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+    uri: https://cartodb-rb-client.cartodb.com/upload
+    body:
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+      string: ! "--4fbd035b\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name=\"file\"; filename=\"whs_features.csv\"\r\nContent-Type:
+        application/octet-stream\r\n\r\ntitle,latitude,longitude,description,region,type,endangered_reason,edited_region,endangered_year,external_links,wikipedia_link,comments,criteria,iso_code,size,name,country,whs_site_id,date_of_inscription,whs_source_page\nAflaj
+        Irrigation Systems of Oman,22.998889,57.536056,\"A qanāt (from Arabic: قناة‎)
+        (Iran, Syria and Jordan) is a water management system used to provide a reliable
+        supply of water to human settlements and for irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid
+        climates. Qanats are also called kārīz (or kārēz from Persian: كاريز) (Iran,
+        Afghanistan, Pakistan and Central Asia, derived from Persian: كاهریز), kahan
+        (from Persian: کهن), khettara (Morocco); galeria (Spain); falaj (United Arab
+        Emirates and Oman); Kahn (Baloch) or foggara/fughara (North Africa). Alternative
+        terms for qanats in Asia and North Africa are kakuriz, chin-avulz, and mayun.
+        Common variants of qanat in English include kanat, khanat, kunut, kona, konait,
+        ghanat, ghundat.\n\nThe qanat technology is known to have developed in pre-Islamic
+        Iran[when?] and then spread to other cultures. However, a recently discovered
+        falaj system in al-Ain, UAE, dates to 1000 BC, and another in Umm Safah, Sharja,
+        dates to the Iron Age. Also, a qanat-like system called the Turpan water system
+        originated in China during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 24 CE).\n\nThe value
+        of a qanat is directly related to the quality, volume and regularity of the
+        water flow. Much of the population of Iran and other arid countries in Asia
+        and North Africa historically depended upon the water from qanats; the areas
+        of population corresponded closely to the areas where qanats are possible.
+        Although a qanat was expensive to construct, its long-term value to the community,
+        and therefore to the group who invested in building and maintaining it, was
+        substantial.\n\nQanats are constructed as a series of well-like vertical shafts,
+        connected by gently sloping tunnels. Qanats tap into subterranean water in
+        a manner that efficiently delivers large quantities of water to the surface
+        without need for pumping. The water drains relying on gravity, with the destination
+        lower than the source, which is typically an upland aquifer. Qanats allow
+        water to be transported over long distances in hot dry climates without losing
+        a large proportion of the water to seepage and evaporation.\n\nIt is very
+        common in the construction of a qanat for the water source to be found below
+        ground at the foot of a range of foothills of mountains, where the water table
+        is closest to the surface. From this point, the slope of the qanat is maintained
+        closer to level than the surface above, until the water finally flows out
+        of the qanat above ground. To reach an aquifer, qanats must often extend for
+        long distances.\n\nQanats are sometimes split into an underground distribution
+        network of smaller canals called kariz. Like qanats, these smaller canals
+        were below ground to avoid contamination. In some cases water from a qanat
+        is stored in a reservoir, typically storing night flow for daytime use. An
+        Ab Anbar is an example of a traditional qanat fed reservoir for drinking water
+        in Persian antiquity.\n\nThe qanat system has the advantage of being resistant
+        to natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods, and to deliberate destruction
+        in war. Furthermore, it is almost insensitive to the levels of precipitation,
+        delivering a flow with only gradual variations from wet to dry years.\n\nThe
+        qanat technology is used most extensively in areas with the following characteristics:[citation
+        needed]\n\nA typical town or city in Iran and elsewhere where the qanat is
+        used has more than one qanat. Fields and gardens are located both over the
+        qanats a short distance before they emerge from the ground and after the surface
+        outlet. Water from the qanats defines both the social regions in the city
+        and the layout of the city.\n\nThe water is freshest, cleanest, and coolest
+        in the upper reaches and more prosperous people live at the outlet or immediately
+        upstream of the outlet. When the qanat is still below grade, the water is
+        drawn to the surface via water wells or animal driven Persian wells. Private
+        subterranean reservoirs could supply houses and buildings for domestic use
+        and garden irrigation as well. Further, air flow from the qanat is used to
+        cool an underground summer room (shabestan) found in many older houses and
+        buildings.\n\nDownstream of the outlet, the water runs through surface canals
+        called jubs (jūbs) which run downhill, with lateral branches to carry water
+        to the neighborhood, gardens and fields. The streets normally parallel the
+        jubs and their lateral branches. As a result, the cities and towns are oriented
+        consistent with the gradient of the land; this is a practical response to
+        efficient water distribution over varying terrain.\n\nThe lower reaches of
+        the canals are less desirable for both residences and agriculture. The water
+        grows progressively more polluted as it passes downstream. In dry years the
+        lower reaches are the most likely to see substantial reductions in flow.\n\nTraditionally
+        qanats are built by a group of skilled laborers, muqannīs, with hand labor.
+        The profession historically paid well and was typically handed down from father
+        to son.\n\nThe critical, initial step in qanat construction is identification
+        of an appropriate water source. The search begins at the point where the alluvial
+        fan meets the mountains or foothills; water is more abundant in the mountains
+        because of orographic lifting and excavation in the alluvial fan is relatively
+        easy. The muqannīs follow the track of the main water courses coming from
+        the mountains or foothills to identify evidence of subsurface water such as
+        deep-rooted vegetation or seasonal seeps. A trial well is then dug to determine
+        the location of the water table and determine whether a sufficient flow is
+        available to justify construction. If these prerequisites are met, then the
+        route is laid out aboveground.\n\nEquipment must be assembled. The equipment
+        is straightforward: containers (usually leather bags), ropes, reels to raise
+        the container to the surface at the shaft head, hatchets and shovels for excavation,
+        lights, spirit levels or plumb bobs and string. Depending upon the soil type,
+        qanat liners (usually fired clay hoops) may also be required.\n\nAlthough
+        the construction methods are simple, the construction of a qanat requires
+        a detailed understanding of subterranean geology and a degree of engineering
+        sophistication. The gradient of the qanat must be carefully controlled—too
+        shallow a gradient yields no flow—too steep a gradient will result in excessive
+        erosion, collapsing the qanat. And misreading the soil conditions leads to
+        collapses which at best require extensive rework and, at worst, can be fatal
+        for the crew.\n\nConstruction of a qanat is usually performed by a crew of
+        3-4 muqannīs. For a shallow qanat, one worker typically digs the horizontal
+        shaft, one raises the excavated earth from the shaft and one distributes the
+        excavated earth at the top.\n\nThe crew typically begins from the destination
+        to which the water will be delivered into the soil and works toward the source
+        (the test well). Vertical shafts are excavated along the route, separated
+        at a distance of 20–35 m. The separation of the shafts is a balance between
+        the amount of work required to excavate them and the amount of effort required
+        to excavate the space between them, as well as the ultimate maintenance effort.
+        In general, the shallower the qanat, the closer the vertical shafts. If the
+        qanat is long, excavation may begin from both ends at once. Tributary channels
+        are sometimes also constructed to supplement the water flow.\n\nMost qanats
+        in Iran run less than 5 km, while some have been measured at ~70 km in length
+        near Kerman. The vertical shafts usually range from 20 to 200 meters in depth,
+        although qanats in the province of Khorasan have been recorded with vertical
+        shafts of up to 275 m. The vertical shafts support construction and maintenance
+        of the underground channel as well as air interchange. Deep shafts require
+        intermediate platforms to simplify the process of removing spoils.\n\nThe
+        construction speed depends on the depth and nature of the ground. If the earth
+        is easy/soft to work; at 20 meters depth, a crew of 4 people can excavate
+        a horizontal length of 40 meters per day. When the vertical shaft reaches
+        40 meters, they can only excavate 20 meters horizontally per day and at 60
+        meters in depth this drops below 5 horizontal meters per day. In Algeria,
+        a common speed is just 2m per day at 15m depth. Deep, long qanats (which many
+        are) require years and even decades to construct.\n\nThe excavated material
+        is usually transported by means of leather bags up the vertical shafts. It
+        is mounded around the vertical shaft exit, providing a barrier that prevents
+        windblown or rain driven debris from entering the shafts. These mounds may
+        be covered to provide further protection to the qanat. From the air, these
+        shafts look like a string of bomb craters.\n\nThe qanat's water-carrying channel
+        must have a sufficient downward slope that water flows easily. However the
+        downward gradient must not be so great as to create conditions under which
+        the water transitions between supercritical and subcritical flow; if this
+        occurs, the waves which are established can result in severe erosion that
+        can damage or destroy the qanat. In shorter qanats the downward gradient varies
+        between 1:1000 and 1:1500, while in longer qanats it may be almost horizontal.
+        Such precision is routinely obtained with a spirit level and string.\n\nIn
+        cases where the gradient is steeper, underground waterfalls may be constructed
+        with appropriate design features (usually linings) to absorb the energy with
+        minimal erosion. In some cases the water power has been harnessed to drive
+        underground mills. If it is not possible to bring the outlet of the qanat
+        out near the settlement, it is necessary to run a jub or canal overground.
+        This is avoided when possible to limit pollution, warming and water loss due
+        to evaporation.\n\nThe vertical shafts may be covered to minimize in-blown
+        sand. The channels of qanats must be periodically inspected for erosion or
+        cave-ins, cleaned of sand and mud and otherwise repaired. Air flow must be
+        assured before entry for safety.\n\nSome damaged qanats have been restored.
+        In order to be sustainable, restoration needs to take into account many non-technical
+        factors, beginning with the process of selecting the qanat to be restored.
+        In the case of Syria, three sites were chosen based on a national inventory
+        conducted in 2001. One of them, the Drasiah qanat of Dmeir, was completed
+        in 2002. Selection criteria included the availability of a steady groundwater
+        flow, social cohesion and willingness to contribute of the community using
+        the qanat, and the existence of a functioning water rights system.\n\nThe
+        primary applications of qanats are for irrigation, providing cattle with water
+        and drinking water supply. Other applications include cooling and ice storage.\n\nQanats
+        used in conjunction with a wind tower can provide cooling as well as a water
+        supply. A wind tower is a chimney-like structure positioned above the house;
+        of its four openings, the one opposite the wind direction is opened to move
+        air out of the house. Incoming air is pulled from a qanat below the house.
+        The air flow across the vertical shaft opening creates a lower pressure (see
+        Bernoulli effect) and draws cool air up from the qanat tunnel, mixing with
+        it. The air from the qanat was drawn into the tunnel at some distance away
+        and is cooled both by contact with the cool tunnel walls/water and by the
+        giving up latent heat of evaporation as water evaporates into the air stream.
+        In dry desert climates this can result in a greater than 15°C reduction in
+        the air temperature coming from the qanat; the mixed air still feels dry,
+        so the basement is cool and only comfortably moist (not damp). Wind tower
+        and qanat cooling have been used in desert climates for over 1000 years.\n\nIn
+        400 BC Persian engineers had already mastered the technique of storing ice
+        in the middle of summer in the desert.\n\nThe ice could be brought in during
+        the winters from nearby mountains. But in a more usual & sophisticated method
+        they had a wall made along east-west direction close to the Ice Pit (yakhchal).In
+        winter the qanat water was being canalized to north side of the wall. The
+        shadow of the wall makes water freeze more quickly so they could have more
+        ice per each winter day. Then ice was being stored in a specially designed,
+        naturally cooled refrigerators called yakhchal (meaning ice pits). A large
+        underground space with thick insulated walls was connected to a qanat, and
+        a system of windcatchers or Wind Towers was used to draw cool subterranean
+        air up from the qanat to maintain temperatures inside the space at low levels,
+        even during hot summer days. As a result, the ice melted slowly and ice was
+        available year-round.\n\nThe Qanats, called Kariz (rhymes with \"\"breeze\"\")
+        \ in Pashto and Dari, have also been in use for hundreds of years. Kariz structures
+        are especially found in the Southern Afghanistan provinces of Kandahar, Uruzgan,
+        Nimroz and Hilmand. The incessant war for the last 30 years has destroyed
+        a number of these ancient structures. In the troubled times maintenance was
+        not always possible. To add to the troubles, at present (2008) the cost of
+        labour has become very high and maintaining the Kariz structures is no longer
+        possible[dubious – discuss]. Lack of skilled artisans who have the traditional
+        knowledge also poses difficulties. A number of the large farmers are abandoning
+        their Kariz which has been in their families sometimes for centuries, and
+        moving to tube and dug wells backed by diesel pumps[citation needed].\n\nHowever
+        the government of Afghanistan is aware of the importance of these structures
+        and all efforts are being made to repair, reconstruct and maintain (through
+        the community) the kariz[citation needed]. The Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation
+        and Development along with National and International NGOs is making the effort.\n\nStill,
+        there are functional qanat systems in 2009. American forces are reported to
+        have unintentionally destroyed some of the channels during expansion of a
+        military base, creating tensions between them and the local community. Some
+        of these tunnels have been used to store supplies, and to move men and equipment
+        underground.\n\nAn oasis at Turpan in the deserts of northwestern China uses
+        water provided by qanat (locally karez). Turfan has long been the center of
+        a fertile oasis and an important trade center along the Silk Road's northern
+        route, at which time it was adjacent to the kingdoms of Korla and Karashahr
+        to the southwest. The historical record of the karez system extends back to
+        the Han Dynasty. The Turfan Water Museum (see photos on this page) is a Protected
+        Area of the People's Republic of China because of the importance of the local
+        karez system to the history of the area. The number of karez systems in the
+        area is slightly below 1,000 and the total length of the canals is about 5,000
+        kilometers.\n\nIn Karnataka, India, a Qanat-type structure called Suranga
+        is used to tap underground water. But these are rarely in use these days[citation
+        needed].\n\nIt has been suggested that alleged underground temples at Gua
+        Made in Java reached by shafts, in which masks of a green metal were found,
+        originated as a qanat.\n\nIn the middle of the twentieth century, it is estimated
+        that approximately 50,000 qanats were in use in Iran, each commissioned and
+        maintained by local users. Of these only 25,000 remain in use as of 1980.\n\nThe
+        oldest and largest known qanat is in the Iranian city of Gonabad which after
+        2700 years still provides drinking and agricultural water to nearly 40,000
+        people. Its main well depth is more than 360 meters and its length is 45 kilometers.
+        Yazd, Khorasan and Kerman are the known zones for their dependence with an
+        extensive system of qanats.\n\nIn traditional Persian architecture, a Kariz
+        (کاریز) is a small Qanat, usually within a network inside an urban setting.
+        Kariz is what distributes the Qanat into its final destinations.\n\nA survey
+        of Qanat systems in the Kurdistan region of Iraq conducted by the Department
+        of Geography at Oklahoma State University (USA) on behalf of UNESCO in 2009
+        found that out of 683 karez systems, some 380 were still active in 2004, but
+        only 116 in 2009. Reasons for the decline of qanats include \"\"abandonment
+        and neglect\"\" previous to 2004, \"\"excessive pumping from wells\"\" and,
+        since 2005, drought. Water shortages are said to have forced over 100,000
+        people who depended on karez systems for their livelihoods to leave their
+        homes since 2005. The study says that a single karez has the potential to
+        provide enough household water for nearly 9,000 individuals and irrigate over
+        200 hectares of farmland. UNESCO and the government of Iraq plan to rehabilitate
+        Karez through a Karez Initiative for Community Revitalization to be launched
+        in 2010. Most of the karez are in Sulaymaniyah Governorate (84%). A large
+        number are also found in Erbil Governorate (13%), especially on the broad
+        plain around and in Erbil city.\n\nAmong the qanats built in the Roman Empire
+        was possibly the longest continuous qanat ever built, the 94 km long Gadara
+        Aqueduct in northern Jordan. Partly following the course of an older Hellenistic
+        aqueduct, excavation work arguably started after a visit of emperor Hadrian
+        in 129-130 AD. The Gadara Aqueduct was never quite finished, and was put in
+        service only in sections.\n\nThe Chagai district is in the north west corner
+        of Balochistan, Pakistan, bordering with Afghanistan and Iran. Qanats, locally
+        known as karezes, are found more broadly in this region. They are spread from
+        Chaghai district all the way up to Zhob district. A number of them are present
+        in Qilla Abdullah and Pishin districts. Karezes are also extensively found
+        in the neighbouring areas of Afghanistan such as Kandahar. The remains of
+        karezes found in different parts of the district are attributed to the Arabs.\n\nQanats
+        were found over much of Syria. The widespread installation of groundwater
+        pumps has lowered the water table and qanat system. Qanats have gone dry and
+        been abandoned across the country.\n\nIn Oman from the Iron Age Period (found
+        in Salut, Bat and other sites) a system of underground aqueducts called Falaj
+        were constructed, a series of well-like vertical shafts, connected by gently
+        sloping horizontal tunnels. There are three types of Falaj Daudi (داوودية)with
+        underground aqueducts Ghaili (الغيلية ) requiring a dam to collect the water
+        Aini (العينية ) whose source is a water spring These enabled large scale agriculture
+        to flourish in a dry land environment According to UNESCO some 3,000 aflaj
+        (plural) or falaj (singular), are still in use in Oman today. Nizwa, the former
+        capital city of Oman, was built around a falaj which is in use to this day.
+        These systems date to before the Iron Age in Oman . In July 2006, five representative
+        examples of this irrigation system were inscribed as a World Heritage Site.\n\nThe
+        oasis of Al Ain in the United Arab Emirates continues traditional falaj (qanat)
+        irrigations for the palm-groves and gardens.\n\nThere are 4 main oases in
+        the Egyptian desert. The Kharga Oasis is one of them which has been extensively
+        studied. As early as the second half of the 5th century BC there is evidence
+        that water was being used via qanats. The qanat is excavated through water-bearing
+        sandstone rock which seeps into the channel to collect in a basin behind a
+        small dam at the end. The width is approximately 60 cm, but the height ranges
+        from 5 to 9 meters; it is likely that the qanat was deepened to enhance seepage
+        when the water table dropped (as is also seen in Iran). From there the water
+        was used to irrigate fields.\n\nThere is another instructive structure located
+        at the Kharga Oasis. A well which apparently dried up was improved by driving
+        a side shaft through the easily penetrated sandstone (presumably in the direction
+        of greatest water seepage) into the hill of Ayn-Manâwîr to allow collection
+        of additional water. After this side shaft had been extended, another vertical
+        shaft was driven to intersect the side shaft. Side chambers were built and
+        holes bored into the rock—presumably at points where water seeped from the
+        rocks—are evident.\n\nDavid Mattingley reports foggara extending for hundreds
+        of miles in the Garamantes area near Jarma in Libya: \"\"The channels were
+        generally very narrow - less than 2 feet wide and 5 high - but some were several
+        miles long, and in total some 600 foggara extended for hundreds of miles underground.
+        The channels were dug out and maintained using a series of regularly-spaced
+        vertical shafts, one every 30 feet or so, 100,000 in total, averaging 30 feet
+        in depth, but sometimes reaching 130.\"\" (\"\"The 153 Club Newsletter\"\",
+        July 2007 No. 112, pp. 14–19; reprinted from Current world Archaeology.\n\nThe
+        foggara water management system in Tunisia, used to create oases, is similar
+        to that of the Iranian qanat. The foggara is dug into the foothills of a fairly
+        steep mountain range such as the eastern ranges of the Atlas mountains. Rainfall
+        in the mountains enters the aquifer and moves toward the Saharan region to
+        the south. The foggara, 1 to 3 km in length, penetrates the aquifer and collects
+        water. Families maintain the foggara and own the land it irrigates over a
+        ten meter wide, with width only by the size of plot that the available water
+        will irrigate.\n\nQanats (designated foggaras in Algeria) are the source of
+        water for irrigation at large oases like that at Gourara. The foggaras are
+        also found at Touat (an area of Adrar 200 km from Gourara). The length of
+        the foggaras in this region is estimated to be thousands of kilometers.\n\nAlthough
+        sources suggest that the foggaras may have been in use as early as 200 AD,
+        they were clearly in use by the 11th century after the Arabs took possession
+        of the oases in the 10th century and the residents embraced Islam.\n\nThe
+        water is metered to the various users through the use of distribution weirs
+        which meter flow to the various canals, each for a separate user.\n\nThe humidity
+        of the oases is also used to supplement the water supply to the foggara. The
+        temperature gradient in the vertical shafts causes air to rise by natural
+        convection, causing a draft to enter the foggara. The moist air of the agricultural
+        area is drawn into the foggara in the opposite direction to the water run-off.
+        In the foggara it condenses on the tunnel walls and the air passed out of
+        the vertical shafts. This condensed moisture is available for reuse.\n\nIn
+        southern Morocco the qanat (locally khettara) is also used. On the margins
+        of the Sahara Desert, the isolated oases of the Draa River valley and Tafilalt
+        have relied on qanat water for irrigation since the late-14th century. In
+        Marrakech and the Haouz plain the qanats have been abandoned since the early
+        1970s as they've dried; in the Tafilaft area half of the 400 khettaras are
+        still in use. The Hassan Adahkil Dam's impact on local water tables is said
+        to be one of the many reasons given for the loss of half of the khettara.\n\nThe
+        black berbers (haratin) of the south were the hereditary class of qanat diggers
+        in Morocco who build and repair these systems. Their work was hazardous.\n\nQanats
+        have preserved in Armenia in the community of Shvanidzor, in the southern
+        province of Syunik, bordering with Iran. Qanats are named kahrezes in Armenian.
+        There are 5 kahrezes in Shvanidzor. Four of them were constructed in XII-XIVc,
+        even before the village was founded. The fifth kahrez was constructed in 2005.
+        Potable water runs through I, II and V kahrezs. Kahrez III and IV are in quite
+        poor condition. In summer, especially in July and August, the amount of water
+        reaches its minimum, creating critical situation in the water supply system.
+        Still, kahrezes are the main source of potable and irrigation water for the
+        community.\n\nThe 5653 m long Claudius Tunnel, meant for draining the largest
+        Italian inland water, Fucine Lake, was constructed using the qanat technique.
+        It featured shafts up to 122 m deep. The entire ancient town of Palermo in
+        Sicily was equipped with a huge qanat system built during the Arab period
+        (827–1072). Many of the qanat are now mapped and some can be visited. The
+        famous Scirocco room has an air-conditioning system cooled by the flow of
+        water in a qanat and a \"\"wind tower\"\", a structure able to catch the wind
+        and direct it into the room.\n\nThe Raschpëtzer near Helmsange in southern
+        Luxembourg is a particularly well preserved example of a Roman qanat. It is
+        probably the most extensive system of its kind north of the Alps. To date
+        some 330 m of the total tunnel length of 600 m have been explored. Thirteen
+        of the 20 to 25 shafts have been investigated. The qanat appears to have provided
+        water for a large Roman villa on the slopes of the Alzette valley. It was
+        built during the Gallo-Roman period, probably around the year 150 and functioned
+        for about 120 years thereafter.\n\nThere are still many examples of galeria
+        or qanat systems in Spain, most likely brought to the area by the Moors during
+        their occupation of the Iberian peninsula. Turrillas in Andalusia on the north
+        facing slopes of the Sierra de Alhamilla has evidence of a qanat system. Granada
+        is another site with an extensive qanat system.\n\nQanats in the Americas,
+        usually referred to as filtration galleries, can be found in the Nazca region
+        of Peru and in northern Chile. The Spanish introduced qanats into Mexico in
+        1520 AD.\",\"Dakhiliya, Sharqiya and Batinah Regions\",cultural,,\"Dakhiliya,
+        Sharqiya and Batinah Regions\",,\"[The Origin and Spread of Qanats in the
+        Old World|http://www.jstor.org/stable/986162]#[\"\"Assessment of the Contributions
+        of Traditional Qanats in Sustainable Water Resources Management\"\"|http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/cijw/2006/00000022/00000004/art00005]#[10.1080/07900620600551304|http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F07900620600551304]#[\"\"Reasons
+        behind Failure of Qanats in the 20th Century\"\"|http://scitation.aip.org/vsearch/servlet/VerityServlet?KEY=ASCERL&smode=strresults&maxdisp=25&possible1=Madani%2C+Kaveh&possible1zone=author&OUTLOG=NO&aqs=true&viewabs=ASCECP&key=DISPLAY&docID=1&page=0&chapter=0&aqs=true]#[10.1061/40976(316)77|http://dx.doi.org/10.1061%2F40976%28316%2977]\",http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanat,,[v],OM,14560000.0,Aflaj
+        Irrigation Systems of Oman,Oman,1207,2006,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1207\nAlto
+        Douro Wine Region,41.101667,-7.798889,\"\",\"Douro Region, Trás-os-Montes
+        e Alto Douro\",cultural,,\"Douro Region, Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro\",,\"\",http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douro_DOC,,\"[iii],[iv],[v]\",PT,246000000.0,Alto
+        Douro Wine Region,Portugal,1046,2001,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1046\nAmiens
+        Cathedral,49.895,2.301667,\"The Cathedral of Our Lady of Amiens (French: Cathédrale
+        Notre-Dame d'Amiens), or simply Amiens Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral
+        and seat of the Bishop of Amiens, Jean-Luc Bouilleret. The cathedral is the
+        tallest complete cathedral in France, with the greatest interior volume (estimated
+        at 200,000 m³). The vaults of the nave are 42.30 m high, the tallest nave
+        vaults in any completed French cathedral, and surpassed only by the incomplete
+        Beauvais Cathedral. This monumental cathedral is located in Amiens, the chief
+        city of Picardy, in the Somme River valley a little over 100 kilometers north
+        of Paris.\n\nNotre-Dame d'Amiens has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage
+        Site since 1981 and was profiled in a PBS documentary.\n\nThe lack of documentation
+        concerning the construction of the Gothic cathedral may be in part the result
+        of fires that destroyed the chapter archives in 1218 and again in 1258—a fire
+        that damaged the cathedral itself. Bishop Evrard de Fouilly initiated work
+        on the cathedral in 1220. Robert de Luzarches was the architect until 1228,
+        and was followed by Thomas de Cormont until 1258. His son, Renaud de Cormont,
+        acted as the architect until 1288. The chronicle of Corbie gives a completion
+        date for the cathedral of 1266. Finishing works continued, however. Its floors
+        are covered with a number of designs, such as the swastika (to symbolize Jesus'
+        triumph over death). The labyrinth was installed in 1288. The cathedral contains
+        the alleged head of John the Baptist, a relic brought from Constantinople
+        by Wallon de Sarton as he was returning from the Fourth Crusade.\n\nThe construction
+        of the cathedral at this period can be seen as resulting from a coming together
+        of necessity and opportunity. The destruction of earlier buildings and attempts
+        at rebuilding by fire forced the fairly rapid construction of a building that,
+        consequently, has a good deal of artistic unity. The long and relatively peaceful
+        reign of Louis IX of France brought a prosperity to the region, based on thriving
+        agriculture and a booming cloth trade, that made the investment possible.
+        The great cathedrals of Reims and Chartres are roughly contemporary.\n\nThe
+        original design of the flying buttresses around the choir had them placed
+        too high to counteract the force of the ceiling arch pushing outwards resulting
+        in excessive lateral forces being placed on the vertical columns. The structure
+        was only saved when, centuries later, masons placed a second row of more robust
+        flying buttresses that connected lower down on the outer wall. This fix failed
+        to counteract similar issues with the lower wall which began to develop large
+        cracks around the late Middle Ages. This was solved by another patch that
+        consisted of a wrought iron bar chain being installed around the mezzanine
+        level to resist the forces pushing the stone columns outward. The chain was
+        installed red hot to act as a cinch, tightening as it cooled.\n\nThe west
+        front of the cathedral, (illustration, right) built in a single campaign,
+        1220–36, shows an unusual degree of artistic unity: its lower tier with three
+        vast deep porches is capped with the gallery of twenty-two over lifesize kings,
+        which stretches across the entire façade beneath the rose window. Above the
+        rose window there is an open arcade, the galerie des sonneurs. Flanking the
+        nave, the two towers were built without close regard to the former design,
+        the south tower being finished in 1366, the north one, reaching higher, in
+        1406.\n\nThe Western portals of the cathedral are justly famous for their
+        elaborate sculpture, featuring a gallery of locally-important saints and large
+        eschatological scenes. Statues of saints in the portal of the cathedral have
+        been identified as including the locally venerated Saints Victoricus and Gentian,
+        Saint Domitius, Saint Ulphia, and Saint Fermin.\n\nIn the book Mr Standfast,
+        John Buchan has his character Richard Hannay describe the cathedral as being
+        \"\"the noblest church that the hand of man ever built only for God.\"\"\n\nDuring
+        the process of laser cleaning in the 1990s, it was discovered that the western
+        façade of the cathedral was originally painted in multiple colours. A technique
+        was perfected to determine the exact make-up of the colours as they were applied
+        in the 13th century. Then, in conjunction with the laboratories of EDF (Electricity
+        of France) and the expertise of the Society Skertzo, elaborate lighting techniques
+        were developed to project these colours directly on the façade with precision,
+        recreating the polychromatic appearance of the 13th century. When projected
+        on the statues around the portals, the result is a stunning display that brings
+        the figures to life. The projected colors are faint to photograph, but a good
+        quality DSLR will provide excellent results as shown here.\n\nOf course, the
+        full magical effect can best be appreciated by direct viewing, accompanied
+        by stirring music, which can be done at the Son et lumière on Summer evenings,
+        during the Christmas Fair, and over the New Year.\n\nAmiens cathedral contains
+        the largest medieval interior in Western Europe, supported by 126 pillars.
+        Both the nave and the chancel are vast but extremely light, with considerable
+        amounts of stained glass surviving, despite the depredations of war.\n\nThe
+        ambulatory surrounding the choir is richly decorated with polychrome sculpture
+        and flanked by numerous chapels. One of the most sumptuous is the Drapers'
+        chapel. The cloth industry was the most dynamic component of the medieval
+        economy, especially in northern France, and the cloth merchants were keen
+        to display their wealth and civic pride. Another striking chapel is dedicated
+        to St Thomas of Canterbury, a 13th century dedication that complements the
+        cathedral's own very full list of martyrs.\n\nThe interior contains works
+        of art and decoration from every period since the building of the cathedral.\n\nThe
+        initial impetus for the building of the cathedral came from the installation
+        of the reputed head of John the Baptist on 17 December 1206. The head was
+        part of the loot of the Fourth Crusade, which had been diverted from campaigning
+        against the Turks to sacking the great Christian city of Constantinople. A
+        sumptuous reliquary was made to house the skull. Although later lost, a 19th
+        century replica still provides a focus for prayer and meditation in the North
+        aisle.\n\nSome of the most important works of art are sequences of polychrome
+        sculpture, dating mainly from the late 15th and the 16th centuries. A large
+        sequence in the North transept illustrates Jesus' Cleansing of the Temple,
+        with imaginative tableaux of the Temple. Both sides of the ambulatory are
+        lined with sequences illustrating the lives of the two saints whose cults
+        brought large numbers of pilgrims to the cathedral: John the Baptist and St
+        Firmin, the first bishop of Amiens. The artists took care to create a parallelism
+        in the telling of the stories: both saints, decapitated for offending the
+        rich and powerful, suffer neglect and loss, until a later generation discovers
+        their relics and houses them fittingly.\n\nThe baroque pulpit, constructed
+        of marble and gilded wood, dominates the nave of the cathedral. It is supported
+        by three allegorical female figures, apparently representing Faith, Hope and
+        Charity, the three Theological Virtues.\n\n\n\nCoordinates: 49°53′42″N 2°18′08″E\uFEFF
+        / \uFEFF49.895°N 2.30222°E\uFEFF / 49.895; 2.30222\",\"Department of Somme,
+        Picardie Region\",cultural,,\"Department of Somme, Picardie Region\",,[Amiens
+        Cathedral.|http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106231]#[Amiens Cathedral
+        - World Heritage Site|http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/amiens.html]#[360°
+        photos of the cathedral|http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/europe/france/amiens/map.html]#[Outstanding
+        photos of the cathedral|http://www.pbase.com/ericdeparis/cathedrale_de_amiens]#[Photos|http://kunsthistorie.com/galleri/index.php?album=Frankrike%2FAmiens&sortby=name&order=asc],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral,,\"[i],[ii]\",FR,8600.0,Amiens
+        Cathedral,France,162,1981,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/162\nAncient City
+        of Bosra,32.51806,36.48167,\"Bosra (Arabic: بصرى‎, also Bostra, Busrana, Bozrah,
+        Bozra, Busra Eski Şam, Busra ash-Sham, Nova Trajana Bostra) is an ancient
+        city administratively belonging to the Daraa Governorate in southern Syria.
+        It is a major archaeological site and has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage
+        Site.\n\nThe settlement was first mentioned in the documents of Tutmose III
+        and Akhenaton (14th century BC). Bosra was the first Nabatean city in the
+        2nd century BC. The Nabatean Kingdom was conquered by Cornelius Palma, a general
+        of Trajan, in 106.\n\nUnder the Roman Empire, Bosra was renamed Nova Trajana
+        Bostra, and was the residence of the legio III Cyrenaica and capital of the
+        Roman province Arabia Petraea. The city flourished and became a major metropolis
+        at the juncture of several trade routes, including the Roman road to the Red
+        Sea. The two Councils of Arabia were held at Bostra in 246 and 247 AD. The
+        city was conquered by the Sassanid Persians in the early 7th century, and,
+        after a short Byzantine reconquest, was finally captured by the forces of
+        the Rashidun Caliphate under Khalid ibn Walid in the Battle of Bosra (634).
+        Thereafter it was an Islamic possession.\n\nBosra played an important part
+        in the early life of the Prophet of Islam, Mohammed as described in the entry
+        for the Christian Monk, Bahira. Bahira was witnessing to Muhammad in the prophethood.\n\nToday,
+        Bosra is a major archaeological site, containing ruins from Roman, Byzantine,
+        and Muslim times, its main feature being the well preserved Roman theatre.
+        Every year there is a national music festival hosted in the main theater.\n\nOf
+        the city which once counted 80,000 inhabitants, there remains today only a
+        village settled among the ruins. The second century Roman theater, constructed
+        probably under Trajan, is the only monument of this type with its upper gallery
+        in the form of a covered portico which has been integrally preserved. It was
+        fortified between 481 and 1231 AD.\n\nFurther, Nabatean and Roman monuments,
+        Christian churches, mosques and Madrasahs are present within the half ruined
+        enceinte of the city. The structure of this monument a central plan with eastern
+        apses flanked by 2 sacristies exerted a decisive influence on the evolution
+        of Christian architectural forms, and, to a certain extent, on Islamic style
+        as well. Al-Omari Mosque of Bosra is one of the oldest surviving mosques in
+        Islamic history.\n\nClose by are the Kharaba Bridge and the Gemarrin Bridge,
+        both Roman bridges.\n\nCoordinates: 32°31′N 36°29′E\uFEFF / \uFEFF32.517°N
+        36.483°E\uFEFF / 32.517; 36.483\",Governorate of Deraa,cultural,,Governorate
+        of Deraa,,[Catholic Encyclopedia on Bosra|http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02707a.htm]#[Official
+        website of Bosra city|http://www.bosracity.com/]#[Bosra World Heritage site
+        in panographies - 360 degree interactive imaging|http://www.WHTour.org/22]#[Extensive
+        photo site about Bosra|http://www.pbase.com/dosseman_syria/bosra],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosra,,\"[i],[iii],[vi]\",SY,,Ancient
+        City of Bosra,Syrian Arab Republic,22,1980,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/22\nAncient
+        City of Nessebar,42.65611,27.73,\"Nesebar (Bulgarian: Несебър, pronounced
+        [neˈsebər], also transcribed as Nessebar or Nesebur; ancient name: Mesembria)
+        is an ancient town and one of the major seaside resorts on the Bulgarian Black
+        Sea Coast, located in Burgas Province. It is the administrative centre of
+        the homonymous Nesebar Municipality. Often referred to as the \"\"Pearl of
+        the Black Sea\"\" and \"\"Bulgaria's Dubrovnik\"\", Nesebar is a rich city-museum
+        defined by more than three millennia of ever-changing history.\n\nIt is a
+        one of the most prominent tourist destinations and seaports on the Black Sea,
+        in what has become a popular area with several large resorts—the largest,
+        Sunny Beach, is situated immediately to the north of Nesebar.\n\nNesebar has
+        on several occasions found itself on the frontier of a threatened empire,
+        and as such it is a town with a rich history. The ancient part of the town
+        is situated on a peninsula (previously an island) connected to the mainland
+        by a narrow man-made isthmus, and it bears evidence of occupation by a variety
+        of different civilisations over the course of its existence. Its abundance
+        of historic buildings prompted UNESCO to include Nesebar in its list of World
+        Heritage Sites in 1983.\n\nAs of December 2009, the town has a population
+        of 11,626 inhabitants. It lies at 42°39′N 27°44′E\uFEFF / \uFEFF42.65°N 27.733°E\uFEFF
+        / 42.65; 27.733Coordinates: 42°39′N 27°44′E\uFEFF / \uFEFF42.65°N 27.733°E\uFEFF
+        / 42.65; 27.733.\n\nInhabited in the Antiquity by the Thracians and the Ancient
+        Greeks, the original Thracian settlement Menebria was called Mesembria (Ancient Greek:
+        Μεσήμβρια) by the Ancient Greeks. Under this name it was still known in the
+        Middle Ages to Bulgarians and Byzantines.\n\nOriginally a Thracian settlement
+        known as Menebria, the town became a Greek colony when settled by Dorians
+        from Megara at the beginning of the 6th century BC, and was an important trading
+        centre from then on and a rival of Apollonia (Sozopol). It remained the only
+        Doric colony along the Black Sea coast, as the rest were typical Ionic colonies.
+        Remains from the Hellenistic period include the acropolis, a temple of Apollo,
+        and an agora. A wall which formed part of the fortifications can still be
+        seen on the north side of the peninsula. Bronze and silver coins were minted
+        in the city since the 5th century BC and gold coins since the 3rd century
+        BC.\n\nThe town fell under Roman rule in 71 BC, yet continued to enjoy privileges
+        such as the right to mint its own coinage. It was one of the most important
+        strongholds of the Byzantine Empire from the 5th century AD onwards, and was
+        fought over by Byzantines and Bulgarians, being captured and incorporated
+        in the lands of the First Bulgarian Empire in 812 by Khan Krum after a two
+        week siege only to be ceded back to Byzantium by Knyaz Boris I in 864 and
+        reconquered by his son Tsar Simeon the Great. During the time of the Second
+        Bulgarian Empire it was also contested by Bulgarian and Byzantine forces and
+        enjoyed particular prosperity under Bulgarian tsar Ivan Alexander (1331–1371)
+        until it was conquered by Crusaders led by Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy in 1366.
+        The Bulgarian version of the name, Nesebar or Mesebar, has been attested since
+        the 11th century.\n\nMonuments from the Middle Ages include the 5–6th century
+        Stara Mitropoliya (\"\"old bishopric\"\"; also St Sophia), a basilica without
+        a transept; the 10th century church of the Virgin; and the 11th century Nova
+        Mitropoliya (\"\"new bishopric\"\"; also St Stephen) which continued to be
+        embellished until the 18th century. In the 13th and 14th century a remarkable
+        series of churches were built: St Theodore, St Paraskeva, St Michael St Gabriel,
+        and St John Aliturgetos.\n\nThe capture of the town by the Turks in 1453 marked
+        the start of its decline, but its architectural heritage remained and was
+        enriched in the 19th century by the construction of wooden houses in style
+        typical for the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast during this period. It was a kaza
+        centre in İslimye sanjak of Edirne Province before 1878. After the Liberation
+        of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule in 1878, Nesebar became part of the autonomous
+        Ottoman province of Eastern Rumelia as a kaza centre in Burgaz sanjak until
+        it united with the Principality of Bulgaria in 1886.\n\nAround the end of
+        the 19th century Nesebar was a small town of Greek fishermen and vinegrowers,
+        but developed as a key Bulgarian seaside resort since the beginning of the
+        20th century. After 1925 a new town part was built and the historic Old Town
+        was restored.\n\nNesebar is sometimes said to be the town with the highest
+        number of churches per capita.[1], [2] Although this might be wrong, their
+        number and variety is still impressive. Some of the most famous include:\n\nWhether
+        built during the Byzantine, Bulgarian or Ottoman rule of the city, the churches
+        of Nesebar represent the rich architectural heritage of the Eastern Orthodox
+        world and illustrate the gradual development from Early Christian basilicas
+        to medieval cross-domed churches.\n\nNesebar Gap on Livingston Island in the
+        South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Nesebar.\",Burgas Province,cultural,,Burgas
+        Province,,[Evaluation|http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/217.pdf]#[Gallery
+        of pictures from Nesebar|http://www.pbase.com/ngruev/nesebur]#[Folklore Ensemble
+        Slanchev Bryag – Nessebar|http://www.nessebar-folk.com/]#[Ancient Nesebar|http://www.ancient-nessebar.com/]#[Portal
+        of Nessebar|http://www.nessebar-bulgaria.com/],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesebar,,\"[iii],[iv]\",BG,270000.0,Ancient
+        City of Nessebar,Bulgaria,217,1983,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/217\nTiya,8.43491,38.6121,\"Tiya
+        is a town in southern Ethiopia. Located in the Gurage Zone of the Southern
+        Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region south of Addis Ababa, the town
+        has a latitude and longitude of 8°26′N 38°37′E\uFEFF / \uFEFF8.433°N 38.617°E\uFEFF
+        / 8.433; 38.617Coordinates: 8°26′N 38°37′E\uFEFF / \uFEFF8.433°N 38.617°E\uFEFF
+        / 8.433; 38.617.\n\nTiya is best known for its adjacent archeological site,
+        which is distinguished by 36 standing stones or stelae, \"\"32 of which are
+        engraved with enigmatic symbols, notably swords,\"\" marking a large, prehistoric
+        burial complex. A German ethnographic expedition had visited the site in April
+        1935, and had found at one hour's journey to the south of the caravan camp
+        the stone monoliths with sword symbol, which had been seen earlier by Neuville
+        and Père Azaïs. The archeological site was designated a World Heritage Site
+        in 1980.\n\nOther points of interest near Tiya include Melka Awash, the Hera
+        Shetan crater lake, and Agesoke a place where very tall naturally ordered
+        stoneblocks could be seen.\n\nBased on figures from the Central Statistical
+        Agency in 2005, Tiya has an estimated total population of 3,363 of whom 1,615
+        are men and 1,748 are women. The 1994 national census reported this town had
+        a total population of 1,856 of whom 894 were males and 962 were females. Tiya
+        is one of three towns in Soddo woreda.\",\"Sodo woreda, Gurage zone, Southern
+        Nation Nationalities & Peoples Region\",cultural,,\"Sodo woreda, Gurage zone,
+        Southern Nation Nationalities & Peoples Region\",,[UNESCO Tiya Site|http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/12],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiya,,\"[i],[iv]\",ET,,Tiya,Ethiopia,12,1980,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/12\nAncient
+        Thebes with its Necropolis,25.73333,32.6,\"Thebes (Θῆβαι, Thēbai, Arabic:
+        طيبة‎, Ṭībah) is the Greek name for a city in Ancient Egypt located about
+        800 km south of the Mediterranean, on the east bank of the river Nile. The
+        Theban Necropolis is located nearby on the west bank of the Nile. Thebes was
+        inhabited from around 3200 BC. It was the eponymous capital of Waset, the
+        fourth Upper Egyptian nome. Waset was the capital of Egypt during part of
+        the 11th Dynasty (Middle Kingdom) and most of the 18th Dynasty (New Kingdom),
+        when Hatshepsut built a Red Sea fleet to facilitate trade between Thebes Red
+        Sea port of Elim, modern Quasir, and Elat at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba.
+        Traders bought frankincense, myrrh, bitumen, natron, fine woven linen, juniper
+        oil and copper amulets for the mortuary industry at Karnak with Nubian gold.
+        With the 19th Dynasty the seat of government moved to the Delta. The archaeological
+        remains of Thebes offer a striking testimony to Egyptian civilization at its
+        height. The Greek poet Homer extolled the wealth of Thebes in the Iliad, Book
+        9 (c. 8th Century BC): \"\"... in Egyptian Thebes the heaps of precious ingots
+        gleam, the hundred-gated Thebes.\"\"\n\nThe name Thebai is the Greek designation
+        of the ancient Egyptian opet \"\"The Karnak Temple\"\" (from coptic ta-pe,
+        Ta-opet became Thebai). At the seat of the Theban triad of Amun, Mut, and
+        Khonsu, Thebes was known in the Egyptian language from the end of the New
+        Kingdom as niwt-imn, \"\"The City of Amun.\"\" This found its way into the
+        Hebrew Bible as נא אמון nōʼ ʼāmôn (Nahum 3:8),\"\"no\"\" in Hebrew meaning
+        city with \"\"no amon\"\" or \"\"City of Amon\"\" referring to the Egyptian
+        deity Amon-Ra, most likely it is also the same as נא (\"\"No\"\") (Ezekiel
+        30:14). In Greek this name was rendered Διόσπολις Diospolis, \"\"City of Zeus\"\",
+        as Zeus was the god whom the Greeks identified with Amun, see interpretatio
+        graeca. The Greeks surnamed the city μεγάλη megale, \"\"the Great\"\", to
+        differentiate it from numerous other cities called Diospolis. The Romans rendered
+        the name Diospolis Magna.\n\nIn modern usage, the mortuary temples and tombs
+        on the west bank of the river Nile are generally thought of as part of Thebes.\n\nIn
+        1979, the ruins of ancient Thebes were inscribed by UNESCO as a World Cultural
+        Heritage site. The two great temples, now called Luxor (Arabic: الأقصر, Al-Uqṣur,
+        \"\"The palaces\"\") and al-Karnak (الكرنك), the Valley of the Kings and the
+        Valley of the Queens are among the great achievements of ancient Egypt.\n\nThe
+        site of Thebes is populated at least since the Middle Paleolithic.\n\n\n\nCoordinates:
+        25°43′14″N 32°36′37″E\uFEFF / \uFEFF25.72056°N 32.61028°E\uFEFF / 25.72056;
+        32.61028\",Governorate of Qina,cultural,,Governorate of Qina,,\"[More information
+        on ancient Thebes, a World Cultural Heritage site|http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/87/]#[Theban
+        Mapping Project|http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/]#[Ramesseum/Ancient Thebes
+        Digital Media Archive (photos, laser scans, panoramas)|http://archive.cyark.org/ancient-thebes-info]#[ICOMOS
+        Heritage at Risk 2001/2002|http://www.international.icomos.org/risk/2001/egyp2001.htm]\",\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt\",,\"[i],[iii],[vi]\",EG,73900000.0,Ancient
+        Thebes with its Necropolis,Egypt,87,1979,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/87\nHistoric
+        City of Trogir,43.5125,16.25167,\"\",County of Split-Dalmatia,cultural,,County
+        of Split-Dalmatia,,\"\",http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogir,,\"[ii],[iv]\",HR,64000.0,Historic
+        City of Trogir,Croatia,810,1997,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/810\nAntigua
+        Guatemala,14.566667,-90.666667,\"La Antigua Guatemala (commonly referred to
+        as just Antigua or La Antigua) is a city in the central highlands of Guatemala
+        famous for its well-preserved Spanish Mudéjar-influencedBaroque architecture
+        as well as a number of spectacular ruins of colonial churches. It has been
+        designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.\n\nAntigua Guatemala serves as the
+        municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of the same name. It also
+        serves as the departmental capital of Sacatepéquez Department.\n\nThe city
+        had a peak population of some 60,000 in the 1770s; the bulk of the population
+        moved away in the late 18th century. Despite significant population growth
+        in the late 20th century, the city had only reached half that number by the
+        1990s. According to the 2007 census, the city has some 34,685 inhabitants.\n\nLa
+        Antigua Guatemala means the \"\"Old Guatemala\"\" and was the third capital
+        of Guatemala. The first capital of Guatemala was founded on the site of a
+        Kakchikel-Maya city, now called Iximche, on Monday, July 25, 1524—the day
+        of Saint James—and therefore named Ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros de
+        Goathemalan (City of Saint James of the Knights of Guatemala). Naturally,
+        St. James became the patron saint of the city.\n\nAfter several Cakchiquel
+        uprisings, the capital was moved to a more suitable site in the Valley of
+        Alotenango (Rio Guacalate) on November 22, 1527, and kept its original name.
+        When this city, on the site of present-day San Miguel Escobar, was destroyed
+        on September 11, 1541 by a devastating lahar from the Volcán de Agua, the
+        colonial authorities decided to move once more, this time to the Panchoy Valley.
+        So, on March 10, 1543 the Spanish conquistadors founded present-day Antigua,
+        and again, it was named Santiago de los Caballeros. For more than 200 years
+        it served as the seat of the military governor of the Spanish colony of Guatemala,
+        a large region that included almost all of present-day Central America and
+        the southernmost State of Mexico: Chiapas. In 1566 King Felipe II of Spain
+        gave it the title of \"\"Muy Noble y Muy Leal\"\" (\"\"Very Noble and Very
+        Loyal\"\").\n\nOn September 29, 1717, an estimated 7.4 magnitude earthquake
+        hit Antigua Guatemala, and destroyed over 3,000 buildings. Much of the city's
+        architecture was ruined. The damage the earthquake did to the city made authorities
+        consider moving the capital to another city.\n\nIn 1773, the Santa Marta earthquakes
+        destroyed much of the town, which led to the third change in location for
+        the city. The Spanish Crown ordered (1776) the removal of the capital to a
+        safer location, the Valley of the Shrine, where Guatemala City, the modern
+        capital of Guatemala, now stands. This new city did not retain its old name
+        and was christened Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción (New Guatemala of the Ascension)
+        and its patron saint is Our Lady of Ascension. The badly damaged city of Santiago
+        de los Caballeros was ordered abandoned, although not everyone left, and was
+        thereafter referred to as la Antigua Guatemala (the Old Guatemala).\n\nCentral
+        Park (Parque Central) is the heart of the city. The reconstructed fountain
+        there is a popular gathering spot. Off to the side of the Central Park, the
+        Arco de Santa Catalina is among the many notable architectural landmarks of
+        La Antigua.\n\nLa Antigua is noted for its very elaborate religious celebrations
+        during Lent (Cuaresma), leading up to Holy Week (Semana Santa) and Easter
+        (Pascua). Each Sunday in Lent, one of the local parishes sponsor a Procession
+        through the streets of Antigua. Elaborate and beautiful artistic carpets predominantly
+        made of dyed sawdust, flowers and even fruits and vegetables adorn the processions'
+        path.\n\nDue to its popularity amongst tourists and its very well developed
+        tourism infrastructure, Antigua Guatemala is often used as a central location
+        in which many choose to set up base and from here, visit other tourist areas
+        in Guatemala and Central America. Cruise ships that dock at Guatemalan ports
+        offer trips to Antigua from both the Pacific and Atlantic.\n\nAntigua also
+        holds a sizeable retirement community from the US as well as Europe as its
+        colonial charm has appealed to many who have crossed paths with this enchanting
+        and romantic town.\n\nTourism is the main driver of the economy. Antigua is
+        also a coffee producing region of Anacafé.\n\nAntigua is known as a destination
+        for people who want to learn Spanish through immersion. There are many Spanish
+        language schools in Antigua and it is one of the most popular and best recognized
+        centers for Spanish language study by students from Europe and North America.
+        Language institutes are one of the primary industries of Antigua, along with
+        tourism.\n\nThe University of San Carlos in Antigua was founded by the Papal
+        Bull of Pope Innocent XI issued dated 18 June 1687.\n\nAntigua GFC football
+        club has played in the Guatemala top division for several years but have been
+        playing in the second division lately. Their home stadium is the Estadio Pensativo
+        which has a capacity of 9,000. They are nicknamed Los panzas verdes (\"\"Green
+        bellies\"\").\n\n\n\nA number of restaurants can be found in Antigua. Many
+        small eateries can be found at the Antigua marketplace located next to the
+        central bus stop, next to the main market. U.S. style fast food restaurants
+        including \"\"Burger King\"\", \"\"McDonald's\"\", as well as Guatemalan favorite
+        \"\"Pollo Campero\"\" are in the city.\n\nAntigua is a growing tourist destination
+        in Guatemala as it is close to Guatemala City but is much calmer and safer,
+        with more tourist oriented activities. It is possible to take buses from Antigua
+        to many parts of Guatemala, many travel agencies offer shuttles to the main
+        touristic places: Monterrico beach, Atitlan Lake, Coban, Tikal or even Copan
+        in Honduras, though the transportation is more central in Guatemala City.\n\nThree
+        large volcanoes dominate the horizon around Antigua.\n\nThe most commanding,
+        to the south of the city, is the Volcán de Agua or \"\"Volcano of Water\"\",
+        some 3766 meters (12,356 ft) high. When the Spanish arrived, the inhabitants
+        of the zone, Kakchikel Mayas, called it Hunapú (and they still do). However,
+        it became known as Volcán de Agua after a mudslide from the volcano buried
+        the second site of the capital, which prompted the Spanish authorities to
+        move the capital to present-day Antigua. The original site of the 2nd capital
+        is now the village San Miguel Escobar.\n\nTo the west of the city are a pair
+        of peaks, Acatenango, last erupted in 1972, some 3976 meters (13045 ft) high,
+        and the Volcán de Fuego or \"\"Volcano of Fire\"\", some 3763 meters (12346 ft)
+        high. \"\"Fuego\"\" is famous for being almost constantly active at a low
+        level. Smoke issues from its top daily, but larger eruptions are rare.\n\nCoordinates:
+        14°34′N 90°44′W\uFEFF / \uFEFF14.567°N 90.733°W\uFEFF / 14.567; -90.733\",\"Department
+        of Sacatepéquez, Panchoy Valley\",cultural,,\"Department of Sacatepéquez,
+        Panchoy Valley\",,[Antigua Information and Directory site in English|http://www.antiguadailyphoto.com/]#[Official
+        Site in Spanish|http://patrimoniomundialguatemala.org/la-antigua.html]#[Travel
+        guide|http://roadtoantigua.com]#[Panoramic 360° Pictures of Antigua Guatemala|http://www.guate360.com/galeria/details.php?image_id=3],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala,,\"[ii],[iii],[iv]\",GT,490000.0,Antigua
+        Guatemala,Guatemala,65,1979,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/65\nArchaeological
+        Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia,45.768333,13.3675,\"Aquileia
+        (Friulian: Acuilee/Aquilee/Aquilea) is an ancient Roman city in what is now
+        Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about 10 km
+        from the sea, on the river Natiso (modern Natisone), the course of which has
+        changed somewhat since Roman times. Today, it is one of the main archeological
+        sites of Northern Italy.\n\nAquileia was founded as a colony by the Romans
+        in 180/181 BC along the Natissa River, on land south of the Julian Alps but
+        about 8 miles north of the lagoons. Apparently named from an indigenous word
+        Akylis, the colony served as a frontier fortress at the north-east corner
+        of transpadane Italy and was intended to protect the Veneti, faithful Roman
+        allies, during the Illyrian Wars and act as a buttress to check the advance
+        of other warlike people, such as the hostile tribes of Carni and Histri. In
+        fact, Aquileia was founded on a site not far from where Gaulish invaders had
+        attempted to settle in 183 BC.\n\nThe colony was established with Latin rights
+        by the triumvirate of Publius Scipio Nasica, Caius Flaminius, and Lucius Manlius
+        Acidinus, two of whom were of consular and one of praetorian rank. They led
+        3,000 pedites (infantry), mainly from Samnium, who with their families formed
+        the bulk of the settlers and were soon supplemented by native Veneti. It is
+        likely that Aquileia had been a center of Venetia even before the coming of
+        the Romans. And Aquileia's strategic military position also served to promote
+        the Venetic trade in amber imported from the Baltic.\n\nAquileia was connected
+        by road with Bologna probably in 173 BC; and subsequently with Genoa in 148
+        BC by the Via Postumia, which ran through Cremona, Bedriacum and Altinum,
+        joining the first-mentioned road at Concordia, while the construction of the
+        Via Popilia from Rimini to Ad Portum near Altinum in 132 BC improved the communications
+        still further.\n\nIn 169 BC, 1,500 more Latin colonists with their families
+        were settled in the town as a reinforcement to the garrison. The discovery
+        of the gold fields near the modern Klagenfurt in 130 BC brought it into notice,
+        and it soon became a place of importance, not only owing to its strategic
+        position, but as a centre of trade, especially in agricultural products and
+        viticulture. It also had, in later times at least, considerable brickfields.\n\nThe
+        original Latin colony became a municipium probably in 90 BC. Citizens were
+        ascribed to the Roman tribe Velina. The customs boundary of Italy was close
+        by in Cicero's day. It was plundered by the Iapydes under Augustus, but, in
+        the period of peace which followed, was able to develop its resources. Augustus
+        visited it during the Pannonian wars in 12‑10 BC and it was the birthplace
+        of Tiberius' son by Julia, in the latter year.\n\nIt was the starting-point
+        of several important roads leading to the north-eastern portion of the empire
+        — the road (Via Iulia Augusta) by Iulium Carnicum to Veldidena (mod. Wilten,
+        near Innsbruck), from which branched off the road into Noricum, leading by
+        Virunum (Klagenfurt) to Laurieum (Lorch) on the Danube, the road into Pannonia,
+        leading to Aemona (Ljubljana) and Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica), the road to
+        Tarsatica (near Fiume, now Rijeka) and Siscia (Sisak), and that to Tergeste
+        (Trieste) and the Istrian coast.\n\nBesides natives of Italy, Celts, Illyrians,
+        Greeks, Egyptians, Jews, and Syrians all settled in the city and contributed
+        to its commercial development. Jewish artisans established a flourishing trade
+        in glasswork. Metal from Noricum was forged and exported. The ancient Venetic
+        trade in amber from the Baltic was continued. Wine, especially its famous
+        Pucinum was exported. Oil was imported from Proconsular Africa.\n\nIn terms
+        of religion, the Roman pantheon was adopted although a native sungod, Belenus,
+        had a large following. Jews practiced their ancestral religion and it was
+        perhaps some of these Jews who became the first Christians. Meanwhile, soldiers
+        brought the martial cult of Mithras.\n\nIn the war against the Marcomanni
+        in 167, the town was hard pressed; its fortifications had fallen into disrepair
+        during the long peace. Nevertheless, when in 168 Marcus Aurelius made Aquileia
+        the principal fortress of the empire against the barbarians of the North and
+        East, it rose to the pinnacle of its greatness and soon had a population of
+        100,000. In 238, when the town took the side of the Senate against the Emperor
+        Maximinus Thrax, the fortifications were hastily restored, and proved of sufficient
+        strength to resist for several months, until Maximinus himself was assassinated.\n\nDuring
+        the 4th century, Aquileia maintained its importance. Constantine sojourned
+        there on numerous occasions. It became a naval station and the seat of the
+        Corrector Venetiarum et Histriae; a mint was established, of which the coins
+        were very numerous, and the bishop obtained the rank of metropolitan archbishop.
+        A council held in the city in 381 was only the first of a series of Councils
+        of Aquileia that have been convened over the centuries.\n\nAn imperial palace
+        was constructed here, in which the emperors after the time of Diocletian frequently
+        resided; and the city often played a part in the struggles between the rulers
+        of the 4th century. In 340, Emperor Constantine II was killed under its walls
+        while attempting to take the city from his younger brother Constans.\n\nAt
+        the end of the 4th century, Ausonius, enumerated Aquileia as the ninth among
+        the great cities of the world, placing Rome, Mediolanum and Capua before it.
+        However, it was besieged by Alaric and the Visigoths in 401, during which
+        time some of its residents fled to the lagoons, and again unsuccessfully in
+        408. In 452, the city was so utterly destroyed by Attila's Huns that it was
+        afterwards hard to recognize its original site. The Roman inhabitants, together
+        with those of smaller towns in the neighborhood, fled to the lagoons, and
+        so laid the foundations of the cities of Venice and nearby Grado.\n\nYet Aquileia
+        would rise again, though much diminished, and continue to exist until the
+        Lombard invasion of 568. It was once more destroyed (590) by the Lombards.
+        Meanwhile, the patriarch fled to the island town of Grado, which was under
+        the protection of the Byzantines. When the patriarch residing in Grado was
+        reconciled with Rome in 606, those continuing in their rejection of the Second
+        Council of Constantinople elected a patriarch at Aquileia. Thus, the diocese
+        was essentially divided into two parts, with the mainland patriarchate of
+        Aquileia under the protection of the Lombards, and the insular patriarchate
+        of Aquileia seated in Grado being protected by the exarchate of Ravenna and
+        later the Doges of Venice, with the collusion of the Lombards. The line of
+        the patriarchs elected in Aquileia would continue in schism until 699. However,
+        although they kept the title of patriarch of Aquileia, they moved their residence
+        first to Cormons and later to Cividale.\n\nThe Lombard Dukes of Friuli ruled
+        Aquileia and the surrounding mainland territory from Cividale. In 774, Charlemagne
+        conquered the Lombard duchy and made it into a Frankish one with Eric of Friuli
+        as duke. In 787, Charlemagne named the priest and master of grammar at the
+        Palace School Paulinus the new patriarch of Aquileia. Although Paulinus resided
+        mainly at Cividale, his successor Maxentius considered rebuilding Aquileia.
+        However, the project never came to fruition.\n\nWhile Maxentius was patriarch,
+        the pope approved the Synod of Mantua, which affirmed the precedence of the
+        mainland patriarch of Aquileia over the patriarch of Grado. However, material
+        conditions were soon to worsen for Aquileia. The ruins of Aquileia were continually
+        pillaged for building material. And with the collapse of the Carolingians
+        in the 10th century, the inhabitants would suffer under the raids of the Magyars.\n\nBy
+        the 11th century, the patriarch of Aquileia had grown strong enough to assert
+        temporal sovereignty over Friuli and Aquileia. The Holy Roman Emperor gave
+        the region to the patriarch as a feudal possession. However, the patriarch's
+        temporal authority was constantly disputed and assailed by the territorial
+        nobility.\n\nIn 1027 and 1044 Patriarch Poppo of Aquileia, who rebuilt the
+        cathedral of Aquileia, entered and sacked neighboring Grado, and, though the
+        Pope reconfirmed the Patriarch of the latter in his dignities, the town never
+        fully recovered, though it continued to be the seat of the Patriarchate until
+        its formal transference to Venice in 1450.\n\nIn the 14th century the Patriarchate
+        reached its biggest extension, stretching from the Piave river to the Julian
+        Alps and northern Istria. The seat of the Patriarchate of Aquileia had been
+        transferred to Udine in 1238, but returned to Aquiliea in 1420 when Venice
+        annexed the territory of Udine.\n\nIn 1445, the defeated patriarch Ludovico
+        Trevisan acquiesced in the loss of his ancient temporal estate in return for
+        an annual salary of 5,000 ducats allowed him from the Venetian treasury. Henceforth
+        only Venetians were allowed to hold the title of Patriarch of Aquileia. The
+        Patriarchate was incorporated in the Republic of Venice with the name of Patria
+        del Friuli, ruled by a General Proveditor or a \"\"Luogotenente\"\" living
+        in Udine.\n\nIt was finally officially suppressed in 1751, and the sees of
+        Udine and Gorizia (Görz) established in its stead.\n\nThe Cathedral of Aquileia
+        is a flat-roofed basilica erected by Patriarch Poppo in 1031 on the site of
+        an earlier church, and rebuilt about 1379 in the Gothic style by Patriarch
+        Marquard von Randeck.\n\nThe façade, in Romanesque-Gothic style, is connected
+        by a portico to the Church of the Pagans, and the remains of the 5th century
+        Baptistry. The interior has a nave and two aisles, with a noteworthy mosaic
+        pavement from the 4th century. The wooden ceiling is from 1526, while the
+        fresco decoration belongs to various ages: from the 4th century in the St.
+        Peter's chapel of the apse area; from the 11th century in the apse itself;
+        from the 12th century in the so-called \"\"Crypt of the Frescoes\"\", under
+        the presbytery, with a cycle depicting the origins of Christianity in Aquileia
+        and the history of St. Hermagoras, first bishop of the city.\n\nNext to the
+        11th century Romanesque chapel of the Holy Sepulchre, at the beginning of
+        the left aisle, flooring of different ages can be seen: the lowest is from
+        a Roman villa of the age of Augustus; the middle one has a typical cocciopesto
+        pavemente; the upper one, bearing blackening from the Attila's fire, has geometrical
+        decorations.\n\nExternally, behind the 9th century campanile and the apse,
+        is the Cemetery of the Fallen, where ten unnamed soldiers of World War I are
+        buried. Saint Hermangoras is also buried there.\n\nThe ancient buildings of
+        Aquileia served as stone quarries for centuries, and no edifices of the Roman
+        period remain above ground. Excavations have revealed one street and the north-west
+        angle of the town walls, while the National Archaeological Museum (one of
+        the most important museums of Ancient Rome in the world) contains over 2,000
+        inscriptions, statues and other antiquities, as well as glasses of local production
+        and a numismatics collection.\n\nThe site of Aquileia, believed to be the
+        largest Roman city yet to be excavated, is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage
+        List.\n\nIn the Monastero fraction is a 5th century Christian basilica, later
+        a Benedictine monastery, which today houses the Paleo-Christian Museum.\",\"Province
+        of Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region\",cultural,,\"Province of Udine, Friuli-Venezia
+        Giulia Region\",,[Aquileia virtual tour (Italian Landmarks)|http://www.burger.si/Italy/Aquileia/uvod_ENG.html]#[Pre-roman
+        and Celtic Aquileia|http://www.terrediaquileia.it/docebo/doceboCms/index.php?special=changearea&newArea=572]#[Aquileia
+        featured on 10 Euro Italian Coin|http://news.coinupdate.com/aquileia-euro-coin-from-the-italian-state-mint-0473/],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquileia,,\"[iii],[iv],[vi]\",IT,1550000.0,Archaeological
+        Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia,Italy,825,1998,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/825\n\r\n--4fbd035b--\r\n\r\n"
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+      string: ! "{\"id\":4693,\"name\":\"_20120523_32267_w6mr\",\"total_rows\":10,\"rows\":[{\"updated_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"created_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"cartodb_id\":1,\"the_geom\":\"{\\\"type\\\":\\\"Point\\\",\\\"coordinates\\\":[57.536056,22.998889]}\",\"whs_source_page\":\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1207\",\"date_of_inscription\":\"2006\",\"whs_site_id\":\"1207\",\"country\":\"Oman\",\"name\":\"Aflaj
+        Irrigation Systems of Oman\",\"size\":\"14560000.0\",\"iso_code\":\"OM\",\"criteria\":\"[v]\",\"comments\":\"\",\"wikipedia_link\":\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanat\",\"external_links\":\"[The
+        Origin and Spread of Qanats in the Old World|http://www.jstor.org/stable/986162]#[\\\"Assessment
+        of the Contributions of Traditional Qanats in Sustainable Water Resources
+        Management\\\"|http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/cijw/2006/00000022/00000004/art00005]#[10.1080/07900620600551304|http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F07900620600551304]#[\\\"Reasons
+        behind Failure of Qanats in the 20th Century\\\"|http://scitation.aip.org/vsearch/servlet/VerityServlet?KEY=ASCERL&smode=strresults&maxdisp=25&possible1=Madani%2C+Kaveh&possible1zone=author&OUTLOG=NO&aqs=true&viewabs=ASCECP&key=DISPLAY&docID=1&page=0&chapter=0&aqs=true]#[10.1061/40976(316)77|http://dx.doi.org/10.1061%2F40976%28316%2977]\",\"endangered_year\":\"\",\"edited_region\":\"Dakhiliya,
+        Sharqiya and Batinah Regions\",\"endangered_reason\":\"\",\"type\":\"cultural\",\"region\":\"Dakhiliya,
+        Sharqiya and Batinah Regions\",\"description\":\"A qanāt (from Arabic: قناة‎)
+        (Iran, Syria and Jordan) is a water management system used to provide a reliable
+        supply of water to human settlements and for irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid
+        climates. Qanats are also called kārīz (or kārēz from Persian: كاريز) (Iran,
+        Afghanistan, Pakistan and Central Asia, derived from Persian: كاهریز), kahan
+        (from Persian: کهن), khettara (Morocco); galeria (Spain); falaj (United Arab
+        Emirates and Oman); Kahn (Baloch) or foggara/fughara (North Africa). Alternative
+        terms for qanats in Asia and North Africa are kakuriz, chin-avulz, and mayun.
+        Common variants of qanat in English include kanat, khanat, kunut, kona, konait,
+        ghanat, ghundat.\\n\\nThe qanat technology is known to have developed in pre-Islamic
+        Iran[when?] and then spread to other cultures. However, a recently discovered
+        falaj system in al-Ain, UAE, dates to 1000 BC, and another in Umm Safah, Sharja,
+        dates to the Iron Age. Also, a qanat-like system called the Turpan water system
+        originated in China during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 24 CE).\\n\\nThe value
+        of a qanat is directly related to the quality, volume and regularity of the
+        water flow. Much of the population of Iran and other arid countries in Asia
+        and North Africa historically depended upon the water from qanats; the areas
+        of population corresponded closely to the areas where qanats are possible.
+        Although a qanat was expensive to construct, its long-term value to the community,
+        and therefore to the group who invested in building and maintaining it, was
+        substantial.\\n\\nQanats are constructed as a series of well-like vertical
+        shafts, connected by gently sloping tunnels. Qanats tap into subterranean
+        water in a manner that efficiently delivers large quantities of water to the
+        surface without need for pumping. The water drains relying on gravity, with
+        the destination lower than the source, which is typically an upland aquifer.
+        Qanats allow water to be transported over long distances in hot dry climates
+        without losing a large proportion of the water to seepage and evaporation.\\n\\nIt
+        is very common in the construction of a qanat for the water source to be found
+        below ground at the foot of a range of foothills of mountains, where the water
+        table is closest to the surface. From this point, the slope of the qanat is
+        maintained closer to level than the surface above, until the water finally
+        flows out of the qanat above ground. To reach an aquifer, qanats must often
+        extend for long distances.\\n\\nQanats are sometimes split into an underground
+        distribution network of smaller canals called kariz. Like qanats, these smaller
+        canals were below ground to avoid contamination. In some cases water from
+        a qanat is stored in a reservoir, typically storing night flow for daytime
+        use. An Ab Anbar is an example of a traditional qanat fed reservoir for drinking
+        water in Persian antiquity.\\n\\nThe qanat system has the advantage of being
+        resistant to natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods, and to deliberate
+        destruction in war. Furthermore, it is almost insensitive to the levels of
+        precipitation, delivering a flow with only gradual variations from wet to
+        dry years.\\n\\nThe qanat technology is used most extensively in areas with
+        the following characteristics:[citation needed]\\n\\nA typical town or city
+        in Iran and elsewhere where the qanat is used has more than one qanat. Fields
+        and gardens are located both over the qanats a short distance before they
+        emerge from the ground and after the surface outlet. Water from the qanats
+        defines both the social regions in the city and the layout of the city.\\n\\nThe
+        water is freshest, cleanest, and coolest in the upper reaches and more prosperous
+        people live at the outlet or immediately upstream of the outlet. When the
+        qanat is still below grade, the water is drawn to the surface via water wells
+        or animal driven Persian wells. Private subterranean reservoirs could supply
+        houses and buildings for domestic use and garden irrigation as well. Further,
+        air flow from the qanat is used to cool an underground summer room (shabestan)
+        found in many older houses and buildings.\\n\\nDownstream of the outlet, the
+        water runs through surface canals called jubs (jūbs) which run downhill, with
+        lateral branches to carry water to the neighborhood, gardens and fields. The
+        streets normally parallel the jubs and their lateral branches. As a result,
+        the cities and towns are oriented consistent with the gradient of the land;
+        this is a practical response to efficient water distribution over varying
+        terrain.\\n\\nThe lower reaches of the canals are less desirable for both
+        residences and agriculture. The water grows progressively more polluted as
+        it passes downstream. In dry years the lower reaches are the most likely to
+        see substantial reductions in flow.\\n\\nTraditionally qanats are built by
+        a group of skilled laborers, muqannīs, with hand labor. The profession historically
+        paid well and was typically handed down from father to son.\\n\\nThe critical,
+        initial step in qanat construction is identification of an appropriate water
+        source. The search begins at the point where the alluvial fan meets the mountains
+        or foothills; water is more abundant in the mountains because of orographic
+        lifting and excavation in the alluvial fan is relatively easy. The muqannīs
+        follow the track of the main water courses coming from the mountains or foothills
+        to identify evidence of subsurface water such as deep-rooted vegetation or
+        seasonal seeps. A trial well is then dug to determine the location of the
+        water table and determine whether a sufficient flow is available to justify
+        construction. If these prerequisites are met, then the route is laid out aboveground.\\n\\nEquipment
+        must be assembled. The equipment is straightforward: containers (usually leather
+        bags), ropes, reels to raise the container to the surface at the shaft head,
+        hatchets and shovels for excavation, lights, spirit levels or plumb bobs and
+        string. Depending upon the soil type, qanat liners (usually fired clay hoops)
+        may also be required.\\n\\nAlthough the construction methods are simple, the
+        construction of a qanat requires a detailed understanding of subterranean
+        geology and a degree of engineering sophistication. The gradient of the qanat
+        must be carefully controlled—too shallow a gradient yields no flow—too steep
+        a gradient will result in excessive erosion, collapsing the qanat. And misreading
+        the soil conditions leads to collapses which at best require extensive rework
+        and, at worst, can be fatal for the crew.\\n\\nConstruction of a qanat is
+        usually performed by a crew of 3-4 muqannīs. For a shallow qanat, one worker
+        typically digs the horizontal shaft, one raises the excavated earth from the
+        shaft and one distributes the excavated earth at the top.\\n\\nThe crew typically
+        begins from the destination to which the water will be delivered into the
+        soil and works toward the source (the test well). Vertical shafts are excavated
+        along the route, separated at a distance of 20–35 m. The separation of the
+        shafts is a balance between the amount of work required to excavate them and
+        the amount of effort required to excavate the space between them, as well
+        as the ultimate maintenance effort. In general, the shallower the qanat, the
+        closer the vertical shafts. If the qanat is long, excavation may begin from
+        both ends at once. Tributary channels are sometimes also constructed to supplement
+        the water flow.\\n\\nMost qanats in Iran run less than 5 km, while some have
+        been measured at ~70 km in length near Kerman. The vertical shafts usually
+        range from 20 to 200 meters in depth, although qanats in the province of Khorasan
+        have been recorded with vertical shafts of up to 275 m. The vertical shafts
+        support construction and maintenance of the underground channel as well as
+        air interchange. Deep shafts require intermediate platforms to simplify the
+        process of removing spoils.\\n\\nThe construction speed depends on the depth
+        and nature of the ground. If the earth is easy/soft to work; at 20 meters
+        depth, a crew of 4 people can excavate a horizontal length of 40 meters per
+        day. When the vertical shaft reaches 40 meters, they can only excavate 20
+        meters horizontally per day and at 60 meters in depth this drops below 5 horizontal
+        meters per day. In Algeria, a common speed is just 2m per day at 15m depth.
+        Deep, long qanats (which many are) require years and even decades to construct.\\n\\nThe
+        excavated material is usually transported by means of leather bags up the
+        vertical shafts. It is mounded around the vertical shaft exit, providing a
+        barrier that prevents windblown or rain driven debris from entering the shafts.
+        These mounds may be covered to provide further protection to the qanat. From
+        the air, these shafts look like a string of bomb craters.\\n\\nThe qanat's
+        water-carrying channel must have a sufficient downward slope that water flows
+        easily. However the downward gradient must not be so great as to create conditions
+        under which the water transitions between supercritical and subcritical flow;
+        if this occurs, the waves which are established can result in severe erosion
+        that can damage or destroy the qanat. In shorter qanats the downward gradient
+        varies between 1:1000 and 1:1500, while in longer qanats it may be almost
+        horizontal. Such precision is routinely obtained with a spirit level and string.\\n\\nIn
+        cases where the gradient is steeper, underground waterfalls may be constructed
+        with appropriate design features (usually linings) to absorb the energy with
+        minimal erosion. In some cases the water power has been harnessed to drive
+        underground mills. If it is not possible to bring the outlet of the qanat
+        out near the settlement, it is necessary to run a jub or canal overground.
+        This is avoided when possible to limit pollution, warming and water loss due
+        to evaporation.\\n\\nThe vertical shafts may be covered to minimize in-blown
+        sand. The channels of qanats must be periodically inspected for erosion or
+        cave-ins, cleaned of sand and mud and otherwise repaired. Air flow must be
+        assured before entry for safety.\\n\\nSome damaged qanats have been restored.
+        In order to be sustainable, restoration needs to take into account many non-technical
+        factors, beginning with the process of selecting the qanat to be restored.
+        In the case of Syria, three sites were chosen based on a national inventory
+        conducted in 2001. One of them, the Drasiah qanat of Dmeir, was completed
+        in 2002. Selection criteria included the availability of a steady groundwater
+        flow, social cohesion and willingness to contribute of the community using
+        the qanat, and the existence of a functioning water rights system.\\n\\nThe
+        primary applications of qanats are for irrigation, providing cattle with water
+        and drinking water supply. Other applications include cooling and ice storage.\\n\\nQanats
+        used in conjunction with a wind tower can provide cooling as well as a water
+        supply. A wind tower is a chimney-like structure positioned above the house;
+        of its four openings, the one opposite the wind direction is opened to move
+        air out of the house. Incoming air is pulled from a qanat below the house.
+        The air flow across the vertical shaft opening creates a lower pressure (see
+        Bernoulli effect) and draws cool air up from the qanat tunnel, mixing with
+        it. The air from the qanat was drawn into the tunnel at some distance away
+        and is cooled both by contact with the cool tunnel walls/water and by the
+        giving up latent heat of evaporation as water evaporates into the air stream.
+        In dry desert climates this can result in a greater than 15°C reduction in
+        the air temperature coming from the qanat; the mixed air still feels dry,
+        so the basement is cool and only comfortably moist (not damp). Wind tower
+        and qanat cooling have been used in desert climates for over 1000 years.\\n\\nIn
+        400 BC Persian engineers had already mastered the technique of storing ice
+        in the middle of summer in the desert.\\n\\nThe ice could be brought in during
+        the winters from nearby mountains. But in a more usual & sophisticated method
+        they had a wall made along east-west direction close to the Ice Pit (yakhchal).In
+        winter the qanat water was being canalized to north side of the wall. The
+        shadow of the wall makes water freeze more quickly so they could have more
+        ice per each winter day. Then ice was being stored in a specially designed,
+        naturally cooled refrigerators called yakhchal (meaning ice pits). A large
+        underground space with thick insulated walls was connected to a qanat, and
+        a system of windcatchers or Wind Towers was used to draw cool subterranean
+        air up from the qanat to maintain temperatures inside the space at low levels,
+        even during hot summer days. As a result, the ice melted slowly and ice was
+        available year-round.\\n\\nThe Qanats, called Kariz (rhymes with \\\"breeze\\\")
+        \ in Pashto and Dari, have also been in use for hundreds of years. Kariz structures
+        are especially found in the Southern Afghanistan provinces of Kandahar, Uruzgan,
+        Nimroz and Hilmand. The incessant war for the last 30 years has destroyed
+        a number of these ancient structures. In the troubled times maintenance was
+        not always possible. To add to the troubles, at present (2008) the cost of
+        labour has become very high and maintaining the Kariz structures is no longer
+        possible[dubious – discuss]. Lack of skilled artisans who have the traditional
+        knowledge also poses difficulties. A number of the large farmers are abandoning
+        their Kariz which has been in their families sometimes for centuries, and
+        moving to tube and dug wells backed by diesel pumps[citation needed].\\n\\nHowever
+        the government of Afghanistan is aware of the importance of these structures
+        and all efforts are being made to repair, reconstruct and maintain (through
+        the community) the kariz[citation needed]. The Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation
+        and Development along with National and International NGOs is making the effort.\\n\\nStill,
+        there are functional qanat systems in 2009. American forces are reported to
+        have unintentionally destroyed some of the channels during expansion of a
+        military base, creating tensions between them and the local community. Some
+        of these tunnels have been used to store supplies, and to move men and equipment
+        underground.\\n\\nAn oasis at Turpan in the deserts of northwestern China
+        uses water provided by qanat (locally karez). Turfan has long been the center
+        of a fertile oasis and an important trade center along the Silk Road's northern
+        route, at which time it was adjacent to the kingdoms of Korla and Karashahr
+        to the southwest. The historical record of the karez system extends back to
+        the Han Dynasty. The Turfan Water Museum (see photos on this page) is a Protected
+        Area of the People's Republic of China because of the importance of the local
+        karez system to the history of the area. The number of karez systems in the
+        area is slightly below 1,000 and the total length of the canals is about 5,000
+        kilometers.\\n\\nIn Karnataka, India, a Qanat-type structure called Suranga
+        is used to tap underground water. But these are rarely in use these days[citation
+        needed].\\n\\nIt has been suggested that alleged underground temples at Gua
+        Made in Java reached by shafts, in which masks of a green metal were found,
+        originated as a qanat.\\n\\nIn the middle of the twentieth century, it is
+        estimated that approximately 50,000 qanats were in use in Iran, each commissioned
+        and maintained by local users. Of these only 25,000 remain in use as of 1980.\\n\\nThe
+        oldest and largest known qanat is in the Iranian city of Gonabad which after
+        2700 years still provides drinking and agricultural water to nearly 40,000
+        people. Its main well depth is more than 360 meters and its length is 45 kilometers.
+        Yazd, Khorasan and Kerman are the known zones for their dependence with an
+        extensive system of qanats.\\n\\nIn traditional Persian architecture, a Kariz
+        (کاریز) is a small Qanat, usually within a network inside an urban setting.
+        Kariz is what distributes the Qanat into its final destinations.\\n\\nA survey
+        of Qanat systems in the Kurdistan region of Iraq conducted by the Department
+        of Geography at Oklahoma State University (USA) on behalf of UNESCO in 2009
+        found that out of 683 karez systems, some 380 were still active in 2004, but
+        only 116 in 2009. Reasons for the decline of qanats include \\\"abandonment
+        and neglect\\\" previous to 2004, \\\"excessive pumping from wells\\\" and,
+        since 2005, drought. Water shortages are said to have forced over 100,000
+        people who depended on karez systems for their livelihoods to leave their
+        homes since 2005. The study says that a single karez has the potential to
+        provide enough household water for nearly 9,000 individuals and irrigate over
+        200 hectares of farmland. UNESCO and the government of Iraq plan to rehabilitate
+        Karez through a Karez Initiative for Community Revitalization to be launched
+        in 2010. Most of the karez are in Sulaymaniyah Governorate (84%). A large
+        number are also found in Erbil Governorate (13%), especially on the broad
+        plain around and in Erbil city.\\n\\nAmong the qanats built in the Roman Empire
+        was possibly the longest continuous qanat ever built, the 94 km long Gadara
+        Aqueduct in northern Jordan. Partly following the course of an older Hellenistic
+        aqueduct, excavation work arguably started after a visit of emperor Hadrian
+        in 129-130 AD. The Gadara Aqueduct was never quite finished, and was put in
+        service only in sections.\\n\\nThe Chagai district is in the north west corner
+        of Balochistan, Pakistan, bordering with Afghanistan and Iran. Qanats, locally
+        known as karezes, are found more broadly in this region. They are spread from
+        Chaghai district all the way up to Zhob district. A number of them are present
+        in Qilla Abdullah and Pishin districts. Karezes are also extensively found
+        in the neighbouring areas of Afghanistan such as Kandahar. The remains of
+        karezes found in different parts of the district are attributed to the Arabs.\\n\\nQanats
+        were found over much of Syria. The widespread installation of groundwater
+        pumps has lowered the water table and qanat system. Qanats have gone dry and
+        been abandoned across the country.\\n\\nIn Oman from the Iron Age Period (found
+        in Salut, Bat and other sites) a system of underground aqueducts called Falaj
+        were constructed, a series of well-like vertical shafts, connected by gently
+        sloping horizontal tunnels. There are three types of Falaj Daudi (داوودية)with
+        underground aqueducts Ghaili (الغيلية ) requiring a dam to collect the water
+        Aini (العينية ) whose source is a water spring These enabled large scale agriculture
+        to flourish in a dry land environment According to UNESCO some 3,000 aflaj
+        (plural) or falaj (singular), are still in use in Oman today. Nizwa, the former
+        capital city of Oman, was built around a falaj which is in use to this day.
+        These systems date to before the Iron Age in Oman . In July 2006, five representative
+        examples of this irrigation system were inscribed as a World Heritage Site.\\n\\nThe
+        oasis of Al Ain in the United Arab Emirates continues traditional falaj (qanat)
+        irrigations for the palm-groves and gardens.\\n\\nThere are 4 main oases in
+        the Egyptian desert. The Kharga Oasis is one of them which has been extensively
+        studied. As early as the second half of the 5th century BC there is evidence
+        that water was being used via qanats. The qanat is excavated through water-bearing
+        sandstone rock which seeps into the channel to collect in a basin behind a
+        small dam at the end. The width is approximately 60 cm, but the height ranges
+        from 5 to 9 meters; it is likely that the qanat was deepened to enhance seepage
+        when the water table dropped (as is also seen in Iran). From there the water
+        was used to irrigate fields.\\n\\nThere is another instructive structure located
+        at the Kharga Oasis. A well which apparently dried up was improved by driving
+        a side shaft through the easily penetrated sandstone (presumably in the direction
+        of greatest water seepage) into the hill of Ayn-Manâwîr to allow collection
+        of additional water. After this side shaft had been extended, another vertical
+        shaft was driven to intersect the side shaft. Side chambers were built and
+        holes bored into the rock—presumably at points where water seeped from the
+        rocks—are evident.\\n\\nDavid Mattingley reports foggara extending for hundreds
+        of miles in the Garamantes area near Jarma in Libya: \\\"The channels were
+        generally very narrow - less than 2 feet wide and 5 high - but some were several
+        miles long, and in total some 600 foggara extended for hundreds of miles underground.
+        The channels were dug out and maintained using a series of regularly-spaced
+        vertical shafts, one every 30 feet or so, 100,000 in total, averaging 30 feet
+        in depth, but sometimes reaching 130.\\\" (\\\"The 153 Club Newsletter\\\",
+        July 2007 No. 112, pp. 14–19; reprinted from Current world Archaeology.\\n\\nThe
+        foggara water management system in Tunisia, used to create oases, is similar
+        to that of the Iranian qanat. The foggara is dug into the foothills of a fairly
+        steep mountain range such as the eastern ranges of the Atlas mountains. Rainfall
+        in the mountains enters the aquifer and moves toward the Saharan region to
+        the south. The foggara, 1 to 3 km in length, penetrates the aquifer and collects
+        water. Families maintain the foggara and own the land it irrigates over a
+        ten meter wide, with width only by the size of plot that the available water
+        will irrigate.\\n\\nQanats (designated foggaras in Algeria) are the source
+        of water for irrigation at large oases like that at Gourara. The foggaras
+        are also found at Touat (an area of Adrar 200 km from Gourara). The length
+        of the foggaras in this region is estimated to be thousands of kilometers.\\n\\nAlthough
+        sources suggest that the foggaras may have been in use as early as 200 AD,
+        they were clearly in use by the 11th century after the Arabs took possession
+        of the oases in the 10th century and the residents embraced Islam.\\n\\nThe
+        water is metered to the various users through the use of distribution weirs
+        which meter flow to the various canals, each for a separate user.\\n\\nThe
+        humidity of the oases is also used to supplement the water supply to the foggara.
+        The temperature gradient in the vertical shafts causes air to rise by natural
+        convection, causing a draft to enter the foggara. The moist air of the agricultural
+        area is drawn into the foggara in the opposite direction to the water run-off.
+        In the foggara it condenses on the tunnel walls and the air passed out of
+        the vertical shafts. This condensed moisture is available for reuse.\\n\\nIn
+        southern Morocco the qanat (locally khettara) is also used. On the margins
+        of the Sahara Desert, the isolated oases of the Draa River valley and Tafilalt
+        have relied on qanat water for irrigation since the late-14th century. In
+        Marrakech and the Haouz plain the qanats have been abandoned since the early
+        1970s as they've dried; in the Tafilaft area half of the 400 khettaras are
+        still in use. The Hassan Adahkil Dam's impact on local water tables is said
+        to be one of the many reasons given for the loss of half of the khettara.\\n\\nThe
+        black berbers (haratin) of the south were the hereditary class of qanat diggers
+        in Morocco who build and repair these systems. Their work was hazardous.\\n\\nQanats
+        have preserved in Armenia in the community of Shvanidzor, in the southern
+        province of Syunik, bordering with Iran. Qanats are named kahrezes in Armenian.
+        There are 5 kahrezes in Shvanidzor. Four of them were constructed in XII-XIVc,
+        even before the village was founded. The fifth kahrez was constructed in 2005.
+        Potable water runs through I, II and V kahrezs. Kahrez III and IV are in quite
+        poor condition. In summer, especially in July and August, the amount of water
+        reaches its minimum, creating critical situation in the water supply system.
+        Still, kahrezes are the main source of potable and irrigation water for the
+        community.\\n\\nThe 5653 m long Claudius Tunnel, meant for draining the largest
+        Italian inland water, Fucine Lake, was constructed using the qanat technique.
+        It featured shafts up to 122 m deep. The entire ancient town of Palermo in
+        Sicily was equipped with a huge qanat system built during the Arab period
+        (827–1072). Many of the qanat are now mapped and some can be visited. The
+        famous Scirocco room has an air-conditioning system cooled by the flow of
+        water in a qanat and a \\\"wind tower\\\", a structure able to catch the wind
+        and direct it into the room.\\n\\nThe Raschpëtzer near Helmsange in southern
+        Luxembourg is a particularly well preserved example of a Roman qanat. It is
+        probably the most extensive system of its kind north of the Alps. To date
+        some 330 m of the total tunnel length of 600 m have been explored. Thirteen
+        of the 20 to 25 shafts have been investigated. The qanat appears to have provided
+        water for a large Roman villa on the slopes of the Alzette valley. It was
+        built during the Gallo-Roman period, probably around the year 150 and functioned
+        for about 120 years thereafter.\\n\\nThere are still many examples of galeria
+        or qanat systems in Spain, most likely brought to the area by the Moors during
+        their occupation of the Iberian peninsula. Turrillas in Andalusia on the north
+        facing slopes of the Sierra de Alhamilla has evidence of a qanat system. Granada
+        is another site with an extensive qanat system.\\n\\nQanats in the Americas,
+        usually referred to as filtration galleries, can be found in the Nazca region
+        of Peru and in northern Chile. The Spanish introduced qanats into Mexico in
+        1520 AD.\",\"longitude\":\"57.536056\",\"latitude\":\"22.998889\",\"title\":\"Aflaj
+        Irrigation Systems of Oman\"},{\"updated_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"created_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"cartodb_id\":2,\"the_geom\":\"{\\\"type\\\":\\\"Point\\\",\\\"coordinates\\\":[-7.798889,41.101667]}\",\"whs_source_page\":\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1046\",\"date_of_inscription\":\"2001\",\"whs_site_id\":\"1046\",\"country\":\"Portugal\",\"name\":\"Alto
+        Douro Wine Region\",\"size\":\"246000000.0\",\"iso_code\":\"PT\",\"criteria\":\"[iii],[iv],[v]\",\"comments\":\"\",\"wikipedia_link\":\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douro_DOC\",\"external_links\":\"\",\"endangered_year\":\"\",\"edited_region\":\"Douro
+        Region, Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro\",\"endangered_reason\":\"\",\"type\":\"cultural\",\"region\":\"Douro
+        Region, Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro\",\"description\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"-7.798889\",\"latitude\":\"41.101667\",\"title\":\"Alto
+        Douro Wine Region\"},{\"updated_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"created_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"cartodb_id\":3,\"the_geom\":\"{\\\"type\\\":\\\"Point\\\",\\\"coordinates\\\":[2.301667,49.895]}\",\"whs_source_page\":\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/162\",\"date_of_inscription\":\"1981\",\"whs_site_id\":\"162\",\"country\":\"France\",\"name\":\"Amiens
+        Cathedral\",\"size\":\"8600.0\",\"iso_code\":\"FR\",\"criteria\":\"[i],[ii]\",\"comments\":\"\",\"wikipedia_link\":\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral\",\"external_links\":\"[Amiens
+        Cathedral.|http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106231]#[Amiens Cathedral
+        - World Heritage Site|http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/amiens.html]#[360°
+        photos of the cathedral|http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/europe/france/amiens/map.html]#[Outstanding
+        photos of the cathedral|http://www.pbase.com/ericdeparis/cathedrale_de_amiens]#[Photos|http://kunsthistorie.com/galleri/index.php?album=Frankrike%2FAmiens&sortby=name&order=asc]\",\"endangered_year\":\"\",\"edited_region\":\"Department
+        of Somme, Picardie Region\",\"endangered_reason\":\"\",\"type\":\"cultural\",\"region\":\"Department
+        of Somme, Picardie Region\",\"description\":\"The Cathedral of Our Lady of
+        Amiens (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame d'Amiens), or simply Amiens Cathedral,
+        is a Roman Catholic cathedral and seat of the Bishop of Amiens, Jean-Luc Bouilleret.
+        The cathedral is the tallest complete cathedral in France, with the greatest
+        interior volume (estimated at 200,000 m³). The vaults of the nave are 42.30 m
+        high, the tallest nave vaults in any completed French cathedral, and surpassed
+        only by the incomplete Beauvais Cathedral. This monumental cathedral is located
+        in Amiens, the chief city of Picardy, in the Somme River valley a little over
+        100 kilometers north of Paris.\\n\\nNotre-Dame d'Amiens has been listed as
+        a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1981 and was profiled in a PBS documentary.\\n\\nThe
+        lack of documentation concerning the construction of the Gothic cathedral
+        may be in part the result of fires that destroyed the chapter archives in
+        1218 and again in 1258—a fire that damaged the cathedral itself. Bishop Evrard
+        de Fouilly initiated work on the cathedral in 1220. Robert de Luzarches was
+        the architect until 1228, and was followed by Thomas de Cormont until 1258.
+        His son, Renaud de Cormont, acted as the architect until 1288. The chronicle
+        of Corbie gives a completion date for the cathedral of 1266. Finishing works
+        continued, however. Its floors are covered with a number of designs, such
+        as the swastika (to symbolize Jesus' triumph over death). The labyrinth was
+        installed in 1288. The cathedral contains the alleged head of John the Baptist,
+        a relic brought from Constantinople by Wallon de Sarton as he was returning
+        from the Fourth Crusade.\\n\\nThe construction of the cathedral at this period
+        can be seen as resulting from a coming together of necessity and opportunity.
+        The destruction of earlier buildings and attempts at rebuilding by fire forced
+        the fairly rapid construction of a building that, consequently, has a good
+        deal of artistic unity. The long and relatively peaceful reign of Louis IX
+        of France brought a prosperity to the region, based on thriving agriculture
+        and a booming cloth trade, that made the investment possible. The great cathedrals
+        of Reims and Chartres are roughly contemporary.\\n\\nThe original design of
+        the flying buttresses around the choir had them placed too high to counteract
+        the force of the ceiling arch pushing outwards resulting in excessive lateral
+        forces being placed on the vertical columns. The structure was only saved
+        when, centuries later, masons placed a second row of more robust flying buttresses
+        that connected lower down on the outer wall. This fix failed to counteract
+        similar issues with the lower wall which began to develop large cracks around
+        the late Middle Ages. This was solved by another patch that consisted of a
+        wrought iron bar chain being installed around the mezzanine level to resist
+        the forces pushing the stone columns outward. The chain was installed red
+        hot to act as a cinch, tightening as it cooled.\\n\\nThe west front of the
+        cathedral, (illustration, right) built in a single campaign, 1220–36, shows
+        an unusual degree of artistic unity: its lower tier with three vast deep porches
+        is capped with the gallery of twenty-two over lifesize kings, which stretches
+        across the entire façade beneath the rose window. Above the rose window there
+        is an open arcade, the galerie des sonneurs. Flanking the nave, the two towers
+        were built without close regard to the former design, the south tower being
+        finished in 1366, the north one, reaching higher, in 1406.\\n\\nThe Western
+        portals of the cathedral are justly famous for their elaborate sculpture,
+        featuring a gallery of locally-important saints and large eschatological scenes.
+        Statues of saints in the portal of the cathedral have been identified as including
+        the locally venerated Saints Victoricus and Gentian, Saint Domitius, Saint
+        Ulphia, and Saint Fermin.\\n\\nIn the book Mr Standfast, John Buchan has his
+        character Richard Hannay describe the cathedral as being \\\"the noblest church
+        that the hand of man ever built only for God.\\\"\\n\\nDuring the process
+        of laser cleaning in the 1990s, it was discovered that the western façade
+        of the cathedral was originally painted in multiple colours. A technique was
+        perfected to determine the exact make-up of the colours as they were applied
+        in the 13th century. Then, in conjunction with the laboratories of EDF (Electricity
+        of France) and the expertise of the Society Skertzo, elaborate lighting techniques
+        were developed to project these colours directly on the façade with precision,
+        recreating the polychromatic appearance of the 13th century. When projected
+        on the statues around the portals, the result is a stunning display that brings
+        the figures to life. The projected colors are faint to photograph, but a good
+        quality DSLR will provide excellent results as shown here.\\n\\nOf course,
+        the full magical effect can best be appreciated by direct viewing, accompanied
+        by stirring music, which can be done at the Son et lumière on Summer evenings,
+        during the Christmas Fair, and over the New Year.\\n\\nAmiens cathedral contains
+        the largest medieval interior in Western Europe, supported by 126 pillars.
+        Both the nave and the chancel are vast but extremely light, with considerable
+        amounts of stained glass surviving, despite the depredations of war.\\n\\nThe
+        ambulatory surrounding the choir is richly decorated with polychrome sculpture
+        and flanked by numerous chapels. One of the most sumptuous is the Drapers'
+        chapel. The cloth industry was the most dynamic component of the medieval
+        economy, especially in northern France, and the cloth merchants were keen
+        to display their wealth and civic pride. Another striking chapel is dedicated
+        to St Thomas of Canterbury, a 13th century dedication that complements the
+        cathedral's own very full list of martyrs.\\n\\nThe interior contains works
+        of art and decoration from every period since the building of the cathedral.\\n\\nThe
+        initial impetus for the building of the cathedral came from the installation
+        of the reputed head of John the Baptist on 17 December 1206. The head was
+        part of the loot of the Fourth Crusade, which had been diverted from campaigning
+        against the Turks to sacking the great Christian city of Constantinople. A
+        sumptuous reliquary was made to house the skull. Although later lost, a 19th
+        century replica still provides a focus for prayer and meditation in the North
+        aisle.\\n\\nSome of the most important works of art are sequences of polychrome
+        sculpture, dating mainly from the late 15th and the 16th centuries. A large
+        sequence in the North transept illustrates Jesus' Cleansing of the Temple,
+        with imaginative tableaux of the Temple. Both sides of the ambulatory are
+        lined with sequences illustrating the lives of the two saints whose cults
+        brought large numbers of pilgrims to the cathedral: John the Baptist and St
+        Firmin, the first bishop of Amiens. The artists took care to create a parallelism
+        in the telling of the stories: both saints, decapitated for offending the
+        rich and powerful, suffer neglect and loss, until a later generation discovers
+        their relics and houses them fittingly.\\n\\nThe baroque pulpit, constructed
+        of marble and gilded wood, dominates the nave of the cathedral. It is supported
+        by three allegorical female figures, apparently representing Faith, Hope and
+        Charity, the three Theological Virtues.\\n\\n\\n\\nCoordinates: 49°53′42″N
+        2°18′08″E\uFEFF / \uFEFF49.895°N 2.30222°E\uFEFF / 49.895; 2.30222\",\"longitude\":\"2.301667\",\"latitude\":\"49.895\",\"title\":\"Amiens
+        Cathedral\"},{\"updated_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"created_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"cartodb_id\":4,\"the_geom\":\"{\\\"type\\\":\\\"Point\\\",\\\"coordinates\\\":[36.48167,32.51806]}\",\"whs_source_page\":\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/22\",\"date_of_inscription\":\"1980\",\"whs_site_id\":\"22\",\"country\":\"Syrian
+        Arab Republic\",\"name\":\"Ancient City of Bosra\",\"size\":\"\",\"iso_code\":\"SY\",\"criteria\":\"[i],[iii],[vi]\",\"comments\":\"\",\"wikipedia_link\":\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosra\",\"external_links\":\"[Catholic
+        Encyclopedia on Bosra|http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02707a.htm]#[Official
+        website of Bosra city|http://www.bosracity.com/]#[Bosra World Heritage site
+        in panographies - 360 degree interactive imaging|http://www.WHTour.org/22]#[Extensive
+        photo site about Bosra|http://www.pbase.com/dosseman_syria/bosra]\",\"endangered_year\":\"\",\"edited_region\":\"Governorate
+        of Deraa\",\"endangered_reason\":\"\",\"type\":\"cultural\",\"region\":\"Governorate
+        of Deraa\",\"description\":\"Bosra (Arabic: بصرى‎, also Bostra, Busrana, Bozrah,
+        Bozra, Busra Eski Şam, Busra ash-Sham, Nova Trajana Bostra) is an ancient
+        city administratively belonging to the Daraa Governorate in southern Syria.
+        It is a major archaeological site and has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage
+        Site.\\n\\nThe settlement was first mentioned in the documents of Tutmose
+        III and Akhenaton (14th century BC). Bosra was the first Nabatean city in
+        the 2nd century BC. The Nabatean Kingdom was conquered by Cornelius Palma,
+        a general of Trajan, in 106.\\n\\nUnder the Roman Empire, Bosra was renamed
+        Nova Trajana Bostra, and was the residence of the legio III Cyrenaica and
+        capital of the Roman province Arabia Petraea. The city flourished and became
+        a major metropolis at the juncture of several trade routes, including the
+        Roman road to the Red Sea. The two Councils of Arabia were held at Bostra
+        in 246 and 247 AD. The city was conquered by the Sassanid Persians in the
+        early 7th century, and, after a short Byzantine reconquest, was finally captured
+        by the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate under Khalid ibn Walid in the Battle
+        of Bosra (634). Thereafter it was an Islamic possession.\\n\\nBosra played
+        an important part in the early life of the Prophet of Islam, Mohammed as described
+        in the entry for the Christian Monk, Bahira. Bahira was witnessing to Muhammad
+        in the prophethood.\\n\\nToday, Bosra is a major archaeological site, containing
+        ruins from Roman, Byzantine, and Muslim times, its main feature being the
+        well preserved Roman theatre. Every year there is a national music festival
+        hosted in the main theater.\\n\\nOf the city which once counted 80,000 inhabitants,
+        there remains today only a village settled among the ruins. The second century
+        Roman theater, constructed probably under Trajan, is the only monument of
+        this type with its upper gallery in the form of a covered portico which has
+        been integrally preserved. It was fortified between 481 and 1231 AD.\\n\\nFurther,
+        Nabatean and Roman monuments, Christian churches, mosques and Madrasahs are
+        present within the half ruined enceinte of the city. The structure of this
+        monument a central plan with eastern apses flanked by 2 sacristies exerted
+        a decisive influence on the evolution of Christian architectural forms, and,
+        to a certain extent, on Islamic style as well. Al-Omari Mosque of Bosra is
+        one of the oldest surviving mosques in Islamic history.\\n\\nClose by are
+        the Kharaba Bridge and the Gemarrin Bridge, both Roman bridges.\\n\\nCoordinates:
+        32°31′N 36°29′E\uFEFF / \uFEFF32.517°N 36.483°E\uFEFF / 32.517; 36.483\",\"longitude\":\"36.48167\",\"latitude\":\"32.51806\",\"title\":\"Ancient
+        City of Bosra\"},{\"updated_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"created_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"cartodb_id\":5,\"the_geom\":\"{\\\"type\\\":\\\"Point\\\",\\\"coordinates\\\":[27.73,42.65611]}\",\"whs_source_page\":\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/217\",\"date_of_inscription\":\"1983\",\"whs_site_id\":\"217\",\"country\":\"Bulgaria\",\"name\":\"Ancient
+        City of Nessebar\",\"size\":\"270000.0\",\"iso_code\":\"BG\",\"criteria\":\"[iii],[iv]\",\"comments\":\"\",\"wikipedia_link\":\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesebar\",\"external_links\":\"[Evaluation|http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/217.pdf]#[Gallery
+        of pictures from Nesebar|http://www.pbase.com/ngruev/nesebur]#[Folklore Ensemble
+        Slanchev Bryag – Nessebar|http://www.nessebar-folk.com/]#[Ancient Nesebar|http://www.ancient-nessebar.com/]#[Portal
+        of Nessebar|http://www.nessebar-bulgaria.com/]\",\"endangered_year\":\"\",\"edited_region\":\"Burgas
+        Province\",\"endangered_reason\":\"\",\"type\":\"cultural\",\"region\":\"Burgas
+        Province\",\"description\":\"Nesebar (Bulgarian: Несебър, pronounced [neˈsebər],
+        also transcribed as Nessebar or Nesebur; ancient name: Mesembria) is an ancient
+        town and one of the major seaside resorts on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast,
+        located in Burgas Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous
+        Nesebar Municipality. Often referred to as the \\\"Pearl of the Black Sea\\\"
+        and \\\"Bulgaria's Dubrovnik\\\", Nesebar is a rich city-museum defined by
+        more than three millennia of ever-changing history.\\n\\nIt is a one of the
+        most prominent tourist destinations and seaports on the Black Sea, in what
+        has become a popular area with several large resorts—the largest, Sunny Beach,
+        is situated immediately to the north of Nesebar.\\n\\nNesebar has on several
+        occasions found itself on the frontier of a threatened empire, and as such
+        it is a town with a rich history. The ancient part of the town is situated
+        on a peninsula (previously an island) connected to the mainland by a narrow
+        man-made isthmus, and it bears evidence of occupation by a variety of different
+        civilisations over the course of its existence. Its abundance of historic
+        buildings prompted UNESCO to include Nesebar in its list of World Heritage
+        Sites in 1983.\\n\\nAs of December 2009, the town has a population of 11,626
+        inhabitants. It lies at 42°39′N 27°44′E\uFEFF / \uFEFF42.65°N 27.733°E\uFEFF
+        / 42.65; 27.733Coordinates: 42°39′N 27°44′E\uFEFF / \uFEFF42.65°N 27.733°E\uFEFF
+        / 42.65; 27.733.\\n\\nInhabited in the Antiquity by the Thracians and the
+        Ancient Greeks, the original Thracian settlement Menebria was called Mesembria
+        (Ancient Greek: Μεσήμβρια) by the Ancient Greeks. Under this name it was still
+        known in the Middle Ages to Bulgarians and Byzantines.\\n\\nOriginally a Thracian
+        settlement known as Menebria, the town became a Greek colony when settled
+        by Dorians from Megara at the beginning of the 6th century BC, and was an
+        important trading centre from then on and a rival of Apollonia (Sozopol).
+        It remained the only Doric colony along the Black Sea coast, as the rest were
+        typical Ionic colonies. Remains from the Hellenistic period include the acropolis,
+        a temple of Apollo, and an agora. A wall which formed part of the fortifications
+        can still be seen on the north side of the peninsula. Bronze and silver coins
+        were minted in the city since the 5th century BC and gold coins since the
+        3rd century BC.\\n\\nThe town fell under Roman rule in 71 BC, yet continued
+        to enjoy privileges such as the right to mint its own coinage. It was one
+        of the most important strongholds of the Byzantine Empire from the 5th century
+        AD onwards, and was fought over by Byzantines and Bulgarians, being captured
+        and incorporated in the lands of the First Bulgarian Empire in 812 by Khan
+        Krum after a two week siege only to be ceded back to Byzantium by Knyaz Boris
+        I in 864 and reconquered by his son Tsar Simeon the Great. During the time
+        of the Second Bulgarian Empire it was also contested by Bulgarian and Byzantine
+        forces and enjoyed particular prosperity under Bulgarian tsar Ivan Alexander
+        (1331–1371) until it was conquered by Crusaders led by Amadeus VI, Count of
+        Savoy in 1366. The Bulgarian version of the name, Nesebar or Mesebar, has
+        been attested since the 11th century.\\n\\nMonuments from the Middle Ages
+        include the 5–6th century Stara Mitropoliya (\\\"old bishopric\\\"; also St
+        Sophia), a basilica without a transept; the 10th century church of the Virgin;
+        and the 11th century Nova Mitropoliya (\\\"new bishopric\\\"; also St Stephen)
+        which continued to be embellished until the 18th century. In the 13th and
+        14th century a remarkable series of churches were built: St Theodore, St Paraskeva,
+        St Michael St Gabriel, and St John Aliturgetos.\\n\\nThe capture of the town
+        by the Turks in 1453 marked the start of its decline, but its architectural
+        heritage remained and was enriched in the 19th century by the construction
+        of wooden houses in style typical for the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast during
+        this period. It was a kaza centre in İslimye sanjak of Edirne Province before
+        1878. After the Liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule in 1878, Nesebar
+        became part of the autonomous Ottoman province of Eastern Rumelia as a kaza
+        centre in Burgaz sanjak until it united with the Principality of Bulgaria
+        in 1886.\\n\\nAround the end of the 19th century Nesebar was a small town
+        of Greek fishermen and vinegrowers, but developed as a key Bulgarian seaside
+        resort since the beginning of the 20th century. After 1925 a new town part
+        was built and the historic Old Town was restored.\\n\\nNesebar is sometimes
+        said to be the town with the highest number of churches per capita.[1], [2]
+        Although this might be wrong, their number and variety is still impressive.
+        Some of the most famous include:\\n\\nWhether built during the Byzantine,
+        Bulgarian or Ottoman rule of the city, the churches of Nesebar represent the
+        rich architectural heritage of the Eastern Orthodox world and illustrate the
+        gradual development from Early Christian basilicas to medieval cross-domed
+        churches.\\n\\nNesebar Gap on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands,
+        Antarctica is named after Nesebar.\",\"longitude\":\"27.73\",\"latitude\":\"42.65611\",\"title\":\"Ancient
+        City of Nessebar\"},{\"updated_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"created_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"cartodb_id\":6,\"the_geom\":\"{\\\"type\\\":\\\"Point\\\",\\\"coordinates\\\":[38.6121,8.43491]}\",\"whs_source_page\":\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/12\",\"date_of_inscription\":\"1980\",\"whs_site_id\":\"12\",\"country\":\"Ethiopia\",\"name\":\"Tiya\",\"size\":\"\",\"iso_code\":\"ET\",\"criteria\":\"[i],[iv]\",\"comments\":\"\",\"wikipedia_link\":\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiya\",\"external_links\":\"[UNESCO
+        Tiya Site|http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/12]\",\"endangered_year\":\"\",\"edited_region\":\"Sodo
+        woreda, Gurage zone, Southern Nation Nationalities & Peoples Region\",\"endangered_reason\":\"\",\"type\":\"cultural\",\"region\":\"Sodo
+        woreda, Gurage zone, Southern Nation Nationalities & Peoples Region\",\"description\":\"Tiya
+        is a town in southern Ethiopia. Located in the Gurage Zone of the Southern
+        Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region south of Addis Ababa, the town
+        has a latitude and longitude of 8°26′N 38°37′E\uFEFF / \uFEFF8.433°N 38.617°E\uFEFF
+        / 8.433; 38.617Coordinates: 8°26′N 38°37′E\uFEFF / \uFEFF8.433°N 38.617°E\uFEFF
+        / 8.433; 38.617.\\n\\nTiya is best known for its adjacent archeological site,
+        which is distinguished by 36 standing stones or stelae, \\\"32 of which are
+        engraved with enigmatic symbols, notably swords,\\\" marking a large, prehistoric
+        burial complex. A German ethnographic expedition had visited the site in April
+        1935, and had found at one hour's journey to the south of the caravan camp
+        the stone monoliths with sword symbol, which had been seen earlier by Neuville
+        and Père Azaïs. The archeological site was designated a World Heritage Site
+        in 1980.\\n\\nOther points of interest near Tiya include Melka Awash, the
+        Hera Shetan crater lake, and Agesoke a place where very tall naturally ordered
+        stoneblocks could be seen.\\n\\nBased on figures from the Central Statistical
+        Agency in 2005, Tiya has an estimated total population of 3,363 of whom 1,615
+        are men and 1,748 are women. The 1994 national census reported this town had
+        a total population of 1,856 of whom 894 were males and 962 were females. Tiya
+        is one of three towns in Soddo woreda.\",\"longitude\":\"38.6121\",\"latitude\":\"8.43491\",\"title\":\"Tiya\"},{\"updated_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"created_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"cartodb_id\":7,\"the_geom\":\"{\\\"type\\\":\\\"Point\\\",\\\"coordinates\\\":[32.6,25.73333]}\",\"whs_source_page\":\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/87\",\"date_of_inscription\":\"1979\",\"whs_site_id\":\"87\",\"country\":\"Egypt\",\"name\":\"Ancient
+        Thebes with its Necropolis\",\"size\":\"73900000.0\",\"iso_code\":\"EG\",\"criteria\":\"[i],[iii],[vi]\",\"comments\":\"\",\"wikipedia_link\":\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt\",\"external_links\":\"[More
+        information on ancient Thebes, a World Cultural Heritage site|http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/87/]#[Theban
+        Mapping Project|http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/]#[Ramesseum/Ancient Thebes
+        Digital Media Archive (photos, laser scans, panoramas)|http://archive.cyark.org/ancient-thebes-info]#[ICOMOS
+        Heritage at Risk 2001/2002|http://www.international.icomos.org/risk/2001/egyp2001.htm]\",\"endangered_year\":\"\",\"edited_region\":\"Governorate
+        of Qina\",\"endangered_reason\":\"\",\"type\":\"cultural\",\"region\":\"Governorate
+        of Qina\",\"description\":\"Thebes (Θῆβαι, Thēbai, Arabic: طيبة‎, Ṭībah) is
+        the Greek name for a city in Ancient Egypt located about 800 km south of the
+        Mediterranean, on the east bank of the river Nile. The Theban Necropolis is
+        located nearby on the west bank of the Nile. Thebes was inhabited from around
+        3200 BC. It was the eponymous capital of Waset, the fourth Upper Egyptian
+        nome. Waset was the capital of Egypt during part of the 11th Dynasty (Middle
+        Kingdom) and most of the 18th Dynasty (New Kingdom), when Hatshepsut built
+        a Red Sea fleet to facilitate trade between Thebes Red Sea port of Elim, modern
+        Quasir, and Elat at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba. Traders bought frankincense,
+        myrrh, bitumen, natron, fine woven linen, juniper oil and copper amulets for
+        the mortuary industry at Karnak with Nubian gold. With the 19th Dynasty the
+        seat of government moved to the Delta. The archaeological remains of Thebes
+        offer a striking testimony to Egyptian civilization at its height. The Greek
+        poet Homer extolled the wealth of Thebes in the Iliad, Book 9 (c. 8th Century
+        BC): \\\"... in Egyptian Thebes the heaps of precious ingots gleam, the hundred-gated
+        Thebes.\\\"\\n\\nThe name Thebai is the Greek designation of the ancient Egyptian
+        opet \\\"The Karnak Temple\\\" (from coptic ta-pe, Ta-opet became Thebai).
+        At the seat of the Theban triad of Amun, Mut, and Khonsu, Thebes was known
+        in the Egyptian language from the end of the New Kingdom as niwt-imn, \\\"The
+        City of Amun.\\\" This found its way into the Hebrew Bible as נא אמון nōʼ
+        ʼāmôn (Nahum 3:8),\\\"no\\\" in Hebrew meaning city with \\\"no amon\\\" or
+        \\\"City of Amon\\\" referring to the Egyptian deity Amon-Ra, most likely
+        it is also the same as נא (\\\"No\\\") (Ezekiel 30:14). In Greek this name
+        was rendered Διόσπολις Diospolis, \\\"City of Zeus\\\", as Zeus was the god
+        whom the Greeks identified with Amun, see interpretatio graeca. The Greeks
+        surnamed the city μεγάλη megale, \\\"the Great\\\", to differentiate it from
+        numerous other cities called Diospolis. The Romans rendered the name Diospolis
+        Magna.\\n\\nIn modern usage, the mortuary temples and tombs on the west bank
+        of the river Nile are generally thought of as part of Thebes.\\n\\nIn 1979,
+        the ruins of ancient Thebes were inscribed by UNESCO as a World Cultural Heritage
+        site. The two great temples, now called Luxor (Arabic: الأقصر, Al-Uqṣur, \\\"The
+        palaces\\\") and al-Karnak (الكرنك), the Valley of the Kings and the Valley
+        of the Queens are among the great achievements of ancient Egypt.\\n\\nThe
+        site of Thebes is populated at least since the Middle Paleolithic.\\n\\n\\n\\nCoordinates:
+        25°43′14″N 32°36′37″E\uFEFF / \uFEFF25.72056°N 32.61028°E\uFEFF / 25.72056;
+        32.61028\",\"longitude\":\"32.6\",\"latitude\":\"25.73333\",\"title\":\"Ancient
+        Thebes with its Necropolis\"},{\"updated_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"created_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"cartodb_id\":8,\"the_geom\":\"{\\\"type\\\":\\\"Point\\\",\\\"coordinates\\\":[16.25167,43.5125]}\",\"whs_source_page\":\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/810\",\"date_of_inscription\":\"1997\",\"whs_site_id\":\"810\",\"country\":\"Croatia\",\"name\":\"Historic
+        City of Trogir\",\"size\":\"64000.0\",\"iso_code\":\"HR\",\"criteria\":\"[ii],[iv]\",\"comments\":\"\",\"wikipedia_link\":\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogir\",\"external_links\":\"\",\"endangered_year\":\"\",\"edited_region\":\"County
+        of Split-Dalmatia\",\"endangered_reason\":\"\",\"type\":\"cultural\",\"region\":\"County
+        of Split-Dalmatia\",\"description\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"16.25167\",\"latitude\":\"43.5125\",\"title\":\"Historic
+        City of Trogir\"},{\"updated_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"created_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"cartodb_id\":9,\"the_geom\":\"{\\\"type\\\":\\\"Point\\\",\\\"coordinates\\\":[-90.666667,14.566667]}\",\"whs_source_page\":\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/65\",\"date_of_inscription\":\"1979\",\"whs_site_id\":\"65\",\"country\":\"Guatemala\",\"name\":\"Antigua
+        Guatemala\",\"size\":\"490000.0\",\"iso_code\":\"GT\",\"criteria\":\"[ii],[iii],[iv]\",\"comments\":\"\",\"wikipedia_link\":\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala\",\"external_links\":\"[Antigua
+        Information and Directory site in English|http://www.antiguadailyphoto.com/]#[Official
+        Site in Spanish|http://patrimoniomundialguatemala.org/la-antigua.html]#[Travel
+        guide|http://roadtoantigua.com]#[Panoramic 360° Pictures of Antigua Guatemala|http://www.guate360.com/galeria/details.php?image_id=3]\",\"endangered_year\":\"\",\"edited_region\":\"Department
+        of Sacatepéquez, Panchoy Valley\",\"endangered_reason\":\"\",\"type\":\"cultural\",\"region\":\"Department
+        of Sacatepéquez, Panchoy Valley\",\"description\":\"La Antigua Guatemala
+        (commonly referred to as just Antigua or La Antigua) is a city in the central
+        highlands of Guatemala famous for its well-preserved Spanish Mudéjar-influencedBaroque
+        architecture as well as a number of spectacular ruins of colonial churches.
+        It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.\\n\\nAntigua Guatemala
+        serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of the same
+        name. It also serves as the departmental capital of Sacatepéquez Department.\\n\\nThe
+        city had a peak population of some 60,000 in the 1770s; the bulk of the population
+        moved away in the late 18th century. Despite significant population growth
+        in the late 20th century, the city had only reached half that number by the
+        1990s. According to the 2007 census, the city has some 34,685 inhabitants.\\n\\nLa
+        Antigua Guatemala means the \\\"Old Guatemala\\\" and was the third capital
+        of Guatemala. The first capital of Guatemala was founded on the site of a
+        Kakchikel-Maya city, now called Iximche, on Monday, July 25, 1524—the day
+        of Saint James—and therefore named Ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros de
+        Goathemalan (City of Saint James of the Knights of Guatemala). Naturally,
+        St. James became the patron saint of the city.\\n\\nAfter several Cakchiquel
+        uprisings, the capital was moved to a more suitable site in the Valley of
+        Alotenango (Rio Guacalate) on November 22, 1527, and kept its original name.
+        When this city, on the site of present-day San Miguel Escobar, was destroyed
+        on September 11, 1541 by a devastating lahar from the Volcán de Agua, the
+        colonial authorities decided to move once more, this time to the Panchoy Valley.
+        So, on March 10, 1543 the Spanish conquistadors founded present-day Antigua,
+        and again, it was named Santiago de los Caballeros. For more than 200 years
+        it served as the seat of the military governor of the Spanish colony of Guatemala,
+        a large region that included almost all of present-day Central America and
+        the southernmost State of Mexico: Chiapas. In 1566 King Felipe II of Spain
+        gave it the title of \\\"Muy Noble y Muy Leal\\\" (\\\"Very Noble and Very
+        Loyal\\\").\\n\\nOn September 29, 1717, an estimated 7.4 magnitude earthquake
+        hit Antigua Guatemala, and destroyed over 3,000 buildings. Much of the city's
+        architecture was ruined. The damage the earthquake did to the city made authorities
+        consider moving the capital to another city.\\n\\nIn 1773, the Santa Marta
+        earthquakes destroyed much of the town, which led to the third change in location
+        for the city. The Spanish Crown ordered (1776) the removal of the capital
+        to a safer location, the Valley of the Shrine, where Guatemala City, the modern
+        capital of Guatemala, now stands. This new city did not retain its old name
+        and was christened Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción (New Guatemala of the Ascension)
+        and its patron saint is Our Lady of Ascension. The badly damaged city of Santiago
+        de los Caballeros was ordered abandoned, although not everyone left, and was
+        thereafter referred to as la Antigua Guatemala (the Old Guatemala).\\n\\nCentral
+        Park (Parque Central) is the heart of the city. The reconstructed fountain
+        there is a popular gathering spot. Off to the side of the Central Park, the
+        Arco de Santa Catalina is among the many notable architectural landmarks of
+        La Antigua.\\n\\nLa Antigua is noted for its very elaborate religious celebrations
+        during Lent (Cuaresma), leading up to Holy Week (Semana Santa) and Easter
+        (Pascua). Each Sunday in Lent, one of the local parishes sponsor a Procession
+        through the streets of Antigua. Elaborate and beautiful artistic carpets predominantly
+        made of dyed sawdust, flowers and even fruits and vegetables adorn the processions'
+        path.\\n\\nDue to its popularity amongst tourists and its very well developed
+        tourism infrastructure, Antigua Guatemala is often used as a central location
+        in which many choose to set up base and from here, visit other tourist areas
+        in Guatemala and Central America. Cruise ships that dock at Guatemalan ports
+        offer trips to Antigua from both the Pacific and Atlantic.\\n\\nAntigua also
+        holds a sizeable retirement community from the US as well as Europe as its
+        colonial charm has appealed to many who have crossed paths with this enchanting
+        and romantic town.\\n\\nTourism is the main driver of the economy. Antigua
+        is also a coffee producing region of Anacafé.\\n\\nAntigua is known as a destination
+        for people who want to learn Spanish through immersion. There are many Spanish
+        language schools in Antigua and it is one of the most popular and best recognized
+        centers for Spanish language study by students from Europe and North America.
+        Language institutes are one of the primary industries of Antigua, along with
+        tourism.\\n\\nThe University of San Carlos in Antigua was founded by the Papal
+        Bull of Pope Innocent XI issued dated 18 June 1687.\\n\\nAntigua GFC football
+        club has played in the Guatemala top division for several years but have been
+        playing in the second division lately. Their home stadium is the Estadio Pensativo
+        which has a capacity of 9,000. They are nicknamed Los panzas verdes (\\\"Green
+        bellies\\\").\\n\\n\\n\\nA number of restaurants can be found in Antigua.
+        Many small eateries can be found at the Antigua marketplace located next to
+        the central bus stop, next to the main market. U.S. style fast food restaurants
+        including \\\"Burger King\\\", \\\"McDonald's\\\", as well as Guatemalan favorite
+        \\\"Pollo Campero\\\" are in the city.\\n\\nAntigua is a growing tourist destination
+        in Guatemala as it is close to Guatemala City but is much calmer and safer,
+        with more tourist oriented activities. It is possible to take buses from Antigua
+        to many parts of Guatemala, many travel agencies offer shuttles to the main
+        touristic places: Monterrico beach, Atitlan Lake, Coban, Tikal or even Copan
+        in Honduras, though the transportation is more central in Guatemala City.\\n\\nThree
+        large volcanoes dominate the horizon around Antigua.\\n\\nThe most commanding,
+        to the south of the city, is the Volcán de Agua or \\\"Volcano of Water\\\",
+        some 3766 meters (12,356 ft) high. When the Spanish arrived, the inhabitants
+        of the zone, Kakchikel Mayas, called it Hunapú (and they still do). However,
+        it became known as Volcán de Agua after a mudslide from the volcano buried
+        the second site of the capital, which prompted the Spanish authorities to
+        move the capital to present-day Antigua. The original site of the 2nd capital
+        is now the village San Miguel Escobar.\\n\\nTo the west of the city are a
+        pair of peaks, Acatenango, last erupted in 1972, some 3976 meters (13045 ft)
+        high, and the Volcán de Fuego or \\\"Volcano of Fire\\\", some 3763 meters
+        (12346 ft) high. \\\"Fuego\\\" is famous for being almost constantly active
+        at a low level. Smoke issues from its top daily, but larger eruptions are
+        rare.\\n\\nCoordinates: 14°34′N 90°44′W\uFEFF / \uFEFF14.567°N 90.733°W\uFEFF
+        / 14.567; -90.733\",\"longitude\":\"-90.666667\",\"latitude\":\"14.566667\",\"title\":\"Antigua
+        Guatemala\"},{\"updated_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"created_at\":\"2012-05-23T17:33:51+02:00\",\"cartodb_id\":10,\"the_geom\":\"{\\\"type\\\":\\\"Point\\\",\\\"coordinates\\\":[13.3675,45.768333]}\",\"whs_source_page\":\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/825\",\"date_of_inscription\":\"1998\",\"whs_site_id\":\"825\",\"country\":\"Italy\",\"name\":\"Archaeological
+        Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia\",\"size\":\"1550000.0\",\"iso_code\":\"IT\",\"criteria\":\"[iii],[iv],[vi]\",\"comments\":\"\",\"wikipedia_link\":\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquileia\",\"external_links\":\"[Aquileia
+        virtual tour (Italian Landmarks)|http://www.burger.si/Italy/Aquileia/uvod_ENG.html]#[Pre-roman
+        and Celtic Aquileia|http://www.terrediaquileia.it/docebo/doceboCms/index.php?special=changearea&newArea=572]#[Aquileia
+        featured on 10 Euro Italian Coin|http://news.coinupdate.com/aquileia-euro-coin-from-the-italian-state-mint-0473/]\",\"endangered_year\":\"\",\"edited_region\":\"Province
+        of Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region\",\"endangered_reason\":\"\",\"type\":\"cultural\",\"region\":\"Province
+        of Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region\",\"description\":\"Aquileia (Friulian:
+        Acuilee/Aquilee/Aquilea) is an ancient Roman city in what is now Italy, at
+        the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about 10 km from the
+        sea, on the river Natiso (modern Natisone), the course of which has changed
+        somewhat since Roman times. Today, it is one of the main archeological sites
+        of Northern Italy.\\n\\nAquileia was founded as a colony by the Romans in
+        180/181 BC along the Natissa River, on land south of the Julian Alps but about
+        8 miles north of the lagoons. Apparently named from an indigenous word Akylis,
+        the colony served as a frontier fortress at the north-east corner of transpadane
+        Italy and was intended to protect the Veneti, faithful Roman allies, during
+        the Illyrian Wars and act as a buttress to check the advance of other warlike
+        people, such as the hostile tribes of Carni and Histri. In fact, Aquileia
+        was founded on a site not far from where Gaulish invaders had attempted to
+        settle in 183 BC.\\n\\nThe colony was established with Latin rights by the
+        triumvirate of Publius Scipio Nasica, Caius Flaminius, and Lucius Manlius
+        Acidinus, two of whom were of consular and one of praetorian rank. They led
+        3,000 pedites (infantry), mainly from Samnium, who with their families formed
+        the bulk of the settlers and were soon supplemented by native Veneti. It is
+        likely that Aquileia had been a center of Venetia even before the coming of
+        the Romans. And Aquileia's strategic military position also served to promote
+        the Venetic trade in amber imported from the Baltic.\\n\\nAquileia was connected
+        by road with Bologna probably in 173 BC; and subsequently with Genoa in 148
+        BC by the Via Postumia, which ran through Cremona, Bedriacum and Altinum,
+        joining the first-mentioned road at Concordia, while the construction of the
+        Via Popilia from Rimini to Ad Portum near Altinum in 132 BC improved the communications
+        still further.\\n\\nIn 169 BC, 1,500 more Latin colonists with their families
+        were settled in the town as a reinforcement to the garrison. The discovery
+        of the gold fields near the modern Klagenfurt in 130 BC brought it into notice,
+        and it soon became a place of importance, not only owing to its strategic
+        position, but as a centre of trade, especially in agricultural products and
+        viticulture. It also had, in later times at least, considerable brickfields.\\n\\nThe
+        original Latin colony became a municipium probably in 90 BC. Citizens were
+        ascribed to the Roman tribe Velina. The customs boundary of Italy was close
+        by in Cicero's day. It was plundered by the Iapydes under Augustus, but, in
+        the period of peace which followed, was able to develop its resources. Augustus
+        visited it during the Pannonian wars in 12‑10 BC and it was the birthplace
+        of Tiberius' son by Julia, in the latter year.\\n\\nIt was the starting-point
+        of several important roads leading to the north-eastern portion of the empire
+        — the road (Via Iulia Augusta) by Iulium Carnicum to Veldidena (mod. Wilten,
+        near Innsbruck), from which branched off the road into Noricum, leading by
+        Virunum (Klagenfurt) to Laurieum (Lorch) on the Danube, the road into Pannonia,
+        leading to Aemona (Ljubljana) and Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica), the road to
+        Tarsatica (near Fiume, now Rijeka) and Siscia (Sisak), and that to Tergeste
+        (Trieste) and the Istrian coast.\\n\\nBesides natives of Italy, Celts, Illyrians,
+        Greeks, Egyptians, Jews, and Syrians all settled in the city and contributed
+        to its commercial development. Jewish artisans established a flourishing trade
+        in glasswork. Metal from Noricum was forged and exported. The ancient Venetic
+        trade in amber from the Baltic was continued. Wine, especially its famous
+        Pucinum was exported. Oil was imported from Proconsular Africa.\\n\\nIn terms
+        of religion, the Roman pantheon was adopted although a native sungod, Belenus,
+        had a large following. Jews practiced their ancestral religion and it was
+        perhaps some of these Jews who became the first Christians. Meanwhile, soldiers
+        brought the martial cult of Mithras.\\n\\nIn the war against the Marcomanni
+        in 167, the town was hard pressed; its fortifications had fallen into disrepair
+        during the long peace. Nevertheless, when in 168 Marcus Aurelius made Aquileia
+        the principal fortress of the empire against the barbarians of the North and
+        East, it rose to the pinnacle of its greatness and soon had a population of
+        100,000. In 238, when the town took the side of the Senate against the Emperor
+        Maximinus Thrax, the fortifications were hastily restored, and proved of sufficient
+        strength to resist for several months, until Maximinus himself was assassinated.\\n\\nDuring
+        the 4th century, Aquileia maintained its importance. Constantine sojourned
+        there on numerous occasions. It became a naval station and the seat of the
+        Corrector Venetiarum et Histriae; a mint was established, of which the coins
+        were very numerous, and the bishop obtained the rank of metropolitan archbishop.
+        A council held in the city in 381 was only the first of a series of Councils
+        of Aquileia that have been convened over the centuries.\\n\\nAn imperial palace
+        was constructed here, in which the emperors after the time of Diocletian frequently
+        resided; and the city often played a part in the struggles between the rulers
+        of the 4th century. In 340, Emperor Constantine II was killed under its walls
+        while attempting to take the city from his younger brother Constans.\\n\\nAt
+        the end of the 4th century, Ausonius, enumerated Aquileia as the ninth among
+        the great cities of the world, placing Rome, Mediolanum and Capua before it.
+        However, it was besieged by Alaric and the Visigoths in 401, during which
+        time some of its residents fled to the lagoons, and again unsuccessfully in
+        408. In 452, the city was so utterly destroyed by Attila's Huns that it was
+        afterwards hard to recognize its original site. The Roman inhabitants, together
+        with those of smaller towns in the neighborhood, fled to the lagoons, and
+        so laid the foundations of the cities of Venice and nearby Grado.\\n\\nYet
+        Aquileia would rise again, though much diminished, and continue to exist until
+        the Lombard invasion of 568. It was once more destroyed (590) by the Lombards.
+        Meanwhile, the patriarch fled to the island town of Grado, which was under
+        the protection of the Byzantines. When the patriarch residing in Grado was
+        reconciled with Rome in 606, those continuing in their rejection of the Second
+        Council of Constantinople elected a patriarch at Aquileia. Thus, the diocese
+        was essentially divided into two parts, with the mainland patriarchate of
+        Aquileia under the protection of the Lombards, and the insular patriarchate
+        of Aquileia seated in Grado being protected by the exarchate of Ravenna and
+        later the Doges of Venice, with the collusion of the Lombards. The line of
+        the patriarchs elected in Aquileia would continue in schism until 699. However,
+        although they kept the title of patriarch of Aquileia, they moved their residence
+        first to Cormons and later to Cividale.\\n\\nThe Lombard Dukes of Friuli ruled
+        Aquileia and the surrounding mainland territory from Cividale. In 774, Charlemagne
+        conquered the Lombard duchy and made it into a Frankish one with Eric of Friuli
+        as duke. In 787, Charlemagne named the priest and master of grammar at the
+        Palace School Paulinus the new patriarch of Aquileia. Although Paulinus resided
+        mainly at Cividale, his successor Maxentius considered rebuilding Aquileia.
+        However, the project never came to fruition.\\n\\nWhile Maxentius was patriarch,
+        the pope approved the Synod of Mantua, which affirmed the precedence of the
+        mainland patriarch of Aquileia over the patriarch of Grado. However, material
+        conditions were soon to worsen for Aquileia. The ruins of Aquileia were continually
+        pillaged for building material. And with the collapse of the Carolingians
+        in the 10th century, the inhabitants would suffer under the raids of the Magyars.\\n\\nBy
+        the 11th century, the patriarch of Aquileia had grown strong enough to assert
+        temporal sovereignty over Friuli and Aquileia. The Holy Roman Emperor gave
+        the region to the patriarch as a feudal possession. However, the patriarch's
+        temporal authority was constantly disputed and assailed by the territorial
+        nobility.\\n\\nIn 1027 and 1044 Patriarch Poppo of Aquileia, who rebuilt the
+        cathedral of Aquileia, entered and sacked neighboring Grado, and, though the
+        Pope reconfirmed the Patriarch of the latter in his dignities, the town never
+        fully recovered, though it continued to be the seat of the Patriarchate until
+        its formal transference to Venice in 1450.\\n\\nIn the 14th century the Patriarchate
+        reached its biggest extension, stretching from the Piave river to the Julian
+        Alps and northern Istria. The seat of the Patriarchate of Aquileia had been
+        transferred to Udine in 1238, but returned to Aquiliea in 1420 when Venice
+        annexed the territory of Udine.\\n\\nIn 1445, the defeated patriarch Ludovico
+        Trevisan acquiesced in the loss of his ancient temporal estate in return for
+        an annual salary of 5,000 ducats allowed him from the Venetian treasury. Henceforth
+        only Venetians were allowed to hold the title of Patriarch of Aquileia. The
+        Patriarchate was incorporated in the Republic of Venice with the name of Patria
+        del Friuli, ruled by a General Proveditor or a \\\"Luogotenente\\\" living
+        in Udine.\\n\\nIt was finally officially suppressed in 1751, and the sees
+        of Udine and Gorizia (Görz) established in its stead.\\n\\nThe Cathedral of
+        Aquileia is a flat-roofed basilica erected by Patriarch Poppo in 1031 on the
+        site of an earlier church, and rebuilt about 1379 in the Gothic style by Patriarch
+        Marquard von Randeck.\\n\\nThe façade, in Romanesque-Gothic style, is connected
+        by a portico to the Church of the Pagans, and the remains of the 5th century
+        Baptistry. The interior has a nave and two aisles, with a noteworthy mosaic
+        pavement from the 4th century. The wooden ceiling is from 1526, while the
+        fresco decoration belongs to various ages: from the 4th century in the St.
+        Peter's chapel of the apse area; from the 11th century in the apse itself;
+        from the 12th century in the so-called \\\"Crypt of the Frescoes\\\", under
+        the presbytery, with a cycle depicting the origins of Christianity in Aquileia
+        and the history of St. Hermagoras, first bishop of the city.\\n\\nNext to
+        the 11th century Romanesque chapel of the Holy Sepulchre, at the beginning
+        of the left aisle, flooring of different ages can be seen: the lowest is from
+        a Roman villa of the age of Augustus; the middle one has a typical cocciopesto
+        pavemente; the upper one, bearing blackening from the Attila's fire, has geometrical
+        decorations.\\n\\nExternally, behind the 9th century campanile and the apse,
+        is the Cemetery of the Fallen, where ten unnamed soldiers of World War I are
+        buried. Saint Hermangoras is also buried there.\\n\\nThe ancient buildings
+        of Aquileia served as stone quarries for centuries, and no edifices of the
+        Roman period remain above ground. Excavations have revealed one street and
+        the north-west angle of the town walls, while the National Archaeological
+        Museum (one of the most important museums of Ancient Rome in the world) contains
+        over 2,000 inscriptions, statues and other antiquities, as well as glasses
+        of local production and a numismatics collection.\\n\\nThe site of Aquileia,
+        believed to be the largest Roman city yet to be excavated, is inscribed on
+        the UNESCO World Heritage List.\\n\\nIn the Monastero fraction is a 5th century
+        Christian basilica, later a Benedictine monastery, which today houses the
+        Paleo-Christian Museum.\",\"longitude\":\"13.3675\",\"latitude\":\"45.768333\",\"title\":\"Archaeological
+        Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia\"}]}"
+    http_version: '1.1'
+  recorded_at: Wed, 23 May 2012 15:33:53 GMT
+recorded_with: VCR 2.1.1