cast 0.0.1

data/test/test_node_list.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2485 @@
+require 'common'
+require 'stringio'
+
+###
+### ##################################################################
+###
+### Tests for NodeList classes.
+###
+### ##################################################################
+###
+
+###
+### NodeListTest classes are abstract, inherited by classes which
+### define List() to return a NodeList class.  The tests defined in
+### NodeListTest subclasses are therefore used to test all NodeList
+### classes.
+###
+module NodeListTest
+  @@submodules = []
+  def self.submodules
+    @@submodules
+  end
+  def self.included m
+    @@submodules << m
+  end
+  def setup
+    ## []
+    @empty = _List[]
+
+    ## [a]
+    a = C::Int.new
+    @one = _List[a]
+    @one_els = [a]
+
+    ## [a, b]
+    a, b = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    @two = _List[a, b]
+    @two_els = [a, b]
+
+    ## [a, b, c]
+    a, b, c = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    @three = _List[a, b, c]
+    @three_els = [a, b, c]
+
+    ## [a, b, c, d]
+    a, b, c, d = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    @four = _List[a, b, c, d]
+    @four_els = [a, b, c, d]
+
+    ## [[a,b], [c,d], [e,f], [g,h]]
+    a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h = 8.of{C::Int.new}
+    l0 = _List[a,b]
+    l1 = _List[c,d]
+    l2 = _List[e,f]
+    l3 = _List[g,h]
+    @two_by_four = _List[l0, l1, l2, l3]
+    @two_by_four_els = [l0, l1, l2, l3, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h]
+
+    ## [a, [b,c], [d, [e], [], [[]]]]
+    a, b, c, d, e = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    l1  = _List[b,c]
+    l21 = _List[e]
+    l22 = _List[]
+    l230 = _List[]
+    l23 = _List[l230]
+    l2  = _List[d, l21, l22, l23]
+    @big = _List[a, l1, l2]
+    @big_els = [l1, l2, l21, l22, l23, l230, a, b, c, d, e]
+  end
+
+  attr_accessor *%w[empty empty_els
+                    one   one_els
+                    two   two_els
+                    three three_els
+                    four  four_els
+                    two_by_four two_by_four_els
+                    big   big_els
+                   ]
+end
+
+module NodeListInitializeTest
+  include NodeListTest
+  def test_initialize
+    list = _List.new
+    assert_equal(0, list.length)
+  end
+
+  def test_from_attached
+    a1, a2, a3, a4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2, a3, a4]
+
+    b = _List[a1, a2, a3, a4]
+    assert_same_list([a1, a2, a3, a4], a)
+    assert_equal(4, b.length)
+    assert_copy(a1, b[0])
+    assert_copy(a2, b[1])
+    assert_copy(a3, b[2])
+    assert_copy(a4, b[3])
+  end
+end
+
+###
+### Tests dup, clone.
+###
+module NodeListCopyTest
+  include NodeListTest
+  def test_copy
+    ## empty
+    a = empty
+    b = empty.dup
+    c = empty.clone
+    ##
+    assert_copy a, b
+    ##
+    assert_copy a, c
+
+    ## one
+    a = one
+    b = one.dup
+    c = one.clone
+    ##
+    assert_copy a, b
+    assert_copy a[0], b[0]
+    ##
+    assert_copy a, c
+    assert_copy a[0], c[0]
+
+    ## two
+    a = two
+    b = two.dup
+    c = two.clone
+    ##
+    assert_copy a, b
+    assert_copy a[0], b[0]
+    assert_copy a[1], b[1]
+    ##
+    assert_copy a, c
+    assert_copy a[0], c[0]
+    assert_copy a[1], c[1]
+
+    ## three
+    a = three
+    b = three.dup
+    c = three.clone
+    ##
+    assert_copy a, b
+    assert_copy a[0], b[0]
+    assert_copy a[1], b[1]
+    assert_copy a[2], b[2]
+    ##
+    assert_copy a, c
+    assert_copy a[0], c[0]
+    assert_copy a[1], c[1]
+    assert_copy a[2], c[2]
+
+    ## four
+    a = four
+    b = four.dup
+    c = four.clone
+    ##
+    assert_copy a, b
+    assert_copy a[0], b[0]
+    assert_copy a[1], b[1]
+    assert_copy a[2], b[2]
+    assert_copy a[3], b[3]
+    ##
+    assert_copy a, c
+    assert_copy a[0], c[0]
+    assert_copy a[1], c[1]
+    assert_copy a[2], c[2]
+    assert_copy a[3], c[3]
+
+    ## two_by_four
+    a = two_by_four
+    b = two_by_four.dup
+    c = two_by_four.clone
+    ##
+    assert_copy a, b
+    assert_copy a[0], b[0]
+    assert_copy a[1], b[1]
+    assert_copy a[2], b[2]
+    assert_copy a[3], b[3]
+    assert_copy a[0][0], b[0][0]
+    assert_copy a[0][1], b[0][1]
+    assert_copy a[1][0], b[1][0]
+    assert_copy a[1][1], b[1][1]
+    assert_copy a[2][0], b[2][0]
+    assert_copy a[2][1], b[2][1]
+    assert_copy a[3][0], b[3][0]
+    assert_copy a[3][1], b[3][1]
+    ##
+    assert_copy a, c
+    assert_copy a[0], c[0]
+    assert_copy a[1], c[1]
+    assert_copy a[2], c[2]
+    assert_copy a[3], c[3]
+    assert_copy a[0][0], c[0][0]
+    assert_copy a[0][1], c[0][1]
+    assert_copy a[1][0], c[1][0]
+    assert_copy a[1][1], c[1][1]
+    assert_copy a[2][0], c[2][0]
+    assert_copy a[2][1], c[2][1]
+    assert_copy a[3][0], c[3][0]
+    assert_copy a[3][1], c[3][1]
+
+    ## big -- [a, [b,c], [d, [e], [], [[]]]]
+    a = big
+    b = big.dup
+    c = big.clone
+    ##
+    assert_copy a, b
+    assert_copy a[0], b[0]
+    assert_copy a[1], b[1]
+    assert_copy a[2], b[2]
+    assert_copy a[1][0], b[1][0]
+    assert_copy a[1][1], b[1][1]
+    assert_copy a[2][0], b[2][0]
+    assert_copy a[2][1], b[2][1]
+    assert_copy a[2][1][0], b[2][1][0]
+    assert_copy a[2][2], b[2][2]
+    assert_copy a[2][3], b[2][3]
+    assert_copy a[2][3][0], b[2][3][0]
+    ##
+    assert_copy a, c
+    assert_copy a[0], c[0]
+    assert_copy a[1], c[1]
+    assert_copy a[2], c[2]
+    assert_copy a[1][0], c[1][0]
+    assert_copy a[1][1], c[1][1]
+    assert_copy a[2][0], c[2][0]
+    assert_copy a[2][1], c[2][1]
+    assert_copy a[2][1][0], c[2][1][0]
+    assert_copy a[2][2], c[2][2]
+    assert_copy a[2][3], c[2][3]
+    assert_copy a[2][3][0], c[2][3][0]
+  end
+end
+
+###
+### Tests ==, eql?, hash.
+###
+module NodeListEqualTest
+  include NodeListTest
+  def assert_eq a, b
+    assert(a == b)
+    assert(a.eql?(b))
+    assert(a.hash == b.hash)
+  end
+  def assert_not_eq a, b
+    assert(!(a == b))
+    assert(!a.eql?(b))
+  end
+  def test_eq
+    assert_eq(empty, empty)
+    assert_eq(one, one)
+    assert_eq(two, two)
+    assert_eq(three, three)
+    assert_eq(four, four)
+    assert_eq(two_by_four, two_by_four)
+    assert_eq(big, big)
+
+    assert_not_eq(empty, one)
+    assert_not_eq(one, empty)
+    assert_not_eq(one, two)
+    assert_not_eq(two, one)
+    assert_not_eq(two, three)
+    assert_not_eq(three, two)
+
+    ## []
+    empty2 = _List[]
+    assert_eq(empty, empty2)
+
+    ## [a]
+    a = C::Int.new
+    one2 = _List[a]
+    assert_eq(one, one2)
+
+    ## [a, b]
+    a, b = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    two2 = _List[a, b]
+    assert_eq(two, two2)
+
+    ## [a, b, c]
+    a, b, c = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    three2 = _List[a, b, c]
+    assert_eq(three, three2)
+
+    ## [a, b, c, d]
+    a, b, c, d = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    four2 = _List[a, b, c, d]
+    assert_eq(four, four2)
+
+    ## [[a,b], [c,d], [e,f], [g,h]]
+    a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h = 8.of{C::Int.new}
+    l0 = _List[a,b]
+    l1 = _List[c,d]
+    l2 = _List[e,f]
+    l3 = _List[g,h]
+    two_by_four2 = _List[l0, l1, l2, l3]
+    assert_eq(two_by_four, two_by_four2)
+
+    ## [a, [b,c], [d, [e], [], [[]]]]
+    a, b, c, d, e = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    l1  = _List[b,c]
+    l21 = _List[e]
+    l22 = _List[]
+    l230 = _List[]
+    l23 = _List[l230]
+    l2  = _List[d, l21, l22, l23]
+    big2 = _List[a, l1, l2]
+    assert_eq(big, big2)
+  end
+end
+
+module NodeListWalkTest
+  include NodeListTest
+  ###
+  ### Collect and return the args yielded to `node.send(method)' as an
+  ### Array, each element of which is an array of args yielded.
+  ###
+  def yields method, node, exp
+    ret = []
+    out = node.send(method) do |*args|
+      ret << args
+    end
+    assert_same(exp, out)
+    return ret
+  end
+
+  ###
+  ### Assert exp and out are equal, where elements are compared with
+  ### Array#same_list?.  That is, exp[i].same_list?(out[i]) for all i.
+  ###
+  def assert_equal_yields exp, out
+    if exp.zip(out).all?{|a,b| a.same_list?(b)}
+      assert(true)
+    else
+      flunk("walk not equal: #{walk_str(out)} (expected #{walk_str(exp)})")
+    end
+  end
+  def walk_str walk
+    walk.is_a? ::Array or
+      raise "walk_str: expected ::Array"
+    if walk.empty?
+      return '[]'
+    else
+      s = StringIO.new
+      s.puts '['
+      walk.each do |(ev, node)|
+        nodestr = node.class.name << '(' << node.object_id.to_s << "): " << node.to_s
+        if nodestr.length > 70
+          nodestr[68..-1] = '...'
+        end
+        s.puts "    [#{ev.to_s.rjust(10)}, #{nodestr}]"
+      end
+      s.puts ']'
+      return s.string
+    end
+  end
+
+  ###
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###                        each, reverse_each
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###
+  def iter_str iter
+    iter.is_a? ::Array or
+      raise "iter_str: expected ::Array"
+    if iter.empty?
+      return '[]'
+    else
+      s = StringIO.new
+      s.puts '['
+      iter.each do |node|
+        nodestr = node.class.name << '(' << node.object_id.to_s << "): " << node.to_s
+        if nodestr.length > 70
+          nodestr[68..-1] = '...'
+        end
+        s.puts "    #{nodestr}"
+      end
+      s.puts ']'
+      return s.string
+    end
+  end
+  def check_iter node, exp
+    exp.map!{|n| [n]}
+
+    out = yields(:each, node, node)
+    assert_equal_yields exp, out
+
+    out = yields(:reverse_each, node, node)
+    exp.reverse!
+    assert_equal_yields exp, out
+  end
+
+  def test_each
+    ## empty
+    check_iter(empty, [])
+
+    ## one
+    a = *one_els
+    check_iter(one, [a])
+
+    ## two
+    a, b = *two_els
+    check_iter(two, [a, b])
+
+    ## three
+    a, b, c = *three_els
+    check_iter(three, [a, b, c])
+
+    ## four
+    a, b, c, d = *four_els
+    check_iter(four, [a, b, c, d])
+
+    ## two_by_four
+    l0, l1, l2, l3, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h = *two_by_four_els
+    check_iter(two_by_four, [l0, l1, l2, l3])
+
+    ## big
+    l1, l2, l21, l22, l23, l230, a, b, c, d, e = *big_els
+    check_iter(big, [a, l1, l2])
+  end
+
+  ###
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###                            each_index
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###
+  def test_each_index
+    ## empty
+    assert_equal([], yields(:each_index, empty, empty))
+
+    ## one
+    assert_equal([[0]], yields(:each_index, one, one))
+
+    ## two
+    assert_equal([[0], [1]], yields(:each_index, two, two))
+
+    ## two_by_four
+    assert_equal([[0], [1], [2], [3]], yields(:each_index, two_by_four, two_by_four))
+
+    ## big
+    assert_equal([[0], [1], [2]], yields(:each_index, big, big))
+  end
+end
+
+###
+### Tests:
+###   -- node_before
+###   -- node_after
+###   -- remove_node
+###   -- insert_before
+###   -- insert_after
+###   -- replace_node
+###
+module NodeListChildManagementTests
+  include NodeListTest
+  def check_not_child list, node
+    n = C::Int.new
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, list.node_before(node))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, list.node_after(node))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, list.remove_node(node))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, list.insert_after(node, n))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, list.insert_before(node, n))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError, list.replace_node(node, n))
+  end
+
+  def check_list list, *nodes
+    afters = nodes.dup
+    afters.shift
+    afters.push(nil)
+
+    befores = nodes.dup
+    befores.pop
+    befores.unshift(nil)
+
+    assert_equal(list.length, nodes.length)
+    nodes.each_index do |i|
+      assert_same(nodes[i], list[i], "at index #{i}")
+      assert_same(list, nodes[i].parent, "at index #{i}")
+      ## node_after
+      assert_same(afters[i], list.node_after(nodes[i]), "at index #{i} (expected id=#{afters[i].object_id}, got id=#{list.node_after(nodes[i]).object_id})")
+      ## node_before
+      assert_same(befores[i], list.node_before(nodes[i]), "at index #{i}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  ###
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###                   insert_before, insert_after
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###
+
+  def test_insert_one_into_one
+    a1, a2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(b, b.insert_before(b1, b2))
+    check_list(b, b2, b1)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(a, a.insert_after(a1, a2))
+    check_list(a, a1, a2)
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_two_into_one
+    a1, a2, a3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.insert_before(a1, a2, a3))
+    check_list(a, a2, a3, a1)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.insert_after(b1, b2, b3))
+    check_list(b, b1, b2, b3)
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_three_into_one
+    a1, a2, a3, a4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3, b4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.insert_before(a1, a2, a3, a4))
+    check_list(a, a2, a3, a4, a1)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.insert_after(b1, b2, b3, b4))
+    check_list(b, b1, b2, b3, b4)
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_many_into_one
+    a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3, b4, b5 = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.insert_before(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5))
+    check_list(a, a2, a3, a4, a5, a1)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.insert_after(b1, b2, b3, b4, b5))
+    check_list(b, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5)
+  end
+
+  def insert_one_into_two
+    a1, a2, a3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    c1, c2, c3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    d1, d2, d3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = _List[b1, b2]
+    c = _List[c1, c2]
+    d = _List[d1, d2]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.insert_before(a1, a3))
+    check_list(a, a3, a1, a2)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.insert_after(b2, b3))
+    check_list(b, b1, b2, b3)
+
+    ## middle (after)
+    assert_same(c, c.insert_after(c1, c3))
+    check_list(c, c1, c3, c2)
+
+    ## middle (before)
+    assert_same(d, d.insert_before(d2, d3))
+    check_list(d, d1, d3, d2)
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_two_into_two
+    a1, a2, a3, a4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3, b4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    c1, c2, c3, c4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    d1, d2, d3, d4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = _List[b1, b2]
+    c = _List[c1, c2]
+    d = _List[d1, d2]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.insert_before(a1, a3, a4))
+    check_list(a, a3, a4, a1, a2)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.insert_after(b2, b3, b4))
+    check_list(b, b1, b2, b3, b4)
+
+    ## middle (after)
+    assert_same(c, c.insert_after(c1, c3, c4))
+    check_list(c, c1, c3, c4, c2)
+
+    ## middle (before)
+    assert_same(d, d.insert_before(d2, d3, d4))
+    check_list(d, d1, d3, d4, d2)
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_three_into_two
+    a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3, b4, b5 = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    c1, c2, c3, c4, c5 = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    d1, d2, d3, d4, d5 = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = _List[b1, b2]
+    c = _List[c1, c2]
+    d = _List[d1, d2]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.insert_before(a1, a3, a4, a5))
+    check_list(a, a3, a4, a5, a1, a2)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.insert_after(b2, b3, b4, b5))
+    check_list(b, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5)
+
+    ## middle (after)
+    assert_same(c, c.insert_after(c1, c3, c4, c5))
+    check_list(c, c1, c3, c4, c5, c2)
+
+    ## middle (before)
+    assert_same(d, d.insert_before(d2, d3, d4, d5))
+    check_list(d, d1, d3, d4, d5, d2)
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_many_into_two
+    a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 = 6.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6 = 6.of{C::Int.new}
+    c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6 = 6.of{C::Int.new}
+    d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6 = 6.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = _List[b1, b2]
+    c = _List[c1, c2]
+    d = _List[d1, d2]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.insert_before(a1, a3, a4, a5, a6))
+    check_list(a, a3, a4, a5, a6, a1, a2)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.insert_after(b2, b3, b4, b5, b6))
+    check_list(b, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6)
+
+    ## middle (after)
+    assert_same(c, c.insert_after(c1, c3, c4, c5, c6))
+    check_list(c, c1, c3, c4, c5, c6, c2)
+
+    ## middle (before)
+    assert_same(d, d.insert_before(d2, d3, d4, d5, d6))
+    check_list(d, d1, d3, d4, d5, d6, d2)
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_attached
+    ## one (before)
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    b1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1]
+    assert_same(a, a.insert_before(a1, b1))
+    assert_same_list([b1], b)
+    assert_equal(2, a.length)
+    assert_copy(b1, a[0])
+    assert_same(a1, a[1])
+
+    ## one (after)
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    b1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1]
+    assert_same(a, a.insert_after(a1, b1))
+    assert_same_list([b1], b)
+    assert_equal(2, a.length)
+    assert_same(a1, a[0])
+    assert_copy(b1, a[1])
+
+    ## many (before)
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    b1, b2, b3, b4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1, b2, b3, b4]
+    assert_same(a, a.insert_before(a1, b1, b2, b3, b4))
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2, b3, b4], b)
+    assert_equal(5, a.length)
+    assert_copy(b1, a[0])
+    assert_copy(b2, a[1])
+    assert_copy(b3, a[2])
+    assert_copy(b4, a[3])
+    assert_same(a1, a[4])
+
+    ## many (after)
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    b1, b2, b3, b4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1, b2, b3, b4]
+    assert_same(a, a.insert_after(a1, b1, b2, b3, b4))
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2, b3, b4], b)
+    assert_equal(5, a.length)
+    assert_same(a1, a[0])
+    assert_copy(b1, a[1])
+    assert_copy(b2, a[2])
+    assert_copy(b3, a[3])
+    assert_copy(b4, a[4])
+  end
+
+  ###
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###                           remove_node
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###
+
+  def test_remove_one_from_one
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.remove_node(a1))
+    check_list(a)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_one_from_two
+    a1, a2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = _List[b1, b2]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.remove_node(a1))
+    check_list(a, a2)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.remove_node(b2))
+    check_list(b, b1)
+    assert_nil(b2.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_one_from_three
+    a1, a2, a3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    c1, c2, c3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2, a3]
+    b = _List[b1, b2, b3]
+    c = _List[c1, c2, c3]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.remove_node(a1))
+    check_list(a, a2, a3)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.remove_node(b3))
+    check_list(b, b1, b2)
+    assert_nil(b3.parent)
+
+    ## middle
+    assert_same(c, c.remove_node(c2))
+    check_list(c, c1, c3)
+    assert_nil(c2.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_one_from_many
+    a1, a2, a3, a4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3, b4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    c1, c2, c3, c4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+
+    a = _List[a1, a2, a3, a4]
+    b = _List[b1, b2, b3, b4]
+    c = _List[c1, c2, c3, c4]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.remove_node(a1))
+    check_list(a, a2, a3, a4)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.remove_node(b4))
+    check_list(b, b1, b2, b3)
+    assert_nil(b4.parent)
+
+    ## middle
+    assert_same(c, c.remove_node(c2))
+    check_list(c, c1, c3, c4)
+    assert_nil(c2.parent)
+  end
+
+  ###
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###                           replace_node
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###
+
+  def test_replace_with_none_in_one
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1))
+    check_list(a)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_none_in_two
+    a1, a2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = _List[b1, b2]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1))
+    check_list(a, a2)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.replace_node(b2))
+    check_list(b, b1)
+    assert_nil(b2.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_none_in_three
+    a1, a2, a3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    c1, c2, c3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2, a3]
+    b = _List[b1, b2, b3]
+    c = _List[c1, c2, c3]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1))
+    check_list(a, a2, a3)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.replace_node(b3))
+    check_list(b, b1, b2)
+    assert_nil(b3.parent)
+
+    ## middle
+    assert_same(c, c.replace_node(c2))
+    check_list(c, c1, c3)
+    assert_nil(c2.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_one_in_one
+    a1, a2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1, a2))
+    check_list(a, a2)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_one_in_two
+    a1, a2, a3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = _List[b1, b2]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1, a3))
+    check_list(a, a3, a2)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.replace_node(b2, b3))
+    check_list(b, b1, b3)
+    assert_nil(b2.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_one_in_three
+    a1, a2, a3, a4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3, b4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    c1, c2, c3, c4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2, a3]
+    b = _List[b1, b2, b3]
+    c = _List[c1, c2, c3]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1, a4))
+    check_list(a, a4, a2, a3)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.replace_node(b3, b4))
+    check_list(b, b1, b2, b4)
+    assert_nil(b3.parent)
+
+    ## middle
+    assert_same(c, c.replace_node(c2, c4))
+    check_list(c, c1, c4, c3)
+    assert_nil(c2.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_two_in_one
+    a1, a2, a3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1, a2, a3))
+    check_list(a, a2, a3)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_two_in_two
+    a1, a2, a3, a4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3, b4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = _List[b1, b2]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1, a3, a4))
+    check_list(a, a3, a4, a2)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.replace_node(b2, b3, b4))
+    check_list(b, b1, b3, b4)
+    assert_nil(b2.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_two_in_three
+    a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3, b4, b5 = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    c1, c2, c3, c4, c5 = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2, a3]
+    b = _List[b1, b2, b3]
+    c = _List[c1, c2, c3]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1, a4, a5))
+    check_list(a, a4, a5, a2, a3)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.replace_node(b3, b4, b5))
+    check_list(b, b1, b2, b4, b5)
+    assert_nil(b3.parent)
+
+    ## middle
+    assert_same(c, c.replace_node(c2, c4, c5))
+    check_list(c, c1, c4, c5, c3)
+    assert_nil(c2.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_three_in_one
+    a1, a2, a3, a4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1, a2, a3, a4))
+    check_list(a, a2, a3, a4)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_three_in_two
+    a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3, b4, b5 = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = _List[b1, b2]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1, a3, a4, a5))
+    check_list(a, a3, a4, a5, a2)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.replace_node(b2, b3, b4, b5))
+    check_list(b, b1, b3, b4, b5)
+    assert_nil(b2.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_three_in_three
+    a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 = 6.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6 = 6.of{C::Int.new}
+    c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6 = 6.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2, a3]
+    b = _List[b1, b2, b3]
+    c = _List[c1, c2, c3]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1, a4, a5, a6))
+    check_list(a, a4, a5, a6, a2, a3)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.replace_node(b3, b4, b5, b6))
+    check_list(b, b1, b2, b4, b5, b6)
+    assert_nil(b3.parent)
+
+    ## middle
+    assert_same(c, c.replace_node(c2, c4, c5, c6))
+    check_list(c, c1, c4, c5, c6, c3)
+    assert_nil(c2.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_many_in_one
+    a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5))
+    check_list(a, a2, a3, a4, a5)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_many_in_two
+    a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 = 6.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6 = 6.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = _List[b1, b2]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1, a3, a4, a5, a6))
+    check_list(a, a3, a4, a5, a6, a2)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.replace_node(b2, b3, b4, b5, b6))
+    check_list(b, b1, b3, b4, b5, b6)
+    assert_nil(b2.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_many_in_three
+    a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7 = 7.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7 = 7.of{C::Int.new}
+    c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7 = 7.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2, a3]
+    b = _List[b1, b2, b3]
+    c = _List[c1, c2, c3]
+
+    ## beginning
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1, a4, a5, a6, a7))
+    check_list(a, a4, a5, a6, a7, a2, a3)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+
+    ## end
+    assert_same(b, b.replace_node(b3, b4, b5, b6, b7))
+    check_list(b, b1, b2, b4, b5, b6, b7)
+    assert_nil(b3.parent)
+
+    ## middle
+    assert_same(c, c.replace_node(c2, c4, c5, c6, c7))
+    check_list(c, c1, c4, c5, c6, c7, c3)
+    assert_nil(c2.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_attached
+    ## one
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b1 = C::Int.new
+    b = _List[b1]
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1, b1))
+    assert_copy(b1, a[0])
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+
+    ## many
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b1, b2, b3, b4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    b = _List[b1, b2, b3, b4]
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1, b1, b2, b3, b4))
+    assert_copy(b1, a[0])
+    assert_copy(b2, a[1])
+    assert_copy(b3, a[2])
+    assert_copy(b4, a[3])
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_duplicated
+    ## one
+    a1, a2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1, a2, a2))
+    assert_same(2, a.length)
+    assert_same(a2, a[0])
+    assert_copy(a2, a[1])
+
+    ## many
+    a1, a2, a3, a4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2, a3]
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1, a2, a4, a2, a4))
+    assert_same(6, a.length)
+    assert_copy(a2, a[0])
+    assert_same(a4, a[1])
+    assert_copy(a2, a[2])
+    assert_copy(a4, a[3])
+    assert_same(a2, a[4])
+    assert_same(a3, a[5])
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_replaced
+    ## one
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1, a1))
+    assert_same_list([a1], a)
+
+    ## many -- some are the replaced node
+    a1, a2, a3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1, a1, a2, a3, a1))
+    assert_same(4, a.length)
+    assert_same(a1, a[0])
+    assert_same(a2, a[1])
+    assert_same(a3, a[2])
+    assert_copy(a1, a[3])
+
+    ## many -- all are the replaced node
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+    assert_same(a, a.replace_node(a1, a1, a1, a1))
+    assert_same(3, a.length)
+    assert_same(a1, a[0])
+    assert_copy(a1, a[1])
+    assert_copy(a1, a[2])
+  end
+end
+
+module NodeListArrayQueryTests
+  include NodeListTest
+  ###
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###                           first, last
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###
+
+  def test_first
+    ## empty
+    a = _List[]
+    assert_nil(a.first)
+
+    ## one
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+    assert_same(a1, a.first)
+    assert_same_list([  ], a.first(0))
+    assert_same_list([a1], a.first(1))
+    assert_same_list([a1], a.first(2))
+
+    ## two
+    a1, a2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    assert_same(a1, a.first)
+    assert_same_list([      ], a.first(0))
+    assert_same_list([a1    ], a.first(1))
+    assert_same_list([a1, a2], a.first(2))
+    assert_same_list([a1, a2], a.first(3))
+
+    ## three
+    ret = a.first(3)
+    a1, a2, a3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2, a3]
+    assert_same(a1, a.first)
+    assert_same_list([          ], a.first(0))
+    assert_same_list([a1        ], a.first(1))
+    assert_same_list([a1, a2    ], a.first(2))
+    assert_same_list([a1, a2, a3], a.first(3))
+    assert_same_list([a1, a2, a3], a.first(4))
+
+    ## negative array size
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){a.first(-1)}
+  end
+
+  def test_last
+    ## empty
+    a = _List[]
+    assert_nil(a.last)
+
+    ## one
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+    assert_same(a1, a.last)
+    assert_same_list([  ], a.last(0))
+    assert_same_list([a1], a.last(1))
+    assert_same_list([a1], a.last(2))
+
+    ## two
+    a1, a2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    assert_same(a2, a.last)
+    assert_same_list([      ], a.last(0))
+    assert_same_list([    a2], a.last(1))
+    assert_same_list([a1, a2], a.last(2))
+    assert_same_list([a1, a2], a.last(3))
+
+    ## three
+    ret = a.last(3)
+    a1, a2, a3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2, a3]
+    assert_same(a3, a.last)
+    assert_same_list([          ], a.last(0))
+    assert_same_list([        a3], a.last(1))
+    assert_same_list([    a2, a3], a.last(2))
+    assert_same_list([a1, a2, a3], a.last(3))
+    assert_same_list([a1, a2, a3], a.last(4))
+
+    ## negative array size
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){a.last(-1)}
+  end
+
+  ###
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###                              empty?
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###
+
+  def test_empty
+    assert(_List[].empty?)
+    assert(!_List[C::Int.new].empty?)
+    assert(!_List[_List[]].empty?)
+  end
+
+  ###
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###                               to_a
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###
+
+  def test_to_a
+    ## empty
+    r = empty.to_a
+    assert_same(::Array, r.class)
+    assert_same_list([], r)
+
+    ## one
+    a = *one_els
+    r = one.to_a
+    assert_same(::Array, r.class)
+    assert_same_list([a], r)
+
+    ## two
+    a, b = *two_els
+    r = two.to_a
+    assert_same(::Array, r.class)
+    assert_same_list([a, b], r)
+
+    ## three
+    a, b, c = *three_els
+    r = three.to_a
+    assert_same(::Array, r.class)
+    assert_same_list([a, b, c], r)
+
+    ## four
+    a, b, c, d = *four_els
+    r = four.to_a
+    assert_same(::Array, r.class)
+    assert_same_list([a, b, c, d], r)
+
+    ## two_by_four
+    l0, l1, l2, l3, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h = *two_by_four_els
+    r = two_by_four.to_a
+    assert_same(::Array, r.class)
+    assert_same_list([l0, l1, l2, l3], r)
+
+    ## big
+    l1, l2, l21, l22, l23, l230, a, b, c, d, e = *big_els
+    r = big.to_a
+    assert_same(::Array, r.class)
+    assert_same_list([a, l1, l2], r)
+  end
+
+  ###
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###                          index, rindex
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###
+
+  def test_index
+    ## empty
+    empty = _List[]
+    assert_nil(empty.index(C::Int.new))
+    assert_nil(empty.index(nil))
+    ##
+    assert_nil(empty.rindex(C::Int.new))
+    assert_nil(empty.rindex(nil))
+
+    ## one
+    a = C::Int.new(1)
+    list = _List[a]
+    ##
+    assert_equal(0, list.index(a))
+    assert_equal(0, list.index(C::Int.new(1)))
+    assert_nil(list.index(C::Int.new))
+    assert_nil(list.index(nil))
+    ##
+    assert_equal(0, list.rindex(a))
+    assert_nil(list.rindex(C::Int.new))
+    assert_nil(list.rindex(nil))
+
+    ## two
+    a = C::Int.new(1)
+    b = C::Int.new(2)
+    list = _List[a, b]
+    ##
+    assert_equal(0, list.index(a))
+    assert_equal(1, list.index(b))
+    assert_nil(list.index(C::Int.new))
+    assert_nil(list.index(nil))
+    ##
+    assert_equal(0, list.rindex(a))
+    assert_equal(1, list.rindex(b))
+    assert_nil(list.rindex(C::Int.new))
+    assert_nil(list.rindex(nil))
+
+    ## nested -- [a, [b]]
+    a = C::Int.new(1)
+    b = C::Int.new(2)
+    l1 = _List[b]
+    list = _List[a, l1]
+    ##
+    assert_equal(0, list.index(a))
+    assert_equal(1, list.index(l1))
+    assert_equal(1, list.index(_List[C::Int.new(2)]))
+    assert_equal(nil, list.index([b]))
+    assert_nil(list.index([a]))
+    assert_nil(list.index(C::Int.new))
+    assert_nil(list.index(nil))
+    ##
+    assert_equal(0, list.rindex(a))
+    assert_equal(1, list.rindex(l1))
+    assert_equal(1, list.rindex(_List[b]))
+    assert_nil(list.rindex([a]))
+    assert_nil(list.rindex(C::Int.new))
+    assert_nil(list.rindex(nil))
+
+    ## repeated
+    a1, a2, a3 = 3.of{C::Int.new(-1)}
+    b1, b2, b3 = 3.of{C::Int.new(1)}
+    list = _List[a1, b1, a2, b2, a3, b3]
+    ##
+    assert_equal(0, list.index(a1))
+    assert_equal(0, list.index(a2))
+    assert_equal(0, list.index(a3))
+    assert_equal(1, list.index(b1))
+    assert_equal(1, list.index(b2))
+    assert_equal(1, list.index(b3))
+    assert_nil(list.index(C::Int.new))
+    assert_nil(list.index(nil))
+    ##
+    assert_equal(4, list.rindex(a1))
+    assert_equal(4, list.rindex(a2))
+    assert_equal(4, list.rindex(a3))
+    assert_equal(5, list.rindex(b1))
+    assert_equal(5, list.rindex(b2))
+    assert_equal(5, list.rindex(b3))
+    assert_nil(list.rindex(C::Int.new))
+    assert_nil(list.rindex(nil))
+  end
+
+  ###
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###                            values_at
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###
+
+  def test_values_at
+    ## empty
+    assert_same_list([], empty.values_at())
+    assert_same_list([nil], empty.values_at(1))
+    assert_same_list([nil], empty.values_at(-1))
+
+    ## one
+    a = *one_els
+    assert_same_list([], one.values_at())
+    assert_same_list([a], one.values_at(0))
+    assert_same_list([a], one.values_at(-1))
+    assert_same_list([nil, a], one.values_at(1, -1))
+
+    ## big -- [a, [b,c], [d, [e], [], [[]]]]
+    l1, l2, l21, l22, l23, l230, a, b, c, d, e = *big_els
+    assert_same_list([], big.values_at())
+    assert_same_list([l2], big.values_at(-1))
+    assert_same_list([a, nil], big.values_at(-3, 3))
+    assert_same_list([a, l1, l2], big.values_at(0, -2, -1))
+  end
+
+  ###
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###                               join
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###
+
+  class N < C::Node
+    def initialize s
+      @s = s
+    end
+    def to_s
+      @s.dup
+    end
+  end
+  def test_join
+    ## empty
+    list = _List[]
+    assert_equal('', list.join)
+    assert_equal('', list.join('.'))
+
+    ## one
+    a = N.new('a')
+    list = _List[a]
+    assert_equal('a', list.join)
+    assert_equal('a', list.join('.'))
+
+    ## two
+    a = N.new('a')
+    b = N.new('b')
+    list = _List[a, b]
+    assert_equal('ab', list.join)
+    assert_equal('a.b', list.join('.'))
+
+    ## two_by_two
+    a = N.new('a')
+    b = N.new('b')
+    c = N.new('c')
+    d = N.new('d')
+    l0 = _List[a, b]
+    l1 = _List[c, d]
+    list = _List[l0, l1]
+    assert_equal('a, bc, d', list.join)
+    assert_equal('a, b|c, d', list.join('|'))
+  end
+end
+
+module NodeListModifierTests
+  include NodeListTest
+  def test_push_none
+    ## empty
+    list = _List[]
+    assert_same(list, list.push)
+    assert_same_list([], list)
+
+    ## one
+    a = C::Int.new
+    list = _List[a]
+    assert_same(list, list.push)
+    assert_same_list([a], list)
+
+    ## two
+    a, b = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b]
+    assert_same(list, list.push)
+    assert_same_list([a, b], list)
+
+    ## three
+    a, b, c = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b, c]
+    assert_same(list, list.push)
+    assert_same_list([a, b, c], list)
+  end
+
+  def test_push_one
+    ## empty
+    a = C::Int.new
+    list = _List[]
+    assert_same(list, list.push(a))
+    assert_same_list([a], list)
+
+    ## one
+    a, b = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a]
+    assert_same(list, list.push(b))
+    assert_same_list([a, b], list)
+
+    ## two
+    a, b, c = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b]
+    assert_same(list, list.push(c))
+    assert_same_list([a, b, c], list)
+
+    ## three
+    a, b, c, d = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b, c]
+    assert_same(list, list.push(d))
+    assert_same_list([a, b, c, d], list)
+  end
+
+  def test_push_two
+    ## empty
+    a, b = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[]
+    assert_same(list, list.push(a, b))
+    assert_same_list([a, b], list)
+
+    ## one
+    a, b, c = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a]
+    assert_same(list, list.push(b, c))
+    assert_same_list([a, b, c], list)
+
+    ## two
+    a, b, c, d = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b]
+    assert_same(list, list.push(c, d))
+    assert_same_list([a, b, c, d], list)
+
+    ## three
+    a, b, c, d, e = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b, c]
+    assert_same(list, list.push(d, e))
+    assert_same_list([a, b, c, d, e], list)
+  end
+
+  def test_push_three
+    ## empty
+    a, b, c = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[]
+    assert_same(list, list.push(a, b, c))
+    assert_same_list([a, b, c], list)
+
+    ## one
+    a, b, c, d = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a]
+    assert_same(list, list.push(b, c, d))
+    assert_same_list([a, b, c, d], list)
+
+    ## two
+    a, b, c, d, e = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b]
+    assert_same(list, list.push(c, d, e))
+    assert_same_list([a, b, c, d, e], list)
+
+    ## three
+    a, b, c, d, e, f = 6.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b, c]
+    assert_same(list, list.push(d, e, f))
+    assert_same_list([a, b, c, d, e, f], list)
+  end
+
+  def test_push_attached
+    ## one
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    b1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1]
+    assert_same(a, a.push(b1))
+    assert_same_list([b1], b)
+    assert_equal(2, a.length)
+    assert_same(a1, a[0])
+    assert_copy(b1, a[1])
+
+    ## many
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    b1, b2, b3, b4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1, b2, b3, b4]
+    assert_same(a, a.push(b1, b2, b3, b4))
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2, b3, b4], b)
+    assert_equal(5, a.length)
+    assert_same(a1, a[0])
+    assert_copy(b1, a[1])
+    assert_copy(b2, a[2])
+    assert_copy(b3, a[3])
+    assert_copy(b4, a[4])
+  end
+
+  def test_unshift_none
+    ## empty
+    list = _List[]
+    assert_same(list, list.unshift)
+    assert_same_list([], list)
+
+    ## one
+    a = C::Int.new
+    list = _List[a]
+    assert_same(list, list.unshift)
+    assert_same_list([a], list)
+
+    ## two
+    a, b = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b]
+    assert_same(list, list.unshift)
+    assert_same_list([a, b], list)
+
+    ## three
+    a, b, c = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b, c]
+    assert_same(list, list.unshift)
+    assert_same_list([a, b, c], list)
+  end
+
+  def test_unshift_one
+    ## empty
+    a = C::Int.new
+    list = _List[]
+    assert_same(list, list.unshift(a))
+    assert_same_list([a], list)
+
+    ## one
+    a, b = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a]
+    assert_same(list, list.unshift(b))
+    assert_same_list([b, a], list)
+
+    ## two
+    a, b, c = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b]
+    assert_same(list, list.unshift(c))
+    assert_same_list([c, a, b], list)
+
+    ## three
+    a, b, c, d = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b, c]
+    assert_same(list, list.unshift(d))
+    assert_same_list([d, a, b, c], list)
+  end
+
+  def test_unshift_two
+    ## empty
+    a, b = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[]
+    assert_same(list, list.unshift(a, b))
+    assert_same_list([a, b], list)
+
+    ## one
+    a, b, c = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a]
+    assert_same(list, list.unshift(b, c))
+    assert_same_list([b, c, a], list)
+
+    ## two
+    a, b, c, d = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b]
+    assert_same(list, list.unshift(c, d))
+    assert_same_list([c, d, a, b], list)
+
+    ## three
+    a, b, c, d, e = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b, c]
+    assert_same(list, list.unshift(d, e))
+    assert_same_list([d, e, a, b, c], list)
+  end
+
+  def test_unshift_three
+    ## empty
+    a, b, c = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[]
+    assert_same(list, list.unshift(a, b, c))
+    assert_same_list([a, b, c], list)
+
+    ## one
+    a, b, c, d = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a]
+    assert_same(list, list.unshift(b, c, d))
+    assert_same_list([b, c, d, a], list)
+
+    ## two
+    a, b, c, d, e = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b]
+    assert_same(list, list.unshift(c, d, e))
+    assert_same_list([c, d, e, a, b], list)
+
+    ## three
+    a, b, c, d, e, f = 6.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b, c]
+    assert_same(list, list.unshift(d, e, f))
+    assert_same_list([d, e, f, a, b, c], list)
+  end
+
+  def test_unshift_attached
+    ## one
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    b1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1]
+    assert_same(a, a.unshift(b1))
+    assert_same_list([b1], b)
+    assert_equal(2, a.length)
+    assert_copy(b1, a[0])
+    assert_same(a1, a[1])
+
+    ## many
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    b1, b2, b3, b4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1, b2, b3, b4]
+    assert_same(a, a.unshift(b1, b2, b3, b4))
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2, b3, b4], b)
+    assert_equal(5, a.length)
+    assert_copy(b1, a[0])
+    assert_copy(b2, a[1])
+    assert_copy(b3, a[2])
+    assert_copy(b4, a[3])
+    assert_same(a1, a[4])
+  end
+
+  def test_pop
+    ## empty
+    list = _List[]
+    assert_same(nil, list.pop)
+    assert_same_list([], list)
+
+    ## one
+    a = C::Int.new
+    list = _List[a]
+    assert_same(a, list.pop)
+    assert_same_list([], list)
+    assert_nil(a.parent)
+
+    ## two
+    a, b = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b]
+    assert_same(b, list.pop)
+    assert_same_list([a], list)
+    assert_nil(b.parent)
+
+    ## three
+    a, b, c = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b, c]
+    assert_same(c, list.pop)
+    assert_same_list([a, b], list)
+    assert_nil(c.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_pop_none
+    ## empty
+    list = _List[]
+    ret = list.pop(0)
+    assert_same_list([], ret)
+    assert_same_list([], list)
+
+    ## one
+    a = C::Int.new
+    list = _List[a]
+    ret = list.pop(0)
+    assert_same_list([], ret)
+    assert_same_list([a], list)
+
+    ## two
+    a, b = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b]
+    ret = list.pop(0)
+    assert_same_list([], ret)
+    assert_same_list([a, b], list)
+
+    ## three
+    a, b, c = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b, c]
+    ret = list.pop(0)
+    assert_same_list([], ret)
+    assert_same_list([a, b, c], list)
+  end
+
+  def test_pop_one
+    ## empty
+    list = _List[]
+    ret = list.pop(1)
+    assert_same_list([], ret)
+    assert_same_list([], list)
+
+    ## one
+    a = C::Int.new
+    list = _List[a]
+    ret = list.pop(1)
+    assert_same_list([a], ret)
+    assert_same_list([], list)
+    assert_nil(a.parent)
+
+    ## two
+    a, b = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b]
+    ret = list.pop(1)
+    assert_same_list([b], ret)
+    assert_same_list([a], list)
+    assert_nil(b.parent)
+
+    ## three
+    a, b, c = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b, c]
+    ret = list.pop(1)
+    assert_same_list([c], ret)
+    assert_same_list([a, b], list)
+    assert_nil(c.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_pop_two
+    ## empty
+    list = _List[]
+    ret = list.pop(2)
+    assert_same_list([], ret)
+    assert_same_list([], list)
+
+    ## one
+    a = C::Int.new
+    list = _List[a]
+    ret = list.pop(2)
+    assert_same_list([a], ret)
+    assert_same_list([], list)
+    assert_nil(a.parent)
+
+    ## two
+    a, b = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b]
+    ret = list.pop(2)
+    assert_same_list([a, b], ret)
+    assert_same_list([], list)
+    assert_nil(a.parent)
+    assert_nil(b.parent)
+
+    ## three
+    a, b, c = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b, c]
+    ret = list.pop(2)
+    assert_same_list([b, c], ret)
+    assert_same_list([a], list)
+    assert_nil(b.parent)
+    assert_nil(c.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_shift
+    ## empty
+    list = _List[]
+    ret = list.shift
+    assert_nil(ret)
+    assert_same_list([], list)
+
+    ## one
+    a = C::Int.new
+    list = _List[a]
+    ret = list.shift
+    assert_same(a, ret)
+    assert_same_list([], list)
+    assert_nil(a.parent)
+
+    ## two
+    a, b = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b]
+    ret = list.shift
+    assert_same(a, ret)
+    assert_same_list([b], list)
+    assert_nil(a.parent)
+
+    ## three
+    a, b, c = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b, c]
+    ret = list.shift
+    assert_same(a, ret)
+    assert_same_list([b, c], list)
+    assert_nil(a.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_shift_none
+    ## empty
+    list = _List[]
+    ret = list.shift(0)
+    assert_same_list([], ret)
+    assert_same_list([], list)
+
+    ## one
+    a = C::Int.new
+    list = _List[a]
+    ret = list.shift(0)
+    assert_same_list([], ret)
+    assert_same_list([a], list)
+
+    ## two
+    a, b = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b]
+    ret = list.shift(0)
+    assert_same_list([], ret)
+    assert_same_list([a, b], list)
+
+    ## three
+    a, b, c = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b, c]
+    ret = list.shift(0)
+    assert_same_list([], ret)
+    assert_same_list([a, b, c], list)
+  end
+
+  def test_shift_one
+    ## empty
+    list = _List[]
+    ret = list.shift(1)
+    assert_same_list([], ret)
+    assert_same_list([], list)
+
+    ## one
+    a = C::Int.new
+    list = _List[a]
+    ret = list.shift(1)
+    assert_same_list([a], ret)
+    assert_same_list([], list)
+    assert_nil(a.parent)
+
+    ## two
+    a, b = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b]
+    ret = list.shift(1)
+    assert_same_list([a], ret)
+    assert_same_list([b], list)
+    assert_nil(a.parent)
+
+    ## three
+    a, b, c = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b, c]
+    ret = list.shift(1)
+    assert_same_list([a], ret)
+    assert_same_list([b, c], list)
+    assert_nil(a.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_shift_two
+    ## empty
+    list = _List[]
+    ret = list.shift(2)
+    assert_same_list([], ret)
+    assert_same_list([], list)
+
+    ## one
+    a = C::Int.new
+    list = _List[a]
+    ret = list.shift(2)
+    assert_same_list([a], ret)
+    assert_same_list([], list)
+    assert_nil(a.parent)
+
+    ## two
+    a, b = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b]
+    ret = list.shift(2)
+    assert_same_list([a, b], ret)
+    assert_same_list([], list)
+    assert_nil(a.parent)
+    assert_nil(b.parent)
+
+    ## three
+    a, b, c = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    list = _List[a, b, c]
+    ret = list.shift(2)
+    assert_same_list([a, b], ret)
+    assert_same_list([c], list)
+    assert_nil(a.parent)
+    assert_nil(b.parent)
+  end
+
+  ###
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###                              insert
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###
+
+  def test_insert_one_into_one
+    a1, a2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1]
+
+    ## beginning
+    a.insert(0, a2)
+    assert_same_list([a2, a1], a)
+
+    ## end
+    b.insert(1, b2)
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2], b)
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_two_into_one
+    a1, a2, a3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1]
+
+    ## beginning
+    a.insert(0, a2, a3)
+    assert_same_list([a2, a3, a1], a)
+
+    ## end
+    b.insert(1, b2, b3)
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2, b3], b)
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_three_into_one
+    a1, a2, a3, a4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3, b4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1]
+
+    ## beginning
+    a.insert(0, a2, a3, a4)
+    assert_same_list([a2, a3, a4, a1], a)
+
+    ## end
+    b.insert(1, b2, b3, b4)
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2, b3, b4], b)
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_many_into_one
+    a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3, b4, b5 = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1]
+
+    ## beginning
+    a.insert(0, a2, a3, a4, a5)
+    assert_same_list([a2, a3, a4, a5, a1], a)
+
+    ## end
+    b.insert(1, b2, b3, b4, b5)
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2, b3, b4, b5], b)
+  end
+
+  def insert_one_into_two
+    a1, a2, a3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    c1, c2, c3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = _List[b1, b2]
+    c = _List[c1, c2]
+
+    ## beginning
+    a.insert(0, a3)
+    assert_same_list([a3, a1, a2], a)
+
+    ## end
+    b.insert(2, b3)
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2, b3], b)
+
+    ## middle
+    c.insert1(c1, c3)
+    assert_same_list([c1, c3, c2], c)
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_two_into_two
+    a1, a2, a3, a4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3, b4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    c1, c2, c3, c4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    d1, d2, d3, d4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = _List[b1, b2]
+    c = _List[c1, c2]
+
+    ## beginning
+    a.insert(0, a3, a4)
+    assert_same_list([a3, a4, a1, a2], a)
+
+    ## end
+    b.insert(2, b3, b4)
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2, b3, b4], b)
+
+    ## middle
+    c.insert(1, c3, c4)
+    assert_same_list([c1, c3, c4, c2], c)
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_three_into_two
+    a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3, b4, b5 = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    c1, c2, c3, c4, c5 = 5.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = _List[b1, b2]
+    c = _List[c1, c2]
+
+    ## beginning
+    a.insert(0, a3, a4, a5)
+    assert_same_list([a3, a4, a5, a1, a2], a)
+
+    ## end
+    b.insert(2, b3, b4, b5)
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2, b3, b4, b5], b)
+
+    ## middle
+    c.insert(1, c3, c4, c5)
+    assert_same_list([c1, c3, c4, c5, c2], c)
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_many_into_two
+    a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 = 6.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6 = 6.of{C::Int.new}
+    c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6 = 6.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = _List[b1, b2]
+    c = _List[c1, c2]
+
+    ## beginning
+    a.insert(0, a3, a4, a5, a6)
+    assert_same_list([a3, a4, a5, a6, a1, a2], a)
+
+    ## end
+    b.insert(2, b3, b4, b5, b6)
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6], b)
+
+    ## middle (after)
+    c.insert(1, c3, c4, c5, c6)
+    assert_same_list([c1, c3, c4, c5, c6, c2], c)
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_attached
+    ## one
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    b1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1]
+    assert_same(a, a.insert(1, b1))
+    assert_same_list([b1], b)
+    assert_same(a1, a[0])
+    assert_copy(b1, a[1])
+
+    ## many
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    b1, b2, b3, b4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1, b2, b3, b4]
+    assert_same(a, a.insert(0, b1, b2, b3, b4))
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2, b3, b4], b)
+    assert_copy(b1, a[0])
+    assert_copy(b2, a[1])
+    assert_copy(b3, a[2])
+    assert_copy(b4, a[3])
+    assert_same(a1, a[4])
+  end
+
+  ###
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###                              concat
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###
+
+  def test_concat_zero_on_zero
+    a = _List[]
+    b = _List[]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.concat(b))
+    assert_same_list([], b)
+    assert_same_list([], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_concat_zero_on_one
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.concat(b))
+    assert_same_list([], b)
+    assert_same_list([a1], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_concat_zero_on_two
+    a1, a2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = _List[]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.concat(b))
+    assert_same_list([], b)
+    assert_equal(2, a.length)
+    assert_same_list([a1, a2], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_concat_one_on_zero
+    b1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[]
+    b = _List[b1]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.concat(b))
+    assert_same_list([b1], b)
+    ##
+    assert_equal(1, a.length)
+    assert_copy(b1, a[0])
+  end
+
+  def test_concat_one_on_one
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    b1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.concat(b))
+    assert_same_list([b1], b)
+    ##
+    assert_equal(2, a.length)
+    assert_same(a1, a[0])
+    assert_copy(b1, a[1])
+  end
+
+  def test_concat_one_on_two
+    a1, a2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = _List[b1]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.concat(b))
+    assert_same_list([b1], b)
+    ##
+    assert_equal(3, a.length)
+    assert_same(a1, a[0])
+    assert_same(a2, a[1])
+    assert_copy(b1, a[2])
+  end
+
+  def test_concat_two_on_zero
+    b1, b2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[]
+    b = _List[b1, b2]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.concat(b))
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2], b)
+    ##
+    assert_equal(2, a.length)
+    assert_copy(b1, a[0])
+    assert_copy(b2, a[1])
+  end
+
+  def test_concat_two_on_one
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    b1, b2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[b1, b2]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.concat(b))
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2], b)
+    ##
+    assert_equal(3, a.length)
+    assert_same(a1, a[0])
+    assert_copy(b1, a[1])
+    assert_copy(b2, a[2])
+  end
+
+  def test_concat_two_on_two
+    a1, a2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = _List[b1, b2]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.concat(b))
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2], b)
+    ##
+    assert_equal(4, a.length)
+    assert_same(a1, a[0])
+    assert_same(a2, a[1])
+    assert_copy(b1, a[2])
+    assert_copy(b2, a[3])
+  end
+
+  ###
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###                            delete_at
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###
+
+  def test_delete_at_one
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+
+    assert_same(a1, a.delete_at(0))
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+    assert_same_list([], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_at_two
+    ## delete_at 0
+    a1, a2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    assert_same(a1, a.delete_at(0))
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+    assert_same_list([a2], a)
+
+    ## delete_at 1
+    a1, a2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    assert_same(a2, a.delete_at(1))
+    assert_nil(a2.parent)
+    assert_same_list([a1], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_at_three
+    ## delete at 0
+    a1, a2, a3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2, a3]
+    assert_same(a1, a.delete_at(0))
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+    assert_same_list([a2, a3], a)
+
+    ## delete at 1
+    a1, a2, a3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2, a3]
+    assert_same(a2, a.delete_at(1))
+    assert_nil(a2.parent)
+    assert_same_list([a1, a3], a)
+
+    ## delete at 2
+    a1, a2, a3 = 3.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2, a3]
+    assert_same(a3, a.delete_at(2))
+    assert_nil(a3.parent)
+    assert_same_list([a1, a2], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_at_four
+    ## delete at 1
+    a1, a2, a3, a4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2, a3, a4]
+    assert_same(a2, a.delete_at(1))
+    assert_nil(a2.parent)
+    assert_same_list([a1, a3, a4], a)
+  end
+
+  ###
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###                              clear
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###
+
+  def test_clear_empty
+    assert_same(empty, empty.clear)
+    assert_same_list([], empty)
+  end
+
+  def test_clear_one
+    a = one_els
+    assert_same(one, one.clear)
+    assert_same_list([], one)
+    assert_nil(one.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_clear_two
+    a, b = *two_els
+    assert_same(two, two.clear)
+    assert_same_list([], two)
+    assert_nil(a.parent)
+    assert_nil(b.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_clear_three
+    a, b, c = *three_els
+    assert_same(three, three.clear)
+    assert_same_list([], three)
+    assert_nil(a.parent)
+    assert_nil(b.parent)
+    assert_nil(c.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_clear_big
+    l1, l2, l21, l22, l23, l230, a, b, c, d, e = *big_els
+    assert_same(big, big.clear)
+    assert_same_list([], big)
+    assert_nil(a.parent)
+    assert_nil(l1.parent)
+    assert_nil(l2.parent)
+  end
+
+  ###
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###                             replace
+  ### ----------------------------------------------------------------
+  ###
+
+  def test_replace_none_with_none
+    a = _List[]
+    b = []
+
+    assert_same(a, a.replace(b))
+    assert_same_list([], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_none_with_one
+    b1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[]
+    b = [b1]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.replace(b))
+    assert_same_list([b1], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_none_with_two
+    b1, b2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[]
+    b = [b1, b2]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.replace(b))
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_one_with_none
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = _List[]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.replace(b))
+    assert_same_list([], a)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_one_with_one
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    b1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = [b1]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.replace(b))
+    assert_same_list([b1], a)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_one_with_two
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    b1, b2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b = [b1, b2]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.replace(b))
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2], a)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_two_with_none
+    a1, a2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = _List[]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.replace(b))
+    assert_same_list([], a)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+    assert_nil(a2.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_two_with_one
+    a1, a2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = [b1]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.replace(b))
+    assert_same_list([b1], a)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+    assert_nil(a2.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_two_with_two
+    a1, a2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    b1, b2 = 2.of{C::Int.new}
+    a = _List[a1, a2]
+    b = [b1, b2]
+
+    assert_same(a, a.replace(b))
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2], a)
+    assert_nil(a1.parent)
+    assert_nil(a2.parent)
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_attached
+    ## one
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b1 = C::Int.new
+    b = _List[b1]
+    assert_same(a, a.replace(b))
+    assert_same_list([b1], b)
+    assert_equal(1, a.length)
+    assert_copy(b1, a[0])
+
+    ## many
+    a1 = C::Int.new
+    a = _List[a1]
+    b1, b2, b3, b4 = 4.of{C::Int.new}
+    b = _List[b1, b2, b3, b4]
+    assert_same(a, a.replace(b))
+    assert_same_list([b1, b2, b3, b4], b)
+    assert_equal(4, a.length)
+    assert_copy(b1, a[0])
+    assert_copy(b2, a[1])
+    assert_copy(b3, a[2])
+    assert_copy(b4, a[3])
+  end
+end
+
+## Make concrete test classes.
+NodeListTest.submodules.each do |test_module|
+  test_module.name =~ /^NodeList/ or
+    raise "NodeListTest submodule name does not start with 'NodeList': #{test_module.name}"
+
+  %w[NodeArray NodeChain].each do |list_class|
+    test_class = test_module.name.sub(/^NodeList/, list_class)
+    eval "
+      class #{test_class} < Test::Unit::TestCase
+        def _List
+          C::#{list_class}
+        end
+        include #{test_module}
+      end
+    "
+  end
+end