breaker_machines 0.5.0 → 0.6.0

data/ext/breaker_machines_native/target/package/breaker-machines-0.6.0/src/circuit.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,1156 @@
+//! Circuit breaker implementation using state machines
+//!
+//! This module provides a complete circuit breaker with state management.
+
+use crate::{
+    StorageBackend, bulkhead::BulkheadSemaphore, callbacks::Callbacks,
+    classifier::FailureClassifier, errors::CircuitError,
+};
+use state_machines::state_machine;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+/// Circuit breaker configuration
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Config {
+    /// Number of failures required to open the circuit (absolute count)
+    /// If None, only rate-based threshold is used
+    pub failure_threshold: Option<usize>,
+
+    /// Failure rate threshold (0.0-1.0) - percentage of failures to open circuit
+    /// If None, only absolute count threshold is used
+    pub failure_rate_threshold: Option<f64>,
+
+    /// Minimum number of calls before rate-based threshold is evaluated
+    pub minimum_calls: usize,
+
+    /// Time window in seconds for counting failures
+    pub failure_window_secs: f64,
+
+    /// Timeout in seconds before transitioning from Open to HalfOpen
+    pub half_open_timeout_secs: f64,
+
+    /// Number of successes required in HalfOpen to close the circuit
+    pub success_threshold: usize,
+
+    /// Jitter factor for half_open_timeout (0.0 = no jitter, 1.0 = full jitter)
+    /// Uses chrono-machines formula: timeout * (1 - jitter + rand * jitter)
+    pub jitter_factor: f64,
+}
+
+impl Default for Config {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            failure_threshold: Some(5),
+            failure_rate_threshold: None,
+            minimum_calls: 20,
+            failure_window_secs: 60.0,
+            half_open_timeout_secs: 30.0,
+            success_threshold: 2,
+            jitter_factor: 0.0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Context provided to fallback closures when circuit is open
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct FallbackContext {
+    /// Circuit name
+    pub circuit_name: String,
+    /// Timestamp when circuit opened
+    pub opened_at: f64,
+    /// Current circuit state
+    pub state: &'static str,
+}
+
+/// Type alias for fallback function
+pub type FallbackFn<T, E> = Box<dyn FnOnce(&FallbackContext) -> Result<T, E> + Send>;
+
+/// Options for circuit breaker calls
+pub struct CallOptions<T, E> {
+    /// Optional fallback function called when circuit is open
+    pub fallback: Option<FallbackFn<T, E>>,
+}
+
+impl<T, E> Default for CallOptions<T, E> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self { fallback: None }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, E> CallOptions<T, E> {
+    /// Create new call options with no fallback
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    /// Set a fallback function
+    pub fn with_fallback<F>(mut self, f: F) -> Self
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&FallbackContext) -> Result<T, E> + Send + 'static,
+    {
+        self.fallback = Some(Box::new(f));
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// Type alias for callable function
+pub type CallableFn<T, E> = Box<dyn FnOnce() -> Result<T, E>>;
+
+/// Trait for converting into CallOptions - allows flexible call() API
+pub trait IntoCallOptions<T, E> {
+    fn into_call_options(self) -> (CallableFn<T, E>, CallOptions<T, E>);
+}
+
+/// Implement for plain closures (backward compatibility)
+impl<T, E, F> IntoCallOptions<T, E> for F
+where
+    F: FnOnce() -> Result<T, E> + 'static,
+{
+    fn into_call_options(self) -> (Box<dyn FnOnce() -> Result<T, E>>, CallOptions<T, E>) {
+        (Box::new(self), CallOptions::default())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Implement for (closure, CallOptions) tuple
+impl<T, E, F> IntoCallOptions<T, E> for (F, CallOptions<T, E>)
+where
+    F: FnOnce() -> Result<T, E> + 'static,
+{
+    fn into_call_options(self) -> (Box<dyn FnOnce() -> Result<T, E>>, CallOptions<T, E>) {
+        (Box::new(self.0), self.1)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Circuit breaker context - shared data across all states
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct CircuitContext {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub config: Config,
+    pub storage: Arc<dyn StorageBackend>,
+    pub failure_classifier: Option<Arc<dyn FailureClassifier>>,
+    pub bulkhead: Option<Arc<BulkheadSemaphore>>,
+}
+
+impl Default for CircuitContext {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: String::new(),
+            config: Config::default(),
+            storage: Arc::new(crate::MemoryStorage::new()),
+            failure_classifier: None,
+            bulkhead: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for CircuitContext {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("CircuitContext")
+            .field("name", &self.name)
+            .field("config", &self.config)
+            .field("storage", &"<dyn StorageBackend>")
+            .field(
+                "failure_classifier",
+                &self
+                    .failure_classifier
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(|_| "<dyn FailureClassifier>"),
+            )
+            .field("bulkhead", &self.bulkhead)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Data specific to the Open state
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct OpenData {
+    pub opened_at: f64,
+}
+
+/// Data specific to the HalfOpen state
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct HalfOpenData {
+    pub consecutive_successes: usize,
+}
+
+// Define the circuit breaker state machine with dynamic mode
+state_machine! {
+    name: Circuit,
+    context: CircuitContext,
+    dynamic: true,  // Enable dynamic mode for runtime state transitions
+
+    initial: Closed,
+    states: [
+        Closed,
+        Open(OpenData),
+        HalfOpen(HalfOpenData),
+    ],
+    events {
+        trip {
+            guards: [should_open],
+            transition: { from: [Closed, HalfOpen], to: Open }
+        }
+        attempt_reset {
+            guards: [timeout_elapsed],
+            transition: { from: Open, to: HalfOpen }
+        }
+        close {
+            guards: [should_close],
+            transition: { from: HalfOpen, to: Closed }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Guards for dynamic mode - implemented on typestate machines
+impl Circuit<Closed> {
+    /// Check if failure threshold is exceeded (absolute count or rate-based)
+    fn should_open(&self, ctx: &CircuitContext) -> bool {
+        let failures = ctx
+            .storage
+            .failure_count(&ctx.name, ctx.config.failure_window_secs);
+
+        // Check absolute count threshold
+        if let Some(threshold) = ctx.config.failure_threshold
+            && failures >= threshold
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Check rate-based threshold
+        if let Some(rate_threshold) = ctx.config.failure_rate_threshold {
+            let successes = ctx
+                .storage
+                .success_count(&ctx.name, ctx.config.failure_window_secs);
+            let total = failures + successes;
+
+            // Only evaluate rate if we have minimum calls
+            if total >= ctx.config.minimum_calls {
+                let failure_rate = if total > 0 {
+                    failures as f64 / total as f64
+                } else {
+                    0.0
+                };
+
+                if failure_rate >= rate_threshold {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+impl Circuit<HalfOpen> {
+    /// Check if failure threshold is exceeded (absolute count or rate-based)
+    fn should_open(&self, ctx: &CircuitContext) -> bool {
+        let failures = ctx
+            .storage
+            .failure_count(&ctx.name, ctx.config.failure_window_secs);
+
+        // Check absolute count threshold
+        if let Some(threshold) = ctx.config.failure_threshold
+            && failures >= threshold
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Check rate-based threshold
+        if let Some(rate_threshold) = ctx.config.failure_rate_threshold {
+            let successes = ctx
+                .storage
+                .success_count(&ctx.name, ctx.config.failure_window_secs);
+            let total = failures + successes;
+
+            // Only evaluate rate if we have minimum calls
+            if total >= ctx.config.minimum_calls {
+                let failure_rate = if total > 0 {
+                    failures as f64 / total as f64
+                } else {
+                    0.0
+                };
+
+                if failure_rate >= rate_threshold {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        false
+    }
+
+    /// Check if enough successes to close circuit
+    fn should_close(&self, ctx: &CircuitContext) -> bool {
+        let data = self
+            .state_data_half_open()
+            .expect("HalfOpen state must have data");
+        data.consecutive_successes >= ctx.config.success_threshold
+    }
+}
+
+impl Circuit<Open> {
+    /// Check if timeout has elapsed for Open -> HalfOpen transition
+    fn timeout_elapsed(&self, ctx: &CircuitContext) -> bool {
+        let data = self.state_data_open().expect("Open state must have data");
+        let current_time = ctx.storage.monotonic_time();
+        let elapsed = current_time - data.opened_at;
+
+        // Apply jitter using chrono-machines if jitter_factor > 0
+        let timeout_secs = if ctx.config.jitter_factor > 0.0 {
+            let policy = chrono_machines::Policy {
+                max_attempts: 1,
+                base_delay_ms: (ctx.config.half_open_timeout_secs * 1000.0) as u64,
+                multiplier: 1.0,
+                max_delay_ms: (ctx.config.half_open_timeout_secs * 1000.0) as u64,
+            };
+            let timeout_ms = policy.calculate_delay(1, ctx.config.jitter_factor);
+            (timeout_ms as f64) / 1000.0
+        } else {
+            ctx.config.half_open_timeout_secs
+        };
+
+        elapsed >= timeout_secs
+    }
+}
+
+/// Circuit breaker public API
+pub struct CircuitBreaker {
+    machine: DynamicCircuit,
+    context: CircuitContext,
+    callbacks: Callbacks,
+}
+
+impl CircuitBreaker {
+    /// Create a new circuit breaker (use builder() for more options)
+    pub fn new(name: String, config: Config) -> Self {
+        let storage = Arc::new(crate::MemoryStorage::new());
+        let context = CircuitContext {
+            name,
+            config,
+            storage,
+            failure_classifier: None,
+            bulkhead: None,
+        };
+
+        let machine = DynamicCircuit::new(context.clone());
+        let callbacks = Callbacks::new();
+
+        Self {
+            machine,
+            context,
+            callbacks,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a circuit breaker with custom context and callbacks (used by builder)
+    pub(crate) fn with_context_and_callbacks(
+        context: CircuitContext,
+        callbacks: Callbacks,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let machine = DynamicCircuit::new(context.clone());
+
+        Self {
+            machine,
+            context,
+            callbacks,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new circuit breaker builder
+    pub fn builder(name: impl Into<String>) -> crate::builder::CircuitBuilder {
+        crate::builder::CircuitBuilder::new(name)
+    }
+
+    /// Execute a fallible operation with circuit breaker protection
+    ///
+    /// Accepts either:
+    /// - A plain closure: `circuit.call(|| api_request())`
+    /// - A closure with options: `circuit.call((|| api_request(), CallOptions::new().with_fallback(...)))`
+    pub fn call<I, T, E: 'static>(&mut self, input: I) -> Result<T, CircuitError<E>>
+    where
+        I: IntoCallOptions<T, E>,
+    {
+        let (f, options) = input.into_call_options();
+
+        // Try to acquire bulkhead permit if configured
+        let _guard = if let Some(bulkhead) = &self.context.bulkhead {
+            match bulkhead.try_acquire() {
+                Some(guard) => Some(guard),
+                None => {
+                    return Err(CircuitError::BulkheadFull {
+                        circuit: self.context.name.clone(),
+                        limit: bulkhead.limit(),
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        // Check for timeout-based Open -> HalfOpen transition
+        if self.machine.current_state() == "Open" {
+            let _ = self.machine.handle(CircuitEvent::AttemptReset);
+            if self.machine.current_state() == "HalfOpen" {
+                self.callbacks.trigger_half_open(&self.context.name);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Handle based on current state
+        match self.machine.current_state() {
+            "Open" => {
+                let opened_at = self.machine.open_data().map(|d| d.opened_at).unwrap_or(0.0);
+
+                // If fallback is provided, use it instead of returning error
+                if let Some(fallback) = options.fallback {
+                    let ctx = FallbackContext {
+                        circuit_name: self.context.name.clone(),
+                        opened_at,
+                        state: "Open",
+                    };
+                    return fallback(&ctx).map_err(CircuitError::Execution);
+                }
+
+                Err(CircuitError::Open {
+                    circuit: self.context.name.clone(),
+                    opened_at,
+                })
+            }
+            "HalfOpen" => {
+                // Check if we've reached the success threshold
+                if let Some(data) = self.machine.half_open_data()
+                    && data.consecutive_successes >= self.context.config.success_threshold
+                {
+                    return Err(CircuitError::HalfOpenLimitReached {
+                        circuit: self.context.name.clone(),
+                    });
+                }
+                self.execute_call(f)
+            }
+            _ => self.execute_call(f),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn execute_call<T, E: 'static>(
+        &mut self,
+        f: Box<dyn FnOnce() -> Result<T, E>>,
+    ) -> Result<T, CircuitError<E>> {
+        let start = self.context.storage.monotonic_time();
+
+        match f() {
+            Ok(val) => {
+                let duration = self.context.storage.monotonic_time() - start;
+                self.context
+                    .storage
+                    .record_success(&self.context.name, duration);
+
+                // Handle success in HalfOpen state
+                if self.machine.current_state() == "HalfOpen" {
+                    if let Some(data) = self.machine.half_open_data_mut() {
+                        data.consecutive_successes += 1;
+                    }
+
+                    // Try to close the circuit
+                    if self.machine.handle(CircuitEvent::Close).is_ok() {
+                        self.callbacks.trigger_close(&self.context.name);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                Ok(val)
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                let duration = self.context.storage.monotonic_time() - start;
+
+                // Check if this error should trip the circuit using failure classifier
+                let should_trip = if let Some(classifier) = &self.context.failure_classifier {
+                    let ctx = crate::classifier::FailureContext {
+                        circuit_name: &self.context.name,
+                        error: &e as &dyn std::any::Any,
+                        duration,
+                    };
+                    classifier.should_trip(&ctx)
+                } else {
+                    // No classifier - default behavior is to trip on all errors
+                    true
+                };
+
+                // Only record failure and try to trip if classifier says we should
+                if should_trip {
+                    self.context
+                        .storage
+                        .record_failure(&self.context.name, duration);
+
+                    // Try to trip the circuit
+                    let result = self.machine.handle(CircuitEvent::Trip);
+                    if result.is_ok() {
+                        // Transition succeeded - update opened_at timestamp
+                        if let Some(data) = self.machine.open_data_mut() {
+                            data.opened_at = self.context.storage.monotonic_time();
+                        }
+                        self.callbacks.trigger_open(&self.context.name);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                Err(CircuitError::Execution(e))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Record a successful operation (for manual tracking)
+    pub fn record_success(&self, duration: f64) {
+        self.context
+            .storage
+            .record_success(&self.context.name, duration);
+    }
+
+    /// Record a failed operation (for manual tracking)
+    pub fn record_failure(&self, duration: f64) {
+        self.context
+            .storage
+            .record_failure(&self.context.name, duration);
+    }
+
+    /// Check failure threshold and attempt to trip the circuit
+    /// This should be called after record_failure() when not using call()
+    pub fn check_and_trip(&mut self) -> bool {
+        self.machine.handle(CircuitEvent::Trip).is_ok()
+    }
+
+    /// Check if circuit is open
+    pub fn is_open(&self) -> bool {
+        self.machine.current_state() == "Open"
+    }
+
+    /// Check if circuit is closed
+    pub fn is_closed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.machine.current_state() == "Closed"
+    }
+
+    /// Get current state name
+    pub fn state_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        self.machine.current_state()
+    }
+
+    /// Clear all events and reset circuit to Closed state
+    pub fn reset(&mut self) {
+        self.context.storage.clear(&self.context.name);
+        // Recreate machine in Closed state
+        self.machine = DynamicCircuit::new(self.context.clone());
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_circuit_breaker_creation() {
+        let config = Config::default();
+        let circuit = CircuitBreaker::new("test".to_string(), config);
+
+        assert!(circuit.is_closed());
+        assert!(!circuit.is_open());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_circuit_opens_after_threshold() {
+        let config = Config {
+            failure_threshold: Some(3),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let mut circuit = CircuitBreaker::new("test".to_string(), config);
+
+        // Trigger failures via call() method
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error 1"));
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error 2"));
+        assert!(circuit.is_closed());
+
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error 3"));
+        assert!(circuit.is_open());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_reset_clears_state() {
+        let config = Config {
+            failure_threshold: Some(2),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let mut circuit = CircuitBreaker::new("test".to_string(), config);
+
+        // Trigger failures
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error 1"));
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error 2"));
+        assert!(circuit.is_open());
+
+        circuit.reset();
+        assert!(circuit.is_closed());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_state_machine_closed_to_open_transition() {
+        let storage = Arc::new(crate::MemoryStorage::new());
+        let config = Config {
+            failure_threshold: Some(3),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let ctx = CircuitContext {
+            failure_classifier: None,
+            bulkhead: None,
+            name: "test_circuit".to_string(),
+            config,
+            storage: storage.clone(),
+        };
+
+        let mut circuit = DynamicCircuit::new(ctx.clone());
+
+        // Initially closed - trip should fail guard
+        let result = circuit.handle(CircuitEvent::Trip);
+        assert!(result.is_err(), "Should fail guard when below threshold");
+
+        // Record failures to exceed threshold
+        storage.record_failure("test_circuit", 0.1);
+        storage.record_failure("test_circuit", 0.1);
+        storage.record_failure("test_circuit", 0.1);
+
+        // Now trip should succeed - guards pass
+        circuit
+            .handle(CircuitEvent::Trip)
+            .expect("Should open after reaching threshold");
+
+        assert_eq!(circuit.current_state(), "Open");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_state_machine_open_to_half_open_transition() {
+        let storage = Arc::new(crate::MemoryStorage::new());
+        let config = Config {
+            failure_threshold: Some(2),
+            half_open_timeout_secs: 0.001, // Very short timeout for testing
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let ctx = CircuitContext {
+            failure_classifier: None,
+            bulkhead: None,
+            name: "test_circuit".to_string(),
+            config,
+            storage: storage.clone(),
+        };
+
+        // Record failures and open circuit
+        storage.record_failure("test_circuit", 0.1);
+        storage.record_failure("test_circuit", 0.1);
+
+        let mut circuit = DynamicCircuit::new(ctx.clone());
+        circuit.handle(CircuitEvent::Trip).expect("Should open");
+
+        // Set opened_at timestamp
+        if let Some(data) = circuit.open_data_mut() {
+            data.opened_at = storage.monotonic_time();
+        }
+
+        // Immediately try to reset - should fail guard (timeout not elapsed)
+        let result = circuit.handle(CircuitEvent::AttemptReset);
+        assert!(
+            result.is_err(),
+            "Should fail guard when timeout not elapsed"
+        );
+
+        // Wait for timeout
+        std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(5));
+
+        circuit
+            .handle(CircuitEvent::AttemptReset)
+            .expect("Should reset after timeout");
+
+        // Verify we're in HalfOpen state
+        assert_eq!(circuit.current_state(), "HalfOpen");
+        let data = circuit.half_open_data().expect("Should have HalfOpen data");
+        assert_eq!(data.consecutive_successes, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_state_machine_half_open_to_closed_guard() {
+        let storage = Arc::new(crate::MemoryStorage::new());
+        let config = Config {
+            failure_threshold: Some(2),
+            half_open_timeout_secs: 0.001,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let ctx = CircuitContext {
+            failure_classifier: None,
+            bulkhead: None,
+            name: "test_circuit".to_string(),
+            config,
+            storage: storage.clone(),
+        };
+
+        // Get to HalfOpen state
+        storage.record_failure("test_circuit", 0.1);
+        storage.record_failure("test_circuit", 0.1);
+
+        let mut circuit = DynamicCircuit::new(ctx.clone());
+        circuit.handle(CircuitEvent::Trip).expect("Should open");
+
+        // Set opened_at and wait for timeout
+        if let Some(data) = circuit.open_data_mut() {
+            data.opened_at = storage.monotonic_time();
+        }
+        std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(5));
+
+        circuit
+            .handle(CircuitEvent::AttemptReset)
+            .expect("Should reset");
+
+        // Try to close - should fail guard (not enough successes)
+        let result = circuit.handle(CircuitEvent::Close);
+        assert!(result.is_err(), "Should fail guard without successes");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_jitter_disabled() {
+        let storage = Arc::new(crate::MemoryStorage::new());
+        let config = Config {
+            failure_threshold: Some(1),
+            half_open_timeout_secs: 1.0, // 1 second timeout
+            jitter_factor: 0.0,          // No jitter
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let ctx = CircuitContext {
+            failure_classifier: None,
+            bulkhead: None,
+            name: "test_circuit".to_string(),
+            config,
+            storage: storage.clone(),
+        };
+
+        // Open circuit
+        storage.record_failure("test_circuit", 0.1);
+        let mut circuit = DynamicCircuit::new(ctx.clone());
+        circuit.handle(CircuitEvent::Trip).expect("Should open");
+
+        // Set opened_at
+        if let Some(data) = circuit.open_data_mut() {
+            data.opened_at = storage.monotonic_time();
+        }
+
+        // Wait exactly 1 second
+        std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(1));
+
+        // Should transition to HalfOpen (no jitter = exact timeout)
+        circuit
+            .handle(CircuitEvent::AttemptReset)
+            .expect("Should reset after exact timeout");
+        assert_eq!(circuit.current_state(), "HalfOpen");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_jitter_enabled() {
+        let storage = Arc::new(crate::MemoryStorage::new());
+        let config = Config {
+            failure_threshold: Some(1),
+            half_open_timeout_secs: 1.0,
+            jitter_factor: 0.1, // 10% jitter = 90-100% of timeout
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let ctx = CircuitContext {
+            failure_classifier: None,
+            bulkhead: None,
+            name: "test_circuit".to_string(),
+            config,
+            storage: storage.clone(),
+        };
+
+        // Test multiple times to verify jitter reduces timeout
+        let mut found_early_reset = false;
+        for _ in 0..10 {
+            // Open circuit
+            storage.record_failure("test_circuit", 0.1);
+            let mut circuit = DynamicCircuit::new(ctx.clone());
+            circuit.handle(CircuitEvent::Trip).expect("Should open");
+
+            if let Some(data) = circuit.open_data_mut() {
+                data.opened_at = storage.monotonic_time();
+            }
+
+            // With 10% jitter, timeout should be 900-1000ms
+            // Try at 950ms - should sometimes succeed (jitter applied)
+            std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(950));
+
+            if circuit.handle(CircuitEvent::AttemptReset).is_ok() {
+                found_early_reset = true;
+                break;
+            }
+
+            storage.clear("test_circuit");
+        }
+
+        assert!(
+            found_early_reset,
+            "Jitter should occasionally allow reset before full timeout"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_builder_with_jitter() {
+        let mut circuit = CircuitBreaker::builder("test")
+            .failure_threshold(2)
+            .half_open_timeout_secs(1.0)
+            .jitter_factor(0.5) // 50% jitter
+            .build();
+
+        // Trigger failures
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error 1"));
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error 2"));
+        assert!(circuit.is_open());
+
+        // Verify jitter_factor was set
+        assert_eq!(circuit.context.config.jitter_factor, 0.5);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fallback_when_open() {
+        let mut circuit = CircuitBreaker::builder("test").failure_threshold(2).build();
+
+        // Trigger failures to open circuit
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error 1"));
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error 2"));
+        assert!(circuit.is_open());
+
+        // Call with fallback should return fallback result
+        let result = circuit.call((
+            || Err::<String, _>("should not execute"),
+            CallOptions::new().with_fallback(|ctx| {
+                assert_eq!(ctx.circuit_name, "test");
+                assert_eq!(ctx.state, "Open");
+                Ok("fallback response".to_string())
+            }),
+        ));
+
+        assert!(result.is_ok());
+        assert_eq!(result.unwrap(), "fallback response");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fallback_error_propagation() {
+        let mut circuit = CircuitBreaker::builder("test").failure_threshold(1).build();
+
+        // Trigger failure to open circuit
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error"));
+        assert!(circuit.is_open());
+
+        // Fallback can also return errors
+        let result = circuit.call((
+            || Ok::<String, _>("should not execute".to_string()),
+            CallOptions::new().with_fallback(|_ctx| Err::<String, _>("fallback error")),
+        ));
+
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        match result {
+            Err(CircuitError::Execution(e)) => assert_eq!(e, "fallback error"),
+            _ => panic!("Expected CircuitError::Execution"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rate_based_threshold() {
+        let mut circuit = CircuitBreaker::builder("test")
+            .disable_failure_threshold() // Only use rate-based
+            .failure_rate(0.5) // 50% failure rate
+            .minimum_calls(10)
+            .build();
+
+        // First 9 calls - below minimum, circuit stays closed
+        for i in 0..9 {
+            let _result = if i % 2 == 0 {
+                circuit.call(|| Ok::<(), _>(()))
+            } else {
+                circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error"))
+            };
+            // Even with failures, circuit should stay closed (below minimum calls)
+            assert!(circuit.is_closed(), "Circuit opened before minimum calls");
+        }
+
+        // 10th call - now at minimum, with 5 failures out of 10 = 50% rate
+        // This should trip the circuit
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error"));
+
+        // Circuit should now be open (failure rate reached threshold)
+        assert!(circuit.is_open(), "Circuit did not open at rate threshold");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rate_and_absolute_threshold_both_active() {
+        let mut circuit = CircuitBreaker::builder("test")
+            .failure_threshold(3) // Absolute: 3 failures
+            .failure_rate(0.8) // Rate: 80%
+            .minimum_calls(10)
+            .build();
+
+        // Trigger 3 failures quickly - should open via absolute threshold
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error 1"));
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error 2"));
+        assert!(circuit.is_closed());
+
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error 3"));
+        assert!(
+            circuit.is_open(),
+            "Circuit did not open at absolute threshold"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_minimum_calls_prevents_premature_trip() {
+        let mut circuit = CircuitBreaker::builder("test")
+            .disable_failure_threshold()
+            .failure_rate(0.5)
+            .minimum_calls(20)
+            .build();
+
+        // Record 10 failures out of 10 calls = 100% failure rate
+        for _ in 0..10 {
+            let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error"));
+        }
+
+        // Circuit should still be closed (below minimum_calls)
+        assert!(
+            circuit.is_closed(),
+            "Circuit opened before reaching minimum_calls"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_failure_classifier_filters_errors() {
+        use crate::classifier::PredicateClassifier;
+
+        // Classifier that only trips on "server" errors, not "client" errors
+        let classifier = Arc::new(PredicateClassifier::new(|ctx| {
+            ctx.error
+                .downcast_ref::<&str>()
+                .map(|e| e.contains("server"))
+                .unwrap_or(true)
+        }));
+
+        let mut circuit = CircuitBreaker::builder("test")
+            .failure_threshold(2)
+            .failure_classifier(classifier)
+            .build();
+
+        // Client errors should not trip circuit
+        for _ in 0..5 {
+            let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("client_error"));
+        }
+        assert!(
+            circuit.is_closed(),
+            "Circuit should not trip on filtered errors"
+        );
+
+        // Server errors should trip circuit
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("server_error_1"));
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("server_error_2"));
+        assert!(circuit.is_open(), "Circuit should trip on server errors");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_failure_classifier_with_slow_errors() {
+        use crate::classifier::PredicateClassifier;
+
+        // Only trip on errors that take > 0.5s
+        let classifier = Arc::new(PredicateClassifier::new(|ctx| ctx.duration > 0.5));
+
+        let mut circuit = CircuitBreaker::builder("test")
+            .failure_threshold(2)
+            .failure_classifier(classifier)
+            .build();
+
+        // Fast errors don't trip (duration will be near zero in tests)
+        for _ in 0..10 {
+            let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("fast error"));
+        }
+        assert!(
+            circuit.is_closed(),
+            "Circuit should not trip on fast errors"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_no_classifier_default_behavior() {
+        // Without classifier, all errors should trip circuit (backward compatible)
+        let mut circuit = CircuitBreaker::builder("test").failure_threshold(3).build();
+
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error 1"));
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error 2"));
+        assert!(circuit.is_closed());
+
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error 3"));
+        assert!(
+            circuit.is_open(),
+            "All errors should trip circuit without classifier"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_classifier_with_custom_error_type() {
+        use crate::classifier::PredicateClassifier;
+
+        #[derive(Debug)]
+        enum ApiError {
+            ClientError(u16),
+            ServerError(u16),
+        }
+
+        // Only trip on server errors (5xx), not client errors (4xx)
+        let classifier = Arc::new(PredicateClassifier::new(|ctx| {
+            ctx.error
+                .downcast_ref::<ApiError>()
+                .map(|e| match e {
+                    ApiError::ServerError(code) => *code >= 500,
+                    ApiError::ClientError(code) => *code >= 500, // Should never happen, but validates field
+                })
+                .unwrap_or(true)
+        }));
+
+        let mut circuit = CircuitBreaker::builder("test")
+            .failure_threshold(2)
+            .failure_classifier(classifier)
+            .build();
+
+        // Client errors (4xx) should not trip
+        for _ in 0..10 {
+            let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>(ApiError::ClientError(404)));
+        }
+        assert!(circuit.is_closed(), "Client errors should not trip circuit");
+
+        // Server errors (5xx) should trip
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>(ApiError::ServerError(500)));
+        let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>(ApiError::ServerError(503)));
+        assert!(circuit.is_open(), "Server errors should trip circuit");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bulkhead_rejects_at_capacity() {
+        let mut circuit = CircuitBreaker::builder("test").max_concurrency(2).build();
+
+        // First two calls should succeed (we're not actually holding them)
+        let result1 = circuit.call(|| Ok::<_, String>("success 1"));
+        let result2 = circuit.call(|| Ok::<_, String>("success 2"));
+
+        assert!(result1.is_ok());
+        assert!(result2.is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bulkhead_releases_on_success() {
+        use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+
+        let circuit = Arc::new(Mutex::new(
+            CircuitBreaker::builder("test").max_concurrency(1).build(),
+        ));
+
+        // First call acquires permit
+        let result1 = circuit.lock().unwrap().call(|| Ok::<_, String>("success"));
+        assert!(result1.is_ok());
+
+        // Permit is released, second call should succeed
+        let result2 = circuit.lock().unwrap().call(|| Ok::<_, String>("success"));
+        assert!(result2.is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bulkhead_releases_on_failure() {
+        use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+
+        let circuit = Arc::new(Mutex::new(
+            CircuitBreaker::builder("test")
+                .max_concurrency(1)
+                .failure_threshold(10) // High threshold so circuit doesn't open
+                .build(),
+        ));
+
+        // First call fails but releases permit
+        let result1 = circuit.lock().unwrap().call(|| Err::<(), _>("error"));
+        assert!(result1.is_err());
+
+        // Permit is released, second call should succeed
+        let result2 = circuit.lock().unwrap().call(|| Ok::<_, String>("success"));
+        assert!(result2.is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bulkhead_without_limit() {
+        let mut circuit = CircuitBreaker::builder("test").build();
+
+        // Without bulkhead, all calls should go through
+        for _ in 0..100 {
+            let result = circuit.call(|| Ok::<_, String>("success"));
+            assert!(result.is_ok());
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bulkhead_error_contains_limit() {
+        // Test that bulkhead full error contains circuit name and limit
+        // We use the underlying semaphore to simulate capacity exhaustion
+        use std::sync::Arc;
+
+        let bulkhead = Arc::new(BulkheadSemaphore::new(2));
+
+        let mut circuit = CircuitBreaker::builder("test").build();
+
+        // Manually inject bulkhead into circuit context
+        circuit.context.bulkhead = Some(bulkhead.clone());
+
+        // Acquire all permits directly from semaphore
+        let _guard1 = bulkhead.try_acquire().unwrap();
+        let _guard2 = bulkhead.try_acquire().unwrap();
+
+        // Now circuit call should fail with BulkheadFull
+        let result = circuit.call(|| Ok::<_, String>("should fail"));
+
+        match result {
+            Err(CircuitError::BulkheadFull {
+                circuit: name,
+                limit,
+            }) => {
+                assert_eq!(name, "test");
+                assert_eq!(limit, 2);
+            }
+            _ => panic!("Expected BulkheadFull error, got: {:?}", result),
+        }
+
+        // Drop guards to release permits
+        drop(_guard1);
+        drop(_guard2);
+
+        // Now call should succeed
+        let result = circuit.call(|| Ok::<_, String>("success"));
+        assert!(result.is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bulkhead_with_circuit_breaker() {
+        let mut circuit = CircuitBreaker::builder("test")
+            .max_concurrency(5)
+            .failure_threshold(3)
+            .build();
+
+        // Circuit is closed, bulkhead allows calls
+        let result = circuit.call(|| Ok::<_, String>("success"));
+        assert!(result.is_ok());
+
+        // Open the circuit with failures
+        for _ in 0..3 {
+            let _ = circuit.call(|| Err::<(), _>("error"));
+        }
+        assert!(circuit.is_open());
+
+        // Even with bulkhead capacity, open circuit rejects calls
+        let result = circuit.call(|| Ok::<_, String>("should fail"));
+        assert!(matches!(result, Err(CircuitError::Open { .. })));
+    }
+}