brianmario-eventmachine 0.12.2

data/ext/ed.h

@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+/*****************************************************************************
+
+$Id$
+
+File:     ed.h
+Date:     06Apr06
+
+Copyright (C) 2006-07 by Francis Cianfrocca. All Rights Reserved.
+Gmail: blackhedd
+
+This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of either: 1) the GNU General Public License
+as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
+License, or (at your option) any later version; or 2) Ruby's License.
+
+See the file COPYING for complete licensing information.
+
+*****************************************************************************/
+
+#ifndef __EventableDescriptor__H_
+#define __EventableDescriptor__H_
+
+
+class EventMachine_t; // forward reference
+#ifdef WITH_SSL
+class SslBox_t; // forward reference
+#endif
+
+bool SetSocketNonblocking (SOCKET);
+
+
+/*************************
+class EventableDescriptor
+*************************/
+
+class EventableDescriptor: public Bindable_t
+{
+	public:
+		EventableDescriptor (int, EventMachine_t*);
+		virtual ~EventableDescriptor();
+
+		int GetSocket() {return MySocket;}
+		void SetSocketInvalid() { MySocket = INVALID_SOCKET; }
+		void Close();
+
+		virtual void Read() = 0;
+		virtual void Write() = 0;
+		virtual void Heartbeat() = 0;
+
+		// These methods tell us whether the descriptor
+		// should be selected or polled for read/write.
+		virtual bool SelectForRead() = 0;
+		virtual bool SelectForWrite() = 0;
+
+		// are we scheduled for a close, or in an error state, or already closed?
+		bool ShouldDelete();
+		// Do we have any data to write? This is used by ShouldDelete.
+		virtual int GetOutboundDataSize() {return 0;}
+
+		void ScheduleClose (bool after_writing);
+		bool IsCloseScheduled();
+
+		void SetEventCallback (void (*cb)(const char*, int, const char*, int));
+
+		virtual bool GetPeername (struct sockaddr*) {return false;}
+		virtual bool GetSockname (struct sockaddr*) {return false;}
+		virtual bool GetSubprocessPid (pid_t*) {return false;}
+
+		virtual void StartTls() {}
+		virtual void SetTlsParms (const char *privkey_filename, const char *certchain_filename) {}
+
+		// Properties: return 0/1 to signify T/F, and handle the values
+		// through arguments.
+		virtual int GetCommInactivityTimeout (int *value) {return 0;}
+		virtual int SetCommInactivityTimeout (int *value) {return 0;}
+
+		#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
+		struct epoll_event *GetEpollEvent() { return &EpollEvent; }
+		#endif
+
+	private:
+		bool bCloseNow;
+		bool bCloseAfterWriting;
+		int MySocket;
+
+	protected:
+		enum {
+			PendingConnectTimeout = 4 // can easily be made an instance variable
+		};
+
+		void (*EventCallback)(const char*, int, const char*, int);
+    
+		time_t CreatedAt;
+		time_t LastRead;
+		time_t LastWritten;
+		bool bCallbackUnbind;
+
+		#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
+		struct epoll_event EpollEvent;
+		#endif
+
+		EventMachine_t *MyEventMachine;
+};
+
+
+
+/*************************
+class LoopbreakDescriptor
+*************************/
+
+class LoopbreakDescriptor: public EventableDescriptor
+{
+	public:
+		LoopbreakDescriptor (int, EventMachine_t*);
+		virtual ~LoopbreakDescriptor() {}
+
+		virtual void Read();
+		virtual void Write();
+		virtual void Heartbeat() {}
+
+		virtual bool SelectForRead() {return true;}
+		virtual bool SelectForWrite() {return false;}
+};
+
+
+/**************************
+class ConnectionDescriptor
+**************************/
+
+class ConnectionDescriptor: public EventableDescriptor
+{
+	public:
+		ConnectionDescriptor (int, EventMachine_t*);
+		virtual ~ConnectionDescriptor();
+
+		static int SendDataToConnection (const char*, const char*, int);
+		static void CloseConnection (const char*, bool);
+		static int ReportErrorStatus (const char*);
+
+		int SendOutboundData (const char*, int);
+
+		void SetConnectPending (bool f) { bConnectPending = f; }
+
+		void SetNotifyReadable (bool readable) { bNotifyReadable = readable; }
+		void SetNotifyWritable (bool writable) { bNotifyWritable = writable; }
+
+		virtual void Read();
+		virtual void Write();
+		virtual void Heartbeat();
+
+		virtual bool SelectForRead();
+		virtual bool SelectForWrite();
+
+		// Do we have any data to write? This is used by ShouldDelete.
+		virtual int GetOutboundDataSize() {return OutboundDataSize;}
+
+		virtual void StartTls();
+		virtual void SetTlsParms (const char *privkey_filename, const char *certchain_filename);
+		void SetServerMode() {bIsServer = true;}
+
+		virtual bool GetPeername (struct sockaddr*);
+		virtual bool GetSockname (struct sockaddr*);
+
+		virtual int GetCommInactivityTimeout (int *value);
+		virtual int SetCommInactivityTimeout (int *value);
+
+
+	protected:
+		struct OutboundPage {
+			OutboundPage (const char *b, int l, int o=0): Buffer(b), Length(l), Offset(o) {}
+			void Free() {if (Buffer) free ((char*)Buffer); }
+			const char *Buffer;
+			int Length;
+			int Offset;
+		};
+
+	protected:
+		bool bConnectPending;
+
+		bool bNotifyReadable;
+		bool bNotifyWritable;
+
+		bool bReadAttemptedAfterClose;
+		bool bWriteAttemptedAfterClose;
+
+		deque<OutboundPage> OutboundPages;
+		int OutboundDataSize;
+
+		#ifdef WITH_SSL
+		SslBox_t *SslBox;
+		std::string CertChainFilename;
+		std::string PrivateKeyFilename;
+		#endif
+		bool bIsServer;
+
+		time_t LastIo;
+		int InactivityTimeout;
+
+	private:
+		void _WriteOutboundData();
+		void _DispatchInboundData (const char *buffer, int size);
+		void _DispatchCiphertext();
+		int _SendRawOutboundData (const char*, int);
+		int _ReportErrorStatus();
+
+};
+
+
+/************************
+class DatagramDescriptor
+************************/
+
+class DatagramDescriptor: public EventableDescriptor
+{
+	public:
+		DatagramDescriptor (int, EventMachine_t*);
+		virtual ~DatagramDescriptor();
+
+		virtual void Read();
+		virtual void Write();
+		virtual void Heartbeat();
+
+		virtual bool SelectForRead() {return true;}
+		virtual bool SelectForWrite();
+
+		int SendOutboundData (const char*, int);
+		int SendOutboundDatagram (const char*, int, const char*, int);
+
+		// Do we have any data to write? This is used by ShouldDelete.
+		virtual int GetOutboundDataSize() {return OutboundDataSize;}
+
+		virtual bool GetPeername (struct sockaddr*);
+		virtual bool GetSockname (struct sockaddr*);
+
+    virtual int GetCommInactivityTimeout (int *value);
+    virtual int SetCommInactivityTimeout (int *value);
+
+		static int SendDatagram (const char*, const char*, int, const char*, int);
+
+
+	protected:
+		struct OutboundPage {
+			OutboundPage (const char *b, int l, struct sockaddr_in f, int o=0): Buffer(b), Length(l), Offset(o), From(f) {}
+			void Free() {if (Buffer) free ((char*)Buffer); }
+			const char *Buffer;
+			int Length;
+			int Offset;
+			struct sockaddr_in From;
+		};
+
+		deque<OutboundPage> OutboundPages;
+		int OutboundDataSize;
+
+		struct sockaddr_in ReturnAddress;
+
+		time_t LastIo;
+		int InactivityTimeout;
+};
+
+
+/************************
+class AcceptorDescriptor
+************************/
+
+class AcceptorDescriptor: public EventableDescriptor
+{
+	public:
+		AcceptorDescriptor (int, EventMachine_t*);
+		virtual ~AcceptorDescriptor();
+
+		virtual void Read();
+		virtual void Write();
+		virtual void Heartbeat();
+
+		virtual bool SelectForRead() {return true;}
+		virtual bool SelectForWrite() {return false;}
+
+		virtual bool GetSockname (struct sockaddr*);
+
+		static void StopAcceptor (const char *binding);
+};
+
+/********************
+class PipeDescriptor
+********************/
+
+#ifdef OS_UNIX
+class PipeDescriptor: public EventableDescriptor
+{
+	public:
+		PipeDescriptor (int, pid_t, EventMachine_t*);
+		virtual ~PipeDescriptor();
+
+		virtual void Read();
+		virtual void Write();
+		virtual void Heartbeat();
+
+		virtual bool SelectForRead();
+		virtual bool SelectForWrite();
+
+		int SendOutboundData (const char*, int);
+		virtual int GetOutboundDataSize() {return OutboundDataSize;}
+
+		virtual bool GetSubprocessPid (pid_t*);
+
+	protected:
+		struct OutboundPage {
+			OutboundPage (const char *b, int l, int o=0): Buffer(b), Length(l), Offset(o) {}
+			void Free() {if (Buffer) free ((char*)Buffer); }
+			const char *Buffer;
+			int Length;
+			int Offset;
+		};
+
+	protected:
+		bool bReadAttemptedAfterClose;
+		time_t LastIo;
+		int InactivityTimeout;
+
+		deque<OutboundPage> OutboundPages;
+		int OutboundDataSize;
+
+		pid_t SubprocessPid;
+
+	private:
+		void _DispatchInboundData (const char *buffer, int size);
+};
+#endif // OS_UNIX
+
+
+/************************
+class KeyboardDescriptor
+************************/
+
+class KeyboardDescriptor: public EventableDescriptor
+{
+	public:
+		KeyboardDescriptor (EventMachine_t*);
+		virtual ~KeyboardDescriptor();
+
+		virtual void Read();
+		virtual void Write();
+		virtual void Heartbeat();
+
+		virtual bool SelectForRead() {return true;}
+		virtual bool SelectForWrite() {return false;}
+
+	protected:
+		bool bReadAttemptedAfterClose;
+		time_t LastIo;
+		int InactivityTimeout;
+
+	private:
+		void _DispatchInboundData (const char *buffer, int size);
+};
+
+
+
+#endif // __EventableDescriptor__H_
+
+

data/ext/em.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,1890 @@
+/*****************************************************************************
+
+$Id$
+
+File:     em.cpp
+Date:     06Apr06
+
+Copyright (C) 2006-07 by Francis Cianfrocca. All Rights Reserved.
+Gmail: blackhedd
+
+This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of either: 1) the GNU General Public License
+as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
+License, or (at your option) any later version; or 2) Ruby's License.
+
+See the file COPYING for complete licensing information.
+
+*****************************************************************************/
+
+// THIS ENTIRE FILE WILL EVENTUALLY BE FOR UNIX BUILDS ONLY.
+//#ifdef OS_UNIX
+
+
+#include "project.h"
+
+// Keep a global variable floating around
+// with the current loop time as set by the Event Machine.
+// This avoids the need for frequent expensive calls to time(NULL);
+time_t gCurrentLoopTime;
+
+#ifdef OS_WIN32
+unsigned gTickCountTickover;
+unsigned gLastTickCount;
+#endif
+
+
+/* The numer of max outstanding timers was once a const enum defined in em.h.
+ * Now we define it here so that users can change its value if necessary.
+ */
+static int MaxOutstandingTimers = 1000;
+
+
+/* Internal helper to convert strings to internet addresses. IPv6-aware.
+ * Not reentrant or threadsafe, optimized for speed.
+ */
+static struct sockaddr *name2address (const char *server, int port, int *family, int *bind_size);
+
+
+/***************************************
+STATIC EventMachine_t::SetMaxTimerCount
+***************************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::SetMaxTimerCount (int count)
+{
+	/* Allow a user to increase the maximum number of outstanding timers.
+	 * If this gets "too high" (a metric that is of course platform dependent),
+	 * bad things will happen like performance problems and possible overuse
+	 * of memory.
+	 * The actual timer mechanism is very efficient so it's hard to know what
+	 * the practical max, but 100,000 shouldn't be too problematical.
+	 */
+	if (count < 100)
+		count = 100;
+	MaxOutstandingTimers = count;
+}
+
+
+
+/******************************
+EventMachine_t::EventMachine_t
+******************************/
+
+EventMachine_t::EventMachine_t (void (*event_callback)(const char*, int, const char*, int)):
+	EventCallback (event_callback),
+	NextHeartbeatTime (0),
+	LoopBreakerReader (-1),
+	LoopBreakerWriter (-1),
+	bEpoll (false),
+	bKqueue (false),
+	epfd (-1)
+{
+	// Default time-slice is just smaller than one hundred mills.
+	Quantum.tv_sec = 0;
+	Quantum.tv_usec = 90000;
+
+	gTerminateSignalReceived = false;
+	// Make sure the current loop time is sane, in case we do any initializations of
+	// objects before we start running.
+	gCurrentLoopTime = time(NULL);
+
+	/* We initialize the network library here (only on Windows of course)
+	 * and initialize "loop breakers." Our destructor also does some network-level
+	 * cleanup. There's thus an implicit assumption that any given instance of EventMachine_t
+	 * will only call ::Run once. Is that a good assumption? Should we move some of these
+	 * inits and de-inits into ::Run?
+	 */
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	WSADATA w;
+	WSAStartup (MAKEWORD (1, 1), &w);
+	#endif
+
+	_InitializeLoopBreaker();
+}
+
+
+/*******************************
+EventMachine_t::~EventMachine_t
+*******************************/
+
+EventMachine_t::~EventMachine_t()
+{
+	// Run down descriptors
+	size_t i;
+	for (i = 0; i < NewDescriptors.size(); i++)
+		delete NewDescriptors[i];
+	for (i = 0; i < Descriptors.size(); i++)
+		delete Descriptors[i];
+
+	close (LoopBreakerReader);
+	close (LoopBreakerWriter);
+
+	if (epfd != -1)
+		close (epfd);
+	if (kqfd != -1)
+		close (kqfd);
+}
+
+
+/*************************
+EventMachine_t::_UseEpoll
+*************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::_UseEpoll()
+{
+	/* Temporary.
+	 * Use an internal flag to switch in epoll-based functionality until we determine
+	 * how it should be integrated properly and the extent of the required changes.
+	 * A permanent solution needs to allow the integration of additional technologies,
+	 * like kqueue and Solaris's events.
+	 */
+
+	#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
+	bEpoll = true;
+	#endif
+}
+
+/**************************
+EventMachine_t::_UseKqueue
+**************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::_UseKqueue()
+{
+	/* Temporary.
+	 * See comments under _UseEpoll.
+	 */
+
+	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+	bKqueue = true;
+	#endif
+}
+
+
+/****************************
+EventMachine_t::ScheduleHalt
+****************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::ScheduleHalt()
+{
+  /* This is how we stop the machine.
+   * This can be called by clients. Signal handlers will probably
+   * set the global flag.
+   * For now this means there can only be one EventMachine ever running at a time.
+   *
+   * IMPORTANT: keep this light, fast, and async-safe. Don't do anything frisky in here,
+   * because it may be called from signal handlers invoked from code that we don't
+   * control. At this writing (20Sep06), EM does NOT install any signal handlers of
+   * its own.
+   *
+   * We need a FAQ. And one of the questions is: how do I stop EM when Ctrl-C happens?
+   * The answer is to call evma_stop_machine, which calls here, from a SIGINT handler.
+   */
+	gTerminateSignalReceived = true;
+}
+
+
+
+/*******************************
+EventMachine_t::SetTimerQuantum
+*******************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::SetTimerQuantum (int interval)
+{
+	/* We get a timer-quantum expressed in milliseconds.
+	 * Don't set a quantum smaller than 5 or larger than 2500.
+	 */
+
+	if ((interval < 5) || (interval > 2500))
+		throw std::runtime_error ("invalid timer-quantum");
+
+	Quantum.tv_sec = interval / 1000;
+	Quantum.tv_usec = (interval % 1000) * 1000;
+}
+
+
+/*************************************
+(STATIC) EventMachine_t::SetuidString
+*************************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::SetuidString (const char *username)
+{
+    /* This method takes a caller-supplied username and tries to setuid
+     * to that user. There is no meaningful implementation (and no error)
+     * on Windows. On Unix, a failure to setuid the caller-supplied string
+     * causes a fatal abort, because presumably the program is calling here
+     * in order to fulfill a security requirement. If we fail silently,
+     * the user may continue to run with too much privilege.
+     *
+     * TODO, we need to decide on and document a way of generating C++ level errors
+     * that can be wrapped in documented Ruby exceptions, so users can catch
+     * and handle them. And distinguish it from errors that we WON'T let the Ruby
+     * user catch (like security-violations and resource-overallocation).
+     * A setuid failure here would be in the latter category.
+     */
+
+    #ifdef OS_UNIX
+    if (!username || !*username)
+	throw std::runtime_error ("setuid_string failed: no username specified");
+
+    struct passwd *p = getpwnam (username);
+    if (!p)
+	throw std::runtime_error ("setuid_string failed: unknown username");
+
+    if (setuid (p->pw_uid) != 0)
+	throw std::runtime_error ("setuid_string failed: no setuid");
+
+    // Success.
+    #endif
+}
+
+
+/****************************************
+(STATIC) EventMachine_t::SetRlimitNofile
+****************************************/
+
+int EventMachine_t::SetRlimitNofile (int nofiles)
+{
+	#ifdef OS_UNIX
+	struct rlimit rlim;
+	getrlimit (RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim);
+	if (nofiles >= 0) {
+		rlim.rlim_cur = nofiles;
+		if (nofiles > rlim.rlim_max)
+			rlim.rlim_max = nofiles;
+		setrlimit (RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim);
+		// ignore the error return, for now at least.
+		// TODO, emit an error message someday when we have proper debug levels.
+	}
+	getrlimit (RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim);
+	return rlim.rlim_cur;
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	// No meaningful implementation on Windows.
+	return 0;
+	#endif
+}
+
+
+/*********************************
+EventMachine_t::SignalLoopBreaker
+*********************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::SignalLoopBreaker()
+{
+	#ifdef OS_UNIX
+	write (LoopBreakerWriter, "", 1);
+	#endif
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	sendto (LoopBreakerReader, "", 0, 0, (struct sockaddr*)&(LoopBreakerTarget), sizeof(LoopBreakerTarget));
+	#endif
+}
+
+
+/**************************************
+EventMachine_t::_InitializeLoopBreaker
+**************************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::_InitializeLoopBreaker()
+{
+	/* A "loop-breaker" is a socket-descriptor that we can write to in order
+	 * to break the main select loop. Primarily useful for things running on
+	 * threads other than the main EM thread, so they can trigger processing
+	 * of events that arise exogenously to the EM.
+	 * Keep the loop-breaker pipe out of the main descriptor set, otherwise
+	 * its events will get passed on to user code.
+	 */
+
+	#ifdef OS_UNIX
+	int fd[2];
+	if (pipe (fd))
+		throw std::runtime_error ("no loop breaker");
+
+	LoopBreakerWriter = fd[1];
+	LoopBreakerReader = fd[0];
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	int sd = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
+	if (sd == INVALID_SOCKET)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("no loop breaker socket");
+	SetSocketNonblocking (sd);
+
+	memset (&LoopBreakerTarget, 0, sizeof(LoopBreakerTarget));
+	LoopBreakerTarget.sin_family = AF_INET;
+	LoopBreakerTarget.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr ("127.0.0.1");
+
+	srand ((int)time(NULL));
+	int i;
+	for (i=0; i < 100; i++) {
+		int r = (rand() % 10000) + 20000;
+		LoopBreakerTarget.sin_port = htons (r);
+		if (bind (sd, (struct sockaddr*)&LoopBreakerTarget, sizeof(LoopBreakerTarget)) == 0)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	if (i == 100)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("no loop breaker");
+	LoopBreakerReader = sd;
+	#endif
+}
+
+
+/*******************
+EventMachine_t::Run
+*******************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::Run()
+{
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	HookControlC (true);
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
+	if (bEpoll) {
+		epfd = epoll_create (MaxEpollDescriptors);
+		if (epfd == -1) {
+			char buf[200];
+			snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to create epoll descriptor: %s", strerror(errno));
+			throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+		}
+		int cloexec = fcntl (epfd, F_GETFD, 0);
+		assert (cloexec >= 0);
+		cloexec |= FD_CLOEXEC;
+		fcntl (epfd, F_SETFD, cloexec);
+
+		assert (LoopBreakerReader >= 0);
+		LoopbreakDescriptor *ld = new LoopbreakDescriptor (LoopBreakerReader, this);
+		assert (ld);
+		Add (ld);
+	}
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+	if (bKqueue) {
+		kqfd = kqueue();
+		if (kqfd == -1) {
+			char buf[200];
+			snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to create kqueue descriptor: %s", strerror(errno));
+			throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+		}
+		// cloexec not needed. By definition, kqueues are not carried across forks.
+
+		assert (LoopBreakerReader >= 0);
+		LoopbreakDescriptor *ld = new LoopbreakDescriptor (LoopBreakerReader, this);
+		assert (ld);
+		Add (ld);
+	}
+	#endif
+
+	while (true) {
+		gCurrentLoopTime = time(NULL);
+		if (!_RunTimers())
+			break;
+
+		/* _Add must precede _Modify because the same descriptor might
+		 * be on both lists during the same pass through the machine,
+		 * and to modify a descriptor before adding it would fail.
+		 */
+		_AddNewDescriptors();
+		_ModifyDescriptors();
+
+		if (!_RunOnce())
+			break;
+		if (gTerminateSignalReceived)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	HookControlC (false);
+	#endif
+}
+
+
+/************************
+EventMachine_t::_RunOnce
+************************/
+
+bool EventMachine_t::_RunOnce()
+{
+	if (bEpoll)
+		return _RunEpollOnce();
+	else if (bKqueue)
+		return _RunKqueueOnce();
+	else
+		return _RunSelectOnce();
+}
+
+
+
+/*****************************
+EventMachine_t::_RunEpollOnce
+*****************************/
+
+bool EventMachine_t::_RunEpollOnce()
+{
+	#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
+	assert (epfd != -1);
+	struct epoll_event ev [MaxEpollDescriptors];
+	int s = epoll_wait (epfd, ev, MaxEpollDescriptors, 50);
+	if (s > 0) {
+		for (int i=0; i < s; i++) {
+			EventableDescriptor *ed = (EventableDescriptor*) ev[i].data.ptr;
+
+			if (ev[i].events & (EPOLLERR | EPOLLHUP))
+				ed->ScheduleClose (false);
+			if (ev[i].events & EPOLLIN)
+				ed->Read();
+			if (ev[i].events & EPOLLOUT) {
+				ed->Write();
+				epoll_ctl (epfd, EPOLL_CTL_MOD, ed->GetSocket(), ed->GetEpollEvent());
+				// Ignoring return value
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else if (s < 0) {
+		// epoll_wait can fail on error in a handful of ways.
+		// If this happens, then wait for a little while to avoid busy-looping.
+		// If the error was EINTR, we probably caught SIGCHLD or something,
+		// so keep the wait short.
+		timeval tv = {0, ((errno == EINTR) ? 5 : 50) * 1000};
+		EmSelect (0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv);
+	}
+
+	{ // cleanup dying sockets
+		// vector::pop_back works in constant time.
+		// TODO, rip this out and only delete the descriptors we know have died,
+		// rather than traversing the whole list.
+		//  Modified 05Jan08 per suggestions by Chris Heath. It's possible that
+		//  an EventableDescriptor will have a descriptor value of -1. That will
+		//  happen if EventableDescriptor::Close was called on it. In that case,
+		//  don't call epoll_ctl to remove the socket's filters from the epoll set.
+		//  According to the epoll docs, this happens automatically when the
+		//  descriptor is closed anyway. This is different from the case where
+		//  the socket has already been closed but the descriptor in the ED object
+		//  hasn't yet been set to INVALID_SOCKET.
+		int i, j;
+		int nSockets = Descriptors.size();
+		for (i=0, j=0; i < nSockets; i++) {
+			EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
+			assert (ed);
+			if (ed->ShouldDelete()) {
+				if (ed->GetSocket() != INVALID_SOCKET) {
+					assert (bEpoll); // wouldn't be in this method otherwise.
+					assert (epfd != -1);
+					int e = epoll_ctl (epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, ed->GetSocket(), ed->GetEpollEvent());
+					// ENOENT or EBADF are not errors because the socket may be already closed when we get here.
+					if (e && (errno != ENOENT) && (errno != EBADF)) {
+						char buf [200];
+						snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to delete epoll event: %s", strerror(errno));
+						throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+					}
+				}
+
+				ModifiedDescriptors.erase (ed);
+				delete ed;
+			}
+			else
+				Descriptors [j++] = ed;
+		}
+		while ((size_t)j < Descriptors.size())
+			Descriptors.pop_back();
+
+	}
+
+	// TODO, heartbeats.
+	// Added 14Sep07, its absence was noted by Brian Candler. But the comment was here, indicated
+	// that this got thought about and not done when EPOLL was originally written. Was there a reason
+	// not to do it, or was it an oversight? Certainly, running a heartbeat on 50,000 connections every
+	// two seconds can get to be a real bear, especially if all we're doing is timing out dead ones.
+	// Maybe there's a better way to do this. (Or maybe it's not that expensive after all.)
+	//
+	{ // dispatch heartbeats
+		if (gCurrentLoopTime >= NextHeartbeatTime) {
+			NextHeartbeatTime = gCurrentLoopTime + HeartbeatInterval;
+
+			for (int i=0; i < Descriptors.size(); i++) {
+				EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
+				assert (ed);
+				ed->Heartbeat();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	timeval tv = {0,0};
+	EmSelect (0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv);
+
+	return true;
+	#else
+	throw std::runtime_error ("epoll is not implemented on this platform");
+	#endif
+}
+
+
+/******************************
+EventMachine_t::_RunKqueueOnce
+******************************/
+
+bool EventMachine_t::_RunKqueueOnce()
+{
+	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+	assert (kqfd != -1);
+	const int maxKevents = 2000;
+	struct kevent Karray [maxKevents];
+	struct timespec ts = {0, 10000000}; // Too frequent. Use blocking_region
+
+	int k = kevent (kqfd, NULL, 0, Karray, maxKevents, &ts);
+	struct kevent *ke = Karray;
+	while (k > 0) {
+		EventableDescriptor *ed = (EventableDescriptor*) (ke->udata);
+		assert (ed);
+
+		if (ke->filter == EVFILT_READ)
+			ed->Read();
+		else if (ke->filter == EVFILT_WRITE)
+			ed->Write();
+		else
+			cerr << "Discarding unknown kqueue event " << ke->filter << endl;
+
+		--k;
+		++ke;
+	}
+
+	{ // cleanup dying sockets
+		// vector::pop_back works in constant time.
+		// TODO, rip this out and only delete the descriptors we know have died,
+		// rather than traversing the whole list.
+		// In kqueue, closing a descriptor automatically removes its event filters.
+
+		int i, j;
+		int nSockets = Descriptors.size();
+		for (i=0, j=0; i < nSockets; i++) {
+			EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
+			assert (ed);
+			if (ed->ShouldDelete()) {
+				ModifiedDescriptors.erase (ed);
+				delete ed;
+			}
+			else
+				Descriptors [j++] = ed;
+		}
+		while ((size_t)j < Descriptors.size())
+			Descriptors.pop_back();
+
+	}
+
+	{ // dispatch heartbeats
+		if (gCurrentLoopTime >= NextHeartbeatTime) {
+			NextHeartbeatTime = gCurrentLoopTime + HeartbeatInterval;
+
+			for (int i=0; i < Descriptors.size(); i++) {
+				EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
+				assert (ed);
+				ed->Heartbeat();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	// TODO, replace this with rb_thread_blocking_region for 1.9 builds.
+	timeval tv = {0,0};
+	EmSelect (0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv);
+
+	return true;
+	#else
+	throw std::runtime_error ("kqueue is not implemented on this platform");
+	#endif
+}
+
+
+/*********************************
+EventMachine_t::_ModifyEpollEvent
+*********************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::_ModifyEpollEvent (EventableDescriptor *ed)
+{
+	#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
+	if (bEpoll) {
+		assert (epfd != -1);
+		assert (ed);
+		int e = epoll_ctl (epfd, EPOLL_CTL_MOD, ed->GetSocket(), ed->GetEpollEvent());
+		if (e) {
+			char buf [200];
+			snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to modify epoll event: %s", strerror(errno));
+			throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+		}
+	}
+	#endif
+}
+
+
+
+/**************************
+SelectData_t::SelectData_t
+**************************/
+
+SelectData_t::SelectData_t()
+{
+	maxsocket = 0;
+	FD_ZERO (&fdreads);
+	FD_ZERO (&fdwrites);
+}
+
+
+/*****************
+_SelectDataSelect
+*****************/
+
+#ifdef HAVE_TBR
+static VALUE _SelectDataSelect (void *v)
+{
+	SelectData_t *sd = (SelectData_t*)v;
+	sd->nSockets = select (sd->maxsocket+1, &(sd->fdreads), &(sd->fdwrites), NULL, &(sd->tv));
+	return Qnil;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*********************
+SelectData_t::_Select
+*********************/
+
+int SelectData_t::_Select()
+{
+	#ifdef HAVE_TBR
+	rb_thread_blocking_region (_SelectDataSelect, (void*)this, RB_UBF_DFL, 0);
+	return nSockets;
+	#endif
+
+	#ifndef HAVE_TBR
+	return EmSelect (maxsocket+1, &fdreads, &fdwrites, NULL, &tv);
+	#endif
+}
+
+
+
+/******************************
+EventMachine_t::_RunSelectOnce
+******************************/
+
+bool EventMachine_t::_RunSelectOnce()
+{
+	// Crank the event machine once.
+	// If there are no descriptors to process, then sleep
+	// for a few hundred mills to avoid busy-looping.
+	// Return T/F to indicate whether we should continue.
+	// This is based on a select loop. Alternately provide epoll
+	// if we know we're running on a 2.6 kernel.
+	// epoll will be effective if we provide it as an alternative,
+	// however it has the same problem interoperating with Ruby
+	// threads that select does.
+
+	//cerr << "X";
+
+	/* This protection is now obsolete, because we will ALWAYS
+	 * have at least one descriptor (the loop-breaker) to read.
+	 */
+	/*
+	if (Descriptors.size() == 0) {
+		#ifdef OS_UNIX
+		timeval tv = {0, 200 * 1000};
+		EmSelect (0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv);
+		return true;
+		#endif
+		#ifdef OS_WIN32
+		Sleep (200);
+		return true;
+		#endif
+	}
+	*/
+
+	SelectData_t SelectData;
+	/*
+	fd_set fdreads, fdwrites;
+	FD_ZERO (&fdreads);
+	FD_ZERO (&fdwrites);
+
+	int maxsocket = 0;
+	*/
+
+	// Always read the loop-breaker reader.
+	// Changed 23Aug06, provisionally implemented for Windows with a UDP socket
+	// running on localhost with a randomly-chosen port. (*Puke*)
+	// Windows has a version of the Unix pipe() library function, but it doesn't
+	// give you back descriptors that are selectable.
+	FD_SET (LoopBreakerReader, &(SelectData.fdreads));
+	if (SelectData.maxsocket < LoopBreakerReader)
+		SelectData.maxsocket = LoopBreakerReader;
+
+	// prepare the sockets for reading and writing
+	size_t i;
+	for (i = 0; i < Descriptors.size(); i++) {
+		EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
+		assert (ed);
+		int sd = ed->GetSocket();
+		assert (sd != INVALID_SOCKET);
+
+		if (ed->SelectForRead())
+			FD_SET (sd, &(SelectData.fdreads));
+		if (ed->SelectForWrite())
+			FD_SET (sd, &(SelectData.fdwrites));
+
+		if (SelectData.maxsocket < sd)
+			SelectData.maxsocket = sd;
+	}
+
+
+	{ // read and write the sockets
+		//timeval tv = {1, 0}; // Solaris fails if the microseconds member is >= 1000000.
+		//timeval tv = Quantum;
+		SelectData.tv = Quantum;
+		int s = SelectData._Select();
+		//rb_thread_blocking_region(xxx,(void*)&SelectData,RB_UBF_DFL,0);
+		//int s = EmSelect (SelectData.maxsocket+1, &(SelectData.fdreads), &(SelectData.fdwrites), NULL, &(SelectData.tv));
+		//int s = SelectData.nSockets;
+		if (s > 0) {
+			/* Changed 01Jun07. We used to handle the Loop-breaker right here.
+			 * Now we do it AFTER all the regular descriptors. There's an
+			 * incredibly important and subtle reason for this. Code on
+			 * loop breakers is sometimes used to cause the reactor core to
+			 * cycle (for example, to allow outbound network buffers to drain).
+			 * If a loop-breaker handler reschedules itself (say, after determining
+			 * that the write buffers are still too full), then it will execute
+			 * IMMEDIATELY if _ReadLoopBreaker is done here instead of after
+			 * the other descriptors are processed. That defeats the whole purpose.
+			 */
+			for (i=0; i < Descriptors.size(); i++) {
+				EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
+				assert (ed);
+				int sd = ed->GetSocket();
+				assert (sd != INVALID_SOCKET);
+
+				if (FD_ISSET (sd, &(SelectData.fdwrites)))
+					ed->Write();
+				if (FD_ISSET (sd, &(SelectData.fdreads)))
+					ed->Read();
+			}
+
+			if (FD_ISSET (LoopBreakerReader, &(SelectData.fdreads)))
+				_ReadLoopBreaker();
+		}
+		else if (s < 0) {
+			// select can fail on error in a handful of ways.
+			// If this happens, then wait for a little while to avoid busy-looping.
+			// If the error was EINTR, we probably caught SIGCHLD or something,
+			// so keep the wait short.
+			timeval tv = {0, ((errno == EINTR) ? 5 : 50) * 1000};
+			EmSelect (0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	{ // dispatch heartbeats
+		if (gCurrentLoopTime >= NextHeartbeatTime) {
+			NextHeartbeatTime = gCurrentLoopTime + HeartbeatInterval;
+
+			for (i=0; i < Descriptors.size(); i++) {
+				EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
+				assert (ed);
+				ed->Heartbeat();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	{ // cleanup dying sockets
+		// vector::pop_back works in constant time.
+		int i, j;
+		int nSockets = Descriptors.size();
+		for (i=0, j=0; i < nSockets; i++) {
+			EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
+			assert (ed);
+			if (ed->ShouldDelete())
+				delete ed;
+			else
+				Descriptors [j++] = ed;
+		}
+		while ((size_t)j < Descriptors.size())
+			Descriptors.pop_back();
+
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+/********************************
+EventMachine_t::_ReadLoopBreaker
+********************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::_ReadLoopBreaker()
+{
+	/* The loop breaker has selected readable.
+	 * Read it ONCE (it may block if we try to read it twice)
+	 * and send a loop-break event back to user code.
+	 */
+	char buffer [1024];
+	read (LoopBreakerReader, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
+	if (EventCallback)
+		(*EventCallback)("", EM_LOOPBREAK_SIGNAL, "", 0);
+}
+
+
+/**************************
+EventMachine_t::_RunTimers
+**************************/
+
+bool EventMachine_t::_RunTimers()
+{
+	// These are caller-defined timer handlers.
+	// Return T/F to indicate whether we should continue the main loop.
+	// We rely on the fact that multimaps sort by their keys to avoid
+	// inspecting the whole list every time we come here.
+	// Just keep inspecting and processing the list head until we hit
+	// one that hasn't expired yet.
+
+	#ifdef OS_UNIX
+	struct timeval tv;
+	gettimeofday (&tv, NULL);
+	Int64 now = (((Int64)(tv.tv_sec)) * 1000000LL) + ((Int64)(tv.tv_usec));
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	unsigned tick = GetTickCount();
+	if (tick < gLastTickCount)
+		gTickCountTickover += 1;
+	gLastTickCount = tick;
+	Int64 now = ((Int64)gTickCountTickover << 32) + (Int64)tick;
+	#endif
+
+	while (true) {
+		multimap<Int64,Timer_t>::iterator i = Timers.begin();
+		if (i == Timers.end())
+			break;
+		if (i->first > now)
+			break;
+		if (EventCallback)
+			(*EventCallback) ("", EM_TIMER_FIRED, i->second.GetBinding().c_str(), i->second.GetBinding().length());
+		Timers.erase (i);
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+
+/***********************************
+EventMachine_t::InstallOneshotTimer
+***********************************/
+
+const char *EventMachine_t::InstallOneshotTimer (int milliseconds)
+{
+	if (Timers.size() > MaxOutstandingTimers)
+		return false;
+	// Don't use the global loop-time variable here, because we might
+	// get called before the main event machine is running.
+
+	#ifdef OS_UNIX
+	struct timeval tv;
+	gettimeofday (&tv, NULL);
+	Int64 fire_at = (((Int64)(tv.tv_sec)) * 1000000LL) + ((Int64)(tv.tv_usec));
+	fire_at += ((Int64)milliseconds) * 1000LL;
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	unsigned tick = GetTickCount();
+	if (tick < gLastTickCount)
+		gTickCountTickover += 1;
+	gLastTickCount = tick;
+
+	Int64 fire_at = ((Int64)gTickCountTickover << 32) + (Int64)tick;
+	fire_at += (Int64)milliseconds;
+	#endif
+
+	Timer_t t;
+	multimap<Int64,Timer_t>::iterator i =
+		Timers.insert (make_pair (fire_at, t));
+	return i->second.GetBindingChars();
+}
+
+
+/*******************************
+EventMachine_t::ConnectToServer
+*******************************/
+
+const char *EventMachine_t::ConnectToServer (const char *server, int port)
+{
+	/* We want to spend no more than a few seconds waiting for a connection
+	 * to a remote host. So we use a nonblocking connect.
+	 * Linux disobeys the usual rules for nonblocking connects.
+	 * Per Stevens (UNP p.410), you expect a nonblocking connect to select
+	 * both readable and writable on error, and not to return EINPROGRESS
+	 * if the connect can be fulfilled immediately. Linux violates both
+	 * of these expectations.
+	 * Any kind of nonblocking connect on Linux returns EINPROGRESS.
+	 * The socket will then return writable when the disposition of the
+	 * connect is known, but it will not also be readable in case of
+	 * error! Weirdly, it will be readable in case there is data to read!!!
+	 * (Which can happen with protocols like SSH and SMTP.)
+	 * I suppose if you were so inclined you could consider this logical,
+	 * but it's not the way Unix has historically done it.
+	 * So we ignore the readable flag and read getsockopt to see if there
+	 * was an error connecting. A select timeout works as expected.
+	 * In regard to getsockopt: Linux does the Berkeley-style thing,
+	 * not the Solaris-style, and returns zero with the error code in
+	 * the error parameter.
+	 * Return the binding-text of the newly-created pending connection,
+	 * or NULL if there was a problem.
+	 */
+
+	if (!server || !*server || !port)
+		return NULL;
+
+	int family, bind_size;
+	struct sockaddr *bind_as = name2address (server, port, &family, &bind_size);
+	if (!bind_as)
+		return NULL;
+
+	int sd = socket (family, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+	if (sd == INVALID_SOCKET)
+		return NULL;
+
+	/*
+	sockaddr_in pin;
+	unsigned long HostAddr;
+
+	HostAddr = inet_addr (server);
+	if (HostAddr == INADDR_NONE) {
+		hostent *hp = gethostbyname ((char*)server); // Windows requires (char*)
+		if (!hp) {
+			// TODO: This gives the caller a fatal error. Not good.
+			// They can respond by catching RuntimeError (blecch).
+			// Possibly we need to fire an unbind event and provide
+			// a status code so user code can detect the cause of the
+			// failure.
+			return NULL;
+		}
+		HostAddr = ((in_addr*)(hp->h_addr))->s_addr;
+	}
+
+	memset (&pin, 0, sizeof(pin));
+	pin.sin_family = AF_INET;
+	pin.sin_addr.s_addr = HostAddr;
+	pin.sin_port = htons (port);
+
+	int sd = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+	if (sd == INVALID_SOCKET)
+		return NULL;
+	*/
+
+	// From here on, ALL error returns must close the socket.
+	// Set the new socket nonblocking.
+	if (!SetSocketNonblocking (sd)) {
+		closesocket (sd);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	// Disable slow-start (Nagle algorithm).
+	int one = 1;
+	setsockopt (sd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, (char*) &one, sizeof(one));
+
+	const char *out = NULL;
+
+	#ifdef OS_UNIX
+	//if (connect (sd, (sockaddr*)&pin, sizeof pin) == 0) {
+	if (connect (sd, bind_as, bind_size) == 0) {
+		// This is a connect success, which Linux appears
+		// never to give when the socket is nonblocking,
+		// even if the connection is intramachine or to
+		// localhost.
+
+		/* Changed this branch 08Aug06. Evidently some kernels
+		 * (FreeBSD for example) will actually return success from
+		 * a nonblocking connect. This is a pretty simple case,
+		 * just set up the new connection and clear the pending flag.
+		 * Thanks to Chris Ochs for helping track this down.
+		 * This branch never gets taken on Linux or (oddly) OSX.
+		 * The original behavior was to throw an unimplemented,
+		 * which the user saw as a fatal exception. Very unfriendly.
+		 *
+		 * Tweaked 10Aug06. Even though the connect disposition is
+		 * known, we still set the connect-pending flag. That way
+		 * some needed initialization will happen in the ConnectionDescriptor.
+		 * (To wit, the ConnectionCompleted event gets sent to the client.)
+		 */
+		ConnectionDescriptor *cd = new ConnectionDescriptor (sd, this);
+		if (!cd)
+			throw std::runtime_error ("no connection allocated");
+		cd->SetConnectPending (true);
+		Add (cd);
+		out = cd->GetBinding().c_str();
+	}
+	else if (errno == EINPROGRESS) {
+		// Errno will generally always be EINPROGRESS, but on Linux
+		// we have to look at getsockopt to be sure what really happened.
+		int error;
+		socklen_t len;
+		len = sizeof(error);
+		int o = getsockopt (sd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, &error, &len);
+		if ((o == 0) && (error == 0)) {
+			// Here, there's no disposition.
+			// Put the connection on the stack and wait for it to complete
+			// or time out.
+			ConnectionDescriptor *cd = new ConnectionDescriptor (sd, this);
+			if (!cd)
+				throw std::runtime_error ("no connection allocated");
+			cd->SetConnectPending (true);
+			Add (cd);
+			out = cd->GetBinding().c_str();
+		}
+		else {
+			/* This could be connection refused or some such thing.
+			 * We will come here on Linux if a localhost connection fails.
+			 * Changed 16Jul06: Originally this branch was a no-op, and
+			 * we'd drop down to the end of the method, close the socket,
+			 * and return NULL, which would cause the caller to GET A
+			 * FATAL EXCEPTION. Now we keep the socket around but schedule an
+			 * immediate close on it, so the caller will get a close-event
+			 * scheduled on it. This was only an issue for localhost connections
+			 * to non-listening ports. We may eventually need to revise this
+			 * revised behavior, in case it causes problems like making it hard
+			 * for people to know that a failure occurred.
+			 */
+			ConnectionDescriptor *cd = new ConnectionDescriptor (sd, this);
+			if (!cd)
+				throw std::runtime_error ("no connection allocated");
+			cd->ScheduleClose (false);
+			Add (cd);
+			out = cd->GetBinding().c_str();
+		}
+	}
+	else {
+		// The error from connect was something other then EINPROGRESS.
+	}
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	//if (connect (sd, (sockaddr*)&pin, sizeof pin) == 0) {
+	if (connect (sd, bind_as, bind_size) == 0) {
+		// This is a connect success, which Windows appears
+		// never to give when the socket is nonblocking,
+		// even if the connection is intramachine or to
+		// localhost.
+		throw std::runtime_error ("unimplemented");
+	}
+	else if (WSAGetLastError() == WSAEWOULDBLOCK) {
+		// Here, there's no disposition.
+		// Windows appears not to surface refused connections or
+		// such stuff at this point.
+		// Put the connection on the stack and wait for it to complete
+		// or time out.
+		ConnectionDescriptor *cd = new ConnectionDescriptor (sd, this);
+		if (!cd)
+			throw std::runtime_error ("no connection allocated");
+		cd->SetConnectPending (true);
+		Add (cd);
+		out = cd->GetBinding().c_str();
+	}
+	else {
+		// The error from connect was something other then WSAEWOULDBLOCK.
+	}
+
+	#endif
+
+	if (out == NULL)
+		closesocket (sd);
+	return out;
+}
+
+/***********************************
+EventMachine_t::ConnectToUnixServer
+***********************************/
+
+const char *EventMachine_t::ConnectToUnixServer (const char *server)
+{
+	/* Connect to a Unix-domain server, which by definition is running
+	 * on the same host.
+	 * There is no meaningful implementation on Windows.
+	 * There's no need to do a nonblocking connect, since the connection
+	 * is always local and can always be fulfilled immediately.
+	 */
+
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	throw std::runtime_error ("unix-domain connection unavailable on this platform");
+	return NULL;
+	#endif
+
+	// The whole rest of this function is only compiled on Unix systems.
+	#ifdef OS_UNIX
+
+	const char *out = NULL;
+
+	if (!server || !*server)
+		return NULL;
+
+	sockaddr_un pun;
+	memset (&pun, 0, sizeof(pun));
+	pun.sun_family = AF_LOCAL;
+
+	// You ordinarily expect the server name field to be at least 1024 bytes long,
+	// but on Linux it can be MUCH shorter.
+	if (strlen(server) >= sizeof(pun.sun_path))
+		throw std::runtime_error ("unix-domain server name is too long");
+
+
+	strcpy (pun.sun_path, server);
+
+	int fd = socket (AF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+	if (fd == INVALID_SOCKET)
+		return NULL;
+
+	// From here on, ALL error returns must close the socket.
+	// NOTE: At this point, the socket is still a blocking socket.
+	if (connect (fd, (struct sockaddr*)&pun, sizeof(pun)) != 0) {
+		closesocket (fd);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// Set the newly-connected socket nonblocking.
+	if (!SetSocketNonblocking (fd)) {
+		closesocket (fd);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// Set up a connection descriptor and add it to the event-machine.
+	// Observe, even though we know the connection status is connect-success,
+	// we still set the "pending" flag, so some needed initializations take
+	// place.
+	ConnectionDescriptor *cd = new ConnectionDescriptor (fd, this);
+	if (!cd)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("no connection allocated");
+	cd->SetConnectPending (true);
+	Add (cd);
+	out = cd->GetBinding().c_str();
+
+	if (out == NULL)
+		closesocket (fd);
+
+	return out;
+	#endif
+}
+
+/************************
+EventMachine_t::AttachFD
+************************/
+
+const char *EventMachine_t::AttachFD (int fd, bool notify_readable, bool notify_writable)
+{
+	#ifdef OS_UNIX
+	if (fcntl(fd, F_GETFL, 0) < 0)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("invalid file descriptor");
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	// TODO: add better check for invalid file descriptors (see ioctlsocket or getsockopt)
+	if (fd == INVALID_SOCKET)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("invalid file descriptor");
+	#endif
+
+	{// Check for duplicate descriptors
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < Descriptors.size(); i++) {
+			EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
+			assert (ed);
+			if (ed->GetSocket() == fd)
+				throw std::runtime_error ("adding existing descriptor");
+		}
+
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < NewDescriptors.size(); i++) {
+			EventableDescriptor *ed = NewDescriptors[i];
+			assert (ed);
+			if (ed->GetSocket() == fd)
+				throw std::runtime_error ("adding existing new descriptor");
+		}
+	}
+
+	ConnectionDescriptor *cd = new ConnectionDescriptor (fd, this);
+	if (!cd)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("no connection allocated");
+
+	cd->SetConnectPending (true);
+	cd->SetNotifyReadable (notify_readable);
+	cd->SetNotifyWritable (notify_writable);
+
+	Add (cd);
+
+	const char *out = NULL;
+	out = cd->GetBinding().c_str();
+	if (out == NULL)
+		closesocket (fd);
+	return out;
+}
+
+/************************
+EventMachine_t::DetachFD
+************************/
+
+int EventMachine_t::DetachFD (EventableDescriptor *ed)
+{
+	if (!ed)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("detaching bad descriptor");
+
+	#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
+	if (bEpoll) {
+		if (ed->GetSocket() != INVALID_SOCKET) {
+			assert (bEpoll); // wouldn't be in this method otherwise.
+			assert (epfd != -1);
+			int e = epoll_ctl (epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, ed->GetSocket(), ed->GetEpollEvent());
+			// ENOENT or EBADF are not errors because the socket may be already closed when we get here.
+			if (e && (errno != ENOENT) && (errno != EBADF)) {
+				char buf [200];
+				snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to delete epoll event: %s", strerror(errno));
+				throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+	if (bKqueue) {
+		struct kevent k;
+		EV_SET (&k, ed->GetSocket(), EVFILT_READ, EV_DELETE, 0, 0, ed);
+		int t = kevent (kqfd, &k, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
+		assert (t == 0);
+	}
+	#endif
+
+	{ // remove descriptor from lists
+		int i, j;
+		int nSockets = Descriptors.size();
+		for (i=0, j=0; i < nSockets; i++) {
+			EventableDescriptor *ted = Descriptors[i];
+			assert (ted);
+			if (ted != ed)
+				Descriptors [j++] = ted;
+		}
+		while ((size_t)j < Descriptors.size())
+			Descriptors.pop_back();
+
+		ModifiedDescriptors.erase (ed);
+	}
+
+	int fd = ed->GetSocket();
+
+	// We depend on ~EventableDescriptor not calling close() if the socket is invalid
+	ed->SetSocketInvalid();
+	delete ed;
+
+	return fd;
+}
+
+/************
+name2address
+************/
+
+struct sockaddr *name2address (const char *server, int port, int *family, int *bind_size)
+{
+	// THIS IS NOT RE-ENTRANT OR THREADSAFE. Optimize for speed.
+	// Check the more-common cases first.
+	// Return NULL if no resolution.
+
+	static struct sockaddr_in in4;
+	static struct sockaddr_in6 in6;
+	struct hostent *hp;
+
+	if (!server || !*server)
+		server = "0.0.0.0";
+
+	memset (&in4, 0, sizeof(in4));
+	if ( (in4.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr (server)) != INADDR_NONE) {
+		if (family)
+			*family = AF_INET;
+		if (bind_size)
+			*bind_size = sizeof(in4);
+		in4.sin_family = AF_INET;
+		in4.sin_port = htons (port);
+		return (struct sockaddr*)&in4;
+	}
+
+	#ifdef OS_UNIX
+	memset (&in6, 0, sizeof(in6));
+	if (inet_pton (AF_INET6, server, in6.sin6_addr.s6_addr) > 0) {
+		if (family)
+			*family = AF_INET6;
+		if (bind_size)
+			*bind_size = sizeof(in6);
+		in6.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
+		in6.sin6_port = htons (port);
+		return (struct sockaddr*)&in6;
+	}
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	// TODO, must complete this branch. Windows doesn't have inet_pton.
+	// A possible approach is to make a getaddrinfo call with the supplied
+	// server address, constraining the hints to ipv6 and seeing if we
+	// get any addresses.
+	// For the time being, Ipv6 addresses aren't supported on Windows.
+	#endif
+
+	hp = gethostbyname ((char*)server); // Windows requires the cast.
+	if (hp) {
+		in4.sin_addr.s_addr = ((in_addr*)(hp->h_addr))->s_addr;
+		if (family)
+			*family = AF_INET;
+		if (bind_size)
+			*bind_size = sizeof(in4);
+		in4.sin_family = AF_INET;
+		in4.sin_port = htons (port);
+		return (struct sockaddr*)&in4;
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*******************************
+EventMachine_t::CreateTcpServer
+*******************************/
+
+const char *EventMachine_t::CreateTcpServer (const char *server, int port)
+{
+	/* Create a TCP-acceptor (server) socket and add it to the event machine.
+	 * Return the binding of the new acceptor to the caller.
+	 * This binding will be referenced when the new acceptor sends events
+	 * to indicate accepted connections.
+	 */
+
+
+	int family, bind_size;
+	struct sockaddr *bind_here = name2address (server, port, &family, &bind_size);
+	if (!bind_here)
+		return NULL;
+
+	const char *output_binding = NULL;
+
+	//struct sockaddr_in sin;
+
+	int sd_accept = socket (family, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+	if (sd_accept == INVALID_SOCKET) {
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	memset (&sin, 0, sizeof(sin));
+	sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
+	sin.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
+	sin.sin_port = htons (port);
+
+	if (server && *server) {
+		sin.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr (server);
+		if (sin.sin_addr.s_addr == INADDR_NONE) {
+			hostent *hp = gethostbyname ((char*)server); // Windows requires the cast.
+			if (hp == NULL) {
+				//__warning ("hostname not resolved: ", server);
+				goto fail;
+			}
+			sin.sin_addr.s_addr = ((in_addr*)(hp->h_addr))->s_addr;
+		}
+	}
+	*/
+
+	{ // set reuseaddr to improve performance on restarts.
+		int oval = 1;
+		if (setsockopt (sd_accept, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (char*)&oval, sizeof(oval)) < 0) {
+			//__warning ("setsockopt failed while creating listener","");
+			goto fail;
+		}
+	}
+
+	{ // set CLOEXEC. Only makes sense on Unix
+		#ifdef OS_UNIX
+		int cloexec = fcntl (sd_accept, F_GETFD, 0);
+		assert (cloexec >= 0);
+		cloexec |= FD_CLOEXEC;
+		fcntl (sd_accept, F_SETFD, cloexec);
+		#endif
+	}
+
+
+	//if (bind (sd_accept, (struct sockaddr*)&sin, sizeof(sin))) {
+	if (bind (sd_accept, bind_here, bind_size)) {
+		//__warning ("binding failed");
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	if (listen (sd_accept, 100)) {
+		//__warning ("listen failed");
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	{
+		// Set the acceptor non-blocking.
+		// THIS IS CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT because we read it in a select loop.
+		if (!SetSocketNonblocking (sd_accept)) {
+		//int val = fcntl (sd_accept, F_GETFL, 0);
+		//if (fcntl (sd_accept, F_SETFL, val | O_NONBLOCK) == -1) {
+			goto fail;
+		}
+	}
+
+	{ // Looking good.
+		AcceptorDescriptor *ad = new AcceptorDescriptor (sd_accept, this);
+		if (!ad)
+			throw std::runtime_error ("unable to allocate acceptor");
+		Add (ad);
+		output_binding = ad->GetBinding().c_str();
+	}
+
+	return output_binding;
+
+	fail:
+	if (sd_accept != INVALID_SOCKET)
+		closesocket (sd_accept);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/**********************************
+EventMachine_t::OpenDatagramSocket
+**********************************/
+
+const char *EventMachine_t::OpenDatagramSocket (const char *address, int port)
+{
+	const char *output_binding = NULL;
+
+	int sd = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
+	if (sd == INVALID_SOCKET)
+		goto fail;
+	// from here on, early returns must close the socket!
+
+
+	struct sockaddr_in sin;
+	memset (&sin, 0, sizeof(sin));
+	sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
+	sin.sin_port = htons (port);
+
+
+	if (address && *address) {
+		sin.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr (address);
+		if (sin.sin_addr.s_addr == INADDR_NONE) {
+			hostent *hp = gethostbyname ((char*)address); // Windows requires the cast.
+			if (hp == NULL)
+				goto fail;
+			sin.sin_addr.s_addr = ((in_addr*)(hp->h_addr))->s_addr;
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		sin.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl (INADDR_ANY);
+
+
+	// Set the new socket nonblocking.
+	{
+		if (!SetSocketNonblocking (sd))
+		//int val = fcntl (sd, F_GETFL, 0);
+		//if (fcntl (sd, F_SETFL, val | O_NONBLOCK) == -1)
+			goto fail;
+	}
+
+	if (bind (sd, (struct sockaddr*)&sin, sizeof(sin)) != 0)
+		goto fail;
+
+	{ // Looking good.
+		DatagramDescriptor *ds = new DatagramDescriptor (sd, this);
+		if (!ds)
+			throw std::runtime_error ("unable to allocate datagram-socket");
+		Add (ds);
+		output_binding = ds->GetBinding().c_str();
+	}
+
+	return output_binding;
+
+	fail:
+	if (sd != INVALID_SOCKET)
+		closesocket (sd);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+
+
+/*******************
+EventMachine_t::Add
+*******************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::Add (EventableDescriptor *ed)
+{
+	if (!ed)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("added bad descriptor");
+	ed->SetEventCallback (EventCallback);
+	NewDescriptors.push_back (ed);
+}
+
+
+/*******************************
+EventMachine_t::ArmKqueueWriter
+*******************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::ArmKqueueWriter (EventableDescriptor *ed)
+{
+	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+	if (bKqueue) {
+		if (!ed)
+			throw std::runtime_error ("added bad descriptor");
+		struct kevent k;
+		EV_SET (&k, ed->GetSocket(), EVFILT_WRITE, EV_ADD | EV_ONESHOT, 0, 0, ed);
+		int t = kevent (kqfd, &k, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
+		assert (t == 0);
+	}
+	#endif
+}
+
+/*******************************
+EventMachine_t::ArmKqueueReader
+*******************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::ArmKqueueReader (EventableDescriptor *ed)
+{
+	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+	if (bKqueue) {
+		if (!ed)
+			throw std::runtime_error ("added bad descriptor");
+		struct kevent k;
+		EV_SET (&k, ed->GetSocket(), EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD, 0, 0, ed);
+		int t = kevent (kqfd, &k, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
+		assert (t == 0);
+	}
+	#endif
+}
+
+/**********************************
+EventMachine_t::_AddNewDescriptors
+**********************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::_AddNewDescriptors()
+{
+	/* Avoid adding descriptors to the main descriptor list
+	 * while we're actually traversing the list.
+	 * Any descriptors that are added as a result of processing timers
+	 * or acceptors should go on a temporary queue and then added
+	 * while we're not traversing the main list.
+	 * Also, it (rarely) happens that a newly-created descriptor
+	 * is immediately scheduled to close. It might be a good
+	 * idea not to bother scheduling these for I/O but if
+	 * we do that, we might bypass some important processing.
+	 */
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < NewDescriptors.size(); i++) {
+		EventableDescriptor *ed = NewDescriptors[i];
+		if (ed == NULL)
+			throw std::runtime_error ("adding bad descriptor");
+
+		#if HAVE_EPOLL
+		if (bEpoll) {
+			assert (epfd != -1);
+			int e = epoll_ctl (epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, ed->GetSocket(), ed->GetEpollEvent());
+			if (e) {
+				char buf [200];
+				snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to add new descriptor: %s", strerror(errno));
+				throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+			}
+		}
+		#endif
+
+		#if HAVE_KQUEUE
+		/*
+		if (bKqueue) {
+			// INCOMPLETE. Some descriptors don't want to be readable.
+			assert (kqfd != -1);
+			struct kevent k;
+			EV_SET (&k, ed->GetSocket(), EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD, 0, 0, ed);
+			int t = kevent (kqfd, &k, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
+			assert (t == 0);
+		}
+		*/
+		#endif
+
+		Descriptors.push_back (ed);
+	}
+	NewDescriptors.clear();
+}
+
+
+/**********************************
+EventMachine_t::_ModifyDescriptors
+**********************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::_ModifyDescriptors()
+{
+	/* For implementations which don't level check every descriptor on
+	 * every pass through the machine, as select does.
+	 * If we're not selecting, then descriptors need a way to signal to the
+	 * machine that their readable or writable status has changed.
+	 * That's what the ::Modify call is for. We do it this way to avoid
+	 * modifying descriptors during the loop traversal, where it can easily
+	 * happen that an object (like a UDP socket) gets data written on it by
+	 * the application during #post_init. That would take place BEFORE the
+	 * descriptor even gets added to the epoll descriptor, so the modify
+	 * operation will crash messily.
+	 * Another really messy possibility is for a descriptor to put itself
+	 * on the Modified list, and then get deleted before we get here.
+	 * Remember, deletes happen after the I/O traversal and before the
+	 * next pass through here. So we have to make sure when we delete a
+	 * descriptor to remove it from the Modified list.
+	 */
+
+	#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
+	if (bEpoll) {
+		set<EventableDescriptor*>::iterator i = ModifiedDescriptors.begin();
+		while (i != ModifiedDescriptors.end()) {
+			assert (*i);
+			_ModifyEpollEvent (*i);
+			++i;
+		}
+	}
+	#endif
+
+	ModifiedDescriptors.clear();
+}
+
+
+/**********************
+EventMachine_t::Modify
+**********************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::Modify (EventableDescriptor *ed)
+{
+	if (!ed)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("modified bad descriptor");
+	ModifiedDescriptors.insert (ed);
+}
+
+
+/***********************************
+EventMachine_t::_OpenFileForWriting
+***********************************/
+
+const char *EventMachine_t::_OpenFileForWriting (const char *filename)
+{
+  /*
+	 * Return the binding-text of the newly-opened file,
+	 * or NULL if there was a problem.
+	 */
+
+	if (!filename || !*filename)
+		return NULL;
+
+  int fd = open (filename, O_CREAT|O_TRUNC|O_WRONLY|O_NONBLOCK, 0644);
+  
+	FileStreamDescriptor *fsd = new FileStreamDescriptor (fd, this);
+  if (!fsd)
+  	throw std::runtime_error ("no file-stream allocated");
+  Add (fsd);
+  return fsd->GetBinding().c_str();
+
+}
+
+
+/**************************************
+EventMachine_t::CreateUnixDomainServer
+**************************************/
+
+const char *EventMachine_t::CreateUnixDomainServer (const char *filename)
+{
+	/* Create a UNIX-domain acceptor (server) socket and add it to the event machine.
+	 * Return the binding of the new acceptor to the caller.
+	 * This binding will be referenced when the new acceptor sends events
+	 * to indicate accepted connections.
+	 * THERE IS NO MEANINGFUL IMPLEMENTATION ON WINDOWS.
+	 */
+
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	throw std::runtime_error ("unix-domain server unavailable on this platform");
+	#endif
+
+	// The whole rest of this function is only compiled on Unix systems.
+	#ifdef OS_UNIX
+	const char *output_binding = NULL;
+
+	struct sockaddr_un s_sun;
+
+	int sd_accept = socket (AF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+	if (sd_accept == INVALID_SOCKET) {
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	if (!filename || !*filename)
+		goto fail;
+	unlink (filename);
+
+	bzero (&s_sun, sizeof(s_sun));
+	s_sun.sun_family = AF_LOCAL;
+	strncpy (s_sun.sun_path, filename, sizeof(s_sun.sun_path)-1);
+
+	// don't bother with reuseaddr for a local socket.
+
+	{ // set CLOEXEC. Only makes sense on Unix
+		#ifdef OS_UNIX
+		int cloexec = fcntl (sd_accept, F_GETFD, 0);
+		assert (cloexec >= 0);
+		cloexec |= FD_CLOEXEC;
+		fcntl (sd_accept, F_SETFD, cloexec);
+		#endif
+	}
+
+	if (bind (sd_accept, (struct sockaddr*)&s_sun, sizeof(s_sun))) {
+		//__warning ("binding failed");
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	if (listen (sd_accept, 100)) {
+		//__warning ("listen failed");
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	{
+		// Set the acceptor non-blocking.
+		// THIS IS CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT because we read it in a select loop.
+		if (!SetSocketNonblocking (sd_accept)) {
+		//int val = fcntl (sd_accept, F_GETFL, 0);
+		//if (fcntl (sd_accept, F_SETFL, val | O_NONBLOCK) == -1) {
+			goto fail;
+		}
+	}
+
+	{ // Looking good.
+		AcceptorDescriptor *ad = new AcceptorDescriptor (sd_accept, this);
+		if (!ad)
+			throw std::runtime_error ("unable to allocate acceptor");
+		Add (ad);
+		output_binding = ad->GetBinding().c_str();
+	}
+
+	return output_binding;
+
+	fail:
+	if (sd_accept != INVALID_SOCKET)
+		closesocket (sd_accept);
+	return NULL;
+	#endif // OS_UNIX
+}
+
+
+/*********************
+EventMachine_t::Popen
+*********************/
+#if OBSOLETE
+const char *EventMachine_t::Popen (const char *cmd, const char *mode)
+{
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	throw std::runtime_error ("popen is currently unavailable on this platform");
+	#endif
+
+	// The whole rest of this function is only compiled on Unix systems.
+	// Eventually we need this functionality (or a full-duplex equivalent) on Windows.
+	#ifdef OS_UNIX
+	const char *output_binding = NULL;
+
+	FILE *fp = popen (cmd, mode);
+	if (!fp)
+		return NULL;
+
+	// From here, all early returns must pclose the stream.
+
+	// According to the pipe(2) manpage, descriptors returned from pipe have both
+	// CLOEXEC and NONBLOCK clear. Do NOT set CLOEXEC. DO set nonblocking.
+	if (!SetSocketNonblocking (fileno (fp))) {
+		pclose (fp);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	{ // Looking good.
+		PipeDescriptor *pd = new PipeDescriptor (fp, this);
+		if (!pd)
+			throw std::runtime_error ("unable to allocate pipe");
+		Add (pd);
+		output_binding = pd->GetBinding().c_str();
+	}
+
+	return output_binding;
+	#endif
+}
+#endif // OBSOLETE
+
+/**************************
+EventMachine_t::Socketpair
+**************************/
+
+const char *EventMachine_t::Socketpair (char * const*cmd_strings)
+{
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	throw std::runtime_error ("socketpair is currently unavailable on this platform");
+	#endif
+
+	// The whole rest of this function is only compiled on Unix systems.
+	// Eventually we need this functionality (or a full-duplex equivalent) on Windows.
+	#ifdef OS_UNIX
+	// Make sure the incoming array of command strings is sane.
+	if (!cmd_strings)
+		return NULL;
+	int j;
+	for (j=0; j < 100 && cmd_strings[j]; j++)
+		;
+	if ((j==0) || (j==100))
+		return NULL;
+
+	const char *output_binding = NULL;
+
+	int sv[2];
+	if (socketpair (AF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM, 0, sv) < 0)
+		return NULL;
+	// from here, all early returns must close the pair of sockets.
+
+	// Set the parent side of the socketpair nonblocking.
+	// We don't care about the child side, and most child processes will expect their
+	// stdout to be blocking. Thanks to Duane Johnson and Bill Kelly for pointing this out.
+	// Obviously DON'T set CLOEXEC.
+	if (!SetSocketNonblocking (sv[0])) {
+		close (sv[0]);
+		close (sv[1]);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	pid_t f = fork();
+	if (f > 0) {
+		close (sv[1]);
+		PipeDescriptor *pd = new PipeDescriptor (sv[0], f, this);
+		if (!pd)
+			throw std::runtime_error ("unable to allocate pipe");
+		Add (pd);
+		output_binding = pd->GetBinding().c_str();
+	}
+	else if (f == 0) {
+		close (sv[0]);
+		dup2 (sv[1], STDIN_FILENO);
+		close (sv[1]);
+		dup2 (STDIN_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO);
+		execvp (cmd_strings[0], cmd_strings+1);
+		exit (-1); // end the child process if the exec doesn't work.
+	}
+	else
+		throw std::runtime_error ("no fork");
+
+	return output_binding;
+	#endif
+}
+
+
+/****************************
+EventMachine_t::OpenKeyboard
+****************************/
+
+const char *EventMachine_t::OpenKeyboard()
+{
+	KeyboardDescriptor *kd = new KeyboardDescriptor (this);
+	if (!kd)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("no keyboard-object allocated");
+	Add (kd);
+	return kd->GetBinding().c_str();
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+//#endif // OS_UNIX
+