carray 2.0.1 → 3.0.0

data/ext/carray_core.c

@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 /* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-  carray_core.c
-
-  This file is part of Ruby/CArray extension library.
-
-  Copyright (C) 2005-2020 Hiroki Motoyoshi
+  Core runtime: obj_type registration (ca_install_obj_type), the
+  ca_func / ca_class / ca_typeddata dispatch tables, TypedData mark /
+  free, the attach lifecycle, and the per-cell / per-region / whole-view
+  transfer primitives (ca_xfer_index / _addrs / _stride / _all).
 
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 #include "carray.h"
+#include "carray_internal.h"   /* ca_lazy_arena_enter / _exit */
+#include "ca_iter_substrate.h"
 #include <stdarg.h>
 
 /* definition of ca_endian */
@@ -92,11 +93,7 @@ ca_valid[CA_NTYPE] = {
 #else
   0,
 #endif
-#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_FLOAT128_T
-  1,
-#else
-  0,
-#endif
+  0, /* CA_FLOAT128 (not built) */
 #ifdef HAVE_TYPE_CMPLX64_T
   1,
 #else
@@ -107,11 +104,7 @@ ca_valid[CA_NTYPE] = {
 #else
   0,
 #endif
-#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_CMPLX256_T
-  1,
-#else
-  0,
-#endif
+  0, /* CA_CMPLX256 (not built) */
   1
 };
 
@@ -131,10 +124,10 @@ ca_sizeof[CA_NTYPE] = {
   sizeof(uint64_t),
   sizeof(float32_t),
   sizeof(float64_t),
-  sizeof(float128_t),
+  0, /* float128_t (not built) */
   sizeof(cmplx64_t),
   sizeof(cmplx128_t),
-  sizeof(cmplx256_t),
+  0, /* cmplx256_t (not built) */
   sizeof(VALUE),
 };
 
@@ -154,10 +147,10 @@ ca_type_name[CA_NTYPE] = {
   "uint64",
   "float32",
   "float64",
-  "float128",
+  "(retired:float128)",
   "cmplx64",
   "cmplx128",
-  "cmplx256",
+  "(retired:cmplx256)",
   "object",
 };
 
@@ -242,16 +235,14 @@ ca_cast_table2[CA_NTYPE][CA_NTYPE] = {
 */
 
 void
-ca_init_obj_type ()
+ca_init_obj_type (void)
 {
   extern ca_operation_function_t ca_array_func;
   extern ca_operation_function_t ca_wrap_func;
   extern ca_operation_function_t ca_scalar_func;
-  extern ca_operation_function_t ca_refer_func;
-  extern ca_operation_function_t ca_block_func;
   extern ca_operation_function_t ca_select_func;
   extern ca_operation_function_t ca_object_func;
-  extern ca_operation_function_t ca_repeat_func;
+  extern ca_operation_function_t ca_stride_func;
   extern ca_operation_function_t ca_ubrep_func;
 
   /* CArray */
@@ -275,15 +266,22 @@ ca_init_obj_type ()
   ca_mask_class[CA_OBJ_SCALAR] = rb_cCArrayMask;
   ca_mask_typeddata[CA_OBJ_SCALAR] = &carray_mask_data_type;
 
-  /* CARefer */
-  ca_func[CA_OBJ_REFER]       = ca_refer_func;
+  /* CARefer (CAStride subclass).  The function table is
+     installed as ca_stride_func here as a baseline; Init_ca_obj_refer
+     overrides ca_func[CA_OBJ_REFER] with a copy that has custom
+     free_object (frees the mask0 tail) and custom create_mask
+     (handles byte-reinterpret cases). */
+  ca_func[CA_OBJ_REFER]       = ca_stride_func;
   ca_class[CA_OBJ_REFER]      = rb_cCARefer;
   ca_typeddata[CA_OBJ_REFER]  = &carefer_data_type;
   ca_mask_class[CA_OBJ_REFER] = rb_cCAReferMask;
   ca_mask_typeddata[CA_OBJ_REFER] = &carefer_mask_data_type;
 
-  /* CABlock */
-  ca_func[CA_OBJ_BLOCK]       = ca_block_func;
+  /* CABlock (CAStride subclass).  Baseline registered to
+     ca_stride_func; Init_ca_obj_block overrides with a copy that has
+     custom free_object (frees the tail arrays) and custom create_mask
+     (builds the mask as a CABlock with matching block parameters). */
+  ca_func[CA_OBJ_BLOCK]       = ca_stride_func;
   ca_class[CA_OBJ_BLOCK]      = rb_cCABlock;
   ca_typeddata[CA_OBJ_BLOCK]  = &cablock_data_type;
   ca_mask_class[CA_OBJ_BLOCK] = rb_cCABlockMask;
@@ -303,12 +301,13 @@ ca_init_obj_type ()
   ca_mask_class[CA_OBJ_OBJECT] = rb_cCArrayMask;
   ca_mask_typeddata[CA_OBJ_OBJECT] = &carray_mask_data_type;
 
-  /* CARepeat */
-  ca_func[CA_OBJ_REPEAT]      = ca_repeat_func;
+  /* CARepeat (subclass of CAStride; shares its function table and
+     TypedData entirely). */
+  ca_func[CA_OBJ_REPEAT]      = ca_stride_func;
   ca_class[CA_OBJ_REPEAT]     = rb_cCARepeat;
-  ca_typeddata[CA_OBJ_REPEAT] = &carepeat_data_type;
+  ca_typeddata[CA_OBJ_REPEAT] = &castride_data_type;
   ca_mask_class[CA_OBJ_REPEAT] = rb_cCARepeatMask;
-  ca_mask_typeddata[CA_OBJ_REPEAT] = &carepeat_mask_data_type;
+  ca_mask_typeddata[CA_OBJ_REPEAT] = &castride_mask_data_type;
 
   /* CAUnboundRepeat */
   ca_func[CA_OBJ_UNBOUND_REPEAT]  = ca_ubrep_func;
@@ -325,11 +324,12 @@ ca_init_obj_type ()
 */
 
 int
-ca_install_obj_type (VALUE klass, 
-                     const rb_data_type_t *typeddata, 
-                     VALUE mask_klass, 
-                     const rb_data_type_t *mask_typeddata, 
-                     ca_operation_function_t func)
+ca_install_obj_type (VALUE klass,
+                     const rb_data_type_t *typeddata,
+                     VALUE mask_klass,
+                     const rb_data_type_t *mask_typeddata,
+                     const ca_operation_function_t *func,
+                     size_t func_size)
 {
   int obj_type  = ca_obj_num++;
 
@@ -339,10 +339,31 @@ ca_install_obj_type (VALUE klass,
              CA_OBJ_TYPE_MAX);
   }
 
-  func.obj_type = obj_type;
+  if ( func_size > sizeof(ca_operation_function_t) ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
+             "operation table is larger than this carray's (%zu > %zu); "
+             "the caller was built against a newer carray",
+             func_size, sizeof(ca_operation_function_t));
+  }
+
+  /* Everything from xfer_index on was appended after the table's first
+     shape, so a caller may legitimately stop short of it.  Anything shorter
+     than that cannot dispatch at all. */
+  if ( func_size < offsetof(ca_operation_function_t, xfer_index) ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
+             "operation table is too small to dispatch (%zu < %zu)",
+             func_size,
+             (size_t) offsetof(ca_operation_function_t, xfer_index));
+  }
+
+  /* Copy by the caller's length and zero the rest: slots this build knows
+     about but the caller does not are NULL, which every dispatcher already
+     reads as "not provided". */
+  MEMZERO(&ca_func[obj_type], ca_operation_function_t, 1);
+  memcpy(&ca_func[obj_type], func, func_size);
+  ca_func[obj_type].obj_type = obj_type;
 
   ca_class[obj_type] = klass;
-  ca_func[obj_type]  = func;
   ca_typeddata[obj_type]  = typeddata;
   ca_mask_class[obj_type] = mask_klass;
   ca_mask_typeddata[obj_type]  = mask_typeddata;
@@ -396,47 +417,401 @@ ca_free_nop (void *ap)
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
+/* Returns true iff ca_attach(ca) is essentially O(1) (= no malloc /
+   copy):
+     - entity arrays (CA_REAL_ARRAY: already attached, ca->ptr valid)
+     - CAStride-family views whose composed strides are row-major
+       contiguous (the alias path takes parent->ptr + base_offset
+       without allocating)
+   Used by kernel_iterator's L1 alias decision (ca_iter_can_alias level 1)
+   and by overlay view dispatch.  The name says "is_alias" (a structural
+   property) rather than "is_cheap" (a cost claim): the predicate checks
+   whether ca can be aliased without materialise. */
+int
+ca_attach_is_alias (void *ap)
+{
+  CArray *ca = (CArray *) ap;
+  extern ca_operation_function_t ca_stride_func;
+  extern int ca_stride_is_contiguous (CAStride *ca);
+  extern int ca_stride_attach_aliases_root (CAStride *ca);
+
+  if ( ca == NULL ) return 0;
+  if ( ca_is_entity(ca) )  return 1;
+  /* CAStride family share ca_stride_func.attach (= ca_stride_func_attach).
+     The alias-attach fast path is taken iff composed strides are
+     row-major contiguous.  ca_stride_is_contiguous checks the leaf
+     view's own strides, which is what we want — the compose-fold to
+     root happens during attach itself; if leaf is contig and parent
+     chain is too (transitively, since each CAStride's strides are
+     composed against parent's), the alias path fires.
+
+     ...and iff there is parent memory to alias at the end of that fold.
+     A non-entity root has none to lend, so attach builds its own buffer
+     and writes through ca->ptr reach the root only via ca_sync.  Saying
+     "alias" there would let a caller write and skip the sync. */
+  if ( ca_func[ca->obj_type].attach == ca_stride_func.attach ) {
+    return ca_stride_is_contiguous((CAStride *) ca)
+           && ca_stride_attach_aliases_root((CAStride *) ca);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Allocate a reduction-output CArray for kernel_iterator authors.
+
+   Arguments:
+     self        Ruby VALUE wrapping the input CArray (source of the reduction).
+     slab_axes   sort-ascending list of axis indices that the kernel
+                 will walk per slab (= the axes removed from the output).
+                 May contain any K in [1..self.ndim]; the helper
+                 validates range and uniqueness.
+     naxes       length of slab_axes.  Must satisfy 0 < naxes <= self.ndim.
+     data_type   output data_type (CA_INT32 / CA_FLOAT64 / ... — any numeric
+                 data_type with non-zero ca_sizeof[]).  May differ from
+                 self's data_type (e.g. mean of int32 → float64).
+
+   Output shape:
+     - Partial reduction (naxes < self.ndim): self.dim with slab axes
+       removed in ascending order, ndim = self.ndim - naxes.
+     - Full reduction (naxes == self.ndim): shape [1] 1-D CArray
+       (kernel writes op[0] and the author wraps the result to a Ruby
+       Float / CScalar at their own discretion).
+
+   Same axis-validation rules as init_l2 CA_SLAB_AXES (= duplicates and
+   out-of-range raise ArgumentError so author input bugs surface here
+   rather than at the slab walk).  Mask is NULL on the output (=
+   reduction kernels populate it themselves if needed). */
+VALUE
+rb_ca_new_reduced_bytes (VALUE self, int8_t *slab_axes, int8_t naxes,
+                         int32_t data_type, ca_size_t bytes, int keep_axis)
+{
+  CArray *ca;
+  int8_t  k;
+
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, CArray, &carray_data_type, ca);
+
+  if ( naxes <= 0 || naxes > ca->ndim ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "rb_ca_new_reduced: naxes=%d invalid for ndim=%d",
+             (int) naxes, (int) ca->ndim);
+  }
+
+  int8_t in_slab[CA_RANK_MAX];
+  for ( k = 0; k < CA_RANK_MAX; k++ ) in_slab[k] = 0;
+  for ( k = 0; k < naxes; k++ ) {
+    int8_t ax = slab_axes[k];
+    if ( ax < 0 || ax >= ca->ndim ) {
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+               "rb_ca_new_reduced: slab_axes[%d]=%d out of range [0, %d)",
+               (int) k, (int) ax, (int) ca->ndim);
+    }
+    if ( in_slab[ax] ) {
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+               "rb_ca_new_reduced: duplicate axis %d in slab_axes", (int) ax);
+    }
+    in_slab[ax] = 1;
+  }
+
+  ca_size_t out_dim[CA_RANK_MAX];
+  int8_t    out_ndim = 0;
+  for ( k = 0; k < ca->ndim; k++ ) {
+    if ( !in_slab[k] ) {
+      out_dim[out_ndim++] = ca->dim[k];
+    }
+    else if ( keep_axis ) {
+      /* keep_axis: retain each reduced axis as a length-1 axis instead
+         of dropping it (= automation of view[..., :_]).
+         Element count and row-major order are unchanged, so the kernel
+         slab walk writes the output identically. */
+      out_dim[out_ndim++] = 1;
+    }
+  }
+  if ( out_ndim == 0 ) {
+    /* Full reduction without keep_axis: collapse to a 1-element array.
+       (With keep_axis, full reduction already produced [1, 1, ..., 1]
+       above so out_ndim == ca->ndim and this branch is not taken.) */
+    out_dim[0] = 1;
+    out_ndim   = 1;
+  }
+
+  if ( data_type < 0 || data_type >= CA_NTYPE ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "rb_ca_new_reduced: data_type=%d out of range", (int) data_type);
+  }
+  if ( bytes <= 0 ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "rb_ca_new_reduced: bytes=%ld invalid for data_type=%d",
+             (long) bytes, (int) data_type);
+  }
+
+  return rb_carray_new(data_type, out_ndim, out_dim, bytes, NULL);
+}
+
+/* Fixed-element-size wrapper: the byte width is looked up from ca_sizeof,
+   which rejects CA_FIXLEN / CA_OBJECT (runtime-width / VALUE cells).  A
+   reduction whose output is a runtime-width data_type (fixlen min / max)
+   must call rb_ca_new_reduced_bytes with the source's own byte width. */
+VALUE
+rb_ca_new_reduced (VALUE self, int8_t *slab_axes, int8_t naxes, int32_t data_type,
+                   int keep_axis)
+{
+  if ( data_type < 0 || data_type >= CA_NTYPE ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "rb_ca_new_reduced: data_type=%d out of range", (int) data_type);
+  }
+  ca_size_t bytes = ca_sizeof[data_type];
+  if ( bytes <= 0 ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "rb_ca_new_reduced: data_type=%d unsupported (CA_FIXLEN/OBJECT not supported)",
+             (int) data_type);
+  }
+  return rb_ca_new_reduced_bytes(self, slab_axes, naxes, data_type, bytes, keep_axis);
+}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Parse the variadic axis argument of a reduction kernel into a
+   sort-ascending
+   int8_t array, with full validation.
+
+   Accepts:
+     - Integer args:     kernel(0, 2, 3)        → axes = {0, 2, 3}
+     - Single Array arg: kernel([0, 2, 3])      → axes = {0, 2, 3}
+     - Negative axes (Python-style): -1 = innermost, normalised to
+       positive in-range indices before validation
+
+   Validation (raises ArgumentError on failure):
+     - argc == 0                          → no axes given
+     - naxes > ca->ndim                   → too many axes
+     - any axis out of [0, ca->ndim)      → range
+     - duplicate axes                     → duplicate
+
+   Returns the validated naxes (= count of axes written to out_axes[]).
+   out_axes[] is filled with the parsed axes in *input order* (= NOT
+   pre-sorted; canonicalisation to ascending order happens inside
+   init_l2 CA_SLAB_AXES, so callers can pass the user's order directly). */
+/* Core validation: takes raw items[] (each must be Integer / Symbol-able
+   to NUM2SIZE) of length `count`, normalises + range-checks + duplicate-
+   checks, fills out_axes[] in input order.  Shared between the legacy
+   variadic entry (rb_ca_parse_reduce_axes) and the kwarg entry
+   (rb_ca_parse_reduce_axes_kw).  ctx is a short label embedded in error
+   messages so callers can disambiguate which entry raised. */
+static int8_t
+parse_axes_items (const VALUE *items, int count, CArray *ca,
+                  int8_t *out_axes, const char *ctx)
+{
+  int    i;
+  int8_t seen[CA_RANK_MAX];
+
+  if ( count <= 0 ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "%s: empty axes array", ctx);
+  }
+  if ( count > CA_RANK_MAX ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "%s: too many axes (%d > CA_RANK_MAX=%d)",
+             ctx, count, CA_RANK_MAX);
+  }
+  if ( count > ca->ndim ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "%s: too many axes (%d > ndim=%d)",
+             ctx, count, (int) ca->ndim);
+  }
+
+  for ( i = 0; i < CA_RANK_MAX; i++ ) seen[i] = 0;
+  for ( i = 0; i < count; i++ ) {
+    ca_size_t a = NUM2SIZE(items[i]);
+    if ( a < 0 ) a += ca->ndim;
+    if ( a < 0 || a >= ca->ndim ) {
+      rb_raise(rb_eIndexError,
+               "%s: axis %ld out of range [0, %d)",
+               ctx, (long) a, (int) ca->ndim);
+    }
+    if ( seen[a] ) {
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+               "%s: duplicate axis %ld", ctx, (long) a);
+    }
+    seen[a] = 1;
+    out_axes[i] = (int8_t) a;
+  }
+
+  return (int8_t) count;
+}
+
+int8_t
+rb_ca_parse_reduce_axes (int argc, VALUE *argv, CArray *ca, int8_t *out_axes)
+{
+  int    i;
+
+  /* argc == 0 means "full reduction over all axes" -- matches legacy
+     CArray#sum etc.  This contract keeps the ki kernels drop-in
+     replacements for the legacy stat dispatchers. */
+  if ( argc <= 0 ) {
+    for ( i = 0; i < ca->ndim; i++ ) {
+      out_axes[i] = (int8_t) i;
+    }
+    return (int8_t) ca->ndim;
+  }
+
+  /* Detect single-Array call form: foo([0, 2]) */
+  const VALUE *items = (const VALUE *) argv;
+  int          count = argc;
+  if ( argc == 1 && TYPE(argv[0]) == T_ARRAY ) {
+    VALUE arr = argv[0];
+    count = (int) RARRAY_LEN(arr);
+    items = (const VALUE *) RARRAY_CONST_PTR(arr);
+  }
+
+  return parse_axes_items(items, count, ca, out_axes,
+                          "rb_ca_parse_reduce_axes");
+}
+
+/* Kwarg form of rb_ca_parse_reduce_axes — accepts the `axis:` value as
+   extracted by the caller via rb_scan_args(..., "0:", &kw_hash) +
+   rb_get_kwargs (or equivalent), and dispatches:
+
+     axis_val == Qnil or Qundef → full reduction (= all axes)
+     axis_val Integer           → single axis  (negative normalised)
+     axis_val Array of Integer  → multiple axes in input order
+     anything else              → TypeError
+
+   Validation (range / duplicates / overflow) is identical to the
+   variadic entry.  out_axes[] receives axes in input order.  Returns
+   the validated naxes. */
+int8_t
+rb_ca_parse_reduce_axes_kw_ctx (VALUE axis_val, CArray *ca, int8_t *out_axes,
+                                const char *ctx)
+{
+  int i;
+
+  if ( axis_val == Qnil || axis_val == Qundef ) {
+    for ( i = 0; i < ca->ndim; i++ ) {
+      out_axes[i] = (int8_t) i;
+    }
+    return (int8_t) ca->ndim;
+  }
+
+  if ( TYPE(axis_val) == T_ARRAY ) {
+    int          count = (int) RARRAY_LEN(axis_val);
+    const VALUE *items = (const VALUE *) RARRAY_CONST_PTR(axis_val);
+    return parse_axes_items(items, count, ca, out_axes, ctx);
+  }
+
+  if ( rb_obj_is_kind_of(axis_val, rb_cInteger) ) {
+    return parse_axes_items(&axis_val, 1, ca, out_axes, ctx);
+  }
+
+  rb_raise(rb_eTypeError,
+           "%s: axis: must be nil, Integer, or "
+           "Array of Integer (got %"PRIsVALUE")",
+           ctx, rb_obj_class(axis_val));
+}
+
+int8_t
+rb_ca_parse_reduce_axes_kw (VALUE axis_val, CArray *ca, int8_t *out_axes)
+{
+  return rb_ca_parse_reduce_axes_kw_ctx(axis_val, ca, out_axes,
+                                        "rb_ca_parse_reduce_axes_kw");
+}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* api: ca_wrap_struct_as
+   wraps CArray struct in C -> Ruby's object, with the Ruby class chosen
+   by the caller instead of taken from ca_class[obj_type].
+
+   The TypedData tag still comes from obj_type.  Only the class is the
+   caller's; the tag is what GetCArray and every dispatch path look at,
+   so decoupling the two leaves those paths untouched.  klass must be a
+   subclass of the class registered for obj_type -- that is the caller's
+   responsibility, not checked here.
+*/
+
+VALUE
+ca_wrap_struct_as (void *ap, VALUE klass)
+{
+  CArray *ca = (CArray *) ap;
+  return TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, ca_typeddata[ca->obj_type], ca);
+}
+
 /* api: ca_wrap_struct
-   wraps CArray struct in C -> Ruby's object 
+   wraps CArray struct in C -> Ruby's object
 */
 
 VALUE
 ca_wrap_struct (void *ap)
 {
   CArray *ca = (CArray *) ap;
-  return TypedData_Wrap_Struct(ca_class[ca->obj_type], ca_typeddata[ca->obj_type], ca);
+  return ca_wrap_struct_as(ap, ca_class[ca->obj_type]);
 }
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
-/* calculate index from address */
+/* calculate index from address.
+   Hot path: called per fetch_addr dispatch when the view has no
+   dedicated fetch_addr slot (= CAStride family and others that only
+   implement fetch_index).  1-D / 2-D / 3-D fast paths skip the
+   generic divmod loop; higher-ndim falls through. */
 
 void
 ca_addr2index (void *ap, ca_size_t addr, ca_size_t *idx)
 {
   CArray *ca = (CArray *) ap;
   ca_size_t *dim = ca->dim;
+  int8_t ndim = ca->ndim;
   int8_t i;
-  for (i=ca->ndim-1; i>=0; i--) {
-    idx[i] = addr % dim[i];
-    addr  /= dim[i];
+  switch (ndim) {
+  case 1:
+    idx[0] = addr;
+    return;
+  case 2: {
+    ca_size_t d1 = dim[1];
+    idx[1] = addr % d1;
+    idx[0] = addr / d1;
+    return;
+  }
+  case 3: {
+    ca_size_t d1 = dim[1], d2 = dim[2];
+    idx[2] = addr % d2;
+    addr  /= d2;
+    idx[1] = addr % d1;
+    idx[0] = addr / d1;
+    return;
+  }
+  default:
+    for (i = ndim - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      idx[i] = addr % dim[i];
+      addr  /= dim[i];
+    }
   }
 }
 
-/* calculate address from index */
+/* calculate address from index.  1-D / 2-D / 3-D fast paths skip the
+   loop entirely.  Compiler typically inlines the generic loop fine
+   but the fast paths help where this function is called via pointer. */
 
 ca_size_t
 ca_index2addr (void *ap, ca_size_t *idx)
 {
   CArray  *ca  = (CArray *) ap;
   ca_size_t *dim = ca->dim;
-  int8_t   i;
-  ca_size_t  n;
-  n = idx[0];
-  for (i=1; i<ca->ndim; i++) {
-    n = dim[i]*n+idx[i];
+  int8_t ndim = ca->ndim;
+  int8_t i;
+  ca_size_t n;
+  switch (ndim) {
+  case 1:
+    return idx[0];
+  case 2:
+    return dim[1] * idx[0] + idx[1];
+  case 3:
+    return (dim[1] * idx[0] + idx[1]) * dim[2] + idx[2];
+  default:
+    n = idx[0];
+    for (i = 1; i < ndim; i++) {
+      n = dim[i] * n + idx[i];
+    }
+    return n;
   }
-  return n;
 }
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -489,169 +864,706 @@ ca_test_cyclic_check(void *ap, void *ptr)
 }
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/* CArray offers no per-cell ptr accessor (ca_ptr_at_addr /
+   ca_ptr_at_index): such a slot is structurally unsafe -- CABitarray /
+   CABitfield have no byte-addressable cell, and CAByteSwap / CAFake would
+   hand back bytes in the wrong data_type / endian.  Internal code that
+   already holds an attached view uses direct `ca->ptr + ca->bytes * addr`
+   arithmetic; external ext gems use ca_fetch_addr / ca_fetch_index
+   (data_type-correct via the xfer_addrs / xfer_index dispatch) for
+   per-cell access. */
+
+/* fetch / store at a single linear address: thin wrappers over
+   ca_xfer_addrs. */
 
-/* return pointer of the element at given address */
+void
+ca_fetch_addr (void *ap, ca_size_t addr, void *pval)
+{
+  ca_xfer_addrs(ap, 1, &addr, pval, CA_XFER_GET);
+}
 
-void *
-ca_ptr_at_addr (void *ap, ca_size_t addr)
+void
+ca_store_addr (void *ap, ca_size_t addr, void *pval)
 {
-  CArray *ca = (CArray *) ap;
+  ca_xfer_addrs(ap, 1, &addr, pval, CA_XFER_PUT);
+}
 
-  if ( ca->ptr ) {
-    switch ( ca->obj_type ) {
-    case CA_OBJ_SCALAR:
-      return ca->ptr;
-    case CA_OBJ_REFER:
-      return ((CARefer*)ca)->parent->ptr + ca->bytes * addr;
-    default:
-      return ca->ptr + ca->bytes * addr;
-    }
-  }
+/* per-cell transfer by multi-dim index.  ca_xfer_index is the primary
+   entry; ca_fetch_index / ca_store_index are thin wrappers (kept as
+   public C-API for external ext gems).  Every view supplies an
+   xfer_index slot. */
 
-  return ca_func[ca->obj_type].ptr_at_addr(ap, addr);
+static inline void
+ca_xfer_index_dispatch (CArray *ca, ca_size_t *idx, void *data, int dir)
+{
+  if ( ! ca_func[ca->obj_type].xfer_index ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
+             "[BUG] xfer_index not defined for object type <%i>",
+             ca->obj_type);
+  }
+  ca_func[ca->obj_type].xfer_index(ca, idx, data, dir);
 }
 
-/* return pointer of the element at given index */
+struct ca_xfer_index_args {
+  CArray    *ca;
+  ca_size_t *idx;
+  char      *ptr;
+};
 
-void *
-ca_ptr_at_index (void *ap, ca_size_t *idx)
+static VALUE
+ca_xfer_index_get_body (VALUE arg)
 {
-  CArray *ca = (CArray *) ap;
-  return ca_func[ca->obj_type].ptr_at_index(ca, idx);
+  struct ca_xfer_index_args *d = (struct ca_xfer_index_args *) arg;
+  ca_xfer_index_dispatch(d->ca, d->idx, d->ptr, CA_XFER_GET);
+  ca_test_cyclic_check(d->ca, d->ptr);
+  return Qnil;
 }
 
-/* fetch data of the element at given address to memory pointed by pval */
-
 void
-ca_fetch_addr (void *ap, ca_size_t addr, void *pval)
+ca_xfer_index (void *ap, ca_size_t *idx, void *data, int dir)
 {
   CArray *ca = (CArray *) ap;
-  char *ptr  = (char *)pval;
 
-  ca_set_cyclic_check(ca);
-
-  if ( ca->ptr ) {
-    memcpy(ptr, ca->ptr + ca->bytes * addr, ca->bytes);
+  if ( dir == CA_XFER_PUT && ca_is_readonly(ca) ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can not store data to read-only array");
   }
-  else if ( ca_func[ca->obj_type].fetch_addr ) { 
-    ca_func[ca->obj_type].fetch_addr(ca, addr, ptr);
+
+  /* Fast path: non-CA_OBJECT element type needs no GC protection. */
+  if ( ca->data_type != CA_OBJECT ) {
+    ca_xfer_index_dispatch(ca, idx, data, dir);
+    return;
   }
-  else if ( ca_func[ca->obj_type].fetch_index ) { /* delegate -> fetch_index */
-    ca_size_t idx[CA_RANK_MAX];
-    ca_addr2index(ca, addr, idx);
-    ca_func[ca->obj_type].fetch_index(ca, idx, ptr);
+
+  /* CA_OBJECT slow path: cyclic check (+ rb_protect on GET). */
+  if ( dir == CA_XFER_GET ) {
+    struct ca_xfer_index_args args;
+    int state = 0;
+    args.ca  = ca;
+    args.idx = idx;
+    args.ptr = (char *) data;
+    ca_set_cyclic_check(ca);
+    rb_protect(ca_xfer_index_get_body, (VALUE) &args, &state);
+    ca_clear_cyclic_check(ca);
+    if ( state ) {
+      rb_jump_tag(state);
+    }
   }
   else {
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
-             "[BUG] fetch_addr or fetch_index " \
-             "are not defined for object type <%i>",
-             ca->obj_type);
+    ca_set_cyclic_check(ca);
+    ca_xfer_index_dispatch(ca, idx, data, CA_XFER_PUT);
+    ca_clear_cyclic_check(ca);
   }
+}
 
-  ca_test_cyclic_check(ca, ptr);
+/* fetch data of the element at given index to memory pointed by pval */
 
-  ca_clear_cyclic_check(ca);
+void
+ca_fetch_index (void *ap, ca_size_t *idx, void *pval)
+{
+  ca_xfer_index(ap, idx, pval, CA_XFER_GET);
 }
 
-/* store value pointed by pval to the element at given address */
+/* store value pointed by pval to the element at given index */
 
 void
-ca_store_addr (void *ap, ca_size_t addr, void *pval)
+ca_store_index (void *ap, ca_size_t *idx, void *pval)
 {
-  CArray *ca = (CArray *) ap;
-  char *ptr = (char *)pval;
+  ca_xfer_index(ap, idx, pval, CA_XFER_PUT);
+}
+
+/* gather / scatter over a list of linear addresses.  ca_xfer_addrs is the
+   primary addr entry; ca_fetch_addr / ca_store_addr are thin wrappers
+   (kept as public C-API for external ext gems).
+
+   Dispatch core (no GC protection; caller handles CA_OBJECT):
+     1. ca->ptr present (entity / attached / alias) -> direct memcpy at addr.
+     2. xfer_addrs slot -> use it (every view supplies one). */
 
-  if ( ca_is_readonly(ca) ) {  /* read only array */
+/* Detect a sequential addr run (addrs[i] == addrs[0] + i for all i) so a
+   single bulk memcpy replaces the per-cell loop.  O(n) integer compare
+   with early-exit on first mismatch.  This fires for dominant-true mask
+   workloads (ca[:is_not_masked] += v etc.): when the boolean is mostly
+   TRUE, the view->parent addr remap degenerates to [0..n-1]. */
+int
+ca_xfer_addrs_is_sequential_run (ca_size_t n, ca_size_t *addrs,
+                                 ca_size_t *base_out)
+{
+  ca_size_t base, i;
+  if ( n == 0 ) { *base_out = 0; return 1; }
+  base = addrs[0];
+  for ( i = 1; i < n; i++ ) {
+    if ( addrs[i] != base + i ) return 0;
+  }
+  *base_out = base;
+  return 1;
+}
+
+static void
+ca_xfer_addrs_dispatch (CArray *ca, ca_size_t n, ca_size_t *addrs,
+                        void *data, int dir)
+{
+  char     *d = (char *) data;
+  ca_size_t i, base;
+
+  if ( ca->ptr ) {                 /* attached / entity / alias: fast path */
+    if ( ca_xfer_addrs_is_sequential_run(n, addrs, &base) ) {
+      /* Sequential-run fast path: single bulk memcpy.  Triggered by any
+         sub-region run ([k..k+m-1] form), not whole-view limited.  Safe:
+         detection is view-structural (the addr shape, not a workload tag)
+         and does not call xfer_all. */
+      char *p = ca->ptr + ca->bytes * base;
+      ca_size_t nbytes = n * ca->bytes;
+      if ( dir == CA_XFER_GET ) memcpy(d, p, nbytes);
+      else                      memcpy(p, d, nbytes);
+      return;
+    }
+    /* Per-cell loop for arbitrary (non-sequential) addrs:
+       fancy gather/scatter from CASelect 2-D mapper, CSA sparse mask, etc.  */
+    for ( i = 0; i < n; i++ ) {
+      char *p = ca->ptr + ca->bytes * addrs[i];
+      if ( dir == CA_XFER_GET ) memcpy(d + i * ca->bytes, p, ca->bytes);
+      else                      memcpy(p, d + i * ca->bytes, ca->bytes);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if ( ! ca_func[ca->obj_type].xfer_addrs ) {
     rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
-             "can not store data to read-only array");
+             "[BUG] xfer_addrs not defined for object type <%i>",
+             ca->obj_type);
   }
+  ca_func[ca->obj_type].xfer_addrs(ca, n, addrs, data, dir);
+}
 
-  ca_set_cyclic_check(ca);
+struct ca_xfer_addrs_args {
+  CArray    *ca;
+  ca_size_t  n;
+  ca_size_t *addrs;
+  char      *data;
+};
 
-  if ( ca->ptr ) {
-    memcpy(ca->ptr + ca->bytes * addr, ptr, ca->bytes);
+static VALUE
+ca_xfer_addrs_get_body (VALUE arg)
+{
+  struct ca_xfer_addrs_args *d = (struct ca_xfer_addrs_args *) arg;
+  ca_size_t i;
+  ca_xfer_addrs_dispatch(d->ca, d->n, d->addrs, d->data, CA_XFER_GET);
+  for ( i = 0; i < d->n; i++ ) {
+    ca_test_cyclic_check(d->ca, d->data + i * d->ca->bytes);
   }
-  else if ( ca_func[ca->obj_type].store_addr ) {
-    ca_func[ca->obj_type].store_addr(ca, addr, ptr);
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+void
+ca_xfer_addrs (void *ap, ca_size_t n, ca_size_t *addrs, void *data, int dir)
+{
+  CArray *ca = (CArray *) ap;
+
+  if ( dir == CA_XFER_PUT && ca_is_readonly(ca) ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can not store data to read-only array");
   }
-  else if ( ca_func[ca->obj_type].store_index ) { /* delegate -> store_index */
-    ca_size_t idx[CA_RANK_MAX];
-    ca_addr2index(ca, addr, idx);
-    ca_func[ca->obj_type].store_index(ca, idx, ptr);
+
+  /* Fast path: non-CA_OBJECT element type needs no GC protection. */
+  if ( ca->data_type != CA_OBJECT ) {
+    ca_xfer_addrs_dispatch(ca, n, addrs, data, dir);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  /* CA_OBJECT slow path: cyclic check (+ rb_protect on GET). */
+  if ( dir == CA_XFER_GET ) {
+    struct ca_xfer_addrs_args args;
+    int state = 0;
+    args.ca    = ca;
+    args.n     = n;
+    args.addrs = addrs;
+    args.data  = (char *) data;
+    ca_set_cyclic_check(ca);
+    rb_protect(ca_xfer_addrs_get_body, (VALUE) &args, &state);
+    ca_clear_cyclic_check(ca);
+    if ( state ) {
+      rb_jump_tag(state);
+    }
   }
   else {
+    ca_set_cyclic_check(ca);
+    ca_xfer_addrs_dispatch(ca, n, addrs, data, CA_XFER_PUT);
     ca_clear_cyclic_check(ca);
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
-             "[BUG] store_addr or store_index "\
-             "are not defined for object type <%i>",
-             ca->obj_type);
   }
-  
-  ca_clear_cyclic_check(ca);
-
 }
 
-/* fetch data of the element at given index to memory pointed by pval */
-
+/* gather / scatter over a STRIDED region of the view.  The region is
+   described in the view's own byte space:
+
+     base   = Σ starts[k] * native_byte_stride[k]   (the region's first cell,
+              starts[] given as a per-axis index into the view's row-major layout)
+     cell(idx) byte offset = base + Σ idx[k] * strides[k]   for idx in [0,counts)
+     strides[] = SRC access byte strides into the view (NOT a contiguous region;
+                 carries sub-sampling / transpose from the composed leaf access)
+
+   data is a CONTIGUOUS caller buffer in row-major order over counts[].  Local
+   materialise of the requested region only -- never the whole view.
+
+   One example is CASelect (step = strides[0]/bytes is a view
+   access step, data delivered contiguously to the parent).  The boundary wiring
+   passes a CAStride leaf's composed access (composed_base, composed_strides,
+   leaf->dim) straight through.
+
+   Dispatch core (no GC protection; caller handles CA_OBJECT):
+     1. ca->ptr present (entity / attached / alias) -> strided memcpy.
+     2. xfer_stride slot -> the view delivers its own region (recurse / cast /
+        gather-translate).
+     3. else per cell: byte offset -> flat addr -> index -> ca_xfer_index_dispatch
+        (universal fallback, no whole-view attach). */
+
+/* Cache-tiled 2-D transpose fast path (helper for ca_xfer_stride_dispatch).
+
+   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   PROBLEM
+   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   When the dispatcher detects that slab merge fails (innermost stride is
+   not contig at ca->bytes) AND the access pattern looks like a 2-D
+   transpose (outer view axis IS source-contig: strides[0] == bytes, inner
+   view axis is non-contig: strides[1] != bytes), the naive prefix
+   odometer issues counts[0] * counts[1] independent memcpy(_,_,bytes)
+   calls.  Each call reads one cell of `bytes` from ca->ptr at a different
+   row of source -- with strides[1] huge (e.g. N * 8 for f64), every read
+   touches a different cache line and often a different 4 KB page.
+
+   At N=2000 / bytes=8 (parent data_type = float64), this is 4M random
+   reads.  DRAM random-access bandwidth bottoms out around 1-2 GB/s, so
+   the per-cell loop is dominated by cache-line / page misses on a large
+   working set.
+
+   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   TECHNIQUE: cache-tiled transpose with L1-resident scratch
+   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   Process the iteration space in 32x32 tiles, staging each tile through
+   a stack-allocated `scratch` buffer that fits in L1 (32 * 32 * 16 =
+   16 KB; bytes <= 16 ceiling).
+
+     Load pass:
+       Read `Tj` rows of source contiguously, each `Ti * bytes` long, into
+       scratch[j_t * Ti + i_t].  Per-tile DRAM traffic: Tj sequential
+       reads of small (256 B at bytes=8) runs.  Outer loop carries source
+       row band [sr0..sr0+Tj) -- those rows stay resident in L2 across
+       the inner sc0 sweep (32 rows * N * bytes = 512 KB at N=2000, fits
+       in any modern L2).
+
+     Store pass:
+       For each output row (sc0+i_t), write `Tj` cells contiguously to
+       the data buffer.  The source side is the L1-resident scratch read
+       at byte stride `Ti * bytes` -- a small constant stride into a
+       16 KB region, effectively free.
+
+   The key invariant: BOTH DRAM-facing transfers (the load-pass source
+   read and the store-pass data write) are sequential.  Random access is
+   confined to the L1 scratch.
+
+   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   bytes specialisation
+   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   The store pass's inner loop is the hottest path (Ti * Tj memcpy calls
+   per tile).  memcpy(_,_,bytes) with a runtime `bytes` defeats the
+   compiler's small-constant inlining heuristic, so we dispatch on
+   bytes ∈ {1, 2, 4, 8} to a TILED_*_TYPED macro that uses typed pointer
+   arithmetic and explicit stores.  At bytes=8 (float64 / int64 -- the
+   dominant case for large 2-D workloads) Clang / gcc generate vectorised
+   loads/stores for the strided scratch reads.
+
+   bytes=16 (cmplx128) and other unusual widths fall through to a generic
+   memcpy loop; correctness is preserved, only the typed-store benefit
+   is lost.
+
+   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   Why not always tile?
+   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   When strides[1] IS contig (== bytes), the slab merge already collapses
+   the iteration to a single bulk memcpy.  When strides[0] is also non-
+   contig (e.g. strided sub-sampling on BOTH axes), tiling still helps
+   but the gains are smaller; we conservatively limit the trigger to
+   strides[0] == bytes to keep the fast-path predicate cheap and the
+   guarantees unambiguous.
+
+   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   No attach inside xfer_stride
+   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   CAREFUL: xfer_stride is a per-region delivery primitive; it must not
+   invoke ca_attach on `ca` itself or any ancestor.  Doing so would
+   short-circuit CAStack's multi-parent design and the general "partial
+   materialise instead of whole-view attach" goal.  This helper operates
+   strictly on ca->ptr in place. */
+
+#define CA_TILED_TRANSPOSE_2D_TILE 32
+
+/* Non-static so cross-file callers (ca_obj_stride.c) can reuse the same
+   tile-block algorithm.  `src_base` points at the strided side's [0,0]
+   cell; `dst` is the row-major contig side (M x N over bytes).  `strides[0]`
+   = source-contig stride (must equal `bytes`), `strides[1]` = source-strided
+   stride.  dir = CA_XFER_GET (strided->contig) / CA_XFER_PUT (contig->strided).
+
+   3 caller sites:
+     - ca_xfer_stride_dispatch ca->ptr path (this file)
+     - ca_stride_func_xfer_stride root-direct (ca_obj_stride.c)
+     - ca_stride_xfer_with_layout general driver (ca_obj_stride.c) */
 void
-ca_fetch_index (void *ap, ca_size_t *idx, void *pval)
+ca_xfer_stride_tiled_transpose_2d (char     *src_base,
+                                   ca_size_t bytes_,
+                                   ca_size_t *counts,
+                                   ca_size_t *strides,
+                                   char      *data,
+                                   int        dir)
 {
-  CArray *ca = (CArray *) ap;
-  char *ptr = (char *)pval;
+  enum { TILE = CA_TILED_TRANSPOSE_2D_TILE };
+  char       scratch[TILE * TILE * 16];     /* L1-resident, max bytes = 16 */
+  ca_size_t  M = counts[0];   /* view outer = source contig direction */
+  ca_size_t  N = counts[1];   /* view inner = source non-contig direction */
+  ca_size_t  sr0, sc0, i_t, j_t;
+
+  for ( sr0 = 0; sr0 < N; sr0 += TILE ) {
+    ca_size_t Tj = (N - sr0 < TILE) ? (N - sr0) : TILE;
+    for ( sc0 = 0; sc0 < M; sc0 += TILE ) {
+      ca_size_t Ti = (M - sc0 < TILE) ? (M - sc0) : TILE;
+
+      if ( dir == CA_XFER_GET ) {
+        /* Load pass: contig source reads -> scratch[j_t * Ti + i_t]. */
+        for ( j_t = 0; j_t < Tj; j_t++ ) {
+          char *src_row = src_base
+                        + (sr0 + j_t) * strides[1]
+                        + sc0 * bytes_;
+          memcpy(scratch + j_t * Ti * bytes_, src_row, Ti * bytes_);
+        }
+        /* Store pass: strided read from L1 scratch + contig write to data
+           buffer, dispatched by element width.  bytes={1,2,4,8} use
+           typed pointer arithmetic so the compiler can vectorise. */
+        #define TILED_GET_TYPED(T)                                      \
+          do {                                                          \
+            T *scr = (T *) scratch;                                     \
+            for ( i_t = 0; i_t < Ti; i_t++ ) {                          \
+              T *out = (T *) (data + ((sc0 + i_t) * N + sr0) * sizeof(T)); \
+              for ( j_t = 0; j_t < Tj; j_t++ ) {                        \
+                out[j_t] = scr[j_t * Ti + i_t];                         \
+              }                                                         \
+            }                                                           \
+          } while (0)
+        switch ( bytes_ ) {
+          case 1: TILED_GET_TYPED(uint8_t);  break;
+          case 2: TILED_GET_TYPED(uint16_t); break;
+          case 4: TILED_GET_TYPED(uint32_t); break;
+          case 8: TILED_GET_TYPED(uint64_t); break;
+          default:
+            for ( i_t = 0; i_t < Ti; i_t++ ) {
+              char *out_row = data + ((sc0 + i_t) * N + sr0) * bytes_;
+              for ( j_t = 0; j_t < Tj; j_t++ ) {
+                memcpy(out_row + j_t * bytes_,
+                       scratch + (j_t * Ti + i_t) * bytes_, bytes_);
+              }
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        #undef TILED_GET_TYPED
+      }
+      else {  /* CA_XFER_PUT: mirror of GET, data drives writes to ca->ptr. */
+        /* Load pass: contig data reads -> scratch (transposed layout). */
+        #define TILED_PUT_TYPED(T)                                      \
+          do {                                                          \
+            T *scr = (T *) scratch;                                     \
+            for ( i_t = 0; i_t < Ti; i_t++ ) {                          \
+              T *in = (T *) (data + ((sc0 + i_t) * N + sr0) * sizeof(T)); \
+              for ( j_t = 0; j_t < Tj; j_t++ ) {                        \
+                scr[j_t * Ti + i_t] = in[j_t];                          \
+              }                                                         \
+            }                                                           \
+          } while (0)
+        switch ( bytes_ ) {
+          case 1: TILED_PUT_TYPED(uint8_t);  break;
+          case 2: TILED_PUT_TYPED(uint16_t); break;
+          case 4: TILED_PUT_TYPED(uint32_t); break;
+          case 8: TILED_PUT_TYPED(uint64_t); break;
+          default:
+            for ( i_t = 0; i_t < Ti; i_t++ ) {
+              char *data_row = data + ((sc0 + i_t) * N + sr0) * bytes_;
+              for ( j_t = 0; j_t < Tj; j_t++ ) {
+                memcpy(scratch + (j_t * Ti + i_t) * bytes_,
+                       data_row + j_t * bytes_, bytes_);
+              }
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        #undef TILED_PUT_TYPED
+        /* Store pass: contig source writes from scratch. */
+        for ( j_t = 0; j_t < Tj; j_t++ ) {
+          char *src_row = src_base
+                        + (sr0 + j_t) * strides[1]
+                        + sc0 * bytes_;
+          memcpy(src_row, scratch + j_t * Ti * bytes_, Ti * bytes_);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
 
-  ca_set_cyclic_check(ca);
+/* Shared strided-region walker for the dispatcher (this file) and the CAStride
+   root-direct path (ca_obj_stride.c::ca_stride_func_xfer_stride).  This
+   helper consolidates the slab-merge + tile-block + general-driver logic
+   both paths use.
+
+   Callers responsibility: compute `src_base` to already include any per-axis
+   base offset, supply `src_strides[]` as byte strides matching `counts[]`,
+   and provide `data` as a row-major contig buffer over counts in `bytes`-
+   per-cell layout.  `dir` is CA_XFER_GET (src -> data) or CA_XFER_PUT
+   (data -> src).
+
+   Inner-loop strategy: slab merge (innermost contig run) + 2-D tile-block
+   transpose at the inner pair + outer-prefix odometer with per-iter memcpy.
+   Inner-loop strategy is NOT shared with ca_stride_xfer_with_layout, which
+   uses ca_stride_gather_run / scatter_run typed runs -- intentionally kept
+   separate to avoid abstraction over two structurally distinct inner
+   strategies. */
+void
+ca_xfer_strided_walk (char            *src_base,
+                      ca_size_t        bytes,
+                      int8_t           ndim,
+                      const ca_size_t *counts,
+                      const ca_size_t *src_strides,
+                      char            *data,
+                      int              dir)
+{
+  ca_size_t idx[CA_RANK_MAX];
+  ca_size_t doff = 0;
+  int8_t    k;
+
+  /* slab merge -- scan innermost contig run (src_strides[k] equals the
+     accumulated slab byte size).  This collapses per-cell memcpy(_,_,
+     bytes) loops into per-slab memcpy when the source region is row-major
+     contig.  Critical for transform views (CAFake / CAByteSwap / CATile)
+     calling parent.xfer_stride on (N-2)x(N-2)-style interior regions: the
+     inner axis is parent-contig and merges into a single row memcpy. */
+  int8_t    slab_start = ndim;
+  ca_size_t slab_bytes = bytes;
+  for ( k = ndim - 1; k >= 0; k-- ) {
+    if ( src_strides[k] != slab_bytes ) break;
+    slab_bytes *= counts[k];
+    slab_start = k;
+  }
+
+  if ( slab_start == 0 ) {       /* whole region is one contig slab */
+    if ( dir == CA_XFER_GET ) memcpy(data, src_base, slab_bytes);
+    else                      memcpy(src_base, data, slab_bytes);
+    return;
+  }
 
-  if ( ca_func[ca->obj_type].fetch_index ) {
-    ca_func[ca->obj_type].fetch_index(ca, idx, ptr);
+  /* Innermost-2-axis tile-block transpose (ndim >= 2 generalisation).
+     When slab merge cannot
+     collapse the innermost axis but the innermost-1 axis is source-contig
+     (= transpose-like at the inner pair), iterate the outer (ndim-2) axes
+     on an odometer and apply the 2-D cache-tiled helper to each inner
+     (counts[ndim-2] x counts[ndim-1]) block.  ndim == 2 reduces to
+     outer_n == 0 -- the odometer runs exactly once with soff == 0 (relative
+     to src_base) -- so it is byte-equivalent to the 2-D-only case.
+     Helper operates in place on src_base; no attach is invoked. */
+  if ( ndim >= 2 && bytes <= 16 &&
+       slab_start == ndim &&
+       src_strides[ndim-2] == bytes && src_strides[ndim-1] != bytes ) {
+    int8_t    outer_n = ndim - 2;
+    ca_size_t inner_counts[2]  = { counts[ndim-2],      counts[ndim-1]      };
+    ca_size_t inner_strides[2] = { src_strides[ndim-2], src_strides[ndim-1] };
+    ca_size_t inner_dst_bytes  = counts[ndim-2] * counts[ndim-1] * bytes;
+
+    for ( k = 0; k < outer_n; k++ ) idx[k] = 0;
+    while ( 1 ) {
+      ca_size_t soff = 0;
+      for ( k = 0; k < outer_n; k++ ) soff += idx[k] * src_strides[k];
+      ca_xfer_stride_tiled_transpose_2d(src_base + soff, bytes,
+                                         inner_counts, inner_strides,
+                                         data + doff, dir);
+      doff += inner_dst_bytes;
+      if ( outer_n == 0 ) break;
+      k = outer_n - 1;
+      while ( k >= 0 ) { if ( ++idx[k] < counts[k] ) break; idx[k] = 0; k--; }
+      if ( k < 0 ) break;
+    }
+    return;
   }
-  else if ( ca_func[ca->obj_type].fetch_addr ) { /* delegate -> fetch_addr */
-    ca_size_t addr = ca_index2addr(ca, idx);
-    ca_func[ca->obj_type].fetch_addr(ca, addr, ptr);
+
+  /* prefix axes [0..slab_start-1] on odometer, slab-sized memcpy per iter. */
+  for ( k = 0; k < slab_start; k++ ) idx[k] = 0;
+  while ( 1 ) {
+    ca_size_t soff = 0;
+    for ( k = 0; k < slab_start; k++ ) soff += idx[k] * src_strides[k];
+    if ( dir == CA_XFER_GET ) memcpy(data + doff, src_base + soff, slab_bytes);
+    else                      memcpy(src_base + soff, data + doff, slab_bytes);
+    doff += slab_bytes;
+    k = slab_start - 1;
+    while ( k >= 0 ) { if ( ++idx[k] < counts[k] ) break; idx[k] = 0; k--; }
+    if ( k < 0 ) break;
   }
-  else {
-    ca_clear_cyclic_check(ca);      
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
-             "[BUG] fetch_addr or fetch_index " \
-             "are not defined for object type <%i>",
-             ca->obj_type);
+}
+
+static void
+ca_xfer_stride_dispatch (CArray *ca, ca_size_t *starts, ca_size_t *counts,
+                         ca_size_t *strides, void *data, int dir)
+{
+  char     *d = (char *) data;
+  int8_t    ndim = ca->ndim;
+  ca_size_t native[CA_RANK_MAX];
+  ca_size_t base = 0;
+  ca_size_t doff = 0;
+  ca_size_t s;
+  int8_t    k;
+  ca_size_t idx[CA_RANK_MAX];
+
+  s = ca->bytes;
+  for ( k = ndim - 1; k >= 0; k-- ) { native[k] = s; s *= ca->dim[k]; }
+  for ( k = 0; k < ndim; k++ ) base += starts[k] * native[k];
+
+  if ( ca->ptr && d != (char *)ca->ptr + base ) {
+    /* attached / entity / alias: strided memcpy.
+       CAREFUL: the `d != (char *)ca->ptr + base` guard in the branch
+       condition above is load-bearing.  It blocks the lazy-view self-fill
+       pattern where data == ca->ptr + base would degenerate into a
+       self-memcpy and leave the buffer garbage.  Lazy-view attach funcs
+       bypass this dispatcher, but the guard catches any future caller that
+       re-introduces the same category error. */
+    ca_xfer_strided_walk(ca->ptr + base, ca->bytes, ndim, counts, strides,
+                         d, dir);
+    return;
   }
 
-  ca_test_cyclic_check(ca, ptr);
+  if ( ca_func[ca->obj_type].xfer_stride ) {
+    ca_func[ca->obj_type].xfer_stride(ca, starts, counts, strides, data, dir);
+    return;
+  }
 
-  ca_clear_cyclic_check(ca);
+  /* fallback: per-cell via byte offset -> flat addr -> index -> xfer_index. */
+  for ( k = 0; k < ndim; k++ ) idx[k] = 0;
+  while ( 1 ) {
+    ca_size_t soff = base, vidx[CA_RANK_MAX];
+    for ( k = 0; k < ndim; k++ ) soff += idx[k] * strides[k];
+    ca_addr2index(ca, soff / ca->bytes, vidx);
+    ca_xfer_index_dispatch(ca, vidx, d + doff, dir);
+    doff += ca->bytes;
+    k = ndim - 1;
+    while ( k >= 0 ) { if ( ++idx[k] < counts[k] ) break; idx[k] = 0; k--; }
+    if ( k < 0 ) break;
+  }
 }
 
-/* store value pointed by pval to the element at given index */
+struct ca_xfer_stride_args {
+  CArray    *ca;
+  ca_size_t *starts;
+  ca_size_t *counts;
+  ca_size_t *strides;
+  char      *data;
+};
+
+static VALUE
+ca_xfer_stride_get_body (VALUE arg)
+{
+  struct ca_xfer_stride_args *a = (struct ca_xfer_stride_args *) arg;
+  ca_size_t n = 1, i;
+  int8_t k;
+  ca_xfer_stride_dispatch(a->ca, a->starts, a->counts, a->strides, a->data,
+                          CA_XFER_GET);
+  /* cyclic check over the delivered cells (CA_OBJECT only).  dst is contiguous
+     row-major over counts (semantics b), so cell i is at data + i*bytes. */
+  for ( k = 0; k < a->ca->ndim; k++ ) n *= a->counts[k];
+  for ( i = 0; i < n; i++ ) {
+    ca_test_cyclic_check(a->ca, a->data + i * a->ca->bytes);
+  }
+  return Qnil;
+}
 
 void
-ca_store_index (void *ap, ca_size_t *idx, void *pval)
+ca_xfer_stride (void *ap, ca_size_t *starts, ca_size_t *counts,
+                ca_size_t *strides, void *data, int dir)
 {
   CArray *ca = (CArray *) ap;
-  char *ptr = (char *) pval;
 
-  if ( ca_is_readonly(ca) ) { /* read only array */
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
-             "can not store data to read-only array");
+  if ( dir == CA_XFER_PUT && ca_is_readonly(ca) ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can not store data to read-only array");
   }
 
-  ca_set_cyclic_check(ca);
-
-  if ( ca_func[ca->obj_type].store_index ) {
-    ca_func[ca->obj_type].store_index(ca, idx, ptr);
+  if ( ca->data_type != CA_OBJECT ) {
+    ca_xfer_stride_dispatch(ca, starts, counts, strides, data, dir);
+    return;
   }
-  else if ( ca_func[ca->obj_type].store_addr ) { /* delegate -> store_addr */
-    ca_size_t addr = ca_index2addr(ca, idx);
-    ca_func[ca->obj_type].store_addr(ca, addr, ptr);
+
+  if ( dir == CA_XFER_GET ) {
+    struct ca_xfer_stride_args args;
+    int state = 0;
+    args.ca = ca; args.starts = starts; args.counts = counts;
+    args.strides = strides; args.data = (char *) data;
+    ca_set_cyclic_check(ca);
+    rb_protect(ca_xfer_stride_get_body, (VALUE) &args, &state);
+    ca_clear_cyclic_check(ca);
+    if ( state ) rb_jump_tag(state);
   }
   else {
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
-             "[BUG] store_addr or store_index "\
-             "are not defined for object type <%i>",
-             ca->obj_type);
+    ca_set_cyclic_check(ca);
+    ca_xfer_stride_dispatch(ca, starts, counts, strides, data, CA_XFER_PUT);
+    ca_clear_cyclic_check(ca);
   }
+}
+
+/* whole-view transfer: direction-unified replacement of copy_data /
+   sync_data.  Pure dispatch to the view's xfer_all slot.  Readonly /
+   nosync policy lives in ca_sync_data (the PUT entry), not here -- this
+   is the raw dispatcher.
 
-  ca_clear_cyclic_check(ca);
+   CAREFUL: the dispatcher is a thin wrapper (no ca_attach here), and each
+   view's xfer_all slot must not ca_attach(parent) either.  That is what
+   gives ca_xfer_all and all internal callers (ca_update / ca_copy_data /
+   ca_sync_data / kernel_iterator SRC_ATTACH path) their cheap-attach
+   semantics; re-adding an attach into a slot silently reintroduces a
+   whole-parent materialise.  External ext gems calling ca_xfer_all should
+   likewise expect a thin dispatcher. */
 
+typedef struct {
+  CArray *ca;
+  void   *data;
+  int     dir;
+} ca_xfer_all_args_t;
+
+static VALUE
+ca_xfer_all_body (VALUE arg)
+{
+  ca_xfer_all_args_t *a = (ca_xfer_all_args_t *) arg;
+  ca_func[a->ca->obj_type].xfer_all(a->ca, a->data, a->dir);
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ca_xfer_all_ensure (VALUE arg)
+{
+  (void) arg;
+  ca_lazy_arena_exit();
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+void
+ca_xfer_all (void *ap, void *data, int dir)
+{
+  CArray *ca = (CArray *) ap;
+  ca_xfer_all_args_t args;
+  if ( ! ca_func[ca->obj_type].xfer_all ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
+             "[BUG] xfer_all not defined for object type <%i>",
+             ca->obj_type);
+  }
+  /* Universal arena lifetime hook.  ca_xfer_all is the single universal
+     entry for materialise (to_ca -> ca_copy -> ca_copy_data ->
+     ca_xfer_all), so wrapping here covers every outermost view type,
+     including an affine view wrapping a lazy view ((a.lazy+b).transpose).
+
+     CAREFUL: the arena _exit must run under rb_ensure.  If an exception
+     skips it, the arena depth stays stuck at +1 and the reset trigger
+     (a depth==0 entry) never fires -- a silent failure.  With rb_ensure
+     the depth returns to 0 on exit and the reset fires correctly at the
+     next entry. */
+  ca_lazy_arena_enter();
+  args.ca = ca; args.data = data; args.dir = dir;
+  rb_ensure(ca_xfer_all_body, (VALUE) &args,
+            ca_xfer_all_ensure, Qnil);
 }
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -667,12 +1579,12 @@ ca_allocate (void *ap)
     return;
   }
 
-  if ( ca_is_virtual(ca) ) {  /* virtual array */
+  if ( ca_is_view(ca) ) {  /* view array */
 
-    CAVIRTUAL(ca)->attach += 1; /* increments attach level */
-    if ( CAVIRTUAL(ca)->attach > CA_ATTACH_MAX ) {
+    CAVIEW(ca)->attach += 1; /* increments attach level */
+    if ( CAVIEW(ca)->attach > CA_ATTACH_MAX ) {
       rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
-               "too large attach count of virtual array");
+               "too large attach count of view array");
     }
 
     if ( ! ca->ptr ) {
@@ -707,12 +1619,12 @@ ca_attach (void *ap)
     return;
   }
 
-  if ( ca_is_virtual(ca) ) {  /* virtual array */
+  if ( ca_is_view(ca) ) {  /* view array */
 
-    CAVIRTUAL(ca)->attach += 1; /* increments attach level */
-    if ( CAVIRTUAL(ca)->attach > CA_ATTACH_MAX ) {
+    CAVIEW(ca)->attach += 1; /* increments attach level */
+    if ( CAVIEW(ca)->attach > CA_ATTACH_MAX ) {
       rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
-               "too large attach count of virtual array");
+               "too large attach count of view array");
     }
 
     if ( ! ca->ptr ) {
@@ -738,13 +1650,13 @@ ca_update (void *ap)
     return;
   }
 
-  if ( ca_is_virtual(ca) ) {  /* virtual array */
+  if ( ca_is_view(ca) ) {  /* view array */
 
     if ( ca->ptr ) {
-      ca_func[ca->obj_type].copy_data(ca, ca->ptr);
+      ca_xfer_all(ca, ca->ptr, CA_XFER_GET); /* re-gather into own ptr (step 4) */
     }
     else {
-      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, 
+      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
         "[BUG] ca_update() called for not-attached virtal array");
     }
 
@@ -778,8 +1690,8 @@ ca_sync (void *ap)
   ca_update_mask(ca);
   ca_sync(ca->mask);
 
-  if ( ca_is_virtual(ca) ) {  /* virtual array */
-    if ( ! CAVIRTUAL(ca)->nosync ) { /* FIXME : */
+  if ( ca_is_view(ca) ) {  /* view array */
+    if ( ! CAVIEW(ca)->nosync ) { /* FIXME : */
       ca_func[ca->obj_type].sync(ap);
     }
   }
@@ -805,11 +1717,11 @@ ca_detach (void *ap)
              "[BUG] tried to detach a detached array");
   }
 
-  if ( ca_is_virtual(ca) ) {  /* virtual array */
-    if ( CAVIRTUAL(ca)->attach == 1 ) {
+  if ( ca_is_view(ca) ) {  /* view array */
+    if ( CAVIEW(ca)->attach == 1 ) {
       ca_func[ca->obj_type].detach(ap);
     }
-    CAVIRTUAL(ca)->attach -= 1;
+    CAVIEW(ca)->attach -= 1;
   }
   else {                      /* entity array */
     ca_func[ca->obj_type].detach(ap);
@@ -882,8 +1794,7 @@ ca_detach_n (int n, ...)
 void
 ca_copy_data (void *ap, char *ptr)
 {
-  CArray *ca = (CArray *) ap;
-  ca_func[ca->obj_type].copy_data(ap, ptr); /* delegate */
+  ca_xfer_all(ap, ptr, CA_XFER_GET); /* whole-view gather (step 4) */
 }
 
 /* synchronize the data pointed by given pointer to parent's data */
@@ -898,16 +1809,12 @@ ca_sync_data (void *ap, char *ptr)
              "can not sync data to read-only array");
   }
 
-  if ( ca_is_virtual(ca) ) {  /* virtual array */
-    if ( CAVIRTUAL(ca)->nosync ) { /* ca is to be attached */
-      ca_func[CA_OBJ_ARRAY].sync_data(ap, ptr);
-    }
-    else {
-      ca_func[ca->obj_type].sync_data(ap, ptr);
-    }
+  if ( ca_is_view(ca) && CAVIEW(ca)->nosync ) {
+    /* ca is to be attached: treat ca->ptr as an owned entity buffer */
+    ca_array_func_xfer_all(ap, ptr, CA_XFER_PUT);
   }
-  else {                      /* entity array */
-    ca_func[ca->obj_type].sync_data(ap, ptr);
+  else {
+    ca_xfer_all(ap, ptr, CA_XFER_PUT); /* whole-view scatter (step 4) */
   }
 }
 
@@ -924,7 +1831,7 @@ ca_fill_data (void *ap, void *aptr)
              "can not fill data to read-only array");
   }
 
-  if ( ca_is_virtual(ca) ) {   /* virtual array */
+  if ( ca_is_view(ca) ) {   /* view array */
     if ( ca_is_attached(ca) ) { /* ca is to be attached */
       ca_func[CA_OBJ_ARRAY].fill_data(ap, ptr);
     }
@@ -937,6 +1844,174 @@ ca_fill_data (void *ap, void *aptr)
   }
 }
 
+/* Write one value into part of a view.
+
+   The default walks the region and hands each cell to xfer_index, which
+   composes one hop and delegates to the parent.  It is per-cell, so it is the
+   floor rather than the path: a view that can pass the region on fills in the
+   slot and the walk never happens.  What the default guarantees is that a view
+   with no slot still touches only the region. */
+
+void
+ca_fill_stride_default (void *ap, ca_size_t base, int8_t ndim,
+                        ca_size_t *counts, ca_size_t *steps, void *ptr)
+{
+  CArray   *ca = (CArray *) ap;
+  ca_size_t idx[CA_RANK_MAX];
+  int8_t    k;
+
+  for ( k = 0; k < ndim; k++ ) idx[k] = 0;
+  while ( 1 ) {
+    ca_size_t addr = base, vidx[CA_RANK_MAX];
+    for ( k = 0; k < ndim; k++ ) addr += idx[k] * steps[k];
+    ca_addr2index(ca, addr, vidx);
+    ca_xfer_index_dispatch(ca, vidx, ptr, CA_XFER_PUT);
+    k = ndim - 1;
+    while ( k >= 0 ) { if ( ++idx[k] < counts[k] ) break; idx[k] = 0; k--; }
+    if ( k < 0 ) break;
+  }
+}
+
+void
+ca_fill_stride (void *ap, ca_size_t base, int8_t ndim,
+                ca_size_t *counts, ca_size_t *steps, void *ptr)
+{
+  CArray *ca = (CArray *) ap;
+  int8_t  k;
+
+  if ( ca_is_readonly(ca) ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can not fill data to read-only array");
+  }
+
+  for ( k = 0; k < ndim; k++ ) {
+    if ( counts[k] <= 0 ) return;
+  }
+
+  if ( ca_func[ca->obj_type].fill_stride ) {
+    ca_func[ca->obj_type].fill_stride(ap, base, ndim, counts, steps, ptr);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  ca_fill_stride_default(ap, base, ndim, counts, steps, ptr);
+}
+
+/* True if the region is exactly `ca`'s own extent in row-major order.  A view
+   that composes its axes into its parent's space can only do so for the whole
+   of itself: a sub-box arrives as addresses, and recovering which axis each
+   step belongs to is not something addresses can answer once the view has
+   reordered or dropped axes.  In practice that is the only region a view is
+   asked for -- ca_fill_stride_whole is the caller -- so the check is a
+   precondition rather than a fast path. */
+
+int
+ca_fill_stride_is_whole (void *ap, ca_size_t base, int8_t ndim,
+                         ca_size_t *counts, ca_size_t *steps)
+{
+  CArray   *ca = (CArray *) ap;
+  ca_size_t s = 1;
+  int8_t    k;
+
+  if ( base != 0 || ndim != ca->ndim ) return 0;
+  for ( k = ndim - 1; k >= 0; k-- ) {
+    if ( counts[k] != ca->dim[k] || steps[k] != s ) return 0;
+    s *= ca->dim[k];
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/* "All of me" as a region: the whole extent in row-major order. */
+
+void
+ca_fill_stride_whole (void *ap, void *ptr)
+{
+  CArray   *ca = (CArray *) ap;
+  ca_size_t counts[CA_RANK_MAX], steps[CA_RANK_MAX];
+  ca_size_t s = 1;
+  int8_t    k;
+
+  for ( k = ca->ndim - 1; k >= 0; k-- ) {
+    counts[k] = ca->dim[k];
+    steps[k]  = s;
+    s *= ca->dim[k];
+  }
+  ca_fill_stride(ap, 0, ca->ndim, counts, steps, ptr);
+}
+
+void
+ca_fill_addrs_default (void *ap, ca_size_t n, ca_size_t *addrs, void *ptr)
+{
+  CArray   *ca = (CArray *) ap;
+  ca_size_t i;
+
+  for ( i = 0; i < n; i++ ) {
+    ca_size_t vidx[CA_RANK_MAX];
+    ca_addr2index(ca, addrs[i], vidx);
+    ca_xfer_index_dispatch(ca, vidx, ptr, CA_XFER_PUT);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Walk a region and hand its addresses on in windows.
+
+   For a view whose fill is a read-modify-write of the parent -- the sub-byte
+   ones, where a cell carries bits the fill must leave alone -- there is no
+   region to pass down: the parent has to be read before it can be written.
+   What there is to save is being asked for it one cell at a time, each cell
+   descending the chain on its own.  The batched address slot already does the
+   read and the write in one call each; this only feeds it.
+
+   The window is fixed so the scratch does not follow the region's size. */
+
+#define CA_FILL_ADDR_WINDOW 1024
+
+void
+ca_fill_stride_via_addrs (void *ap, ca_size_t base, int8_t ndim,
+                          ca_size_t *counts, ca_size_t *steps, void *ptr)
+{
+  CArray   *ca = (CArray *) ap;
+  ca_size_t idx[CA_RANK_MAX];
+  ca_size_t window[CA_FILL_ADDR_WINDOW];
+  ca_size_t n = 0;
+  int8_t    k;
+
+  for ( k = 0; k < ndim; k++ ) {
+    if ( counts[k] <= 0 ) return;
+    idx[k] = 0;
+  }
+
+  while ( 1 ) {
+    ca_size_t addr = base;
+    for ( k = 0; k < ndim; k++ ) addr += idx[k] * steps[k];
+    window[n++] = addr;
+    if ( n == CA_FILL_ADDR_WINDOW ) {
+      ca_fill_addrs(ca, n, window, ptr);
+      n = 0;
+    }
+    k = ndim - 1;
+    while ( k >= 0 ) { if ( ++idx[k] < counts[k] ) break; idx[k] = 0; k--; }
+    if ( k < 0 ) break;
+  }
+  if ( n ) {
+    ca_fill_addrs(ca, n, window, ptr);
+  }
+}
+
+void
+ca_fill_addrs (void *ap, ca_size_t n, ca_size_t *addrs, void *ptr)
+{
+  CArray *ca = (CArray *) ap;
+
+  if ( ca_is_readonly(ca) ) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can not fill data to read-only array");
+  }
+
+  if ( ca_func[ca->obj_type].fill_addrs ) {
+    ca_func[ca->obj_type].fill_addrs(ap, n, addrs, ptr);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  ca_fill_addrs_default(ap, n, addrs, ptr);
+}
+
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /* clone CArray struct */
@@ -975,9 +2050,9 @@ rb_ca_attach_i (VALUE self)
   if ( rb_obj_is_carray(self) ) {
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, CArray, &carray_data_type, ca);
     ca_attach(ca);
-    if ( ca_is_virtual(ca) ) {
-      CAVIRTUAL(ca)->nosync += 1;
-      if ( CAVIRTUAL(ca)->nosync > 64 ) {
+    if ( ca_is_view(ca) ) {
+      CAVIEW(ca)->nosync += 1;
+      if ( CAVIEW(ca)->nosync > 64 ) {
         rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "nosync count exceeds 64");
       }
     }
@@ -990,10 +2065,10 @@ rb_ca_sync_i (VALUE self)
   CArray *ca;
   if ( rb_obj_is_carray(self) ) {
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, CArray, &carray_data_type, ca);
-    if ( ca_is_virtual(ca) ) {
-      CAVIRTUAL(ca)->nosync -= 1;
+    if ( ca_is_view(ca) ) {
+      CAVIEW(ca)->nosync -= 1;
       ca_sync(ca);
-      CAVIRTUAL(ca)->nosync += 1;
+      CAVIEW(ca)->nosync += 1;
     }
     else {
       ca_sync(ca);
@@ -1007,8 +2082,8 @@ rb_ca_detach_i (VALUE self)
   CArray *ca;
   if ( rb_obj_is_carray(self) ) {
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, CArray, &carray_data_type, ca);
-    if ( ca_is_virtual(ca) ) {   /* virtual array */
-      CAVIRTUAL(ca)->nosync -= 1;
+    if ( ca_is_view(ca) ) {   /* view array */
+      CAVIEW(ca)->nosync -= 1;
       ca_detach(ca);
     }
     else {                       /* entity array */
@@ -1092,7 +2167,7 @@ rb_ca_s_attach_bang (int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
   for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(list); i++) {
     obj = rb_ary_entry(list, i);
-    rb_ca_modify(obj);
+    rb_check_frozen(obj);
     rb_ca_attach_i(obj);
   }
 
@@ -1142,7 +2217,7 @@ It is ensured the syncing the memory block at the end of the block evaluation.
 static VALUE
 rb_ca_attach_bang (VALUE self)
 {
-  rb_ca_modify(self);
+  rb_check_frozen(self);
   rb_ca_attach_i(self);
   return rb_ensure(rb_yield, self, rb_ca_ensure_sync_detach, self);
 }
@@ -1168,7 +2243,7 @@ rb_ca__attach__ (VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 rb_ca__sync__ (VALUE self)
 {
-  rb_ca_modify(self);
+  rb_check_frozen(self);
   rb_ca_sync_i(self);
   return self;
 }
@@ -1232,23 +2307,39 @@ rb_ca_members (VALUE self)
   }
 }
 
+/* Projects a struct member of `self` to its CAField view.  data_class
+   lives only on a Face, so this accepts both a Face and a plain FIXLEN
+   entity.  For a Face, the field-view receiver is swapped to the parent
+   (= Face strip): the @member cache lives on self (the Face) while the
+   actual field view is the CAField on the parent.  A plain FIXLEN entity
+   keeps self == receiver. */
 VALUE
-rb_ca_field_as_member (VALUE self, VALUE sym)
+rb_ca_face_field (VALUE self, VALUE sym)
 {
   volatile VALUE data_class = rb_ca_data_class(self);
   volatile VALUE member;
   volatile VALUE obj;
+  volatile VALUE receiver;
+  CArray *ca;
 
   if ( NIL_P(data_class) ) {
     rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "carray doesn't have data class");
   }
 
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, CArray, &carray_data_type, ca);
+  receiver = ca_is_face(ca) ? rb_ca_parent(self) : self;
+
   member = rb_ivar_get(self, rb_intern("member"));
 
   if ( NIL_P(member) ) {
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
-             "[BUG] instance variable member doesn't defined "\
-             "for data_class array");
+    /* Derived CARecord views (= arr[range] / arr.transpose etc.) inherit
+       data_class via inherit_data_class but not @member, since only
+       ca_record_build initialises it.  Lazy-init here so chain field
+       projection (arr[range]["lat"]) works without a [BUG] raise.  Cache
+       is local to the derived view; field views are still on its parent
+       (which itself is on the entity). */
+    member = rb_hash_new();
+    rb_ivar_set(self, rb_intern("member"), member);
   }
 
   if ( rb_obj_is_kind_of(sym, rb_cInteger) ) {
@@ -1278,7 +2369,45 @@ rb_ca_field_as_member (VALUE self, VALUE sym)
                "can't find data_member named <%s>", StringValuePtr(sym));
     }
     Check_Type(info, T_ARRAY);
-    obj = rb_apply(self, rb_intern("field"), info);
+    /* Bit-typed members route through a CAField power-of-2 byte
+       projection + CABitfield, mirroring the
+       per-record dispatch in CAStruct#[].  MEMBER_TABLE entry shape
+       for bits is `[byte_offset, :bitfield, {bits:, bit_offset:}]`
+       where bit_offset is the struct-relative *bit* offset.  Plain
+       byte-typed members fall through to the original `.field(...)`
+       path. */
+    {
+      volatile VALUE type_val = rb_ary_entry(info, 1);
+      if ( SYMBOL_P(type_val) &&
+           SYM2ID(type_val) == rb_intern("bitfield") ) {
+        volatile VALUE opts = rb_ary_entry(info, 2);
+        volatile VALUE word_view, range, vtype_sym;
+        ca_size_t bit_offset = NUM2SIZE(rb_hash_aref(opts,
+                                                ID2SYM(rb_intern("bit_offset"))));
+        ca_size_t bits       = NUM2SIZE(rb_hash_aref(opts,
+                                                ID2SYM(rb_intern("bits"))));
+        ca_size_t start_byte    = bit_offset / 8;
+        int       bit_in_word   = (int)(bit_offset % 8);
+        ca_size_t end_byte_excl = (bit_offset + bits + 7) / 8;
+        ca_size_t span          = end_byte_excl - start_byte;
+        int view_bytes;
+        const char *vtype_name;
+        if      (span <= 1) { view_bytes = 1; vtype_name = "uint8";  }
+        else if (span <= 2) { view_bytes = 2; vtype_name = "uint16"; }
+        else if (span <= 4) { view_bytes = 4; vtype_name = "uint32"; }
+        else                { view_bytes = 8; vtype_name = "uint64"; }
+        (void) view_bytes;
+        vtype_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern(vtype_name));
+        word_view = rb_funcall(receiver, rb_intern("field"), 2,
+                               SIZE2NUM(start_byte), vtype_sym);
+        range = rb_range_new(LONG2NUM(bit_in_word),
+                             SIZE2NUM(bit_in_word + bits - 1), 0);
+        obj = rb_funcall(word_view, rb_intern("bitfield"), 1, range);
+        rb_hash_aset(member, sym, obj);
+        return obj;
+      }
+    }
+    obj = rb_apply(receiver, rb_intern("field"), info);
     rb_hash_aset(member, sym, obj);
     return obj;
   }
@@ -1302,7 +2431,7 @@ rb_ca_fields (VALUE self)
   list = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY_LEN(member_names));
   for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(member_names); i++) {
     VALUE name = rb_ary_entry(member_names, i);
-    rb_ary_store(list, i, rb_ca_field_as_member(self, name));
+    rb_ary_store(list, i, rb_ca_face_field(self, name));
   }
   return list;
 }
@@ -1325,15 +2454,14 @@ rb_ca_fields_at (int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
   list = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY_LEN(member_names));
   for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(member_names); i++) {
     VALUE name = rb_ary_entry(member_names, i);
-    rb_ary_store(list, i, rb_ca_field_as_member(self, name));
+    rb_ary_store(list, i, rb_ca_face_field(self, name));
   }
   return list;
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 void
-Init_carray_core ()
+Init_carray_core (void)
 {
   id_decode = rb_intern("decode");
   id_encode = rb_intern("encode");
@@ -1354,5 +2482,20 @@ Init_carray_core ()
 
   rb_define_method(rb_cCArray, "fields", rb_ca_fields, 0);
   rb_define_method(rb_cCArray, "fields_at", rb_ca_fields_at, -1);
+
 }
 
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* The out-of-build form of the ca_is_entity macro (see carray.h).  Defined
+   last so the macro stays in force for the rest of this file. */
+
+#undef ca_is_entity
+
+int
+ca_is_entity (const void *ap)
+{
+  const CArray *ca = (const CArray *) ap;
+  return ( ca_func[ca->obj_type].entity_type == CA_REAL_ARRAY );
+}