carray 1.5.1 → 1.5.2

data/spec/Features/feature_creation_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+
+require 'carray'
+require "rspec-power_assert"
+
+describe "TestCArrayCreation " do
+
+  example "s_new_uint8" do
+    # ---
+    ca = CArray.new(CA_UINT8, [3, 2, 1]) 
+    is_asserted_by { ca.class == CArray }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_UINT8 == ca.data_type }
+    is_asserted_by { [3, 2, 1] == ca.dim }
+
+    # ---
+    ca = CArray.new(:uint8, [3, 2, 1]) 
+    is_asserted_by { ca.class == CArray }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_UINT8 == ca.data_type }
+    is_asserted_by { [3, 2, 1] == ca.dim }
+
+    # ---
+    ca = CArray.uint8(3, 2, 1) 
+    is_asserted_by { ca.class == CArray }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_UINT8 == ca.data_type }
+    is_asserted_by { [3, 2, 1] == ca.dim }
+  end
+
+  example "s_new_fixlen" do
+    # ---
+    ca = CArray.new(CA_FIXLEN, [3, 2, 1], :bytes=>10) 
+    is_asserted_by { ca.class == CArray }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_FIXLEN == ca.data_type }
+    is_asserted_by { 10 == ca.bytes }
+    is_asserted_by { [3, 2, 1] == ca.dim }
+
+    # ---
+    ca = CArray.new(:fixlen, [3, 2, 1], :bytes=>10) 
+    is_asserted_by { ca.class == CArray }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_FIXLEN == ca.data_type }
+    is_asserted_by { 10 == ca.bytes }
+    is_asserted_by { [3, 2, 1] == ca.dim }
+
+    # ---
+    ca = CArray.fixlen(3, 2, 1, :bytes=>10) 
+    is_asserted_by { ca.class == CArray }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_FIXLEN == ca.data_type }
+    is_asserted_by { 10 == ca.bytes }
+    is_asserted_by { [3, 2, 1] == ca.dim }
+  end
+
+  example "s_new_various_types" do
+    # ---
+    data_type_list = [
+      CA_BOOLEAN,
+      CA_UINT8, CA_INT8,
+      CA_UINT16, CA_INT16,
+      CA_UINT32, CA_INT32,
+      CA_FLOAT32, CA_FLOAT64,
+      CA_OBJECT
+    ]
+    data_type_list.each do |type|
+      ca = CArray.new(type, [3, 2, 1]) 
+      is_asserted_by { ca.class == CArray }
+      is_asserted_by { type == ca.data_type }
+    end    
+
+    # ---
+    data_type_name_list = [
+      "boolean",
+      "uint8", "int8",
+      "uint16", "int16",
+      "uint32", "int32",
+      "float32", "float64",
+      "object"
+    ]
+    data_type_name_list.each do |type|
+      ca = CArray.send(type, 3, 2, 1) 
+      is_asserted_by { ca.class == CArray }
+      is_asserted_by { type == ca.data_type_name }
+    end
+
+  end
+
+
+end

data/spec/Features/feature_element_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+require 'carray'
+require 'rspec-power_assert'
+
+describe "Feature: Element" do
+
+  example "set_unset" do
+    #
+    a = CArray.boolean(3,3) {0}
+    a.set(1,1)
+    is_asserted_by {  CA_BOOLEAN([[0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0]]) == a }
+
+    #
+    a = CArray.boolean(3,3) {0}
+    a.set(4)
+    is_asserted_by {  CA_BOOLEAN([[0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0]]) == a }
+
+    #
+    a = CArray.boolean(3,3) {1}
+    a.unset(1,1)
+    is_asserted_by {  CA_BOOLEAN([[1, 1, 1], [1, 0, 1], [1, 1, 1]]) == a }
+
+    #
+    a = CArray.boolean(3,3) {1}
+    a.unset(4)
+    is_asserted_by {  CA_BOOLEAN([[1, 1, 1], [1, 0, 1], [1, 1, 1]]) == a }
+  end
+
+  example "elem_swap" do
+    #
+    a = CArray.int(3,3).seq!
+    a.elem_swap([1,1], [-1,-1])
+    is_asserted_by {  8 == a[1, 1] }
+    is_asserted_by {  4 == a[-1, -1] }
+
+    #
+    a = CArray.int(3,3).seq!
+    a[1,1] = UNDEF
+    a.elem_swap([1,1], [-1,-1])
+    is_asserted_by {  8 == a[1, 1] }
+    is_asserted_by {  UNDEF == a[-1, -1] }
+
+    #
+    a = CArray.int(3,3).seq!
+    a.elem_swap(0, -1)
+    is_asserted_by {  8 == a[0, 0] }
+    is_asserted_by {  0 == a[-1, -1] }
+
+    #
+    a = CArray.int(3,3).seq!
+    a[0,0] = UNDEF
+    a.elem_swap(0, -1)
+    is_asserted_by {  8 == a[0, 0] }
+    is_asserted_by {  UNDEF == a[-1, -1] }
+
+  end
+
+  example "elem_copy" do
+    #
+    a = CArray.int(3,3).seq!
+    a.elem_copy([1,1], [-1,-1])
+    is_asserted_by {  4 == a[1, 1] }
+    is_asserted_by {  4 == a[-1, -1] }
+
+    #
+    a = CArray.int(3,3).seq!
+    a[1,1] = UNDEF
+    a.elem_copy([1,1], [-1,-1])
+    is_asserted_by {  UNDEF == a[1, 1] }
+    is_asserted_by {  UNDEF == a[-1, -1] }
+
+    #
+    a = CArray.int(3,3).seq!
+    a.elem_copy(0, -1)
+    is_asserted_by {  0 == a[0, 0] }
+    is_asserted_by {  0 == a[-1, -1] }
+
+    #
+    a = CArray.int(3,3).seq!
+    a[0,0] = UNDEF
+    a.elem_copy(0, -1)
+    is_asserted_by {  UNDEF == a[0, 0] }
+    is_asserted_by {  UNDEF == a[-1, -1] }
+
+  end
+
+  example "elem_fetch" do
+    #
+    a = CArray.int(3,3).seq!
+    is_asserted_by {  4 == a.elem_fetch([1, 1]) }
+    a[1,1] = UNDEF
+    is_asserted_by {  UNDEF == a.elem_fetch([1, 1]) }
+
+    #
+    a = CArray.int(3,3).seq!
+    is_asserted_by {  4 == a.elem_fetch(4) }
+    a[1,1] = UNDEF
+    is_asserted_by {  UNDEF == a.elem_fetch(4) }
+  end
+
+  example "elem_store" do
+    #
+    a = CArray.int(3,3).seq!
+    a.elem_store([1,1], -4)
+    is_asserted_by {  (-4) == a.elem_fetch([1, 1]) }
+    a.elem_store([1,1], UNDEF)
+    is_asserted_by {  UNDEF == a.elem_fetch([1, 1]) }
+
+    #
+    a = CArray.int(3,3).seq!
+    a.elem_store(4, -4)
+    is_asserted_by {  (-4) == a.elem_fetch(4) }
+    a.elem_store(4, UNDEF)
+    is_asserted_by {  UNDEF == a.elem_fetch(4) }
+  end
+
+  example "elem_incr_decr" do
+    #
+    a = CArray.int(3,3).seq!
+    a.elem_incr([1,1])
+    is_asserted_by {  5 == a.elem_fetch([1, 1]) }
+    a.elem_decr([1,1])
+    is_asserted_by {  4 == a.elem_fetch([1, 1]) }
+
+    #
+    a = CArray.int(3,3).seq!
+    a.elem_incr(4)
+    is_asserted_by {  5 == a.elem_fetch(4) }
+    a.elem_decr(4)
+    is_asserted_by {  4 == a.elem_fetch(4) }
+  end
+
+  example "elem_incr_255" do
+    #
+    a = CArray.uint8(1) {255}
+    a.elem_incr(0)
+    is_asserted_by {  0 == a.elem_fetch(0) }
+
+    #
+    a = CArray.int8(1) {127}
+    a.elem_incr(0)
+    is_asserted_by {  (-128) == a.elem_fetch(0) }
+  end
+
+end

data/spec/Features/feature_extream_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+
+require 'carray'
+require "rspec-power_assert"
+
+describe "TestCArrayExtream " do
+
+  example "zero_length_array" do
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int(0)
+    is_asserted_by { 1 == a.rank }
+    is_asserted_by { 0 == a.elements }
+    is_asserted_by { [0] == a.dim }
+    is_asserted_by { 0 == a.dim0 }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int(0, 3)
+    is_asserted_by { 2 == a.rank }
+    is_asserted_by { 0 == a.elements }
+    is_asserted_by { [0, 3] == a.dim }
+    is_asserted_by { 0 == a.dim0 }
+    is_asserted_by { 3 == a.dim1 }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int(3, 0)
+    is_asserted_by { 2 == a.rank }
+    is_asserted_by { 0 == a.elements }
+    is_asserted_by { [3, 0] == a.dim }
+    is_asserted_by { 3 == a.dim0 }
+    is_asserted_by { 0 == a.dim1 }
+  end
+
+  example "zero_length_fixlen" do
+    # ---
+    expect { CArray.new(CA_FIXLEN, [3,3], :bytes => 0) }.not_to raise_error()
+    expect { CArray.new(CA_FIXLEN, [3,3], :bytes => -1) }.to raise_error(RuntimeError)
+  end
+
+  example "large_rank_array" do
+    # ---
+    dim = [2] * (CA_RANK_MAX)
+    is_asserted_by { CArray.int8(*dim).class == CArray }
+
+    # ---
+    dim = [2] * (CA_RANK_MAX+1)
+    expect { CArray.int8(*dim) }.to raise_error(RuntimeError)
+  end
+
+  example "negative_dimension_size" do
+    # ---
+    expect { CArray.int8(-1) }.to raise_error(RuntimeError)
+    expect { CArray.int8(-1, -1) }.to raise_error(RuntimeError)
+  end
+
+end

data/spec/Features/feature_generate_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+
+require 'carray'
+require "rspec-power_assert"
+
+describe "TestCArrayGenerate " do
+
+  example "swap_bytes" do
+    #
+    a = CArray.int16(3,3) { 0x1234 }
+    b = CArray.int16(3,3) { 0x3412 }
+    is_asserted_by {  b == a.swap_bytes }
+    is_asserted_by {  a == b.swap_bytes }
+    is_asserted_by {  a == a.swap_bytes.swap_bytes }
+
+    #
+    a = CArray.int32(3,3) { 0x12345678 }
+    b = CArray.int32(3,3) { 0x78563412 }
+    is_asserted_by {  b == a.swap_bytes }
+    is_asserted_by {  a == b.swap_bytes }
+    is_asserted_by {  a == a.swap_bytes.swap_bytes }
+
+    #
+    if CArray::HAVE_COMPLEX
+      c = CArray.int32(1) { 0x12345678 }
+      x = c.refer(CA_FLOAT32, [1])[0]
+      y = c.swap_bytes.refer(CA_FLOAT32, [1])[0]
+      a = CArray.complex(3,3) { x + y*CI }
+      b = CArray.complex(3,3) { y + x*CI }
+      is_asserted_by {  b == a.swap_bytes }
+      is_asserted_by {  a == b.swap_bytes }
+      is_asserted_by {  a == a.swap_bytes.swap_bytes }
+    end
+  end
+
+  example "seq" do
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.object(3).seq!
+    is_asserted_by {  CA_OBJECT([0, 1, 2]) == a }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.object(3).seq!(1)
+    is_asserted_by {  CA_OBJECT([1, 2, 3]) == a }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.object(3).seq!(1,2)
+    is_asserted_by {  CA_OBJECT([1, 3, 5]) == a }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.object(3).seq!(3,-1)
+    is_asserted_by {  CA_OBJECT([3, 2, 1]) == a }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.object(3).seq!("a", "a")
+    is_asserted_by {  CA_OBJECT(["a", "aa", "aaa"]) == a }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.object(3).seq!("a", :succ)
+    is_asserted_by {  CA_OBJECT(["a", "b", "c"]) == a }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.object(3).seq!("a", :succ) { |x| "@" + x }
+    is_asserted_by {  CA_OBJECT(["@a", "@b", "@c"]) == a }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.object(3).seq!("a", :succ)
+    is_asserted_by {  CA_OBJECT(["@a", "@b", "@c"]) == (CA_OBJECT("@") + a) }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.object(3).seq!([], [nil])
+    is_asserted_by {  CA_OBJECT([[], [nil], [nil, nil]]) == a }
+  end
+
+
+end

data/spec/Features/feature_index_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+require 'carray'
+require 'rspec-power_assert'
+
+describe "Feature: Indexing" do
+
+  example "index" do
+    a = CArray.int(3,3).seq!
+    expect { a[0, 0, 0] }.to raise_error(IndexError)
+    expect { a[[0,1,1,2], 0] }.to raise_error(IndexError)
+    expect { a[[0,4], 0] }.to raise_error(IndexError)
+    expect { a[[0,3,2], 0] }.to raise_error(IndexError)
+    expect { a[:abcdefg, 0] }.to raise_error(NoMethodError)
+    expect { a[0, :abcdefg] }.to raise_error(IndexError)
+  end
+
+  example "rubber_dim" do
+    a = CArray.int(3,3,3,3,3).seq!
+
+    is_asserted_by { a[false] == a[nil, nil, nil, nil, nil] }
+
+    is_asserted_by { a[0,false] == a[0, nil, nil, nil, nil] }
+    is_asserted_by { a[false,0] == a[nil, nil, nil, nil, 0] }
+    is_asserted_by { a[0,false,0] == a[0, nil, nil, nil, 0] }
+
+    is_asserted_by { a[0..1,false] == a[0..1, nil, nil, nil, nil] }
+    is_asserted_by { a[false,0..1] == a[nil, nil, nil, nil, 0..1] }
+    is_asserted_by { a[0..1,false,0..1] == a[0..1, nil, nil, nil, 0..1] }
+
+    is_asserted_by { a[nil,false] == a[nil, nil, nil, nil, nil] }
+    is_asserted_by { a[false,nil] == a[nil, nil, nil, nil, nil] }
+    is_asserted_by { a[nil,false,nil] == a[nil, nil, nil, nil, nil] }
+
+    expect { a[0,0,0,0,0,0,false] }.to raise_error(IndexError)
+
+  end
+
+
+  example "scan_index" do
+    info = CArray.scan_index([3,3],[])
+    is_asserted_by { [info.type, info.index] == [CA_REG_ALL, []] }
+    info = CArray.scan_index([3,3],[1])
+    is_asserted_by { [info.type, info.index] == [CA_REG_ADDRESS, [1]] }
+    info = CArray.scan_index([3,3],[1..2])
+    is_asserted_by { [info.type, info.index] == [CA_REG_ADDRESS_COMPLEX, [[1,2,1]]] }
+    info = CArray.scan_index([3,3],[1,1])
+    is_asserted_by { [info.type, info.index] == [CA_REG_POINT, [1,1]] }
+    info = CArray.scan_index([3,3],[1,nil])
+    is_asserted_by { [info.type, info.index] == [CA_REG_BLOCK, [1,[0,3,1]]] }
+    a = CArray.int(3,3).seq!
+    i = CArray.int(3).seq!
+    info = CArray.scan_index([3,3],[a.eq(4)])
+    is_asserted_by { [info.type, info.index] == [CA_REG_SELECT, []] }
+    info = CArray.scan_index([3,3],[a])
+    is_asserted_by { [info.type, info.index] == [CA_REG_MAPPING, []] }
+    info = CArray.scan_index([3,3],[i,i])
+    is_asserted_by { [info.type, info.index] == [CA_REG_GRID, []] }
+    info = CArray.scan_index([3,3],[:%, :%, 2])
+    is_asserted_by { [info.type, info.index] == [CA_REG_REPEAT, []] }
+    info = CArray.scan_index([3,3],[nil, nil, :*])
+    is_asserted_by { [info.type, info.index] == [CA_REG_UNBOUND_REPEAT, []] }
+  end
+
+  example "addr2index" do
+    a = CArray.int(3,3,3)
+    is_asserted_by { [1,1,1] == a.addr2index(13) }
+    is_asserted_by { 13 == a.index2addr(1,1,1) }
+  end
+
+end

data/spec/Features/feature_mask_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,574 @@
+require 'carray'
+require 'rspec-power_assert'
+
+describe "Feature: Masking" do
+
+  example "basic_features" do
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    is_asserted_by { false == a.has_mask? }          ### mask array is not created
+    is_asserted_by { CA_INT32([[0,1,2],
+                           [3,4,5],
+                           [6,7,8]]) == a.value }
+    is_asserted_by { 0 == a.mask }                    ### mask array is not created
+    is_asserted_by { CA_BOOLEAN([[0,0,0],
+                             [0,0,0],
+                             [0,0,0]]) == a.is_masked }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_BOOLEAN([[1,1,1],
+                             [1,1,1],
+                             [1,1,1]]) == a.is_not_masked }
+    is_asserted_by { 0 == a.count_masked }
+    is_asserted_by { 9 == a.count_not_masked }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    a.mask = 0
+    is_asserted_by { true ==  a.has_mask? }           ### mask array is created
+    is_asserted_by { CA_INT32([[0,1,2],
+                           [3,4,5],
+                           [6,7,8]]) == a.value }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_BOOLEAN([[0,0,0],
+                             [0,0,0],
+                             [0,0,0]]) == a.mask }   ### mask array is created
+    is_asserted_by { CA_BOOLEAN([[0,0,0],
+                             [0,0,0],
+                             [0,0,0]]) == a.is_masked }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_BOOLEAN([[1,1,1],
+                             [1,1,1],
+                             [1,1,1]]) == a.is_not_masked }
+    is_asserted_by { 0 == a.count_masked }
+    is_asserted_by { 9 == a.count_not_masked }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    a.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                         [1,1,1],
+                         [0,1,0]])
+    is_asserted_by { true == a.has_mask? }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_INT32([[0,1,2],
+                           [3,4,5],
+                           [6,7,8]]) == a.value }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                             [1,1,1],
+                             [0,1,0]]) == a.mask }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                             [1,1,1],
+                             [0,1,0]]) == a.is_masked }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_BOOLEAN([[1,0,1],
+                             [0,0,0],
+                             [1,0,1]]) == a.is_not_masked }
+    is_asserted_by { 5 == a.count_masked }
+    is_asserted_by { 4 == a.count_not_masked }
+  end
+
+  example "equality_when_mask_is_added" do
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    a.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                         [1,1,1],
+                         [0,1,0]])
+    b = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    b.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                         [1,1,1],
+                         [0,1,0]])
+    is_asserted_by { a.mask == b.mask }
+    is_asserted_by { a.is_masked == b.is_masked }
+    is_asserted_by { a == b }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    a.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                         [0,1,0],
+                         [0,1,0]])
+    b = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    b.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,0,0],
+                         [1,1,1],
+                         [0,0,0]])
+    is_asserted_by { a.mask != b.mask }
+    is_asserted_by { a.is_masked != b.is_masked }
+    is_asserted_by { a != b }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    b = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    b.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,0,0],
+                         [0,0,0],
+                         [0,0,0]])
+    is_asserted_by { a.mask != b.mask }
+    is_asserted_by { a.is_masked == b.is_masked }
+    is_asserted_by { a == b }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    a.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,0,0],
+                         [1,1,1],
+                         [0,0,0]])
+    b = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    b.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,0,0],
+                         [1,1,1],
+                         [0,0,0]])
+    a.value[1,nil] =  1
+    b.value[1,nil] = -1
+    is_asserted_by { a.value != b.value }
+    is_asserted_by { a.mask == b.mask }
+    is_asserted_by { a.is_masked == b.is_masked }
+    is_asserted_by { a == b }
+  end
+
+  example "has_mask?" do
+    # test_basic_feature
+  end
+
+  example "any_masked?" do
+    #
+    a = CA_INT(0..2)
+    a.mask = 0
+    is_asserted_by { false == a.any_masked? }
+    a[1] = UNDEF
+    is_asserted_by { true == a.any_masked? }
+    a.unmask
+    is_asserted_by { false == a.any_masked? }
+  end
+
+  example "value" do
+    #
+    a = CArray.int32(3,3)
+    a.mask = 0
+    ### can't set mask to value array
+    expect { a.value.mask = 1 }.to raise_error(RuntimeError)
+  end
+
+  example "mask" do
+    # test_basic_feature
+    a = CArray.int32(3,3)
+    a.mask = 0
+    ### can't set mask to mask array
+    expect { a.mask.mask = 1 }.to raise_error(RuntimeError)
+  end
+
+  example "mask=" do
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    a.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                         [1,1,1],
+                         [0,1,0]]) ### Though the mask array can hold the value
+                                   ### other than 0 or 1, the value 0 means
+                                   ### masked and otherwise means not-masked.
+    is_asserted_by { CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                             [1,1,1],
+                             [0,1,0]]) == a.mask }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                             [1,1,1],
+                             [0,1,0]]) == a.is_masked }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_BOOLEAN([[1,0,1],
+                             [0,0,0],
+                             [1,0,1]]) == a.is_not_masked }
+    is_asserted_by { 5 == a.count_masked }
+    is_asserted_by { 4 == a.count_not_masked }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    m = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                    [0,1,0],
+                    [0,1,0]])
+    m.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,0,0],
+                         [1,1,1],
+                         [0,0,0]])
+    a.mask = m                   ### When masked array is set as mask,
+                                 ### masked position is also set as
+                                 ### masked elements.
+    is_asserted_by { m != a.mask }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                             [1,1,1],
+                             [0,1,0]]) == a.mask }
+  end
+
+  example "is_masked" do
+    # test_basic_features
+  end
+
+  example "is_not_masked" do
+    # test_basic_features
+  end
+
+  example "count_masked" do
+    # test_basic_featrues
+  end
+
+  example "count_not_masked" do
+    # test_basic_featrues
+  end
+
+  example "unmask" do
+    # ---
+    x = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    x.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                         [1,1,1],
+                         [0,1,0]])
+
+    a = x.to_ca
+    b = x.to_ca
+
+    a.unmask()
+    is_asserted_by { true == a.has_mask? }   ### never mask eliminated from array
+    is_asserted_by { CA_INT32([[0,1,2],
+                           [3,4,5],
+                           [6,7,8]]) == a }
+
+    b.unmask(-1)
+    is_asserted_by { true == b.has_mask? }   ### never mask eliminated from array
+    is_asserted_by { CA_INT32([[0,-1,2],  ### filled with fill_value
+                           [-1,-1,-1],
+                           [6,-1,8]]) == b }
+  end
+
+  example "unmask_copy" do
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    a.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                         [1,1,1],
+                         [0,1,0]])
+    u = a.unmask_copy()
+    is_asserted_by { false == u.has_mask? }   ### never mask eliminated from array
+    is_asserted_by { CA_INT32([[0,1,2],
+                           [3,4,5],
+                           [6,7,8]]) == u }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    a.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                         [1,1,1],
+                         [0,1,0]])
+    u = a.unmask_copy(-1)
+    is_asserted_by { false == u.has_mask? }   ### never mask eliminated from array
+    is_asserted_by { CA_INT32([[0,-1,2],   ### filled with fill_value
+                           [-1,-1,-1],
+                           [6,-1,8]]) == u }
+  end
+
+  example "inherit_mask" do
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    b = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    c = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    a.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                         [0,0,0],
+                         [0,1,0]])
+    b.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,0,0],
+                         [1,0,1],
+                         [0,0,0]])
+    c.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,0,0],
+                         [0,1,0],
+                         [0,0,0]])
+    c.inherit_mask(a,b)
+    is_asserted_by { CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                             [1,1,1],
+                             [0,1,0]]) == c.mask }
+  end
+
+  example "inherit_mask_replace" do
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    b = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    c = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+    a.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                         [0,0,0],
+                         [0,1,0]])
+    b.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,0,0],
+                         [1,0,1],
+                         [0,0,0]])
+    c.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,0,0],
+                         [0,1,0],
+                         [0,0,0]])
+    c.inherit_mask_replace(a,b)
+    is_asserted_by { CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                             [1,0,1],
+                             [0,1,0]]) == c.mask }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(3,3).seq!
+
+  end
+
+  # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  example "monop" do
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.float64(3,3) {1}
+    a.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                         [1,1,1],
+                         [0,1,0]])
+    b = -a                              ### example of monop
+    is_asserted_by { a.mask == b.mask }
+  end
+
+  example "binop" do
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.float64(3,3) {1}
+    b = CArray.float64(3,3) {1}
+    a.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                         [0,1,0],
+                         [0,1,0]])
+    b.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,0,0],
+                         [1,1,1],
+                         [0,0,0]])
+    c = a + b                           ### example of binop
+    is_asserted_by { CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                             [1,1,1],
+                             [0,1,0]]) == c.mask }
+  end
+
+  example "cmpop" do
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.float64(3,3) {1}
+    b = CArray.float64(3,3) {1}
+    a.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                         [0,1,0],
+                         [0,1,0]])
+    b.mask = CA_BOOLEAN([[0,0,0],
+                         [1,1,1],
+                         [0,0,0]])
+    c = a.le(b)                         ### example of binop
+    is_asserted_by { CA_BOOLEAN([[0,1,0],
+                             [1,1,1],
+                             [0,1,0]]) == c.mask }
+  end
+
+  # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  example "basic_stat" do
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(10).seq!(1) ### [1, 2, ..., 10]
+
+    is_asserted_by { 1 == a.min }
+    is_asserted_by { 1 == a.min(:mask_limit => 0) }
+    is_asserted_by { 1 == a.min(:mask_limit => 0, :fill_value => -9999) }
+
+    is_asserted_by { 10 == a.max }
+    is_asserted_by { 10 == a.max(:mask_limit => 0) }
+    is_asserted_by { 10 == a.max(:mask_limit => 0, :fill_value => -9999) }
+
+    is_asserted_by { 55 == a.sum }
+    is_asserted_by { 55 == a.sum(:mask_limit => 0) }
+    is_asserted_by { 55 == a.sum(:mask_limit => 0, :fill_value => -9999) }
+
+    is_asserted_by { 5.5 == a.mean }
+    is_asserted_by { 5.5 == a.mean(:mask_limit => 0) }
+    is_asserted_by { 5.5 == a.mean(:mask_limit => 0, :fill_value => -9999) }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(10).seq!(1) ### [1, 2, ..., 10]
+    a.mask = 0
+    a[0] = UNDEF
+    a[9] = UNDEF                 ### [_, 2, ..., 9,_]
+
+    is_asserted_by { 2 == a.min }
+    is_asserted_by { 2 == a.min(:mask_limit => 0) }
+    is_asserted_by { UNDEF == a.min(:mask_limit => 1) }
+    is_asserted_by { UNDEF == a.min(:mask_limit => 2) }
+    is_asserted_by { 2 == a.min(:mask_limit => 3) }
+    is_asserted_by { 2 == a.min(:mask_limit => 0, :fill_value => -9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { -9999 == a.min(:mask_limit => 1, :fill_value => -9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { -9999 == a.min(:mask_limit => 2, :fill_value => -9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { 2 == a.min(:mask_limit => 3, :fill_value => -9999) }
+
+    is_asserted_by { 9 == a.max }
+    is_asserted_by { 9 == a.max(:mask_limit => 0) }
+    is_asserted_by { UNDEF == a.max(:mask_limit => 1) }
+    is_asserted_by { UNDEF == a.max(:mask_limit => 2) }
+    is_asserted_by { 9 == a.max(:mask_limit => 3) }
+    is_asserted_by { 9 == a.max(:mask_limit => 0, :fill_value => -9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { -9999 == a.max(:mask_limit => 1, :fill_value => -9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { -9999 == a.max(:mask_limit => 2, :fill_value => -9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { 9 == a.max(:mask_limit => 3, :fill_value => -9999) }
+
+    is_asserted_by { 44 == a.sum }
+    is_asserted_by { 44 == a.sum(:mask_limit => 0) }
+    is_asserted_by { UNDEF == a.sum(:mask_limit => 1) }
+    is_asserted_by { UNDEF == a.sum(:mask_limit => 2) }
+    is_asserted_by { 44 == a.sum(:mask_limit => 3) }
+    is_asserted_by { 44 == a.sum(:mask_limit => 0, :fill_value => -9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { -9999 == a.sum(:mask_limit => 1, :fill_value => -9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { -9999 == a.sum(:mask_limit => 2, :fill_value => -9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { 44 == a.sum(:mask_limit => 3, :fill_value => -9999) }
+
+    is_asserted_by { 5.5 == a.mean }
+    is_asserted_by { 5.5 == a.mean(:mask_limit => 0) }
+    is_asserted_by { UNDEF == a.mean(:mask_limit => 1) }
+    is_asserted_by { UNDEF == a.mean(:mask_limit => 2) }
+    is_asserted_by { 5.5 == a.mean(:mask_limit => 3) }
+    is_asserted_by { 5.5 == a.mean(:mask_limit => 0, :fill_value => -9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { -9999 == a.mean(:mask_limit => 1, :fill_value => -9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { -9999 == a.mean(:mask_limit => 2, :fill_value => -9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { 5.5 == a.mean(:mask_limit => 3, :fill_value => -9999) }
+
+  end
+
+  example "accumulate" do
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.uint8(256) { 1 }
+
+    is_asserted_by { 0 == a.accumulate }
+    is_asserted_by { 0 == a.accumulate(:mask_limit => 0) }
+    is_asserted_by { 0 == a.accumulate(:mask_limit => 0, :fill_value => -9999) }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.uint8(256) { 1 }
+    a[0]   = UNDEF
+    a[255] = UNDEF
+
+    is_asserted_by { 254 == a.accumulate() }
+    is_asserted_by { 254 == a.accumulate(:mask_limit => 0) }
+    is_asserted_by { UNDEF == a.accumulate(:mask_limit => 1) }
+    is_asserted_by { UNDEF == a.accumulate(:mask_limit => 2) }
+    is_asserted_by { 254 == a.accumulate(:mask_limit => 0, :fill_value => -9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { -9999 == a.accumulate(:mask_limit => 1, :fill_value => -9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { -9999 == a.accumulate(:mask_limit => 2, :fill_value => -9999) }
+  end
+
+  example "variance" do
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(10).seq!(1) ### [1, 2, ..., 10]
+
+    is_asserted_by { true == (9.16666666666667 - a.variance()) < 0.000001  }
+    is_asserted_by { true == (9.16666666666667 - a.variance(:mask_limit=>0)) < 0.000001  }
+    is_asserted_by { true == (9.16666666666667 - a.variance(:mask_limit=>0, :fill_value=>-9999)) < 0.000001  }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(10).seq!(1) ### [1, 2, ..., 10]
+    a.mask = 0
+    a[0] = UNDEF
+    a[9] = UNDEF                 ### [_, 2, ..., 9,_]
+
+    is_asserted_by { 6 == a.variance() }
+    is_asserted_by { 6 == a.variance(:mask_limit=>0) }
+    is_asserted_by { UNDEF == a.variance(:mask_limit=>1) }
+    is_asserted_by { UNDEF == a.variance(:mask_limit=>2) }
+    is_asserted_by { 6 == a.variance(:mask_limit=>3) }
+    is_asserted_by { 6 == a.variance(:mask_limit=>0, :fill_value=>-9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { -9999 == a.variance(:mask_limit=>1, :fill_value=>-9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { -9999 == a.variance(:mask_limit=>2, :fill_value=>-9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { 6 == a.variance(:mask_limit=>3, :fill_value=>-9999) }
+
+  end
+
+  example "variancep" do
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(10).seq!(1) ### [1, 2, ..., 10]
+
+    is_asserted_by { true == (8.25 - a.variancep()) < 0.000001  }
+    is_asserted_by { true == (8.25 - a.variancep(:mask_limit=>0)) < 0.000001  }
+    is_asserted_by { true == (8.25 - a.variancep(:mask_limit=>0, :fill_value=>-9999)) < 0.000001  }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(10).seq!(1) ### [1, 2, ..., 10]
+    a.mask = 0
+    a[0] = UNDEF
+    a[9] = UNDEF                 ### [_, 2, ..., 9,_]
+
+    is_asserted_by { true == (5.25 - a.variancep()) < 0.000001  }
+    is_asserted_by { true == (5.25 - a.variancep(:mask_limit=>0)) < 0.000001  }
+    is_asserted_by { UNDEF == a.variancep(:mask_limit=>1) }
+    is_asserted_by { UNDEF == a.variancep(:mask_limit=>2) }
+    is_asserted_by { true == (5.25 - a.variancep(:mask_limit=>3)) < 0.000001  }
+    is_asserted_by { true == (5.25 - a.variancep(:mask_limit=>0, :fill_value=>-9999)) < 0.000001  }
+    is_asserted_by { -9999 == a.variancep(:mask_limit=>1, :fill_value=>-9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { -9999 == a.variancep(:mask_limit=>2, :fill_value=>-9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { true == (5.25 - a.variancep(:mask_limit=>3, :fill_value=>-9999)) < 0.000001  }
+  end
+
+  example "prod" do
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(5).seq!(1) ### [1, 2, ..., 5]
+
+    is_asserted_by { 120 == a.prod() }
+    is_asserted_by { 120 == a.prod(:mask_limit => 0) }
+    is_asserted_by { 120 == a.prod(:mask_limit => 0, :fill_value => -9999) }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(5).seq!(1) ### [1, 2, ..., 5]
+    a[0] = UNDEF
+    a[2] = UNDEF                ### [0, 2, _, 4, 5]
+
+    is_asserted_by { 40 == a.prod() }
+    is_asserted_by { 40 == a.prod(:mask_limit => 0) }
+    is_asserted_by { UNDEF == a.prod(:mask_limit => 1) }
+    is_asserted_by { UNDEF == a.prod(:mask_limit => 2) }
+    is_asserted_by { 40 == a.prod(:mask_limit => 3) }
+    is_asserted_by { 40 == a.prod(:mask_limit => 0, :fill_value => -9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { -9999 == a.prod(:mask_limit => 1, :fill_value => -9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { -9999 == a.prod(:mask_limit => 2, :fill_value => -9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { 40 == a.prod(:mask_limit => 3, :fill_value => -9999) }
+  end
+
+  example "wsum" do
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(10).seq!(1) ### [1, 2, ..., 10]
+    w = CArray.int32(10).seq!(1) ### [1, 2, ..., 10]
+
+    is_asserted_by { 385 == a.wsum(w) }
+    is_asserted_by { 385 == a.wsum(w, 0) }
+    is_asserted_by { 385 == a.wsum(w, 0, -9999) }
+
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(10).seq!(1) ### [1, 2, ..., 10]
+    w = CArray.int32(10).seq!(1) ### [1, 2, ..., 10]
+    a.mask = 0
+    w.mask = 0
+    a[0] = UNDEF                 ### [_, 2, ..., 9,10]
+    w[9] = UNDEF                 ### [1, 2, ..., 9,_]
+
+#    is_asserted_by { 284 == a.wsum(w) }
+#    is_asserted_by { UNDEF == a.wsum(w, 0) }
+#    is_asserted_by { UNDEF == a.wsum(w, 1) }
+#    is_asserted_by { 284 == a.wsum(w, 2) }
+
+#    is_asserted_by { -9999 == a.wsum(w, 0, -9999) }
+#    is_asserted_by { -9999 == a.wsum(w, 1, -9999) }
+#    is_asserted_by { 284 == a.wsum(w, 2, -9999) }
+
+  end
+
+  example "cumsum" do
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(10).seq!(1)
+    a[2] = UNDEF
+    is_asserted_by { CA_DOUBLE([1, 3, 3, 7, 12, 18, 25, 33, 42, 52]) ==
+                 a.cumsum() }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_DOUBLE([1, 3, *([UNDEF]*8)]) == 
+                 a.cumsum(0) }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_DOUBLE([1, 3, *([-9999]*8)]) ==
+                 a.cumsum(0, -9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_DOUBLE([1, 3, 3, 7, 12, 18, 25, 33, 42, 52]) ==
+                 a.cumsum(1) }
+  end
+
+  example "cumprod" do
+    # ---
+    a = CArray.int32(5).seq!(1)
+    a[2] = UNDEF
+    is_asserted_by { CA_DOUBLE([1, 2, 2, 8, 40]) ==
+                 a.cumprod() }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_DOUBLE([1, 2, *([UNDEF]*3)]) ==
+                 a.cumprod(0) }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_DOUBLE([1, 2, *([-9999]*3)]) ==
+                 a.cumprod(0, -9999) }
+    is_asserted_by { CA_DOUBLE([1, 2, 2, 8, 40]) ==
+                 a.cumprod(1) }
+  end
+
+  example "count_xxx" do
+    # TODO
+  end
+
+  example "all_xxx?" do
+    # TODO
+  end
+
+  example "any_xxx?" do
+    # TODO
+  end
+
+end