carray 2.0.1 → 3.0.1

data/ext/ca_obj_face.c

@@ -0,0 +1,750 @@
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  Face mechanism — shared helpers, abstract CAFace base class, and
+  registration tables for state homogeneity / portability.
+
+  A Face is storage-identical to its parent (same data_type, same
+  layout) and performs no value transformation.  Storage ops therefore
+  thin-forward:
+    attach       parent attach + alias parent->ptr
+    sync         parent sync (alias path auto-propagates)
+    detach       release alias + parent detach
+    xfer_* /     delegate to parent
+      fill_data
+  Concrete Faces (CATime / CATimedelta / CARecord / ...) may
+  override individually; the default is pure thin-forward.
+
+  Also housed here:
+    rb_ca_face_template    struct duplication that carries subclass tail
+    ca_face_lift           re-wrap a view as a Face when the source was
+    ca_strip_face          walk down through Face parents to storage
+    CAFace abstract class  organisational relay in the class hierarchy
+    storage_to_scalar /    per-obj_type dispatch for element decode (read)
+      scalar_to_storage    and encode (write) between surface and storage
+    state-compatible /     homogeneity + portability registries used by
+      state-portable       promote_list / CAStack / MV producer
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#include "ruby.h"
+#include "carray.h"
+#include "ca_obj_face.h"
+
+/* ---- shared op helpers (thin-forward) ---- */
+
+void
+ca_face_attach (void *ap)
+{
+  CAView *cav = (CAView *) ap;
+  CArray    *ca  = (CArray *) ap;
+  ca_attach(cav->parent);
+  /* alias parent->ptr (Face has identical data layout, so copy is unneeded) */
+  ca->ptr = cav->parent->ptr;
+}
+
+void
+ca_face_sync (void *ap)
+{
+  CAView *cav = (CAView *) ap;
+  /* alias means no copy-back is needed; parent sync propagates */
+  ca_sync(cav->parent);
+}
+
+void
+ca_face_detach (void *ap)
+{
+  CAView *cav = (CAView *) ap;
+  CArray    *ca  = (CArray *) ap;
+  ca->ptr = NULL;  /* release alias (do not xfree — parent owns) */
+  ca_detach(cav->parent);
+}
+
+void
+ca_face_fill_data (void *ap, void *ptr)
+{
+  CAView *cav = (CAView *) ap;
+  ca_fill(cav->parent, ptr);
+}
+
+void
+ca_face_fill_addrs (void *ap, ca_size_t n, ca_size_t *addrs, void *ptr)
+{
+  CAView *cav = (CAView *) ap;
+  ca_fill_addrs(cav->parent, n, addrs, ptr);
+}
+
+void
+ca_face_fill_stride (void *ap, ca_size_t base, int8_t ndim,
+                            ca_size_t *counts, ca_size_t *steps, void *ptr)
+{
+  CAView *cav = (CAView *) ap;
+  ca_fill_stride(cav->parent, base, ndim, counts, steps, ptr);
+}
+
+void
+ca_face_xfer_index (void *ap, ca_size_t *idx, void *data, int dir)
+{
+  CAView *cav = (CAView *) ap;
+  ca_xfer_index(cav->parent, idx, data, dir);
+}
+
+void
+ca_face_xfer_addrs (void *ap, ca_size_t n, ca_size_t *addrs,
+                           void *data, int dir)
+{
+  CAView *cav = (CAView *) ap;
+  ca_xfer_addrs(cav->parent, n, addrs, data, dir);
+}
+
+void
+ca_face_xfer_stride (void *ap, ca_size_t *starts, ca_size_t *counts,
+                            ca_size_t *strides, void *data, int dir)
+{
+  CAView *cav = (CAView *) ap;
+  ca_xfer_stride(cav->parent, starts, counts, strides, data, dir);
+}
+
+void
+ca_face_xfer_all (void *ap, void *data, int dir)
+{
+  CAView *cav = (CAView *) ap;
+  ca_xfer_all(cav->parent, data, dir);
+}
+
+/* rb_ca_face_template(original_face, new_parent, new_dim) — duplicate
+ * the CArray struct of original_face (including its subclass tail) and
+ * return a new Face VALUE bound to new_parent with its own shape.
+ *
+ * Called from ca_face_lift and from subclass lift / clone / dup paths. */
+VALUE
+rb_ca_face_template (VALUE original_face, CArray *new_parent,
+                     ca_size_t *new_dim)
+{
+  CArray   *src;
+  CArray   *dst;
+  CAView *vdst;
+  size_t    size;
+  const rb_data_type_t *tdata;
+
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(original_face, CArray, &carray_data_type, src);
+  tdata = ca_typeddata[src->obj_type];
+
+  /* Actual subclass size (incl. tail) — via TypedData's dsize callback */
+  size = (tdata && tdata->function.dsize)
+            ? tdata->function.dsize(src)
+            : sizeof(CAView);
+
+  dst = (CArray *) xmalloc(size);
+  /* CAREFUL: the whole-struct memcpy is how a C-tail Face
+     (CATime.unit, CARecord.data_class, ...) carries its subclass
+     state without per-subclass knowledge.  It necessarily also copies
+     the CAView instance-state prefix — shape, attach state, and
+     framework-owned storage pointers — which must be reset below
+     before the new struct is exposed to GC. */
+  memcpy(dst, src, size);
+
+  /* CAREFUL: reset every field that was copied above but must not be
+     inherited from src.  The framework-owned _pool / dim in
+     particular must be allocated fresh — reusing src's pool buffer
+     would alias it and double-free at GC.  Pool-migrated obj_types
+     route through ca_array_pool_alloc; legacy ones fall back to
+     ALLOC_N.  Any raw struct copy of a CArray-family object owes
+     this reset. */
+  vdst = (CAView *) dst;
+  vdst->parent  = new_parent;
+  vdst->attach  = 0;
+  vdst->nosync  = 0;
+  dst->ptr      = NULL;
+  dst->mask     = NULL;
+  dst->elements = new_parent->elements;
+  dst->_pool    = NULL;
+  if ( ca_func[src->obj_type].pool_init ) {
+    ca_array_pool_alloc(dst, src->obj_type, new_parent->ndim);  /* ndim + _pool + dim */
+  }
+  else {
+    dst->ndim = new_parent->ndim;
+    dst->dim  = ALLOC_N(ca_size_t, new_parent->ndim);
+  }
+  memcpy(dst->dim,
+         new_dim ? new_dim : new_parent->dim,
+         sizeof(ca_size_t) * new_parent->ndim);
+
+  return TypedData_Wrap_Struct(CLASS_OF(original_face),
+                                (rb_data_type_t *) tdata,
+                                dst);
+}
+
+/* ca_face_lift(view, face_parent) — at the tail of user-facing entry
+ * points (`ca[...]` etc.), when the operand was a Face, re-wrap the
+ * resulting view as a Face of the same subclass.  Thin wrapper over
+ * rb_ca_face_template.
+ *
+ * Caller (rb_ca_aref / rb_ca_store) must have already checked that
+ * face_parent carries the CA_FLAG_IS_FACE flag. */
+VALUE
+ca_face_lift (VALUE view, VALUE face_parent)
+{
+  CArray *view_ca;
+  VALUE  lifted;
+  static ID id_copy_state = 0;
+  if ( id_copy_state == 0 ) id_copy_state = rb_intern("copy_state");
+
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(view, CArray, &carray_data_type, view_ca);
+
+  /* Idempotent lift: if the view is already a Face of the same class as
+     face_parent, it has already been lifted — a builder that lifts internally
+     (e.g. rb_ca_refer_new → rb_ca_refer) whose caller lifts the result again.
+     Re-wrapping would stack an adjacent same-class double Face; return the
+     already-lifted view unchanged.  Same *class* (not just obj_type) so two
+     distinct CAObject-based Faces, which share obj_type CA_OBJ_OBJECT, are not
+     conflated — that is a legitimate stack and must proceed to a real lift. */
+  if ( ca_is_face(view_ca)
+       && rb_obj_class(view) == rb_obj_class(face_parent) ) {
+    return view;
+  }
+
+  /* CAREFUL: rewrite view's data_type to the storage data_type before
+     lifting.  view-creation inherits the Face's surface data_type
+     (often CA_FIXLEN), but the invariant is that Face.parent.data_type
+     is always the storage type — so view (the new Face's parent-to-be)
+     must carry the storage type, and only the new Face wrapper
+     presents the surface. */
+  {
+    CArray *fp, *p;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(face_parent, CArray, &carray_data_type, fp);
+    p = fp;
+    while (p && ca_is_face(p)) {
+      p = ((CAView *) p)->parent;
+    }
+    if (p && p->data_type != view_ca->data_type) {
+      view_ca->data_type = p->data_type;
+    }
+
+    /* §8.3 one-level local swap: put the view where the Face used to sit, so
+       the lifted chain carries exactly ONE Face (the new wrapper) rather than
+       a redundant intermediate Face.  A fetch-path builder builds its view on
+       the un-stripped Face operand, leaving view->parent == the Face; move it
+       down ONE level to fp->parent.  Never a full strip_face walk: an inner
+       distinct Face the user stacked underneath (docs/topics/CAFace.md §8.3) must be
+       preserved, and fp->parent points at it.  Guard on pointer-equality so
+       only a view built directly on this Face fires (order.c builds on
+       stripped storage → no-op).  CAStack (multi-parent) is excluded here and
+       handled by builder-side pre-strip.  data_type above stays a full strip
+       (surface concern, §8 #7) — the parent pointer is the structural concern
+       (§8.3); the two axes are deliberately separate. */
+    if ( ((CAView *) view_ca)->parent == fp
+         && ! ca_test_flag(view_ca, CA_FLAG_MULTI_PARENTS) ) {
+      ((CAView *) view_ca)->parent = ((CAView *) fp)->parent;   /* C pointer: one level */
+      rb_ca_set_parent(view, rb_ca_parent(face_parent));        /* @parent ivar: lockstep */
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Pass view_ca->dim explicitly: passing new_dim=NULL would adopt
+     new_parent->dim, but new_parent here is the (typically) narrower
+     view. */
+  lifted = rb_ca_face_template(face_parent, view_ca, view_ca->dim);
+  /* Pin view as a GC root of lifted so the slice is not collected. */
+  rb_ca_set_parent(lifted, view);
+
+  /* Optional Ruby callback for ivar / state carry.  Faces holding
+     semantic state in the struct tail (CATime / CATimedelta
+     etc.) auto-carry via the template memcpy; Faces holding state in
+     Ruby ivars (Ruby-implemented CAObject-derived Faces etc.) should
+     override copy_state to copy them. */
+  if ( rb_respond_to(face_parent, id_copy_state) ) {
+    rb_funcall(lifted, id_copy_state, 1, face_parent);
+  }
+
+#ifdef CARRAY_DEV_BUILD
+  /* Soundness tripwire (docs/internal/FaceLiftSoundness.md §0/§7): after a lift the view
+     node under the new Face must not point back at the Face we lifted from —
+     the §8.3 one-level swap must have moved it exactly one level, so a
+     redundant middle Face is structurally caught here, wherever it enters.
+     Skip only when the lifted node is not a view (the ordering kernels lift a
+     fresh entity result — no swap applies).  Multi-parent CAStack is covered:
+     its parents are pre-stripped in the builder (ca_stack_setup_with_axis), so
+     ->parent (slot 0) is storage; this checks that slot. */
+  {
+    CArray *lifted_ca, *lp, *fps;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(lifted, CArray, &carray_data_type, lifted_ca);
+    lp = CAVIEW(lifted_ca)->parent;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(face_parent, CArray, &carray_data_type, fps);
+    if ( lp && ca_is_view(lp) ) {
+      if ( CAVIEW(lp)->parent == fps ) {
+        rb_bug("ca_face_lift: §8.3 one-level swap did not fire — redundant "
+               "middle Face (view->parent still points at the lifted Face)");
+      }
+      if ( ca_is_face(lp) && lp->obj_type == fps->obj_type ) {
+        rb_bug("ca_face_lift: adjacent same-class double Face under the lifted "
+               "wrapper (CAFace.md §8 #2/#3)");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  return lifted;
+}
+
+/* ca_lazy_marker_lift(view, marker) — the CALazyMarker half of
+ * ca_wrapper_lift.  Same invariant as the Face lift (wrapper on top, view
+ * built against what the wrapper wraps) reached by a shorter route: a
+ * marker carries no subclass state, so there is nothing for
+ * rb_ca_face_template's struct copy to preserve, and building a fresh
+ * marker over the view gets data_type, bytes, shape, mask and flags right
+ * by construction.  That last part is load-bearing for `refer(type)`,
+ * where the view's data_type differs from the one the old marker copied
+ * off the entity.
+ *
+ * The one piece it shares with the Face lift is the one-level swap: the
+ * builder handed us a view whose parent is the marker, and leaving it
+ * there would stack a redundant marker in the middle. */
+static VALUE
+ca_lazy_marker_lift (VALUE view, VALUE marker)
+{
+  CArray *view_ca, *mp;
+  extern VALUE rb_ca_lazy_marker_new (VALUE cary);
+
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(view, CArray, &carray_data_type, view_ca);
+
+  /* Idempotent: a builder that wrapped internally already returned a
+     marker (mirrors the same guard in ca_face_lift). */
+  if ( ca_is_lazy_marker(view_ca) ) {
+    return view;
+  }
+
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(marker, CArray, &carray_data_type, mp);
+
+  /* One-level swap (CAFace.md section 8.3, same reasoning): move the view
+     off the marker and onto what the marker wraps.  Guarded on pointer
+     equality so only a view built directly on this marker fires. */
+  if ( ca_is_view(view_ca)
+       && ((CAView *) view_ca)->parent == mp
+       && ! ca_test_flag(view_ca, CA_FLAG_MULTI_PARENTS) ) {
+    ((CAView *) view_ca)->parent = ((CAView *) mp)->parent;  /* C pointer */
+    rb_ca_set_parent(view, rb_ca_parent(marker));            /* @parent ivar */
+  }
+
+  return rb_ca_lazy_marker_new(view);
+}
+
+/* ca_wrapper_lift(view, wrapper, wrapper_ca) — dispatch for
+ * CA_WRAPPER_LIFT.  The macro has already established that wrapper_ca
+ * carries one of the two flags and that view is a CArray. */
+VALUE
+ca_wrapper_lift (VALUE view, VALUE wrapper, void *wrapper_ca)
+{
+  CArray *ca = (CArray *) wrapper_ca;
+
+  if ( ca_is_face(ca) ) {
+    CArray *view_ca;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(view, CArray, &carray_data_type, view_ca);
+    /* Some builders (select / repeat / ...) lift their own result; a
+       second lift here would double-wrap.  Mirrors the guard the `[]`
+       call site used to carry inline. */
+    if ( ca_is_face(view_ca) ) {
+      return view;
+    }
+    return ca_face_lift(view, wrapper);
+  }
+
+  return ca_lazy_marker_lift(view, wrapper);
+}
+
+/* ca_strip_face(src) — walk down through Face parents to the storage
+ * CArray.  Called at kernel_iterator entry and lazy chain endpoints
+ * where downstream code needs to observe the storage layout, not the
+ * Face surface. */
+CArray *
+ca_strip_face (CArray *src)
+{
+  while (src && ca_is_face(src)) {
+    src = ((CAView *) src)->parent;
+  }
+  return src;
+}
+
+/* rb_ca_strip_face_value(v) — VALUE-level counterpart to ca_strip_face.
+ * Walks down the Face `parent` ivar chain and returns the root storage
+ * VALUE (a non-Face CArray).  Non-Face input is returned as-is.
+ *
+ * Used by ordering / search kernel dispatchers where the switch on
+ * data_type must see storage type instead of Face surface (CA_FIXLEN),
+ * and where subsequent `rb_ca_template*` calls must not re-lift the
+ * result into a Face wrapper (index / addr / linear outputs are not
+ * Face-semantic).  Complements ca_strip_face on the C-struct axis. */
+VALUE
+rb_ca_strip_face_value (VALUE v)
+{
+  CArray *ca;
+  if ( ! rb_obj_is_kind_of(v, rb_cCArray) ) return v;
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(v, CArray, &carray_data_type, ca);
+  while ( ca_is_face(ca) ) {
+    v = rb_ca_parent(v);
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(v, CArray, &carray_data_type, ca);
+  }
+  return v;
+}
+
+/* CAFace — abstract marker class used as the code-organisation relay
+   for the Face mechanism.  The semantic gate is CA_FLAG_IS_FACE only,
+   read via ca_is_face(); the class hierarchy is organisation, not the
+   basis for the predicate.  CAObject-derived Faces satisfy
+   ca_is_face()=true without inheriting CAFace at the Ruby level.
+
+   caface_data_type is a TypedData chain entry with no callbacks;
+   subclasses provide their own dmark / dfree / dsize.
+
+   rb_cCAFace's allocator is sealed off so the class cannot be
+   instantiated directly; it exists only as the inheritance target
+   for concrete Faces (CATime / CATimedelta / CARecord / ...). */
+
+VALUE rb_cCAFace;
+
+const rb_data_type_t caface_data_type = {
+    .wrap_struct_name = "CAFace",
+    .parent = &caview_data_type,
+    .function = {
+        .dmark = NULL,    /* subclass overrides */
+        .dfree = NULL,    /* subclass overrides */
+        .dsize = NULL,    /* subclass overrides */
+    },
+    .flags = RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
+};
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ca_face_s_allocate_forbidden (VALUE klass)
+{
+  rb_raise(rb_eTypeError,
+           "CAFace is abstract; instantiate a concrete Face subclass "
+           "(CATime / CATimedelta / ...)");
+}
+
+/* Face-local C dispatch table for storage_to_scalar (the read/decode
+   direction).  Sized to CA_OBJ_TYPE_MAX so any registered obj_type can be
+   indexed directly; file-scope zero-init leaves unregistered slots NULL. */
+ca_face_storage_to_scalar_fn ca_face_storage_to_scalar_table[CA_OBJ_TYPE_MAX];
+
+void
+ca_face_register_storage_to_scalar (int obj_type, ca_face_storage_to_scalar_fn fn)
+{
+  if ( obj_type < 0 || obj_type >= CA_OBJ_TYPE_MAX ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "ca_face_register_storage_to_scalar: obj_type %d out of range",
+             obj_type);
+  }
+  ca_face_storage_to_scalar_table[obj_type] = fn;
+}
+
+/* Face-local C dispatch table for scalar_to_storage (the write/encode
+   direction), the mirror of the decode table above.  Unregistered slots
+   stay NULL; a Face without a C fast path relies on the Ruby fallback in
+   ca_face_scalar_to_storage (carray_cast.c). */
+ca_face_scalar_to_storage_fn ca_face_scalar_to_storage_table[CA_OBJ_TYPE_MAX];
+
+void
+ca_face_register_scalar_to_storage (int obj_type, ca_face_scalar_to_storage_fn fn)
+{
+  if ( obj_type < 0 || obj_type >= CA_OBJ_TYPE_MAX ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "ca_face_register_scalar_to_storage: obj_type %d out of range",
+             obj_type);
+  }
+  ca_face_scalar_to_storage_table[obj_type] = fn;
+}
+
+/* -- Face state homogeneity check -- */
+
+ca_face_state_compatible_fn ca_face_state_compatible_table[CA_OBJ_TYPE_MAX];
+
+void
+ca_face_register_state_compatible (int obj_type, ca_face_state_compatible_fn fn)
+{
+  if ( obj_type < 0 || obj_type >= CA_OBJ_TYPE_MAX ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "ca_face_register_state_compatible: obj_type %d out of range",
+             obj_type);
+  }
+  ca_face_state_compatible_table[obj_type] = fn;
+}
+
+/* Detect whether `va`'s class overrides `face_state_compatible?` (= the
+   method is owned by a class other than rb_cCArray). Uses #method / #owner
+   reflection; called only on the cold path (no C hook registered). */
+static int
+ca_face_has_ruby_state_check (VALUE va)
+{
+  static ID id_face_state_compatible_p = 0;
+  static ID id_method = 0;
+  static ID id_owner  = 0;
+  VALUE m, owner;
+  if ( id_face_state_compatible_p == 0 ) {
+    id_face_state_compatible_p = rb_intern("face_state_compatible?");
+    id_method                  = rb_intern("method");
+    id_owner                   = rb_intern("owner");
+  }
+  m = rb_funcall(va, id_method, 1, ID2SYM(id_face_state_compatible_p));
+  owner = rb_funcall(m, id_owner, 0);
+  return ( owner != rb_cCArray ) ? 1 : 0;
+}
+
+int
+ca_face_state_compatible (VALUE va, CArray *a, VALUE vb, CArray *b)
+{
+  ca_face_state_compatible_fn fn = ca_face_state_compatible_table[a->obj_type];
+  if ( fn != NULL ) {
+    return fn(a, b);
+  }
+  if ( ca_face_has_ruby_state_check(va) ) {
+    VALUE r = rb_funcall(va, rb_intern("face_state_compatible?"), 1, vb);
+    return RTEST(r) ? 1 : 0;
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/* Ruby-side: CArray#face_state_compatible?(other) */
+static VALUE
+rb_ca_face_state_compatible_p (VALUE self, VALUE other)
+{
+  CArray *a, *b;
+
+  if ( ! rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, rb_cCArray) ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "face_state_compatible?: argument must be a CArray");
+  }
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(self,  CArray, &carray_data_type, a);
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(other, CArray, &carray_data_type, b);
+  if ( ! ca_is_face(a) || ! ca_is_face(b) ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "face_state_compatible?: both receiver and argument must be Face");
+  }
+  if ( a->obj_type != b->obj_type ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "face_state_compatible?: must be the same Face class");
+  }
+  return ca_face_state_compatible(self, a, other, b) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/* -- Face state portability -- */
+
+/* int8_t per slot to distinguish "unregistered" (-1, dispatch falls
+   through to Ruby fallback) from "registered as not-portable"
+   (0, e.g. CAConstString) and "registered as portable" (1). */
+int8_t ca_face_state_portable_table[CA_OBJ_TYPE_MAX];
+
+/* Per-obj_type bound Ruby class method returning the registered value.
+   Defined once for each obj_type that registers a value, so user-facing
+   `<FaceClass>.face_state_portable?` reflects the C table without
+   needing a reverse-lookup at every call. */
+static VALUE
+rb_ca_s_face_state_portable_true (VALUE klass)
+{
+  return Qtrue;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_ca_s_face_state_portable_false (VALUE klass)
+{
+  return Qfalse;
+}
+
+void
+ca_face_register_state_portable (int obj_type, int portable)
+{
+  if ( obj_type < 0 || obj_type >= CA_OBJ_TYPE_MAX ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "ca_face_register_state_portable: obj_type %d out of range",
+             obj_type);
+  }
+  ca_face_state_portable_table[obj_type] = portable ? 1 : 0;
+  /* Mirror to a singleton method on the class so Ruby-side
+     introspection (<FaceClass>.face_state_portable?) agrees with the
+     C table.  CAREFUL: ca_class[obj_type] must be set by
+     ca_install_obj_type before this call — Faces register from
+     within their Init_*, which runs after ca_install_obj_type. */
+  if ( !NIL_P(ca_class[obj_type]) ) {
+    rb_define_singleton_method(ca_class[obj_type], "face_state_portable?",
+                               portable ? rb_ca_s_face_state_portable_true
+                                        : rb_ca_s_face_state_portable_false,
+                               0);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Detect whether `klass`'s singleton class owns `face_state_portable?`
+   (= the predicate is defined on the Face class itself, not inherited
+   from rb_cCArray's metaclass).  Cold path; only consulted when no C
+   entry is registered. */
+static int
+ca_face_class_has_portable_method (VALUE klass)
+{
+  static ID id_face_state_portable_p = 0;
+  static ID id_method = 0;
+  static ID id_owner  = 0;
+  VALUE m, owner;
+  if ( NIL_P(klass) ) return 0;
+  if ( id_face_state_portable_p == 0 ) {
+    id_face_state_portable_p = rb_intern("face_state_portable?");
+    id_method                = rb_intern("method");
+    id_owner                 = rb_intern("owner");
+  }
+  if ( !rb_respond_to(klass, id_face_state_portable_p) ) return 0;
+  m = rb_funcall(klass, id_method, 1, ID2SYM(id_face_state_portable_p));
+  owner = rb_funcall(m, id_owner, 0);
+  /* owner is a (singleton) class — if it isn't rb_singleton_class(rb_cCArray)
+     or the singleton chain rooted at CArray, the Face class (or its
+     ancestor) has its own definition. */
+  return ( owner != rb_singleton_class(rb_cCArray) ) ? 1 : 0;
+}
+
+int
+ca_face_state_portable (int obj_type, VALUE klass)
+{
+  int8_t entry;
+  if ( obj_type < 0 || obj_type >= CA_OBJ_TYPE_MAX ) return 1;
+  entry = ca_face_state_portable_table[obj_type];
+  if ( entry >= 0 ) {
+    return entry ? 1 : 0;
+  }
+  if ( !NIL_P(klass) && ca_face_class_has_portable_method(klass) ) {
+    VALUE r = rb_funcall(klass, rb_intern("face_state_portable?"), 0);
+    return RTEST(r) ? 1 : 0;
+  }
+  return 1;   /* default portable */
+}
+
+/* CArray.face_state_portable? — class method on CArray.  Subclasses
+   (Face classes) override by defining their own `def self.face_state_portable?`.
+   This default returns true (= 1) for non-Face CArray classes; the actual
+   per-Face decision goes through ca_face_state_portable from C callers. */
+static VALUE
+rb_ca_s_face_state_portable_p (VALUE klass)
+{
+  return Qtrue;
+}
+
+/* CArray#face_lift(face_parent) — Ruby surface for ca_face_lift.
+   Used by CArray.stack to re-wrap a raw CAStack with the homogeneous
+   Face class carried by face_parent (typically list[0] after the
+   promote_list pass).  Delegates the data_type rewrite and optional
+   copy_state callback to ca_face_lift. */
+static VALUE
+rb_ca_face_lift_method (VALUE self, VALUE face_parent)
+{
+  CArray *fp;
+  if ( ! rb_obj_is_kind_of(face_parent, rb_cCArray) ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "face_lift: face_parent must be a CArray");
+  }
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(face_parent, CArray, &carray_data_type, fp);
+  if ( ! ca_is_face(fp) ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "face_lift: face_parent must be a Face instance");
+  }
+  return ca_face_lift(self, face_parent);
+}
+
+/* ca_face_reconcile_comparison(pself, pother) — Face gate for the element-
+ * wise comparison operators (< <= > >=, eq, ne; <=> composes from > and <).
+ * Mirrors the search query gate (PROPOSAL_FACE_ORDERING_GATE): when the LHS
+ * is a Face over NUMERIC storage, memcmp on the surface fixlen bytes would
+ * mis-order the storage, so descend to storage (ORDERABLE licenses that the
+ * numeric order equals the surface order) and reconcile the RHS:
+ *
+ *   - RHS is a Face: COMPARABLE self strips it; else it must respond to
+ *     to_comparable (reconcile to self's reference, e.g. unit alignment,
+ *     which may raise on loss); else raise.
+ *   - RHS is plain (bare number / non-Face array / Scalar): a direct storage
+ *     compare, which only a COMPARABLE self licenses -- a non-COMPARABLE
+ *     Face (e.g. a unit-bearing CATime) rejects it.
+ *
+ * A Face over FIXLEN storage (CARecord / string faces) is left untouched:
+ * memcmp on its bytes is already the correct order/equality, same as a plain
+ * fixlen array.  Both operands are rebound to storage via *pself / *pother.
+ * No-op when self is not a Face. */
+void
+ca_face_reconcile_comparison (volatile VALUE *pself, volatile VALUE *pother)
+{
+  VALUE self = *pself, other = *pother;
+  CArray *sc, *storage;
+
+  if ( ! rb_obj_is_kind_of(self, rb_cCArray) ) {
+    return;
+  }
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, CArray, &carray_data_type, sc);
+  if ( ! ca_is_face(sc) ) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  storage = ca_strip_face(sc);
+  if ( storage->data_type == CA_FIXLEN ) {
+    /* genuine fixlen semantics: memcmp is the correct comparison, leave
+       the Face(s) in place (same result as a plain fixlen array). */
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if ( ! ca_test_flag(sc, CA_FLAG_FACE_ORDERABLE_STORAGE) ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "comparison: Face operand (%s) is not orderable by storage; "
+             "use ca.parent to descend to storage",
+             rb_obj_classname(self));
+  }
+
+  {
+    VALUE self_ref = self;   /* reference before stripping (for to_comparable) */
+    int   comparable = ca_test_flag(sc, CA_FLAG_FACE_COMPARABLE_STORAGE);
+    int   other_is_face = 0;
+
+    if ( rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, rb_cCArray) ) {
+      CArray *oc;
+      TypedData_Get_Struct(other, CArray, &carray_data_type, oc);
+      other_is_face = ca_is_face(oc);
+    }
+
+    if ( comparable ) {
+      /* directly comparable Face reference: strip a Face operand, take a
+         plain operand as-is (storage compare is licensed). */
+      if ( other_is_face ) {
+        other = rb_ca_strip_face_value(other);
+      }
+    }
+    else if ( rb_respond_to(self_ref, rb_intern("to_comparable")) ) {
+      /* non-COMPARABLE Face reference: the reference brings the operand into
+         its own space (unit alignment / instant lift), whatever the operand
+         type -- Face CArray, our Scalar, a Ruby Time / DateTime, etc.  The
+         reference's to_comparable raises if it cannot reconcile it. */
+      other = rb_funcall(self_ref, rb_intern("to_comparable"), 1, other);
+      other = rb_ca_strip_face_value(other);
+    }
+    else {
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+               "comparison: non-comparable Face reference (%s) has no "
+               "to_comparable to reconcile the operand; use ca.parent to "
+               "compare the hidden storage explicitly",
+               rb_obj_classname(self_ref));
+    }
+
+    *pself  = rb_ca_strip_face_value(self);
+    *pother = other;
+  }
+}
+
+void
+Init_ca_face (void)
+{
+  int i;
+
+  /* CAREFUL: rb_cCAView must already exist (defined in ruby_carray.c
+     ahead of this Init) — CAFace inherits from it. */
+  rb_cCAFace = rb_define_class("CAFace", rb_cCAView);
+  rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cCAFace, rb_ca_face_s_allocate_forbidden);
+
+  /* Initialise the portable table to -1 for every slot so dispatch
+     can distinguish "explicitly registered 0" (CAConstString) from
+     "never registered" (falls through to the Ruby default). */
+  for ( i = 0; i < CA_OBJ_TYPE_MAX; i++ ) {
+    ca_face_state_portable_table[i] = -1;
+  }
+
+  rb_define_method(rb_cCArray, "face_state_compatible?",
+                   rb_ca_face_state_compatible_p, 1);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cCArray, "face_state_portable?",
+                             rb_ca_s_face_state_portable_p, 0);
+  rb_define_method(rb_cCArray, "face_lift", rb_ca_face_lift_method, 1);
+}