j = 0, k = dataLen + i; j < blockEccLen; j++, k += numBlocks)  // Copy ECC
+			result[k] = ecc[j];
+		dat += datLen;
+	}
+}
+
+
+// Returns the number of 8-bit codewords that can be used for storing data (not ECC),
+// for the given version number and error correction level. The result is in the range [9, 2956].
+testable int getNumDataCodewords(int version, enum qrcodegen_Ecc ecl) {
+	int v = version, e = (int)ecl;
+	assert(0 <= e && e < 4);
+	return getNumRawDataModules(v) / 8
+		- ECC_CODEWORDS_PER_BLOCK    [e][v]
+		* NUM_ERROR_CORRECTION_BLOCKS[e][v];
+}
+
+
+// Returns the number of data bits that can be stored in a QR Code of the given version number, after
+// all function modules are excluded. This includes remainder bits, so it might not be a multiple of 8.
+// The result is in the range [208, 29648]. This could be implemented as a 40-entry lookup table.
+testable int getNumRawDataModules(int ver) {
+	assert(qrcodegen_VERSION_MIN <= ver && ver <= qrcodegen_VERSION_MAX);
+	int result = (16 * ver + 128) * ver + 64;
+	if (ver >= 2) {
+		int numAlign = ver / 7 + 2;
+		result -= (25 * numAlign - 10) * numAlign - 55;
+		if (ver >= 7)
+			result -= 36;
+	}
+	assert(208 <= result && result <= 29648);
+	return result;
+}
+
+
+
+/*---- Reed-Solomon ECC generator functions ----*/
+
+// Computes a Reed-Solomon ECC generator polynomial for the given degree, storing in result[0 : degree].
+// This could be implemented as a lookup table over all possible parameter values, instead of as an algorithm.
+testable void reedSolomonComputeDivisor(int degree, uint8_t result[]) {
+	assert(1 <= degree && degree <= qrcodegen_REED_SOLOMON_DEGREE_MAX);
+	// Polynomial coefficients are stored from highest to lowest power, excluding the leading term which is always 1.
+	// For example the polynomial x^3 + 255x^2 + 8x + 93 is stored as the uint8 array {255, 8, 93}.
+	memset(result, 0, (size_t)degree * sizeof(result[0]));
+	result[degree - 1] = 1;  // Start off with the monomial x^0
+	
+	// Compute the product polynomial (x - r^0) * (x - r^1) * (x - r^2) * ... * (x - r^{degree-1}),
+	// drop the highest monomial term which is always 1x^degree.
+	// Note that r = 0x02, which is a generator element of this field GF(2^8/0x11D).
+	uint8_t root = 1;
+	for (int i = 0; i < degree; i++) {
+		// Multiply the current product by (x - r^i)
+		for (int j = 0; j < degree; j++) {
+			result[j] = reedSolomonMultiply(result[j], root);
+			if (j + 1 < degree)
+				result[j] ^= result[j + 1];
+		}
+		root = reedSolomonMultiply(root, 0x02);
+	}
+}
+
+
+// Computes the Reed-Solomon error correction codeword for the given data and divisor polynomials.
+// The remainder when data[0 : dataLen] is divided by divisor[0 : degree] is stored in result[0 : degree].
+// All polynomials are in big endian, and the generator has an implicit leading 1 term.
+testable void reedSolomonComputeRemainder(const uint8_t data[], int dataLen,
+		const uint8_t generator[], int degree, uint8_t result[]) {
+	assert(1 <= degree && degree <= qrcodegen_REED_SOLOMON_DEGREE_MAX);
+	memset(result, 0, (size_t)degree * sizeof(result[0]));
+	for (int i = 0; i < dataLen; i++) {  // Polynomial division
+		uint8_t factor = data[i] ^ result[0];
+		memmove(&result[0], &result[1], (size_t)(degree - 1) * sizeof(result[0]));
+		result[degree - 1] = 0;
+		for (int j = 0; j < degree; j++)
+			result[j] ^= reedSolomonMultiply(generator[j], factor);
+	}
+}
+
+#undef qrcodegen_REED_SOLOMON_DEGREE_MAX
+
+
+// Returns the product of the two given field elements modulo GF(2^8/0x11D).
+// All inputs are valid. This could be implemented as a 256*256 lookup table.
+testable uint8_t reedSolomonMultiply(uint8_t x, uint8_t y) {
+	// Russian peasant multiplication
+	uint8_t z = 0;
+	for (int i = 7; i >= 0; i--) {
+		z = (uint8_t)((z << 1) ^ ((z >> 7) * 0x11D));
+		z ^= ((y >> i) & 1) * x;
+	}
+	return z;
+}
+
+
+
+/*---- Drawing function modules ----*/
+
+// Clears the given QR Code grid with light modules for the given
+// version's size, then marks every function module as dark.
+testable void initializeFunctionModules(int version, uint8_t qrcode[]) {
+	// Initialize QR Code
+	int qrsize = version * 4 + 17;
+	memset(qrcode, 0, (size_t)((qrsize * qrsize + 7) / 8 + 1) * sizeof(qrcode[0]));
+	qrcode[0] = (uint8_t)qrsize;
+	
+	// Fill horizontal and vertical timing patterns
+	fillRectangle(6, 0, 1, qrsize, qrcode);
+	fillRectangle(0, 6, qrsize, 1, qrcode);
+	
+	// Fill 3 finder patterns (all corners except bottom right) and format bits
+	fillRectangle(0, 0, 9, 9, qrcode);
+	fillRectangle(qrsize - 8, 0, 8, 9, qrcode);
+	fillRectangle(0, qrsize - 8, 9, 8, qrcode);
+	
+	// Fill numerous alignment patterns
+	uint8_t alignPatPos[7];
+	int numAlign = getAlignmentPatternPositions(version, alignPatPos);
+	for (int i = 0; i < numAlign; i++) {
+		for (int j = 0; j < numAlign; j++) {
+			// Don't draw on the three finder corners
+			if (!((i == 0 && j == 0) || (i == 0 && j == numAlign - 1) || (i == numAlign - 1 && j == 0)))
+				fillRectangle(alignPatPos[i] - 2, alignPatPos[j] - 2, 5, 5, qrcode);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	// Fill version blocks
+	if (version >= 7) {
+		fillRectangle(qrsize - 11, 0, 3, 6, qrcode);
+		fillRectangle(0, qrsize - 11, 6, 3, qrcode);
+	}
+}
+
+
+// Draws light function modules and possibly some dark modules onto the given QR Code, without changing
+// non-function modules. This does not draw the format bits. This requires all function modules to be previously
+// marked dark (namely by initializeFunctionModules()), because this may skip redrawing dark function modules.
+static void drawLightFunctionModules(uint8_t qrcode[], int version) {
+	// Draw horizontal and vertical timing patterns
+	int qrsize = qrcodegen_getSize(qrcode);
+	for (int i = 7; i < qrsize - 7; i += 2) {
+		setModuleBounded(qrcode, 6, i, false);
+		setModuleBounded(qrcode, i, 6, false);
+	}
+	
+	// Draw 3 finder patterns (all corners except bottom right; overwrites some timing modules)
+	for (int dy = -4; dy <= 4; dy++) {
+		for (int dx = -4; dx <= 4; dx++) {
+			int dist = abs(dx);
+			if (abs(dy) > dist)
+				dist = abs(dy);
+			if (dist == 2 || dist == 4) {
+				setModuleUnbounded(qrcode, 3 + dx, 3 + dy, false);
+				setModuleUnbounded(qrcode, qrsize - 4 + dx, 3 + dy, false);
+				setModuleUnbounded(qrcode, 3 + dx, qrsize - 4 + dy, false);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	// Draw numerous alignment patterns
+	uint8_t alignPatPos[7];
+	int numAlign = getAlignmentPatternPositions(version, alignPatPos);
+	for (int i = 0; i < numAlign; i++) {
+		for (int j = 0; j < numAlign; j++) {
+			if ((i == 0 && j == 0) || (i == 0 && j == numAlign - 1) || (i == numAlign - 1 && j == 0))
+				continue;  // Don't draw on the three finder corners
+			for (int dy = -1; dy <= 1; dy++) {
+				for (int dx = -1; dx <= 1; dx++)
+					setModuleBounded(qrcode, alignPatPos[i] + dx, alignPatPos[j] + dy, dx == 0 && dy == 0);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	// Draw version blocks
+	if (version >= 7) {
+		// Calculate error correction code and pack bits
+		int rem = version;  // version is uint6, in the range [7, 40]
+		for (int i = 0; i < 12; i++)
+			rem = (rem << 1) ^ ((rem >> 11) * 0x1F25);
+		long bits = (long)version << 12 | rem;  // uint18
+		assert(bits >> 18 == 0);
+		
+		// Draw two copies
+		for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
+			for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
+				int k = qrsize - 11 + j;
+				setModuleBounded(qrcode, k, i, (bits & 1) != 0);
+				setModuleBounded(qrcode, i, k, (bits & 1) != 0);
+				bits >>= 1;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+
+// Draws two copies of the format bits (with its own error correction code) based
+// on the given mask and error correction level. This always draws all modules of
+// the format bits, unlike drawLightFunctionModules() which might skip dark modules.
+static void drawFormatBits(enum qrcodegen_Ecc ecl, enum qrcodegen_Mask mask, uint8_t qrcode[]) {
+	// Calculate error correction code and pack bits
+	assert(0 <= (int)mask && (int)mask <= 7);
+	static const int table[] = {1, 0, 3, 2};
+	int data = table[(int)ecl] << 3 | (int)mask;  // errCorrLvl is uint2, mask is uint3
+	int rem = data;
+	for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+		rem = (rem << 1) ^ ((rem >> 9) * 0x537);
+	int bits = (data << 10 | rem) ^ 0x5412;  // uint15
+	assert(bits >> 15 == 0);
+	
+	// Draw first copy
+	for (int i = 0; i <= 5; i++)
+		setModuleBounded(qrcode, 8, i, getBit(bits, i));
+	setModuleBounded(qrcode, 8, 7, getBit(bits, 6));
+	setModuleBounded(qrcode, 8, 8, getBit(bits, 7));
+	setModuleBounded(qrcode, 7, 8, getBit(bits, 8));
+	for (int i = 9; i < 15; i++)
+		setModuleBounded(qrcode, 14 - i, 8, getBit(bits, i));
+	
+	// Draw second copy
+	int qrsize = qrcodegen_getSize(qrcode);
+	for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
+		setModuleBounded(qrcode, qrsize - 1 - i, 8, getBit(bits, i));
+	for (int i = 8; i < 15; i++)
+		setModuleBounded(qrcode, 8, qrsize - 15 + i, getBit(bits, i));
+	setModuleBounded(qrcode, 8, qrsize - 8, true);  // Always dark
+}
+
+
+// Calculates and stores an ascending list of positions of alignment patterns
+// for this version number, returning the length of the list (in the range [0,7]).
+// Each position is in the range [0,177), and are used on both the x and y axes.
+// This could be implemented as lookup table of 40 variable-length lists of unsigned bytes.
+testable int getAlignmentPatternPositions(int version, uint8_t result[7]) {
+	if (version == 1)
+		return 0;
+	int numAlign = version / 7 + 2;
+	int step = (version * 8 + numAlign * 3 + 5) / (numAlign * 4 - 4) * 2;
+	for (int i = numAlign - 1, pos = version * 4 + 10; i >= 1; i--, pos -= step)
+		result[i] = (uint8_t)pos;
+	result[0] = 6;
+	return numAlign;
+}
+
+
+// Sets every module in the range [left : left + width] * [top : top + height] to dark.
+static void fillRectangle(int left, int top, int width, int height, uint8_t qrcode[]) {
+	for (int dy = 0; dy < height; dy++) {
+		for (int dx = 0; dx < width; dx++)
+			setModuleBounded(qrcode, left + dx, top + dy, true);
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+/*---- Drawing data modules and masking ----*/
+
+// Draws the raw codewords (including data and ECC) onto the given QR Code. This requires the initial state of
+// the QR Code to be dark at function modules and light at codeword modules (including unused remainder bits).
+static void drawCodewords(const uint8_t data[], int dataLen, uint8_t qrcode[]) {
+	int qrsize = qrcodegen_getSize(qrcode);
+	int i = 0;  // Bit index into the data
+	// Do the funny zigzag scan
+	for (int right = qrsize - 1; right >= 1; right -= 2) {  // Index of right column in each column pair
+		if (right == 6)
+			right = 5;
+		for (int vert = 0; vert < qrsize; vert++) {  // Vertical counter
+			for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
+				int x = right - j;  // Actual x coordinate
+				bool upward = ((right + 1) & 2) == 0;
+				int y = upward ? qrsize - 1 - vert : vert;  // Actual y coordinate
+				if (!getModuleBounded(qrcode, x, y) && i < dataLen * 8) {
+					bool dark = getBit(data[i >> 3], 7 - (i & 7));
+					setModuleBounded(qrcode, x, y, dark);
+					i++;
+				}
+				// If this QR Code has any remainder bits (0 to 7), they were assigned as
+				// 0/false/light by the constructor and are left unchanged by this method
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	assert(i == dataLen * 8);
+}
+
+
+// XORs the codeword modules in this QR Code with the given mask pattern
+// and given pattern of function modules. The codeword bits must be drawn
+// before masking. Due to the arithmetic of XOR, calling applyMask() with
+// the same mask value a second time will undo the mask. A final well-formed
+// QR Code needs exactly one (not zero, two, etc.) mask applied.
+static void applyMask(const uint8_t functionModules[], uint8_t qrcode[], enum qrcodegen_Mask mask) {
+	assert(0 <= (int)mask && (int)mask <= 7);  // Disallows qrcodegen_Mask_AUTO
+	int qrsize = qrcodegen_getSize(qrcode);
+	for (int y = 0; y < qrsize; y++) {
+		for (int x = 0; x < qrsize; x++) {
+			if (getModuleBounded(functionModules, x, y))
+				continue;
+			bool invert;
+			switch ((int)mask) {
+				case 0:  invert = (x + y) % 2 == 0;                    break;
+				case 1:  invert = y % 2 == 0;                          break;
+				case 2:  invert = x % 3 == 0;                          break;
+				case 3:  invert = (x + y) % 3 == 0;                    break;
+				case 4:  invert = (x / 3 + y / 2) % 2 == 0;            break;
+				case 5:  invert = x * y % 2 + x * y % 3 == 0;          break;
+				case 6:  invert = (x * y % 2 + x * y % 3) % 2 == 0;    break;
+				case 7:  invert = ((x + y) % 2 + x * y % 3) % 2 == 0;  break;
+				default:  assert(false);  return;
+			}
+			bool val = getModuleBounded(qrcode, x, y);
+			setModuleBounded(qrcode, x, y, val ^ invert);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+
+// Calculates and returns the penalty score based on state of the given QR Code's current modules.
+// This is used by the automatic mask choice algorithm to find the mask pattern that yields the lowest score.
+static long getPenaltyScore(const uint8_t qrcode[]) {
+	int qrsize = qrcodegen_getSize(qrcode);
+	long result = 0;
+	
+	// Adjacent modules in row having same color, and finder-like patterns
+	for (int y = 0; y < qrsize; y++) {
+		bool runColor = false;
+		int runX = 0;
+		int runHistory[7] = {0};
+		for (int x = 0; x < qrsize; x++) {
+			if (getModuleBounded(qrcode, x, y) == runColor) {
+				runX++;
+				if (runX == 5)
+					result += PENALTY_N1;
+				else if (runX > 5)
+					result++;
+			} else {
+				finderPenaltyAddHistory(runX, runHistory, qrsize);
+				if (!runColor)
+					result += finderPenaltyCountPatterns(runHistory, qrsize) * PENALTY_N3;
+				runColor = getModuleBounded(qrcode, x, y);
+				runX = 1;
+			}
+		}
+		result += finderPenaltyTerminateAndCount(runColor, runX, runHistory, qrsize) * PENALTY_N3;
+	}
+	// Adjacent modules in column having same color, and finder-like patterns
+	for (int x = 0; x < qrsize; x++) {
+		bool runColor = false;
+		int runY = 0;
+		int runHistory[7] = {0};
+		for (int y = 0; y < qrsize; y++) {
+			if (getModuleBounded(qrcode, x, y) == runColor) {
+				runY++;
+				if (runY == 5)
+					result += PENALTY_N1;
+				else if (runY > 5)
+					result++;
+			} else {
+				finderPenaltyAddHistory(runY, runHistory, qrsize);
+				if (!runColor)
+					result += finderPenaltyCountPatterns(runHistory, qrsize) * PENALTY_N3;
+				runColor = getModuleBounded(qrcode, x, y);
+				runY = 1;
+			}
+		}
+		result += finderPenaltyTerminateAndCount(runColor, runY, runHistory, qrsize) * PENALTY_N3;
+	}
+	
+	// 2*2 blocks of modules having same color
+	for (int y = 0; y < qrsize - 1; y++) {
+		for (int x = 0; x < qrsize - 1; x++) {
+			bool  color = getModuleBounded(qrcode, x, y);
+			if (  color == getModuleBounded(qrcode, x + 1, y) &&
+			      color == getModuleBounded(qrcode, x, y + 1) &&
+			      color == getModuleBounded(qrcode, x + 1, y + 1))
+				result += PENALTY_N2;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	// Balance of dark and light modules
+	int dark = 0;
+	for (int y = 0; y < qrsize; y++) {
+		for (int x = 0; x < qrsize; x++) {
+			if (getModuleBounded(qrcode, x, y))
+				dark++;
+		}
+	}
+	int total = qrsize * qrsize;  // Note that size is odd, so dark/total != 1/2
+	// Compute the smallest integer k >= 0 such that (45-5k)% <= dark/total <= (55+5k)%
+	int k = (int)((labs(dark * 20L - total * 10L) + total - 1) / total) - 1;
+	assert(0 <= k && k <= 9);
+	result += k * PENALTY_N4;
+	assert(0 <= result && result <= 2568888L);  // Non-tight upper bound based on default values of PENALTY_N1, ..., N4
+	return result;
+}
+
+
+// Can only be called immediately after a light run is added, and
+// returns either 0, 1, or 2. A helper function for getPenaltyScore().
+static int finderPenaltyCountPatterns(const int runHistory[7], int qrsize) {
+	int n = runHistory[1];
+	assert(n <= qrsize * 3);  (void)qrsize;
+	bool core = n > 0 && runHistory[2] == n && runHistory[3] == n * 3 && runHistory[4] == n && runHistory[5] == n;
+	// The maximum QR Code size is 177, hence the dark run length n <= 177.
+	// Arithmetic is promoted to int, so n*4 will not overflow.
+	return (core && runHistory[0] >= n * 4 && runHistory[6] >= n ? 1 : 0)
+	     + (core && runHistory[6] >= n * 4 && runHistory[0] >= n ? 1 : 0);
+}
+
+
+// Must be called at the end of a line (row or column) of modules. A helper function for getPenaltyScore().
+static int finderPenaltyTerminateAndCount(bool currentRunColor, int currentRunLength, int runHistory[7], int qrsize) {
+	if (currentRunColor) {  // Terminate dark run
+		finderPenaltyAddHistory(currentRunLength, runHistory, qrsize);
+		currentRunLength = 0;
+	}
+	currentRunLength += qrsize;  // Add light border to final run
+	finderPenaltyAddHistory(currentRunLength, runHistory, qrsize);
+	return finderPenaltyCountPatterns(runHistory, qrsize);
+}
+
+
+// Pushes the given value to the front and drops the last value. A helper function for getPenaltyScore().
+static void finderPenaltyAddHistory(int currentRunLength, int runHistory[7], int qrsize) {
+	if (runHistory[0] == 0)
+		currentRunLength += qrsize;  // Add light border to initial run
+	memmove(&runHistory[1], &runHistory[0], 6 * sizeof(runHistory[0]));
+	runHistory[0] = currentRunLength;
+}
+
+
+
+/*---- Basic QR Code information ----*/
+
+// Public function - see documentation comment in header file.
+int qrcodegen_getSize(const uint8_t qrcode[]) {
+	assert(qrcode != NULL);
+	int result = qrcode[0];
+	assert((qrcodegen_VERSION_MIN * 4 + 17) <= result
+		&& result <= (qrcodegen_VERSION_MAX * 4 + 17));
+	return result;
+}
+
+
+// Public function - see documentation comment in header file.
+bool qrcodegen_getModule(const uint8_t qrcode[], int x, int y) {
+	assert(qrcode != NULL);
+	int qrsize = qrcode[0];
+	return (0 <= x && x < qrsize && 0 <= y && y < qrsize) && getModuleBounded(qrcode, x, y);
+}
+
+
+// Returns the color of the module at the given coordinates, which must be in bounds.
+testable bool getModuleBounded(const uint8_t qrcode[], int x, int y) {
+	int qrsize = qrcode[0];
+	assert(21 <= qrsize && qrsize <= 177 && 0 <= x && x < qrsize && 0 <= y && y < qrsize);
+	int index = y * qrsize + x;
+	return getBit(qrcode[(index >> 3) + 1], index & 7);
+}
+
+
+// Sets the color of the module at the given coordinates, which must be in bounds.
+testable void setModuleBounded(uint8_t qrcode[], int x, int y, bool isDark) {
+	int qrsize = qrcode[0];
+	assert(21 <= qrsize && qrsize <= 177 && 0 <= x && x < qrsize && 0 <= y && y < qrsize);
+	int index = y * qrsize + x;
+	int bitIndex = index & 7;
+	int byteIndex = (index >> 3) + 1;
+	if (isDark)
+		qrcode[byteIndex] |= 1 << bitIndex;
+	else
+		qrcode[byteIndex] &= (1 << bitIndex) ^ 0xFF;
+}
+
+
+// Sets the color of the module at the given coordinates, doing nothing if out of bounds.
+testable void setModuleUnbounded(uint8_t qrcode[], int x, int y, bool isDark) {
+	int qrsize = qrcode[0];
+	if (0 <= x && x < qrsize && 0 <= y && y < qrsize)
+		setModuleBounded(qrcode, x, y, isDark);
+}
+
+
+// Returns true iff the i'th bit of x is set to 1. Requires x >= 0 and 0 <= i <= 14.
+static bool getBit(int x, int i) {
+	return ((x >> i) & 1) != 0;
+}
+
+
+
+/*---- Segment handling ----*/
+
+// Public function - see documentation comment in header file.
+bool qrcodegen_isNumeric(const char *text) {
+	assert(text != NULL);
+	for (; *text != '\0'; text++) {
+		if (*text < '0' || *text > '9')
+			return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+// Public function - see documentation comment in header file.
+bool qrcodegen_isAlphanumeric(const char *text) {
+	assert(text != NULL);
+	for (; *text != '\0'; text++) {
+		if (strchr(ALPHANUMERIC_CHARSET, *text) == NULL)
+			return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+// Public function - see documentation comment in header file.
+size_t qrcodegen_calcSegmentBufferSize(enum qrcodegen_Mode mode, size_t numChars) {
+	int temp = calcSegmentBitLength(mode, numChars);
+	if (temp == LENGTH_OVERFLOW)
+		return SIZE_MAX;
+	assert(0 <= temp && temp <= INT16_MAX);
+	return ((size_t)temp + 7) / 8;
+}
+
+
+// Returns the number of data bits needed to represent a segment
+// containing the given number of characters using the given mode. Notes:
+// - Returns LENGTH_OVERFLOW on failure, i.e. numChars > INT16_MAX
+//   or the number of needed bits exceeds INT16_MAX (i.e. 32767).
+// - Otherwise, all valid results are in the range [0, INT16_MAX].
+// - For byte mode, numChars measures the number of bytes, not Unicode code points.
+// - For ECI mode, numChars must be 0, and the worst-case number of bits is returned.
+//   An actual ECI segment can have shorter data. For non-ECI modes, the result is exact.
+testable int calcSegmentBitLength(enum qrcodegen_Mode mode, size_t numChars) {
+	// All calculations are designed to avoid overflow on all platforms
+	if (numChars > (unsigned int)INT16_MAX)
+		return LENGTH_OVERFLOW;
+	long result = (long)numChars;
+	if (mode == qrcodegen_Mode_NUMERIC)
+		result = (result * 10 + 2) / 3;  // ceil(10/3 * n)
+	else if (mode == qrcodegen_Mode_ALPHANUMERIC)
+		result = (result * 11 + 1) / 2;  // ceil(11/2 * n)
+	else if (mode == qrcodegen_Mode_BYTE)
+		result *= 8;
+	else if (mode == qrcodegen_Mode_KANJI)
+		result *= 13;
+	else if (mode == qrcodegen_Mode_ECI && numChars == 0)
+		result = 3 * 8;
+	else {  // Invalid argument
+		assert(false);
+		return LENGTH_OVERFLOW;
+	}
+	assert(result >= 0);
+	if (result > INT16_MAX)
+		return LENGTH_OVERFLOW;
+	return (int)result;
+}
+
+
+// Public function - see documentation comment in header file.
+struct qrcodegen_Segment qrcodegen_makeBytes(const uint8_t data[], size_t len, uint8_t buf[]) {
+	assert(data != NULL || len == 0);
+	struct qrcodegen_Segment result;
+	result.mode = qrcodegen_Mode_BYTE;
+	result.bitLength = calcSegmentBitLength(result.mode, len);
+	assert(result.bitLength != LENGTH_OVERFLOW);
+	result.numChars = (int)len;
+	if (len > 0)
+		memcpy(buf, data, len * sizeof(buf[0]));
+	result.data = buf;
+	return result;
+}
+
+
+// Public function - see documentation comment in header file.
+struct qrcodegen_Segment qrcodegen_makeNumeric(const char *digits, uint8_t buf[]) {
+	assert(digits != NULL);
+	struct qrcodegen_Segment result;
+	size_t len = strlen(digits);
+	result.mode = qrcodegen_Mode_NUMERIC;
+	int bitLen = calcSegmentBitLength(result.mode, len);
+	assert(bitLen != LENGTH_OVERFLOW);
+	result.numChars = (int)len;
+	if (bitLen > 0)
+		memset(buf, 0, ((size_t)bitLen + 7) / 8 * sizeof(buf[0]));
+	result.bitLength = 0;
+	
+	unsigned int accumData = 0;
+	int accumCount = 0;
+	for (; *digits != '\0'; digits++) {
+		char c = *digits;
+		assert('0' <= c && c <= '9');
+		accumData = accumData * 10 + (unsigned int)(c - '0');
+		accumCount++;
+		if (accumCount == 3) {
+			appendBitsToBuffer(accumData, 10, buf, &result.bitLength);
+			accumData = 0;
+			accumCount = 0;
+		}
+	}
+	if (accumCount > 0)  // 1 or 2 digits remaining
+		appendBitsToBuffer(accumData, accumCount * 3 + 1, buf, &result.bitLength);
+	assert(result.bitLength == bitLen);
+	result.data = buf;
+	return result;
+}
+
+
+// Public function - see documentation comment in header file.
+struct qrcodegen_Segment qrcodegen_makeAlphanumeric(const char *text, uint8_t buf[]) {
+	assert(text != NULL);
+	struct qrcodegen_Segment result;
+	size_t len = strlen(text);
+	result.mode = qrcodegen_Mode_ALPHANUMERIC;
+	int bitLen = calcSegmentBitLength(result.mode, len);
+	assert(bitLen != LENGTH_OVERFLOW);
+	result.numChars = (int)len;
+	if (bitLen > 0)
+		memset(buf, 0, ((size_t)bitLen + 7) / 8 * sizeof(buf[0]));
+	result.bitLength = 0;
+	
+	unsigned int accumData = 0;
+	int accumCount = 0;
+	for (; *text != '\0'; text++) {
+		const char *temp = strchr(ALPHANUMERIC_CHARSET, *text);
+		assert(temp != NULL);
+		accumData = accumData * 45 + (unsigned int)(temp - ALPHANUMERIC_CHARSET);
+		accumCount++;
+		if (accumCount == 2) {
+			appendBitsToBuffer(accumData, 11, buf, &result.bitLength);
+			accumData = 0;
+			accumCount = 0;
+		}
+	}
+	if (accumCount > 0)  // 1 character remaining
+		appendBitsToBuffer(accumData, 6, buf, &result.bitLength);
+	assert(result.bitLength == bitLen);
+	result.data = buf;
+	return result;
+}
+
+
+// Public function - see documentation comment in header file.
+struct qrcodegen_Segment qrcodegen_makeEci(long assignVal, uint8_t buf[]) {
+	struct qrcodegen_Segment result;
+	result.mode = qrcodegen_Mode_ECI;
+	result.numChars = 0;
+	result.bitLength = 0;
+	if (assignVal < 0)
+		assert(false);
+	else if (assignVal < (1 << 7)) {
+		memset(buf, 0, 1 * sizeof(buf[0]));
+		appendBitsToBuffer((unsigned int)assignVal, 8, buf, &result.bitLength);
+	} else if (assignVal < (1 << 14)) {
+		memset(buf, 0, 2 * sizeof(buf[0]));
+		appendBitsToBuffer(2, 2, buf, &result.bitLength);
+		appendBitsToBuffer((unsigned int)assignVal, 14, buf, &result.bitLength);
+	} else if (assignVal < 1000000L) {
+		memset(buf, 0, 3 * sizeof(buf[0]));
+		appendBitsToBuffer(6, 3, buf, &result.bitLength);
+		appendBitsToBuffer((unsigned int)(assignVal >> 10), 11, buf, &result.bitLength);
+		appendBitsToBuffer((unsigned int)(assignVal & 0x3FF), 10, buf, &result.bitLength);
+	} else
+		assert(false);
+	result.data = buf;
+	return result;
+}
+
+
+// Calculates the number of bits needed to encode the given segments at the given version.
+// Returns a non-negative number if successful. Otherwise returns LENGTH_OVERFLOW if a segment
+// has too many characters to fit its length field, or the total bits exceeds INT16_MAX.
+testable int getTotalBits(const struct qrcodegen_Segment segs[], size_t len, int version) {
+	assert(segs != NULL || len == 0);
+	long result = 0;
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+		int numChars  = segs[i].numChars;
+		int bitLength = segs[i].bitLength;
+		assert(0 <= numChars  && numChars  <= INT16_MAX);
+		assert(0 <= bitLength && bitLength <= INT16_MAX);
+		int ccbits = numCharCountBits(segs[i].mode, version);
+		assert(0 <= ccbits && ccbits <= 16);
+		if (numChars >= (1L << ccbits))
+			return LENGTH_OVERFLOW;  // The segment's length doesn't fit the field's bit width
+		result += 4L + ccbits + bitLength;
+		if (result > INT16_MAX)
+			return LENGTH_OVERFLOW;  // The sum might overflow an int type
+	}
+	assert(0 <= result && result <= INT16_MAX);
+	return (int)result;
+}
+
+
+// Returns the bit width of the character count field for a segment in the given mode
+// in a QR Code at the given version number. The result is in the range [0, 16].
+static int numCharCountBits(enum qrcodegen_Mode mode, int version) {
+	assert(qrcodegen_VERSION_MIN <= version && version <= qrcodegen_VERSION_MAX);
+	int i = (version + 7) / 17;
+	switch (mode) {
+		case qrcodegen_Mode_NUMERIC     : { static const int temp[] = {10, 12, 14}; return temp[i]; }
+		case qrcodegen_Mode_ALPHANUMERIC: { static const int temp[] = { 9, 11, 13}; return temp[i]; }
+		case qrcodegen_Mode_BYTE        : { static const int temp[] = { 8, 16, 16}; return temp[i]; }
+		case qrcodegen_Mode_KANJI       : { static const int temp[] = { 8, 10, 12}; return temp[i]; }
+		case qrcodegen_Mode_ECI         : return 0;
+		default:  assert(false);  return -1;  // Dummy value
+	}
+}
+
+
+#undef LENGTH_OVERFLOW