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+title,latitude,longitude,description,region,type,endangered_reason,edited_region,endangered_year,external_links,wikipedia_link,comments,criteria,iso_code,size,name,country,whs_site_id,date_of_inscription,whs_source_page
+Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman,22.998889,57.536056,"A qanāt (from Arabic: قناة‎) (Iran, Syria and Jordan) is a water management system used to provide a reliable supply of water to human settlements and for irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid climates. Qanats are also called kārīz (or kārēz from Persian: كاريز) (Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Central Asia, derived from Persian: كاهریز), kahan (from Persian: کهن), khettara (Morocco); galeria (Spain); falaj (United Arab Emirates and Oman); Kahn (Baloch) or foggara/fughara (North Africa). Alternative terms for qanats in Asia and North Africa are kakuriz, chin-avulz, and mayun. Common variants of qanat in English include kanat, khanat, kunut, kona, konait, ghanat, ghundat.
+
+The qanat technology is known to have developed in pre-Islamic Iran[when?] and then spread to other cultures. However, a recently discovered falaj system in al-Ain, UAE, dates to 1000 BC, and another in Umm Safah, Sharja, dates to the Iron Age. Also, a qanat-like system called the Turpan water system originated in China during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 24 CE).
+
+The value of a qanat is directly related to the quality, volume and regularity of the water flow. Much of the population of Iran and other arid countries in Asia and North Africa historically depended upon the water from qanats; the areas of population corresponded closely to the areas where qanats are possible. Although a qanat was expensive to construct, its long-term value to the community, and therefore to the group who invested in building and maintaining it, was substantial.
+
+Qanats are constructed as a series of well-like vertical shafts, connected by gently sloping tunnels. Qanats tap into subterranean water in a manner that efficiently delivers large quantities of water to the surface without need for pumping. The water drains relying on gravity, with the destination lower than the source, which is typically an upland aquifer. Qanats allow water to be transported over long distances in hot dry climates without losing a large proportion of the water to seepage and evaporation.
+
+It is very common in the construction of a qanat for the water source to be found below ground at the foot of a range of foothills of mountains, where the water table is closest to the surface. From this point, the slope of the qanat is maintained closer to level than the surface above, until the water finally flows out of the qanat above ground. To reach an aquifer, qanats must often extend for long distances.
+
+Qanats are sometimes split into an underground distribution network of smaller canals called kariz. Like qanats, these smaller canals were below ground to avoid contamination. In some cases water from a qanat is stored in a reservoir, typically storing night flow for daytime use. An Ab Anbar is an example of a traditional qanat fed reservoir for drinking water in Persian antiquity.
+
+The qanat system has the advantage of being resistant to natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods, and to deliberate destruction in war. Furthermore, it is almost insensitive to the levels of precipitation, delivering a flow with only gradual variations from wet to dry years.
+
+The qanat technology is used most extensively in areas with the following characteristics:[citation needed]
+
+A typical town or city in Iran and elsewhere where the qanat is used has more than one qanat. Fields and gardens are located both over the qanats a short distance before they emerge from the ground and after the surface outlet. Water from the qanats defines both the social regions in the city and the layout of the city.
+
+The water is freshest, cleanest, and coolest in the upper reaches and more prosperous people live at the outlet or immediately upstream of the outlet. When the qanat is still below grade, the water is drawn to the surface via water wells or animal driven Persian wells. Private subterranean reservoirs could supply houses and buildings for domestic use and garden irrigation as well. Further, air flow from the qanat is used to cool an underground summer room (shabestan) found in many older houses and buildings.
+
+Downstream of the outlet, the water runs through surface canals called jubs (jūbs) which run downhill, with lateral branches to carry water to the neighborhood, gardens and fields. The streets normally parallel the jubs and their lateral branches. As a result, the cities and towns are oriented consistent with the gradient of the land; this is a practical response to efficient water distribution over varying terrain.
+
+The lower reaches of the canals are less desirable for both residences and agriculture. The water grows progressively more polluted as it passes downstream. In dry years the lower reaches are the most likely to see substantial reductions in flow.
+
+Traditionally qanats are built by a group of skilled laborers, muqannīs, with hand labor. The profession historically paid well and was typically handed down from father to son.
+
+The critical, initial step in qanat construction is identification of an appropriate water source. The search begins at the point where the alluvial fan meets the mountains or foothills; water is more abundant in the mountains because of orographic lifting and excavation in the alluvial fan is relatively easy. The muqannīs follow the track of the main water courses coming from the mountains or foothills to identify evidence of subsurface water such as deep-rooted vegetation or seasonal seeps. A trial well is then dug to determine the location of the water table and determine whether a sufficient flow is available to justify construction. If these prerequisites are met, then the route is laid out aboveground.
+
+Equipment must be assembled. The equipment is straightforward: containers (usually leather bags), ropes, reels to raise the container to the surface at the shaft head, hatchets and shovels for excavation, lights, spirit levels or plumb bobs and string. Depending upon the soil type, qanat liners (usually fired clay hoops) may also be required.
+
+Although the construction methods are simple, the construction of a qanat requires a detailed understanding of subterranean geology and a degree of engineering sophistication. The gradient of the qanat must be carefully controlled—too shallow a gradient yields no flow—too steep a gradient will result in excessive erosion, collapsing the qanat. And misreading the soil conditions leads to collapses which at best require extensive rework and, at worst, can be fatal for the crew.
+
+Construction of a qanat is usually performed by a crew of 3-4 muqannīs. For a shallow qanat, one worker typically digs the horizontal shaft, one raises the excavated earth from the shaft and one distributes the excavated earth at the top.
+
+The crew typically begins from the destination to which the water will be delivered into the soil and works toward the source (the test well). Vertical shafts are excavated along the route, separated at a distance of 20–35 m. The separation of the shafts is a balance between the amount of work required to excavate them and the amount of effort required to excavate the space between them, as well as the ultimate maintenance effort. In general, the shallower the qanat, the closer the vertical shafts. If the qanat is long, excavation may begin from both ends at once. Tributary channels are sometimes also constructed to supplement the water flow.
+
+Most qanats in Iran run less than 5 km, while some have been measured at ~70 km in length near Kerman. The vertical shafts usually range from 20 to 200 meters in depth, although qanats in the province of Khorasan have been recorded with vertical shafts of up to 275 m. The vertical shafts support construction and maintenance of the underground channel as well as air interchange. Deep shafts require intermediate platforms to simplify the process of removing spoils.
+
+The construction speed depends on the depth and nature of the ground. If the earth is easy/soft to work; at 20 meters depth, a crew of 4 people can excavate a horizontal length of 40 meters per day. When the vertical shaft reaches 40 meters, they can only excavate 20 meters horizontally per day and at 60 meters in depth this drops below 5 horizontal meters per day. In Algeria, a common speed is just 2m per day at 15m depth. Deep, long qanats (which many are) require years and even decades to construct.
+
+The excavated material is usually transported by means of leather bags up the vertical shafts. It is mounded around the vertical shaft exit, providing a barrier that prevents windblown or rain driven debris from entering the shafts. These mounds may be covered to provide further protection to the qanat. From the air, these shafts look like a string of bomb craters.
+
+The qanat's water-carrying channel must have a sufficient downward slope that water flows easily. However the downward gradient must not be so great as to create conditions under which the water transitions between supercritical and subcritical flow; if this occurs, the waves which are established can result in severe erosion that can damage or destroy the qanat. In shorter qanats the downward gradient varies between 1:1000 and 1:1500, while in longer qanats it may be almost horizontal. Such precision is routinely obtained with a spirit level and string.
+
+In cases where the gradient is steeper, underground waterfalls may be constructed with appropriate design features (usually linings) to absorb the energy with minimal erosion. In some cases the water power has been harnessed to drive underground mills. If it is not possible to bring the outlet of the qanat out near the settlement, it is necessary to run a jub or canal overground. This is avoided when possible to limit pollution, warming and water loss due to evaporation.
+
+The vertical shafts may be covered to minimize in-blown sand. The channels of qanats must be periodically inspected for erosion or cave-ins, cleaned of sand and mud and otherwise repaired. Air flow must be assured before entry for safety.
+
+Some damaged qanats have been restored. In order to be sustainable, restoration needs to take into account many non-technical factors, beginning with the process of selecting the qanat to be restored. In the case of Syria, three sites were chosen based on a national inventory conducted in 2001. One of them, the Drasiah qanat of Dmeir, was completed in 2002. Selection criteria included the availability of a steady groundwater flow, social cohesion and willingness to contribute of the community using the qanat, and the existence of a functioning water rights system.
+
+The primary applications of qanats are for irrigation, providing cattle with water and drinking water supply. Other applications include cooling and ice storage.
+
+Qanats used in conjunction with a wind tower can provide cooling as well as a water supply. A wind tower is a chimney-like structure positioned above the house; of its four openings, the one opposite the wind direction is opened to move air out of the house. Incoming air is pulled from a qanat below the house. The air flow across the vertical shaft opening creates a lower pressure (see Bernoulli effect) and draws cool air up from the qanat tunnel, mixing with it. The air from the qanat was drawn into the tunnel at some distance away and is cooled both by contact with the cool tunnel walls/water and by the giving up latent heat of evaporation as water evaporates into the air stream. In dry desert climates this can result in a greater than 15°C reduction in the air temperature coming from the qanat; the mixed air still feels dry, so the basement is cool and only comfortably moist (not damp). Wind tower and qanat cooling have been used in desert climates for over 1000 years.
+
+In 400 BC Persian engineers had already mastered the technique of storing ice in the middle of summer in the desert.
+
+The ice could be brought in during the winters from nearby mountains. But in a more usual & sophisticated method they had a wall made along east-west direction close to the Ice Pit (yakhchal).In winter the qanat water was being canalized to north side of the wall. The shadow of the wall makes water freeze more quickly so they could have more ice per each winter day. Then ice was being stored in a specially designed, naturally cooled refrigerators called yakhchal (meaning ice pits). A large underground space with thick insulated walls was connected to a qanat, and a system of windcatchers or Wind Towers was used to draw cool subterranean air up from the qanat to maintain temperatures inside the space at low levels, even during hot summer days. As a result, the ice melted slowly and ice was available year-round.
+
+The Qanats, called Kariz (rhymes with ""breeze"")  in Pashto and Dari, have also been in use for hundreds of years. Kariz structures are especially found in the Southern Afghanistan provinces of Kandahar, Uruzgan, Nimroz and Hilmand. The incessant war for the last 30 years has destroyed a number of these ancient structures. In the troubled times maintenance was not always possible. To add to the troubles, at present (2008) the cost of labour has become very high and maintaining the Kariz structures is no longer possible[dubious – discuss]. Lack of skilled artisans who have the traditional knowledge also poses difficulties. A number of the large farmers are abandoning their Kariz which has been in their families sometimes for centuries, and moving to tube and dug wells backed by diesel pumps[citation needed].
+
+However the government of Afghanistan is aware of the importance of these structures and all efforts are being made to repair, reconstruct and maintain (through the community) the kariz[citation needed]. The Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development along with National and International NGOs is making the effort.
+
+Still, there are functional qanat systems in 2009. American forces are reported to have unintentionally destroyed some of the channels during expansion of a military base, creating tensions between them and the local community. Some of these tunnels have been used to store supplies, and to move men and equipment underground.
+
+An oasis at Turpan in the deserts of northwestern China uses water provided by qanat (locally karez). Turfan has long been the center of a fertile oasis and an important trade center along the Silk Road's northern route, at which time it was adjacent to the kingdoms of Korla and Karashahr to the southwest. The historical record of the karez system extends back to the Han Dynasty. The Turfan Water Museum (see photos on this page) is a Protected Area of the People's Republic of China because of the importance of the local karez system to the history of the area. The number of karez systems in the area is slightly below 1,000 and the total length of the canals is about 5,000 kilometers.
+
+In Karnataka, India, a Qanat-type structure called Suranga is used to tap underground water. But these are rarely in use these days[citation needed].
+
+It has been suggested that alleged underground temples at Gua Made in Java reached by shafts, in which masks of a green metal were found, originated as a qanat.
+
+In the middle of the twentieth century, it is estimated that approximately 50,000 qanats were in use in Iran, each commissioned and maintained by local users. Of these only 25,000 remain in use as of 1980.
+
+The oldest and largest known qanat is in the Iranian city of Gonabad which after 2700 years still provides drinking and agricultural water to nearly 40,000 people. Its main well depth is more than 360 meters and its length is 45 kilometers. Yazd, Khorasan and Kerman are the known zones for their dependence with an extensive system of qanats.
+
+In traditional Persian architecture, a Kariz (کاریز) is a small Qanat, usually within a network inside an urban setting. Kariz is what distributes the Qanat into its final destinations.
+
+A survey of Qanat systems in the Kurdistan region of Iraq conducted by the Department of Geography at Oklahoma State University (USA) on behalf of UNESCO in 2009 found that out of 683 karez systems, some 380 were still active in 2004, but only 116 in 2009. Reasons for the decline of qanats include ""abandonment and neglect"" previous to 2004, ""excessive pumping from wells"" and, since 2005, drought. Water shortages are said to have forced over 100,000 people who depended on karez systems for their livelihoods to leave their homes since 2005. The study says that a single karez has the potential to provide enough household water for nearly 9,000 individuals and irrigate over 200 hectares of farmland. UNESCO and the government of Iraq plan to rehabilitate Karez through a Karez Initiative for Community Revitalization to be launched in 2010. Most of the karez are in Sulaymaniyah Governorate (84%). A large number are also found in Erbil Governorate (13%), especially on the broad plain around and in Erbil city.
+
+Among the qanats built in the Roman Empire was possibly the longest continuous qanat ever built, the 94 km long Gadara Aqueduct in northern Jordan. Partly following the course of an older Hellenistic aqueduct, excavation work arguably started after a visit of emperor Hadrian in 129-130 AD. The Gadara Aqueduct was never quite finished, and was put in service only in sections.
+
+The Chagai district is in the north west corner of Balochistan, Pakistan, bordering with Afghanistan and Iran. Qanats, locally known as karezes, are found more broadly in this region. They are spread from Chaghai district all the way up to Zhob district. A number of them are present in Qilla Abdullah and Pishin districts. Karezes are also extensively found in the neighbouring areas of Afghanistan such as Kandahar. The remains of karezes found in different parts of the district are attributed to the Arabs.
+
+Qanats were found over much of Syria. The widespread installation of groundwater pumps has lowered the water table and qanat system. Qanats have gone dry and been abandoned across the country.
+
+In Oman from the Iron Age Period (found in Salut, Bat and other sites) a system of underground aqueducts called Falaj were constructed, a series of well-like vertical shafts, connected by gently sloping horizontal tunnels. There are three types of Falaj Daudi (داوودية)with underground aqueducts Ghaili (الغيلية ) requiring a dam to collect the water Aini (العينية ) whose source is a water spring These enabled large scale agriculture to flourish in a dry land environment According to UNESCO some 3,000 aflaj (plural) or falaj (singular), are still in use in Oman today. Nizwa, the former capital city of Oman, was built around a falaj which is in use to this day. These systems date to before the Iron Age in Oman . In July 2006, five representative examples of this irrigation system were inscribed as a World Heritage Site.
+
+The oasis of Al Ain in the United Arab Emirates continues traditional falaj (qanat) irrigations for the palm-groves and gardens.
+
+There are 4 main oases in the Egyptian desert. The Kharga Oasis is one of them which has been extensively studied. As early as the second half of the 5th century BC there is evidence that water was being used via qanats. The qanat is excavated through water-bearing sandstone rock which seeps into the channel to collect in a basin behind a small dam at the end. The width is approximately 60 cm, but the height ranges from 5 to 9 meters; it is likely that the qanat was deepened to enhance seepage when the water table dropped (as is also seen in Iran). From there the water was used to irrigate fields.
+
+There is another instructive structure located at the Kharga Oasis. A well which apparently dried up was improved by driving a side shaft through the easily penetrated sandstone (presumably in the direction of greatest water seepage) into the hill of Ayn-Manâwîr to allow collection of additional water. After this side shaft had been extended, another vertical shaft was driven to intersect the side shaft. Side chambers were built and holes bored into the rock—presumably at points where water seeped from the rocks—are evident.
+
+David Mattingley reports foggara extending for hundreds of miles in the Garamantes area near Jarma in Libya: ""The channels were generally very narrow - less than 2 feet wide and 5 high - but some were several miles long, and in total some 600 foggara extended for hundreds of miles underground. The channels were dug out and maintained using a series of regularly-spaced vertical shafts, one every 30 feet or so, 100,000 in total, averaging 30 feet in depth, but sometimes reaching 130."" (""The 153 Club Newsletter"", July 2007 No. 112, pp. 14–19; reprinted from Current world Archaeology.
+
+The foggara water management system in Tunisia, used to create oases, is similar to that of the Iranian qanat. The foggara is dug into the foothills of a fairly steep mountain range such as the eastern ranges of the Atlas mountains. Rainfall in the mountains enters the aquifer and moves toward the Saharan region to the south. The foggara, 1 to 3 km in length, penetrates the aquifer and collects water. Families maintain the foggara and own the land it irrigates over a ten meter wide, with width only by the size of plot that the available water will irrigate.
+
+Qanats (designated foggaras in Algeria) are the source of water for irrigation at large oases like that at Gourara. The foggaras are also found at Touat (an area of Adrar 200 km from Gourara). The length of the foggaras in this region is estimated to be thousands of kilometers.
+
+Although sources suggest that the foggaras may have been in use as early as 200 AD, they were clearly in use by the 11th century after the Arabs took possession of the oases in the 10th century and the residents embraced Islam.
+
+The water is metered to the various users through the use of distribution weirs which meter flow to the various canals, each for a separate user.
+
+The humidity of the oases is also used to supplement the water supply to the foggara. The temperature gradient in the vertical shafts causes air to rise by natural convection, causing a draft to enter the foggara. The moist air of the agricultural area is drawn into the foggara in the opposite direction to the water run-off. In the foggara it condenses on the tunnel walls and the air passed out of the vertical shafts. This condensed moisture is available for reuse.
+
+In southern Morocco the qanat (locally khettara) is also used. On the margins of the Sahara Desert, the isolated oases of the Draa River valley and Tafilalt have relied on qanat water for irrigation since the late-14th century. In Marrakech and the Haouz plain the qanats have been abandoned since the early 1970s as they've dried; in the Tafilaft area half of the 400 khettaras are still in use. The Hassan Adahkil Dam's impact on local water tables is said to be one of the many reasons given for the loss of half of the khettara.
+
+The black berbers (haratin) of the south were the hereditary class of qanat diggers in Morocco who build and repair these systems. Their work was hazardous.
+
+Qanats have preserved in Armenia in the community of Shvanidzor, in the southern province of Syunik, bordering with Iran. Qanats are named kahrezes in Armenian. There are 5 kahrezes in Shvanidzor. Four of them were constructed in XII-XIVc, even before the village was founded. The fifth kahrez was constructed in 2005. Potable water runs through I, II and V kahrezs. Kahrez III and IV are in quite poor condition. In summer, especially in July and August, the amount of water reaches its minimum, creating critical situation in the water supply system. Still, kahrezes are the main source of potable and irrigation water for the community.
+
+The 5653 m long Claudius Tunnel, meant for draining the largest Italian inland water, Fucine Lake, was constructed using the qanat technique. It featured shafts up to 122 m deep. The entire ancient town of Palermo in Sicily was equipped with a huge qanat system built during the Arab period (827–1072). Many of the qanat are now mapped and some can be visited. The famous Scirocco room has an air-conditioning system cooled by the flow of water in a qanat and a ""wind tower"", a structure able to catch the wind and direct it into the room.
+
+The Raschpëtzer near Helmsange in southern Luxembourg is a particularly well preserved example of a Roman qanat. It is probably the most extensive system of its kind north of the Alps. To date some 330 m of the total tunnel length of 600 m have been explored. Thirteen of the 20 to 25 shafts have been investigated. The qanat appears to have provided water for a large Roman villa on the slopes of the Alzette valley. It was built during the Gallo-Roman period, probably around the year 150 and functioned for about 120 years thereafter.
+
+There are still many examples of galeria or qanat systems in Spain, most likely brought to the area by the Moors during their occupation of the Iberian peninsula. Turrillas in Andalusia on the north facing slopes of the Sierra de Alhamilla has evidence of a qanat system. Granada is another site with an extensive qanat system.
+
+Qanats in the Americas, usually referred to as filtration galleries, can be found in the Nazca region of Peru and in northern Chile. The Spanish introduced qanats into Mexico in 1520 AD.","Dakhiliya, Sharqiya and Batinah Regions",cultural,,"Dakhiliya, Sharqiya and Batinah Regions",,"[The Origin and Spread of Qanats in the Old World|http://www.jstor.org/stable/986162]#[""Assessment of the Contributions of Traditional Qanats in Sustainable Water Resources Management""|http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/cijw/2006/00000022/00000004/art00005]#[10.1080/07900620600551304|http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F07900620600551304]#[""Reasons behind Failure of Qanats in the 20th Century""|http://scitation.aip.org/vsearch/servlet/VerityServlet?KEY=ASCERL&smode=strresults&maxdisp=25&possible1=Madani%2C+Kaveh&possible1zone=author&OUTLOG=NO&aqs=true&viewabs=ASCECP&key=DISPLAY&docID=1&page=0&chapter=0&aqs=true]#[10.1061/40976(316)77|http://dx.doi.org/10.1061%2F40976%28316%2977]",http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanat,,[v],OM,14560000.0,Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman,Oman,1207,2006,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1207
+Alto Douro Wine Region,41.101667,-7.798889,"","Douro Region, Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro",cultural,,"Douro Region, Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro",,"",http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douro_DOC,,"[iii],[iv],[v]",PT,246000000.0,Alto Douro Wine Region,Portugal,1046,2001,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1046
+Amiens Cathedral,49.895,2.301667,"The Cathedral of Our Lady of Amiens (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame d'Amiens), or simply Amiens Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral and seat of the Bishop of Amiens, Jean-Luc Bouilleret. The cathedral is the tallest complete cathedral in France, with the greatest interior volume (estimated at 200,000 m³). The vaults of the nave are 42.30 m high, the tallest nave vaults in any completed French cathedral, and surpassed only by the incomplete Beauvais Cathedral. This monumental cathedral is located in Amiens, the chief city of Picardy, in the Somme River valley a little over 100 kilometers north of Paris.
+
+Notre-Dame d'Amiens has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1981 and was profiled in a PBS documentary.
+
+The lack of documentation concerning the construction of the Gothic cathedral may be in part the result of fires that destroyed the chapter archives in 1218 and again in 1258—a fire that damaged the cathedral itself. Bishop Evrard de Fouilly initiated work on the cathedral in 1220. Robert de Luzarches was the architect until 1228, and was followed by Thomas de Cormont until 1258. His son, Renaud de Cormont, acted as the architect until 1288. The chronicle of Corbie gives a completion date for the cathedral of 1266. Finishing works continued, however. Its floors are covered with a number of designs, such as the swastika (to symbolize Jesus' triumph over death). The labyrinth was installed in 1288. The cathedral contains the alleged head of John the Baptist, a relic brought from Constantinople by Wallon de Sarton as he was returning from the Fourth Crusade.
+
+The construction of the cathedral at this period can be seen as resulting from a coming together of necessity and opportunity. The destruction of earlier buildings and attempts at rebuilding by fire forced the fairly rapid construction of a building that, consequently, has a good deal of artistic unity. The long and relatively peaceful reign of Louis IX of France brought a prosperity to the region, based on thriving agriculture and a booming cloth trade, that made the investment possible. The great cathedrals of Reims and Chartres are roughly contemporary.
+
+The original design of the flying buttresses around the choir had them placed too high to counteract the force of the ceiling arch pushing outwards resulting in excessive lateral forces being placed on the vertical columns. The structure was only saved when, centuries later, masons placed a second row of more robust flying buttresses that connected lower down on the outer wall. This fix failed to counteract similar issues with the lower wall which began to develop large cracks around the late Middle Ages. This was solved by another patch that consisted of a wrought iron bar chain being installed around the mezzanine level to resist the forces pushing the stone columns outward. The chain was installed red hot to act as a cinch, tightening as it cooled.
+
+The west front of the cathedral, (illustration, right) built in a single campaign, 1220–36, shows an unusual degree of artistic unity: its lower tier with three vast deep porches is capped with the gallery of twenty-two over lifesize kings, which stretches across the entire façade beneath the rose window. Above the rose window there is an open arcade, the galerie des sonneurs. Flanking the nave, the two towers were built without close regard to the former design, the south tower being finished in 1366, the north one, reaching higher, in 1406.
+
+The Western portals of the cathedral are justly famous for their elaborate sculpture, featuring a gallery of locally-important saints and large eschatological scenes. Statues of saints in the portal of the cathedral have been identified as including the locally venerated Saints Victoricus and Gentian, Saint Domitius, Saint Ulphia, and Saint Fermin.
+
+In the book Mr Standfast, John Buchan has his character Richard Hannay describe the cathedral as being ""the noblest church that the hand of man ever built only for God.""
+
+During the process of laser cleaning in the 1990s, it was discovered that the western façade of the cathedral was originally painted in multiple colours. A technique was perfected to determine the exact make-up of the colours as they were applied in the 13th century. Then, in conjunction with the laboratories of EDF (Electricity of France) and the expertise of the Society Skertzo, elaborate lighting techniques were developed to project these colours directly on the façade with precision, recreating the polychromatic appearance of the 13th century. When projected on the statues around the portals, the result is a stunning display that brings the figures to life. The projected colors are faint to photograph, but a good quality DSLR will provide excellent results as shown here.
+
+Of course, the full magical effect can best be appreciated by direct viewing, accompanied by stirring music, which can be done at the Son et lumière on Summer evenings, during the Christmas Fair, and over the New Year.
+
+Amiens cathedral contains the largest medieval interior in Western Europe, supported by 126 pillars. Both the nave and the chancel are vast but extremely light, with considerable amounts of stained glass surviving, despite the depredations of war.
+
+The ambulatory surrounding the choir is richly decorated with polychrome sculpture and flanked by numerous chapels. One of the most sumptuous is the Drapers' chapel. The cloth industry was the most dynamic component of the medieval economy, especially in northern France, and the cloth merchants were keen to display their wealth and civic pride. Another striking chapel is dedicated to St Thomas of Canterbury, a 13th century dedication that complements the cathedral's own very full list of martyrs.
+
+The interior contains works of art and decoration from every period since the building of the cathedral.
+
+The initial impetus for the building of the cathedral came from the installation of the reputed head of John the Baptist on 17 December 1206. The head was part of the loot of the Fourth Crusade, which had been diverted from campaigning against the Turks to sacking the great Christian city of Constantinople. A sumptuous reliquary was made to house the skull. Although later lost, a 19th century replica still provides a focus for prayer and meditation in the North aisle.
+
+Some of the most important works of art are sequences of polychrome sculpture, dating mainly from the late 15th and the 16th centuries. A large sequence in the North transept illustrates Jesus' Cleansing of the Temple, with imaginative tableaux of the Temple. Both sides of the ambulatory are lined with sequences illustrating the lives of the two saints whose cults brought large numbers of pilgrims to the cathedral: John the Baptist and St Firmin, the first bishop of Amiens. The artists took care to create a parallelism in the telling of the stories: both saints, decapitated for offending the rich and powerful, suffer neglect and loss, until a later generation discovers their relics and houses them fittingly.
+
+The baroque pulpit, constructed of marble and gilded wood, dominates the nave of the cathedral. It is supported by three allegorical female figures, apparently representing Faith, Hope and Charity, the three Theological Virtues.
+
+
+
+Coordinates: 49°53′42″N 2°18′08″E / 49.895°N 2.30222°E / 49.895; 2.30222","Department of Somme, Picardie Region",cultural,,"Department of Somme, Picardie Region",,[Amiens Cathedral.|http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106231]#[Amiens Cathedral - World Heritage Site|http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/amiens.html]#[360° photos of the cathedral|http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/europe/france/amiens/map.html]#[Outstanding photos of the cathedral|http://www.pbase.com/ericdeparis/cathedrale_de_amiens]#[Photos|http://kunsthistorie.com/galleri/index.php?album=Frankrike%2FAmiens&sortby=name&order=asc],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral,,"[i],[ii]",FR,8600.0,Amiens Cathedral,France,162,1981,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/162
+Ancient City of Bosra,32.51806,36.48167,"Bosra (Arabic: بصرى‎, also Bostra, Busrana, Bozrah, Bozra, Busra Eski Şam, Busra ash-Sham, Nova Trajana Bostra) is an ancient city administratively belonging to the Daraa Governorate in southern Syria. It is a major archaeological site and has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
+
+The settlement was first mentioned in the documents of Tutmose III and Akhenaton (14th century BC). Bosra was the first Nabatean city in the 2nd century BC. The Nabatean Kingdom was conquered by Cornelius Palma, a general of Trajan, in 106.
+
+Under the Roman Empire, Bosra was renamed Nova Trajana Bostra, and was the residence of the legio III Cyrenaica and capital of the Roman province Arabia Petraea. The city flourished and became a major metropolis at the juncture of several trade routes, including the Roman road to the Red Sea. The two Councils of Arabia were held at Bostra in 246 and 247 AD. The city was conquered by the Sassanid Persians in the early 7th century, and, after a short Byzantine reconquest, was finally captured by the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate under Khalid ibn Walid in the Battle of Bosra (634). Thereafter it was an Islamic possession.
+
+Bosra played an important part in the early life of the Prophet of Islam, Mohammed as described in the entry for the Christian Monk, Bahira. Bahira was witnessing to Muhammad in the prophethood.
+
+Today, Bosra is a major archaeological site, containing ruins from Roman, Byzantine, and Muslim times, its main feature being the well preserved Roman theatre. Every year there is a national music festival hosted in the main theater.
+
+Of the city which once counted 80,000 inhabitants, there remains today only a village settled among the ruins. The second century Roman theater, constructed probably under Trajan, is the only monument of this type with its upper gallery in the form of a covered portico which has been integrally preserved. It was fortified between 481 and 1231 AD.
+
+Further, Nabatean and Roman monuments, Christian churches, mosques and Madrasahs are present within the half ruined enceinte of the city. The structure of this monument a central plan with eastern apses flanked by 2 sacristies exerted a decisive influence on the evolution of Christian architectural forms, and, to a certain extent, on Islamic style as well. Al-Omari Mosque of Bosra is one of the oldest surviving mosques in Islamic history.
+
+Close by are the Kharaba Bridge and the Gemarrin Bridge, both Roman bridges.
+
+Coordinates: 32°31′N 36°29′E / 32.517°N 36.483°E / 32.517; 36.483",Governorate of Deraa,cultural,,Governorate of Deraa,,[Catholic Encyclopedia on Bosra|http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02707a.htm]#[Official website of Bosra city|http://www.bosracity.com/]#[Bosra World Heritage site in panographies - 360 degree interactive imaging|http://www.WHTour.org/22]#[Extensive photo site about Bosra|http://www.pbase.com/dosseman_syria/bosra],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosra,,"[i],[iii],[vi]",SY,,Ancient City of Bosra,Syrian Arab Republic,22,1980,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/22
+Ancient City of Nessebar,42.65611,27.73,"Nesebar (Bulgarian: Несебър, pronounced [neˈsebər], also transcribed as Nessebar or Nesebur; ancient name: Mesembria) is an ancient town and one of the major seaside resorts on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, located in Burgas Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Nesebar Municipality. Often referred to as the ""Pearl of the Black Sea"" and ""Bulgaria's Dubrovnik"", Nesebar is a rich city-museum defined by more than three millennia of ever-changing history.
+
+It is a one of the most prominent tourist destinations and seaports on the Black Sea, in what has become a popular area with several large resorts—the largest, Sunny Beach, is situated immediately to the north of Nesebar.
+
+Nesebar has on several occasions found itself on the frontier of a threatened empire, and as such it is a town with a rich history. The ancient part of the town is situated on a peninsula (previously an island) connected to the mainland by a narrow man-made isthmus, and it bears evidence of occupation by a variety of different civilisations over the course of its existence. Its abundance of historic buildings prompted UNESCO to include Nesebar in its list of World Heritage Sites in 1983.
+
+As of December 2009, the town has a population of 11,626 inhabitants. It lies at 42°39′N 27°44′E / 42.65°N 27.733°E / 42.65; 27.733Coordinates: 42°39′N 27°44′E / 42.65°N 27.733°E / 42.65; 27.733.
+
+Inhabited in the Antiquity by the Thracians and the Ancient Greeks, the original Thracian settlement Menebria was called Mesembria (Ancient Greek: Μεσήμβρια) by the Ancient Greeks. Under this name it was still known in the Middle Ages to Bulgarians and Byzantines.
+
+Originally a Thracian settlement known as Menebria, the town became a Greek colony when settled by Dorians from Megara at the beginning of the 6th century BC, and was an important trading centre from then on and a rival of Apollonia (Sozopol). It remained the only Doric colony along the Black Sea coast, as the rest were typical Ionic colonies. Remains from the Hellenistic period include the acropolis, a temple of Apollo, and an agora. A wall which formed part of the fortifications can still be seen on the north side of the peninsula. Bronze and silver coins were minted in the city since the 5th century BC and gold coins since the 3rd century BC.
+
+The town fell under Roman rule in 71 BC, yet continued to enjoy privileges such as the right to mint its own coinage. It was one of the most important strongholds of the Byzantine Empire from the 5th century AD onwards, and was fought over by Byzantines and Bulgarians, being captured and incorporated in the lands of the First Bulgarian Empire in 812 by Khan Krum after a two week siege only to be ceded back to Byzantium by Knyaz Boris I in 864 and reconquered by his son Tsar Simeon the Great. During the time of the Second Bulgarian Empire it was also contested by Bulgarian and Byzantine forces and enjoyed particular prosperity under Bulgarian tsar Ivan Alexander (1331–1371) until it was conquered by Crusaders led by Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy in 1366. The Bulgarian version of the name, Nesebar or Mesebar, has been attested since the 11th century.
+
+Monuments from the Middle Ages include the 5–6th century Stara Mitropoliya (""old bishopric""; also St Sophia), a basilica without a transept; the 10th century church of the Virgin; and the 11th century Nova Mitropoliya (""new bishopric""; also St Stephen) which continued to be embellished until the 18th century. In the 13th and 14th century a remarkable series of churches were built: St Theodore, St Paraskeva, St Michael St Gabriel, and St John Aliturgetos.
+
+The capture of the town by the Turks in 1453 marked the start of its decline, but its architectural heritage remained and was enriched in the 19th century by the construction of wooden houses in style typical for the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast during this period. It was a kaza centre in İslimye sanjak of Edirne Province before 1878. After the Liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule in 1878, Nesebar became part of the autonomous Ottoman province of Eastern Rumelia as a kaza centre in Burgaz sanjak until it united with the Principality of Bulgaria in 1886.
+
+Around the end of the 19th century Nesebar was a small town of Greek fishermen and vinegrowers, but developed as a key Bulgarian seaside resort since the beginning of the 20th century. After 1925 a new town part was built and the historic Old Town was restored.
+
+Nesebar is sometimes said to be the town with the highest number of churches per capita.[1], [2] Although this might be wrong, their number and variety is still impressive. Some of the most famous include:
+
+Whether built during the Byzantine, Bulgarian or Ottoman rule of the city, the churches of Nesebar represent the rich architectural heritage of the Eastern Orthodox world and illustrate the gradual development from Early Christian basilicas to medieval cross-domed churches.
+
+Nesebar Gap on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Nesebar.",Burgas Province,cultural,,Burgas Province,,[Evaluation|http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/217.pdf]#[Gallery of pictures from Nesebar|http://www.pbase.com/ngruev/nesebur]#[Folklore Ensemble Slanchev Bryag – Nessebar|http://www.nessebar-folk.com/]#[Ancient Nesebar|http://www.ancient-nessebar.com/]#[Portal of Nessebar|http://www.nessebar-bulgaria.com/],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesebar,,"[iii],[iv]",BG,270000.0,Ancient City of Nessebar,Bulgaria,217,1983,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/217
+Tiya,8.43491,38.6121,"Tiya is a town in southern Ethiopia. Located in the Gurage Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region south of Addis Ababa, the town has a latitude and longitude of 8°26′N 38°37′E / 8.433°N 38.617°E / 8.433; 38.617Coordinates: 8°26′N 38°37′E / 8.433°N 38.617°E / 8.433; 38.617.
+
+Tiya is best known for its adjacent archeological site, which is distinguished by 36 standing stones or stelae, ""32 of which are engraved with enigmatic symbols, notably swords,"" marking a large, prehistoric burial complex. A German ethnographic expedition had visited the site in April 1935, and had found at one hour's journey to the south of the caravan camp the stone monoliths with sword symbol, which had been seen earlier by Neuville and Père Azaïs. The archeological site was designated a World Heritage Site in 1980.
+
+Other points of interest near Tiya include Melka Awash, the Hera Shetan crater lake, and Agesoke a place where very tall naturally ordered stoneblocks could be seen.
+
+Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, Tiya has an estimated total population of 3,363 of whom 1,615 are men and 1,748 are women. The 1994 national census reported this town had a total population of 1,856 of whom 894 were males and 962 were females. Tiya is one of three towns in Soddo woreda.","Sodo woreda, Gurage zone, Southern Nation Nationalities & Peoples Region",cultural,,"Sodo woreda, Gurage zone, Southern Nation Nationalities & Peoples Region",,[UNESCO Tiya Site|http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/12],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiya,,"[i],[iv]",ET,,Tiya,Ethiopia,12,1980,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/12
+Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis,25.73333,32.6,"Thebes (Θῆβαι, Thēbai, Arabic: طيبة‎, Ṭībah) is the Greek name for a city in Ancient Egypt located about 800 km south of the Mediterranean, on the east bank of the river Nile. The Theban Necropolis is located nearby on the west bank of the Nile. Thebes was inhabited from around 3200 BC. It was the eponymous capital of Waset, the fourth Upper Egyptian nome. Waset was the capital of Egypt during part of the 11th Dynasty (Middle Kingdom) and most of the 18th Dynasty (New Kingdom), when Hatshepsut built a Red Sea fleet to facilitate trade between Thebes Red Sea port of Elim, modern Quasir, and Elat at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba. Traders bought frankincense, myrrh, bitumen, natron, fine woven linen, juniper oil and copper amulets for the mortuary industry at Karnak with Nubian gold. With the 19th Dynasty the seat of government moved to the Delta. The archaeological remains of Thebes offer a striking testimony to Egyptian civilization at its height. The Greek poet Homer extolled the wealth of Thebes in the Iliad, Book 9 (c. 8th Century BC): ""... in Egyptian Thebes the heaps of precious ingots gleam, the hundred-gated Thebes.""
+
+The name Thebai is the Greek designation of the ancient Egyptian opet ""The Karnak Temple"" (from coptic ta-pe, Ta-opet became Thebai). At the seat of the Theban triad of Amun, Mut, and Khonsu, Thebes was known in the Egyptian language from the end of the New Kingdom as niwt-imn, ""The City of Amun."" This found its way into the Hebrew Bible as נא אמון nōʼ ʼāmôn (Nahum 3:8),""no"" in Hebrew meaning city with ""no amon"" or ""City of Amon"" referring to the Egyptian deity Amon-Ra, most likely it is also the same as נא (""No"") (Ezekiel 30:14). In Greek this name was rendered Διόσπολις Diospolis, ""City of Zeus"", as Zeus was the god whom the Greeks identified with Amun, see interpretatio graeca. The Greeks surnamed the city μεγάλη megale, ""the Great"", to differentiate it from numerous other cities called Diospolis. The Romans rendered the name Diospolis Magna.
+
+In modern usage, the mortuary temples and tombs on the west bank of the river Nile are generally thought of as part of Thebes.
+
+In 1979, the ruins of ancient Thebes were inscribed by UNESCO as a World Cultural Heritage site. The two great temples, now called Luxor (Arabic: الأقصر, Al-Uqṣur, ""The palaces"") and al-Karnak (الكرنك), the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens are among the great achievements of ancient Egypt.
+
+The site of Thebes is populated at least since the Middle Paleolithic.
+
+
+
+Coordinates: 25°43′14″N 32°36′37″E / 25.72056°N 32.61028°E / 25.72056; 32.61028",Governorate of Qina,cultural,,Governorate of Qina,,"[More information on ancient Thebes, a World Cultural Heritage site|http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/87/]#[Theban Mapping Project|http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/]#[Ramesseum/Ancient Thebes Digital Media Archive (photos, laser scans, panoramas)|http://archive.cyark.org/ancient-thebes-info]#[ICOMOS Heritage at Risk 2001/2002|http://www.international.icomos.org/risk/2001/egyp2001.htm]","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt",,"[i],[iii],[vi]",EG,73900000.0,Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis,Egypt,87,1979,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/87
+Historic City of Trogir,43.5125,16.25167,"",County of Split-Dalmatia,cultural,,County of Split-Dalmatia,,"",http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogir,,"[ii],[iv]",HR,64000.0,Historic City of Trogir,Croatia,810,1997,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/810
+Antigua Guatemala,14.566667,-90.666667,"La Antigua Guatemala (commonly referred to as just Antigua or La Antigua) is a city in the central highlands of Guatemala famous for its well-preserved Spanish Mudéjar-influencedBaroque architecture as well as a number of spectacular ruins of colonial churches. It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
+
+Antigua Guatemala serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of the same name. It also serves as the departmental capital of Sacatepéquez Department.
+
+The city had a peak population of some 60,000 in the 1770s; the bulk of the population moved away in the late 18th century. Despite significant population growth in the late 20th century, the city had only reached half that number by the 1990s. According to the 2007 census, the city has some 34,685 inhabitants.
+
+La Antigua Guatemala means the ""Old Guatemala"" and was the third capital of Guatemala. The first capital of Guatemala was founded on the site of a Kakchikel-Maya city, now called Iximche, on Monday, July 25, 1524—the day of Saint James—and therefore named Ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros de Goathemalan (City of Saint James of the Knights of Guatemala). Naturally, St. James became the patron saint of the city.
+
+After several Cakchiquel uprisings, the capital was moved to a more suitable site in the Valley of Alotenango (Rio Guacalate) on November 22, 1527, and kept its original name. When this city, on the site of present-day San Miguel Escobar, was destroyed on September 11, 1541 by a devastating lahar from the Volcán de Agua, the colonial authorities decided to move once more, this time to the Panchoy Valley. So, on March 10, 1543 the Spanish conquistadors founded present-day Antigua, and again, it was named Santiago de los Caballeros. For more than 200 years it served as the seat of the military governor of the Spanish colony of Guatemala, a large region that included almost all of present-day Central America and the southernmost State of Mexico: Chiapas. In 1566 King Felipe II of Spain gave it the title of ""Muy Noble y Muy Leal"" (""Very Noble and Very Loyal"").
+
+On September 29, 1717, an estimated 7.4 magnitude earthquake hit Antigua Guatemala, and destroyed over 3,000 buildings. Much of the city's architecture was ruined. The damage the earthquake did to the city made authorities consider moving the capital to another city.
+
+In 1773, the Santa Marta earthquakes destroyed much of the town, which led to the third change in location for the city. The Spanish Crown ordered (1776) the removal of the capital to a safer location, the Valley of the Shrine, where Guatemala City, the modern capital of Guatemala, now stands. This new city did not retain its old name and was christened Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción (New Guatemala of the Ascension) and its patron saint is Our Lady of Ascension. The badly damaged city of Santiago de los Caballeros was ordered abandoned, although not everyone left, and was thereafter referred to as la Antigua Guatemala (the Old Guatemala).
+
+Central Park (Parque Central) is the heart of the city. The reconstructed fountain there is a popular gathering spot. Off to the side of the Central Park, the Arco de Santa Catalina is among the many notable architectural landmarks of La Antigua.
+
+La Antigua is noted for its very elaborate religious celebrations during Lent (Cuaresma), leading up to Holy Week (Semana Santa) and Easter (Pascua). Each Sunday in Lent, one of the local parishes sponsor a Procession through the streets of Antigua. Elaborate and beautiful artistic carpets predominantly made of dyed sawdust, flowers and even fruits and vegetables adorn the processions' path.
+
+Due to its popularity amongst tourists and its very well developed tourism infrastructure, Antigua Guatemala is often used as a central location in which many choose to set up base and from here, visit other tourist areas in Guatemala and Central America. Cruise ships that dock at Guatemalan ports offer trips to Antigua from both the Pacific and Atlantic.
+
+Antigua also holds a sizeable retirement community from the US as well as Europe as its colonial charm has appealed to many who have crossed paths with this enchanting and romantic town.
+
+Tourism is the main driver of the economy. Antigua is also a coffee producing region of Anacafé.
+
+Antigua is known as a destination for people who want to learn Spanish through immersion. There are many Spanish language schools in Antigua and it is one of the most popular and best recognized centers for Spanish language study by students from Europe and North America. Language institutes are one of the primary industries of Antigua, along with tourism.
+
+The University of San Carlos in Antigua was founded by the Papal Bull of Pope Innocent XI issued dated 18 June 1687.
+
+Antigua GFC football club has played in the Guatemala top division for several years but have been playing in the second division lately. Their home stadium is the Estadio Pensativo which has a capacity of 9,000. They are nicknamed Los panzas verdes (""Green bellies"").
+
+
+
+A number of restaurants can be found in Antigua. Many small eateries can be found at the Antigua marketplace located next to the central bus stop, next to the main market. U.S. style fast food restaurants including ""Burger King"", ""McDonald's"", as well as Guatemalan favorite ""Pollo Campero"" are in the city.
+
+Antigua is a growing tourist destination in Guatemala as it is close to Guatemala City but is much calmer and safer, with more tourist oriented activities. It is possible to take buses from Antigua to many parts of Guatemala, many travel agencies offer shuttles to the main touristic places: Monterrico beach, Atitlan Lake, Coban, Tikal or even Copan in Honduras, though the transportation is more central in Guatemala City.
+
+Three large volcanoes dominate the horizon around Antigua.
+
+The most commanding, to the south of the city, is the Volcán de Agua or ""Volcano of Water"", some 3766 meters (12,356 ft) high. When the Spanish arrived, the inhabitants of the zone, Kakchikel Mayas, called it Hunapú (and they still do). However, it became known as Volcán de Agua after a mudslide from the volcano buried the second site of the capital, which prompted the Spanish authorities to move the capital to present-day Antigua. The original site of the 2nd capital is now the village San Miguel Escobar.
+
+To the west of the city are a pair of peaks, Acatenango, last erupted in 1972, some 3976 meters (13045 ft) high, and the Volcán de Fuego or ""Volcano of Fire"", some 3763 meters (12346 ft) high. ""Fuego"" is famous for being almost constantly active at a low level. Smoke issues from its top daily, but larger eruptions are rare.
+
+Coordinates: 14°34′N 90°44′W / 14.567°N 90.733°W / 14.567; -90.733","Department of Sacatepéquez, Panchoy Valley",cultural,,"Department of Sacatepéquez, Panchoy Valley",,[Antigua Information and Directory site in English|http://www.antiguadailyphoto.com/]#[Official Site in Spanish|http://patrimoniomundialguatemala.org/la-antigua.html]#[Travel guide|http://roadtoantigua.com]#[Panoramic 360° Pictures of Antigua Guatemala|http://www.guate360.com/galeria/details.php?image_id=3],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala,,"[ii],[iii],[iv]",GT,490000.0,Antigua Guatemala,Guatemala,65,1979,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/65
+Archaeological Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia,45.768333,13.3675,"Aquileia (Friulian: Acuilee/Aquilee/Aquilea) is an ancient Roman city in what is now Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about 10 km from the sea, on the river Natiso (modern Natisone), the course of which has changed somewhat since Roman times. Today, it is one of the main archeological sites of Northern Italy.
+
+Aquileia was founded as a colony by the Romans in 180/181 BC along the Natissa River, on land south of the Julian Alps but about 8 miles north of the lagoons. Apparently named from an indigenous word Akylis, the colony served as a frontier fortress at the north-east corner of transpadane Italy and was intended to protect the Veneti, faithful Roman allies, during the Illyrian Wars and act as a buttress to check the advance of other warlike people, such as the hostile tribes of Carni and Histri. In fact, Aquileia was founded on a site not far from where Gaulish invaders had attempted to settle in 183 BC.
+
+The colony was established with Latin rights by the triumvirate of Publius Scipio Nasica, Caius Flaminius, and Lucius Manlius Acidinus, two of whom were of consular and one of praetorian rank. They led 3,000 pedites (infantry), mainly from Samnium, who with their families formed the bulk of the settlers and were soon supplemented by native Veneti. It is likely that Aquileia had been a center of Venetia even before the coming of the Romans. And Aquileia's strategic military position also served to promote the Venetic trade in amber imported from the Baltic.
+
+Aquileia was connected by road with Bologna probably in 173 BC; and subsequently with Genoa in 148 BC by the Via Postumia, which ran through Cremona, Bedriacum and Altinum, joining the first-mentioned road at Concordia, while the construction of the Via Popilia from Rimini to Ad Portum near Altinum in 132 BC improved the communications still further.
+
+In 169 BC, 1,500 more Latin colonists with their families were settled in the town as a reinforcement to the garrison. The discovery of the gold fields near the modern Klagenfurt in 130 BC brought it into notice, and it soon became a place of importance, not only owing to its strategic position, but as a centre of trade, especially in agricultural products and viticulture. It also had, in later times at least, considerable brickfields.
+
+The original Latin colony became a municipium probably in 90 BC. Citizens were ascribed to the Roman tribe Velina. The customs boundary of Italy was close by in Cicero's day. It was plundered by the Iapydes under Augustus, but, in the period of peace which followed, was able to develop its resources. Augustus visited it during the Pannonian wars in 12‑10 BC and it was the birthplace of Tiberius' son by Julia, in the latter year.
+
+It was the starting-point of several important roads leading to the north-eastern portion of the empire — the road (Via Iulia Augusta) by Iulium Carnicum to Veldidena (mod. Wilten, near Innsbruck), from which branched off the road into Noricum, leading by Virunum (Klagenfurt) to Laurieum (Lorch) on the Danube, the road into Pannonia, leading to Aemona (Ljubljana) and Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica), the road to Tarsatica (near Fiume, now Rijeka) and Siscia (Sisak), and that to Tergeste (Trieste) and the Istrian coast.
+
+Besides natives of Italy, Celts, Illyrians, Greeks, Egyptians, Jews, and Syrians all settled in the city and contributed to its commercial development. Jewish artisans established a flourishing trade in glasswork. Metal from Noricum was forged and exported. The ancient Venetic trade in amber from the Baltic was continued. Wine, especially its famous Pucinum was exported. Oil was imported from Proconsular Africa.
+
+In terms of religion, the Roman pantheon was adopted although a native sungod, Belenus, had a large following. Jews practiced their ancestral religion and it was perhaps some of these Jews who became the first Christians. Meanwhile, soldiers brought the martial cult of Mithras.
+
+In the war against the Marcomanni in 167, the town was hard pressed; its fortifications had fallen into disrepair during the long peace. Nevertheless, when in 168 Marcus Aurelius made Aquileia the principal fortress of the empire against the barbarians of the North and East, it rose to the pinnacle of its greatness and soon had a population of 100,000. In 238, when the town took the side of the Senate against the Emperor Maximinus Thrax, the fortifications were hastily restored, and proved of sufficient strength to resist for several months, until Maximinus himself was assassinated.
+
+During the 4th century, Aquileia maintained its importance. Constantine sojourned there on numerous occasions. It became a naval station and the seat of the Corrector Venetiarum et Histriae; a mint was established, of which the coins were very numerous, and the bishop obtained the rank of metropolitan archbishop. A council held in the city in 381 was only the first of a series of Councils of Aquileia that have been convened over the centuries.
+
+An imperial palace was constructed here, in which the emperors after the time of Diocletian frequently resided; and the city often played a part in the struggles between the rulers of the 4th century. In 340, Emperor Constantine II was killed under its walls while attempting to take the city from his younger brother Constans.
+
+At the end of the 4th century, Ausonius, enumerated Aquileia as the ninth among the great cities of the world, placing Rome, Mediolanum and Capua before it. However, it was besieged by Alaric and the Visigoths in 401, during which time some of its residents fled to the lagoons, and again unsuccessfully in 408. In 452, the city was so utterly destroyed by Attila's Huns that it was afterwards hard to recognize its original site. The Roman inhabitants, together with those of smaller towns in the neighborhood, fled to the lagoons, and so laid the foundations of the cities of Venice and nearby Grado.
+
+Yet Aquileia would rise again, though much diminished, and continue to exist until the Lombard invasion of 568. It was once more destroyed (590) by the Lombards. Meanwhile, the patriarch fled to the island town of Grado, which was under the protection of the Byzantines. When the patriarch residing in Grado was reconciled with Rome in 606, those continuing in their rejection of the Second Council of Constantinople elected a patriarch at Aquileia. Thus, the diocese was essentially divided into two parts, with the mainland patriarchate of Aquileia under the protection of the Lombards, and the insular patriarchate of Aquileia seated in Grado being protected by the exarchate of Ravenna and later the Doges of Venice, with the collusion of the Lombards. The line of the patriarchs elected in Aquileia would continue in schism until 699. However, although they kept the title of patriarch of Aquileia, they moved their residence first to Cormons and later to Cividale.
+
+The Lombard Dukes of Friuli ruled Aquileia and the surrounding mainland territory from Cividale. In 774, Charlemagne conquered the Lombard duchy and made it into a Frankish one with Eric of Friuli as duke. In 787, Charlemagne named the priest and master of grammar at the Palace School Paulinus the new patriarch of Aquileia. Although Paulinus resided mainly at Cividale, his successor Maxentius considered rebuilding Aquileia. However, the project never came to fruition.
+
+While Maxentius was patriarch, the pope approved the Synod of Mantua, which affirmed the precedence of the mainland patriarch of Aquileia over the patriarch of Grado. However, material conditions were soon to worsen for Aquileia. The ruins of Aquileia were continually pillaged for building material. And with the collapse of the Carolingians in the 10th century, the inhabitants would suffer under the raids of the Magyars.
+
+By the 11th century, the patriarch of Aquileia had grown strong enough to assert temporal sovereignty over Friuli and Aquileia. The Holy Roman Emperor gave the region to the patriarch as a feudal possession. However, the patriarch's temporal authority was constantly disputed and assailed by the territorial nobility.
+
+In 1027 and 1044 Patriarch Poppo of Aquileia, who rebuilt the cathedral of Aquileia, entered and sacked neighboring Grado, and, though the Pope reconfirmed the Patriarch of the latter in his dignities, the town never fully recovered, though it continued to be the seat of the Patriarchate until its formal transference to Venice in 1450.
+
+In the 14th century the Patriarchate reached its biggest extension, stretching from the Piave river to the Julian Alps and northern Istria. The seat of the Patriarchate of Aquileia had been transferred to Udine in 1238, but returned to Aquiliea in 1420 when Venice annexed the territory of Udine.
+
+In 1445, the defeated patriarch Ludovico Trevisan acquiesced in the loss of his ancient temporal estate in return for an annual salary of 5,000 ducats allowed him from the Venetian treasury. Henceforth only Venetians were allowed to hold the title of Patriarch of Aquileia. The Patriarchate was incorporated in the Republic of Venice with the name of Patria del Friuli, ruled by a General Proveditor or a ""Luogotenente"" living in Udine.
+
+It was finally officially suppressed in 1751, and the sees of Udine and Gorizia (Görz) established in its stead.
+
+The Cathedral of Aquileia is a flat-roofed basilica erected by Patriarch Poppo in 1031 on the site of an earlier church, and rebuilt about 1379 in the Gothic style by Patriarch Marquard von Randeck.
+
+The façade, in Romanesque-Gothic style, is connected by a portico to the Church of the Pagans, and the remains of the 5th century Baptistry. The interior has a nave and two aisles, with a noteworthy mosaic pavement from the 4th century. The wooden ceiling is from 1526, while the fresco decoration belongs to various ages: from the 4th century in the St. Peter's chapel of the apse area; from the 11th century in the apse itself; from the 12th century in the so-called ""Crypt of the Frescoes"", under the presbytery, with a cycle depicting the origins of Christianity in Aquileia and the history of St. Hermagoras, first bishop of the city.
+
+Next to the 11th century Romanesque chapel of the Holy Sepulchre, at the beginning of the left aisle, flooring of different ages can be seen: the lowest is from a Roman villa of the age of Augustus; the middle one has a typical cocciopesto pavemente; the upper one, bearing blackening from the Attila's fire, has geometrical decorations.
+
+Externally, behind the 9th century campanile and the apse, is the Cemetery of the Fallen, where ten unnamed soldiers of World War I are buried. Saint Hermangoras is also buried there.
+
+The ancient buildings of Aquileia served as stone quarries for centuries, and no edifices of the Roman period remain above ground. Excavations have revealed one street and the north-west angle of the town walls, while the National Archaeological Museum (one of the most important museums of Ancient Rome in the world) contains over 2,000 inscriptions, statues and other antiquities, as well as glasses of local production and a numismatics collection.
+
+The site of Aquileia, believed to be the largest Roman city yet to be excavated, is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
+
+In the Monastero fraction is a 5th century Christian basilica, later a Benedictine monastery, which today houses the Paleo-Christian Museum.","Province of Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region",cultural,,"Province of Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region",,[Aquileia virtual tour (Italian Landmarks)|http://www.burger.si/Italy/Aquileia/uvod_ENG.html]#[Pre-roman and Celtic Aquileia|http://www.terrediaquileia.it/docebo/doceboCms/index.php?special=changearea&newArea=572]#[Aquileia featured on 10 Euro Italian Coin|http://news.coinupdate.com/aquileia-euro-coin-from-the-italian-state-mint-0473/],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquileia,,"[iii],[iv],[vi]",IT,1550000.0,Archaeological Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia,Italy,825,1998,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/825

metadata

@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+--- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
+name: cartodb-rb-client-rails-322
+version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+  version: 0.4.3
+  prerelease: 
+platform: ruby
+authors:
+- Fernando Espinosa
+autorequire: 
+bindir: bin
+cert_chain: []
+date: 2012-09-22 00:00:00.000000000 Z
+dependencies:
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: typhoeus
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    none: false
+    requirements:
+    - - '='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.3.3
+  type: :runtime
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    none: false
+    requirements:
+    - - '='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.3.3
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: oauth
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    none: false
+    requirements:
+    - - '='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.4.5
+  type: :runtime
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    none: false
+    requirements:
+    - - '='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.4.5
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: mime-types
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    none: false
+    requirements:
+    - - ! '>='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '1.16'
+  type: :runtime
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    none: false
+    requirements:
+    - - ! '>='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '1.16'
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: activesupport
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    none: false
+    requirements:
+    - - ! '>='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 3.0.0
+  type: :runtime
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    none: false
+    requirements:
+    - - ! '>='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 3.0.0
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: i18n
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    none: false
+    requirements:
+    - - ! '>='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.5.0
+    - - <=
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.8.0
+  type: :runtime
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    none: false
+    requirements:
+    - - ! '>='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.5.0
+    - - <=
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.8.0
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: rgeo
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    none: false
+    requirements:
+    - - ! '>='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.3.2
+  type: :runtime
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    none: false
+    requirements:
+    - - ! '>='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.3.2
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: rgeo-geojson
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    none: false
+    requirements:
+    - - ! '>='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.2.1
+  type: :runtime
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    none: false
+    requirements:
+    - - ! '>='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.2.1
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: pg
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    none: false
+    requirements:
+    - - ! '>='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.11.0
+    - - <=
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.13.2
+  type: :runtime
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    none: false
+    requirements:
+    - - ! '>='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.11.0
+    - - <=
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.13.2
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: json
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    none: false
+    requirements:
+    - - ! '>='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 1.5.3
+  type: :runtime
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    none: false
+    requirements:
+    - - ! '>='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 1.5.3
+description: Allows quick and easy connection to the cartodb API.
+email:
+- ferdev@vizzuality.com
+executables: []
+extensions: []
+extra_rdoc_files: []
+files:
+- .gitignore
+- .rvmrc
+- .travis.yml
+- Gemfile
+- LICENSE
+- README.markdown
+- Rakefile
+- cartodb-rb-client.gemspec
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/client.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/client/authorization.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/client/cache.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/client/connection.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/client/connection/base.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/client/connection/cartodb.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/client/connection/postgres.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/client/error.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/client/utils.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/helpers.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/helpers/sql_helper.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/init.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/libs.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/libs/object.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/libs/string.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/model.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/model/base.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/model/constants.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/model/defaults.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/model/geo.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/model/getters.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/model/persistence.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/model/query.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/model/schema.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/model/scope.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/model/setters.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/types.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/types/metadata.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/cartodb/types/pg_result.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/install_utils.rb
+- lib/cartodb-rb-client/version.rb
+- run_tests.sh
+- spec/client_spec.rb
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_add_and_remove_colums_in_a_previously_created_table.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_allow_reserved_words_in_columns_names.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_change_a_previously_created_column.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_create_a_table_and_get_its_table_definition.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_create_a_table_forcing_the_schema_and_get_its_table_definition.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_create_a_table_from_a_csv_file.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_create_a_table_with_MULTILINESTRING_type_geometry.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_create_a_table_with_MULTIPOLYGON_type_geometry.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_create_a_table_with_POINT_type_geometry.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_delete_a_table_s_row.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_drop_a_table.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_escape_properly_input_data_in_insert_queries.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_execute_a_select_query_and_return_results.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_get_a_table_by_its_name.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_import_any_kind_of_data_file.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_insert_a_row_in_a_table.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_paginate_records.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_rename_an_existing_table.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_return_errors_on_invalid_queries.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_return_nil_when_requesting_a_table_which_does_not_exists.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_return_user_s_table_list.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_update_a_row_in_a_table.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_data_methods/should_destroy_a_previously_created_record.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_data_methods/should_initialize_attributes_of_the_model_without_persisting_them.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_data_methods/should_persist_into_cartodb_using_the_save_method.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_data_methods/should_persist_into_cartodb_using_the_static_create_method.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_data_methods/should_save_polygons_in_different_formats.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_data_methods/should_update_an_existing_record.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_metadata_methods/should_add_more_columns_if_the_table_previously_exists.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_metadata_methods/should_contain_an_array_of_columns.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_metadata_methods/should_create_a_table_with_custom_name_if_specified.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_metadata_methods/should_create_model_with_custom_data_types_columns.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_metadata_methods/should_create_model_with_polygon_type_geometry_columns.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_metadata_methods/should_create_the_table_in_cartodb_if_it_doesn_t_exists.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_metadata_methods/should_have_a_valid_CartoDB_Client_instance_as_a_connection_object.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_metadata_methods/should_have_a_valid_table_name.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_metadata_methods/should_return_only_data_columns.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_scopes/should_allow_to_select_the_specified_fiels.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_scopes/should_count_all_records.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_scopes/should_find_a_record_by_its_id.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_scopes/should_order_results.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_scopes/should_paginate_results.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_scopes/should_return_all_records_paginated.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_scopes/should_search_records_by_certain_filters.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/cartodb_spec_models.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/clean_tables.yml
+- spec/model/data_spec.rb
+- spec/model/metadata_spec.rb
+- spec/model/scopes_spec.rb
+- spec/model_specs_helper.rb
+- spec/spec_helper.rb
+- spec/support/cartodb_config.yml
+- spec/support/cartodb_config.yml.sample
+- spec/support/cartodb_factories.rb
+- spec/support/cartodb_helpers.rb
+- spec/support/cartodb_models.rb
+- spec/support/data/110m-glaciated-areas.zip
+- spec/support/data/CartoDB_csv_export.zip
+- spec/support/data/CartoDB_shp_export.zip
+- spec/support/data/rmnp.kml
+- spec/support/data/states.kml.zip
+- spec/support/database.yml
+- spec/support/shp/cereal.dbf
+- spec/support/shp/cereal.shp
+- spec/support/shp/cereal.shx
+- spec/support/shp/cereal.zip
+- spec/support/shp/parcelas.dbf
+- spec/support/shp/parcelas.shp
+- spec/support/shp/parcelas.shx
+- spec/support/shp/parcelas.zip
+- spec/support/shp/zonas.dbf
+- spec/support/shp/zonas.shp
+- spec/support/shp/zonas.shx
+- spec/support/shp/zonas.zip
+- spec/support/whs_features.csv
+- spec/support/whs_features.csv.zip
+- spec/support/whs_features_temp.csv
+homepage: http://github.com/vizzuality/cartodb-rb-client
+licenses:
+- BSD
+post_install_message: 
+rdoc_options: []
+require_paths:
+- lib
+required_ruby_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+  none: false
+  requirements:
+  - - ! '>='
+    - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+      version: '0'
+required_rubygems_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+  none: false
+  requirements:
+  - - ! '>='
+    - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+      version: 1.3.6
+requirements: []
+rubyforge_project: cartodb-rb-client
+rubygems_version: 1.8.24
+signing_key: 
+specification_version: 3
+summary: Ruby client for the cartoDB API
+test_files:
+- spec/client_spec.rb
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_add_and_remove_colums_in_a_previously_created_table.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_allow_reserved_words_in_columns_names.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_change_a_previously_created_column.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_create_a_table_and_get_its_table_definition.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_create_a_table_forcing_the_schema_and_get_its_table_definition.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_create_a_table_from_a_csv_file.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_create_a_table_with_MULTILINESTRING_type_geometry.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_create_a_table_with_MULTIPOLYGON_type_geometry.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_create_a_table_with_POINT_type_geometry.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_delete_a_table_s_row.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_drop_a_table.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_escape_properly_input_data_in_insert_queries.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_execute_a_select_query_and_return_results.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_get_a_table_by_its_name.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_import_any_kind_of_data_file.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_insert_a_row_in_a_table.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_paginate_records.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_rename_an_existing_table.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_return_errors_on_invalid_queries.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_return_nil_when_requesting_a_table_which_does_not_exists.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_return_user_s_table_list.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_client/should_update_a_row_in_a_table.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_data_methods/should_destroy_a_previously_created_record.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_data_methods/should_initialize_attributes_of_the_model_without_persisting_them.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_data_methods/should_persist_into_cartodb_using_the_save_method.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_data_methods/should_persist_into_cartodb_using_the_static_create_method.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_data_methods/should_save_polygons_in_different_formats.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_data_methods/should_update_an_existing_record.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_metadata_methods/should_add_more_columns_if_the_table_previously_exists.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_metadata_methods/should_contain_an_array_of_columns.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_metadata_methods/should_create_a_table_with_custom_name_if_specified.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_metadata_methods/should_create_model_with_custom_data_types_columns.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_metadata_methods/should_create_model_with_polygon_type_geometry_columns.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_metadata_methods/should_create_the_table_in_cartodb_if_it_doesn_t_exists.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_metadata_methods/should_have_a_valid_CartoDB_Client_instance_as_a_connection_object.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_metadata_methods/should_have_a_valid_table_name.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_metadata_methods/should_return_only_data_columns.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_scopes/should_allow_to_select_the_specified_fiels.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_scopes/should_count_all_records.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_scopes/should_find_a_record_by_its_id.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_scopes/should_order_results.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_scopes/should_paginate_results.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_scopes/should_return_all_records_paginated.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/CartoDB_model_scopes/should_search_records_by_certain_filters.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/cartodb_spec_models.yml
+- spec/fixtures/cassettes/clean_tables.yml
+- spec/model/data_spec.rb
+- spec/model/metadata_spec.rb
+- spec/model/scopes_spec.rb
+- spec/model_specs_helper.rb
+- spec/spec_helper.rb
+- spec/support/cartodb_config.yml
+- spec/support/cartodb_config.yml.sample
+- spec/support/cartodb_factories.rb
+- spec/support/cartodb_helpers.rb
+- spec/support/cartodb_models.rb
+- spec/support/data/110m-glaciated-areas.zip
+- spec/support/data/CartoDB_csv_export.zip
+- spec/support/data/CartoDB_shp_export.zip
+- spec/support/data/rmnp.kml
+- spec/support/data/states.kml.zip
+- spec/support/database.yml
+- spec/support/shp/cereal.dbf
+- spec/support/shp/cereal.shp
+- spec/support/shp/cereal.shx
+- spec/support/shp/cereal.zip
+- spec/support/shp/parcelas.dbf
+- spec/support/shp/parcelas.shp
+- spec/support/shp/parcelas.shx
+- spec/support/shp/parcelas.zip
+- spec/support/shp/zonas.dbf
+- spec/support/shp/zonas.shp
+- spec/support/shp/zonas.shx
+- spec/support/shp/zonas.zip
+- spec/support/whs_features.csv
+- spec/support/whs_features.csv.zip
+- spec/support/whs_features_temp.csv