brakeman 4.5.1 → 5.4.0

data/bundle/ruby/{2.5.0/gems/ruby_parser-3.13.1/lib/ruby_parser.yy → 2.7.0/gems/ruby_parser-3.19.1/lib/ruby20_parser.y}

@@ -1,22 +1,6 @@
 # -*- racc -*-
 
-#if V==20
 class Ruby20Parser
-#elif V==21
-class Ruby21Parser
-#elif V == 22
-class Ruby22Parser
-#elif V == 23
-class Ruby23Parser
-#elif V == 24
-class Ruby24Parser
-#elif V == 25
-class Ruby25Parser
-#elif V == 26
-class Ruby26Parser
-#else
-fail "version not specified or supported on code generation"
-#endif
 
 token kCLASS kMODULE kDEF kUNDEF kBEGIN kRESCUE kENSURE kEND kIF kUNLESS
       kTHEN kELSIF kELSE kCASE kWHEN kWHILE kUNTIL kFOR kBREAK kNEXT
@@ -34,41 +18,32 @@ token kCLASS kMODULE kDEF kUNDEF kBEGIN kRESCUE kENSURE kEND kIF kUNLESS
       tBACK_REF2 tSYMBEG tSTRING_BEG tXSTRING_BEG tREGEXP_BEG
       tWORDS_BEG tQWORDS_BEG tSTRING_DBEG tSTRING_DVAR tSTRING_END
       tSTRING tSYMBOL tNL tEH tCOLON tCOMMA tSPACE tSEMI tLAMBDA
-      tLAMBEG tDSTAR tCHAR tSYMBOLS_BEG tQSYMBOLS_BEG tSTRING_DEND tUBANG
-#if V >= 21
-      tRATIONAL tIMAGINARY
-#endif
-#if V >= 22
-      tLABEL_END
-#endif
-#if V >= 23
-       tLONELY
-#endif
+      tLAMBEG tDSTAR tCHAR tSYMBOLS_BEG tQSYMBOLS_BEG tSTRING_DEND
 
-prechigh
-  right    tBANG tTILDE tUPLUS
-  right    tPOW
-  right    tUMINUS_NUM tUMINUS
-  left     tSTAR2 tDIVIDE tPERCENT
-  left     tPLUS tMINUS
-  left     tLSHFT tRSHFT
-  left     tAMPER2
-  left     tPIPE tCARET
-  left     tGT tGEQ tLT tLEQ
-  nonassoc tCMP tEQ tEQQ tNEQ tMATCH tNMATCH
-  left     tANDOP
-  left     tOROP
-  nonassoc tDOT2 tDOT3
-  right    tEH tCOLON
-  left     kRESCUE_MOD
-  right    tEQL tOP_ASGN
-  nonassoc kDEFINED
-  right    kNOT
-  left     kOR kAND
-  nonassoc kIF_MOD kUNLESS_MOD kWHILE_MOD kUNTIL_MOD
-  nonassoc tLBRACE_ARG
-  nonassoc tLOWEST
 preclow
+  nonassoc tLOWEST
+  nonassoc tLBRACE_ARG
+  nonassoc kIF_MOD kUNLESS_MOD kWHILE_MOD kUNTIL_MOD
+  left     kOR kAND
+  right    kNOT
+  nonassoc kDEFINED
+  right    tEQL tOP_ASGN
+  left     kRESCUE_MOD
+  right    tEH tCOLON
+  nonassoc tDOT2 tDOT3 tBDOT2 tBDOT3
+  left     tOROP
+  left     tANDOP
+  nonassoc tCMP tEQ tEQQ tNEQ tMATCH tNMATCH
+  left     tGT tGEQ tLT tLEQ
+  left     tPIPE tCARET
+  left     tAMPER2
+  left     tLSHFT tRSHFT
+  left     tPLUS tMINUS
+  left     tSTAR2 tDIVIDE tPERCENT # TODO: tSTAR2 -> tMULT
+  right    tUMINUS_NUM tUMINUS
+  right    tPOW
+  right    tBANG tTILDE tUPLUS
+prechigh
 
 rule
 
@@ -78,11 +53,15 @@ rule
                     top_compstmt
                     {
                       result = new_compstmt val
+
+                      lexer.cond.pop # local_pop
+                      lexer.cmdarg.pop
                     }
 
     top_compstmt: top_stmts opt_terms
                     {
-                      result = val[0]
+                      stmt, _ = val
+                      result = stmt
                     }
 
        top_stmts: none
@@ -94,38 +73,37 @@ rule
                 | error top_stmt
 
         top_stmt: stmt
-                    {
-                      result = val[0]
-
-                      # TODO: remove once I have more confidence this is fixed
-                      # result.each_of_type :call_args do |s|
-                      #   debug20 666, s, result
-                      # end
-                    }
                 | klBEGIN
                     {
                       if (self.in_def || self.in_single > 0) then
-                        debug20 1
+                        debug 11
                         yyerror "BEGIN in method"
                       end
                       self.env.extend
                     }
                     begin_block
                     {
-                      _, _, block = val
-                      result = block
+                      (_, lineno), _, iter = val
+                      iter.line lineno
+
+                      (_, preexe,) = iter
+                      preexe.line lineno
+
+                      result = iter
                     }
 
-     begin_block: tLCURLY top_compstmt tRCURLY
+     begin_block: tLCURLY { result = lexer.lineno } top_compstmt tRCURLY
                     {
-                      _, stmt, _ = val
-                      result = new_iter s(:preexe), 0, stmt
+                      _, line, stmt, _ = val
+                      result = new_iter s(:preexe).line(line), 0, stmt
                     }
 
         bodystmt: compstmt opt_rescue k_else
                     {
                       res = _values[-2]
-                      yyerror "else without rescue is useless" unless res
+                      # TODO: move down to main match so I can just use val
+
+                      warn "else without rescue is useless" unless res
                     }
                     compstmt
                     opt_ensure
@@ -155,40 +133,37 @@ rule
                 | error stmt
                     {
                       result = val[1]
-                      debug20 2, val, result
+                      debug 12
                     }
 
    stmt_or_begin: stmt
                 | klBEGIN
                     {
-                      if (self.in_def || self.in_single > 0) then
-                        debug20 1
-                        yyerror "BEGIN in method"
-                      end
-                      self.env.extend
+                      yyerror "BEGIN is permitted only at toplevel"
                     }
-                    begin_block
+                  begin_block
                     {
-                      _, _, stmt = val
-                      result = stmt
+                      result = val[2] # wtf?
                     }
 
             stmt: kALIAS fitem
                     {
                       lexer.lex_state = EXPR_FNAME
-                      result = self.lexer.lineno
                     }
                     fitem
                     {
-                      result = s(:alias, val[1], val[3]).line(val[2])
+                      (_, line), lhs, _, rhs = val
+                      result = s(:alias, lhs, rhs).line(line).line line
                     }
                 | kALIAS tGVAR tGVAR
                     {
-                      result = s(:valias, val[1].to_sym, val[2].to_sym)
+                      (_, line), (lhs, _), (rhs, _) = val
+                      result = s(:valias, lhs.to_sym, rhs.to_sym).line line
                     }
                 | kALIAS tGVAR tBACK_REF
                     {
-                      result = s(:valias, val[1].to_sym, :"$#{val[2]}")
+                      (_, line), (lhs, _), (rhs, _) = val
+                      result = s(:valias, lhs.to_sym, :"$#{rhs}").line line
                     }
                 | kALIAS tGVAR tNTH_REF
                     {
@@ -200,32 +175,41 @@ rule
                     }
                 | stmt kIF_MOD expr_value
                     {
-                      result = new_if val[2], val[0], nil
+                      t, _, c = val
+                      result = new_if c, t, nil
                     }
                 | stmt kUNLESS_MOD expr_value
                     {
-                      result = new_if val[2], nil, val[0]
+                      f, _, c = val
+                      result = new_if c, nil, f
                     }
                 | stmt kWHILE_MOD expr_value
                     {
-                      result = new_while val[0], val[2], true
+                      e, _, c = val
+                      result = new_while e, c, true
                     }
                 | stmt kUNTIL_MOD expr_value
                     {
-                      result = new_until val[0], val[2], true
+                      e, _, c = val
+                      result = new_until e, c, true
                     }
                 | stmt kRESCUE_MOD stmt
                     {
                       body, _, resbody = val
-                      result = new_rescue body, new_resbody(s(:array), resbody)
+
+                      resbody = new_resbody s(:array).line(resbody.line), resbody
+                      result = new_rescue body, resbody
                     }
                 | klEND tLCURLY compstmt tRCURLY
                     {
+                      (_, line), _, stmt, _ = val
+
                       if (self.in_def || self.in_single > 0) then
-                        debug20 3
+                        debug 13
                         yyerror "END in method; use at_exit"
                       end
-                      result = new_iter s(:postexe), 0, val[2]
+
+                      result = new_iter s(:postexe).line(line), 0, stmt
                     }
                 | command_asgn
                 | mlhs tEQL command_call
@@ -234,17 +218,14 @@ rule
                     }
                 | lhs tEQL mrhs
                     {
-                      result = new_assign val[0], s(:svalue, val[2])
+                      lhs, _, rhs = val
+                      result = new_assign lhs, s(:svalue, rhs).line(rhs.line)
                     }
-#if V == 20
                 | mlhs tEQL arg_value
                     {
                       result = new_masgn val[0], val[2], :wrap
                     }
                 | mlhs tEQL mrhs
-#else
-                | mlhs tEQL mrhs_arg
-#endif
                     {
                       result = new_masgn val[0], val[2]
                     }
@@ -264,33 +245,35 @@ rule
                     }
                 | primary_value tLBRACK2 opt_call_args rbracket tOP_ASGN command_rhs
                     {
-                      result = s(:op_asgn1, val[0], val[2], val[4].to_sym, val[5])
+                      result = new_op_asgn1 val
                     }
                 | primary_value call_op tIDENTIFIER tOP_ASGN command_rhs
                     {
-                      result = s(:op_asgn, val[0], val[4], val[2].to_sym, val[3].to_sym)
-                      if val[1] == '&.'
-                        result.sexp_type = :safe_op_asgn
-                      end
-                      result.line = val[0].line
+                      prim, (call_op, _), (id, _), (op_asgn, _), rhs = val
+
+                      result = s(:op_asgn, prim, rhs, id.to_sym, op_asgn.to_sym)
+                      result.sexp_type = :safe_op_asgn if call_op == '&.'
+                      result.line prim.line
                     }
                 | primary_value call_op tCONSTANT tOP_ASGN command_rhs
                     {
-                      result = s(:op_asgn, val[0], val[4], val[2].to_sym, val[3].to_sym)
-                      if val[1] == '&.'
-                        result.sexp_type = :safe_op_asgn
-                      end
-                      result.line = val[0].line
+                      prim, (call_op, _), (id, _), (op_asgn, _), rhs = val
+
+                      result = s(:op_asgn, prim, rhs, id.to_sym, op_asgn.to_sym)
+                      result.sexp_type = :safe_op_asgn if call_op == '&.'
+                      result.line prim.line
                     }
                 | primary_value tCOLON2 tCONSTANT tOP_ASGN command_rhs
                     {
-                      result = s(:op_asgn, val[0], val[4], val[2], val[3])
-                      debug20 4, val, result
+                      lhs1, _, (lhs2, line), (id, _), rhs = val
+
+                      result = s(:op_asgn, lhs1, rhs, lhs2.to_sym, id.to_sym).line line
                     }
                 | primary_value tCOLON2 tIDENTIFIER tOP_ASGN command_rhs
                     {
-                      result = s(:op_asgn, val[0], val[4], val[2], val[3])
-                      debug20 5, val, result
+                      lhs1, _, (lhs2, line), (id, _), rhs = val
+
+                      result = s(:op_asgn, lhs1, rhs, lhs2.to_sym, id.to_sym).line line
                     }
                 | backref tOP_ASGN command_rhs
                     {
@@ -302,34 +285,33 @@ rule
                       expr, = val
                       result = value_expr expr
                     }
-#if V >= 24
-                | command_call kRESCUE_MOD stmt
-                    {
-                      expr, _, resbody = val
-                      expr = value_expr expr
-                      result = new_rescue(expr, new_resbody(s(:array), resbody))
-                    }
-#endif
                 | command_asgn
 
             expr: command_call
                 | expr kAND expr
                     {
-                      result = logical_op :and, val[0], val[2]
+                      lhs, _, rhs = val
+                      result = logical_op :and, lhs, rhs
                     }
                 | expr kOR expr
                     {
-                      result = logical_op :or, val[0], val[2]
+                      lhs, _, rhs = val
+                      result = logical_op :or, lhs, rhs
                     }
                 | kNOT opt_nl expr
                     {
-                      result = s(:call, val[2], :"!")
+                      (_, line), _, expr = val
+                      result = new_call(expr, :"!").line line
+                      # REFACTOR: call_uni_op
                     }
                 | tBANG command_call
                     {
-                      result = s(:call, val[1], :"!")
+                      _, cmd = val
+                      result = new_call(cmd, :"!").line cmd.line
+                      # TODO: fix line number to tBANG... but causes BAD shift/reduce conflict
+                      # REFACTOR: call_uni_op -- see parse26.y
                     }
-                | arg
+                | arg                                   =tLBRACE_ARG
 
       expr_value: expr
                     {
@@ -354,7 +336,8 @@ rule
    block_command: block_call
                 | block_call call_op2 operation2 command_args
                     {
-                      result = new_call val[0], val[2].to_sym, val[3]
+                      blk, _, (msg, _line), args = val
+                      result = new_call(blk, msg.to_sym, args).line blk.line
                     }
 
  cmd_brace_block: tLBRACE_ARG
@@ -367,37 +350,45 @@ rule
                       _, line, body, _ = val
 
                       result = body
-                      result.line = line
+                      result.line line
 
                       # self.env.unextend
                     }
 
            fcall: operation
                     {
-                      result = new_call nil, val[0].to_sym
+                      (msg, line), = val
+                      result = new_call(nil, msg.to_sym).line line
                     }
 
          command: fcall command_args =tLOWEST
                     {
-                      result = val[0].concat val[1].sexp_body # REFACTOR pattern
+                      call, args = val
+                      result = call.concat args.sexp_body
                     }
                 | fcall command_args cmd_brace_block
                     {
-                      result = val[0].concat val[1].sexp_body
-                      if val[2] then
-                        block_dup_check result, val[2]
+                      call, args, block = val
+
+                      result = call.concat args.sexp_body
 
-                        result, operation = val[2], result
+                      if block then
+                        block_dup_check result, block
+
+                        result, operation = block, result
                         result.insert 1, operation
                       end
                     }
                 | primary_value call_op operation2 command_args =tLOWEST
                     {
-                      result = new_call val[0], val[2].to_sym, val[3], val[1]
+                      lhs, callop, (op, _), args = val
+
+                      result = new_call lhs, op.to_sym, args, callop
+                      result.line lhs.line
                     }
                 | primary_value call_op operation2 command_args cmd_brace_block
                     {
-                      recv, _, msg, args, block = val
+                      recv, _, (msg, _line), args, block = val
                       call = new_call recv, msg.to_sym, args, val[1]
 
                       block_dup_check call, block
@@ -407,11 +398,14 @@ rule
                     }
                 | primary_value tCOLON2 operation2 command_args =tLOWEST
                     {
-                      result = new_call val[0], val[2].to_sym, val[3]
+                      lhs, _, (id, line), args = val
+
+                      result = new_call lhs, id.to_sym, args
+                      result.line line
                     }
                 | primary_value tCOLON2 operation2 command_args cmd_brace_block
                     {
-                      recv, _, msg, args, block = val
+                      recv, _, (msg, _line), args, block = val
                       call = new_call recv, msg.to_sym, args
 
                       block_dup_check call, block
@@ -425,7 +419,9 @@ rule
                     }
                 | kYIELD command_args
                     {
-                      result = new_yield val[1]
+                      (_, line), args = val
+                      result = new_yield args
+                      result.line line # TODO: push to new_yield
                     }
                 | k_return call_args
                     {
@@ -434,8 +430,8 @@ rule
                     }
                 | kBREAK call_args
                     {
-                      line = val[0].last
-                      result = s(:break, ret_args(val[1])).line(line)
+                      (_, line), args = val
+                      result = s(:break, ret_args(args)).line line
                     }
                 | kNEXT call_args
                     {
@@ -452,56 +448,79 @@ rule
       mlhs_inner: mlhs_basic
                 | tLPAREN mlhs_inner rparen
                     {
-                      result = s(:masgn, s(:array, val[1]))
+                      _, arg, _ = val
+                      l = arg.line
+
+                      result = s(:masgn, s(:array, arg).line(l)).line l
                     }
 
       mlhs_basic: mlhs_head
                     {
-                      result = s(:masgn, val[0])
+                      head, = val
+                      result = s(:masgn, head).line head.line
                     }
                 | mlhs_head mlhs_item
                     {
-                      result = s(:masgn, val[0] << val[1].compact)
+                      lhs, rhs = val
+                      result = s(:masgn, lhs << rhs.compact).line lhs.line
                     }
                 | mlhs_head tSTAR mlhs_node
                     {
-                      result = s(:masgn, val[0] << s(:splat, val[2]))
+                      head, _, tail = val
+                      head << s(:splat, tail).line(tail.line)
+                      result = s(:masgn, head).line head.line
                     }
                 | mlhs_head tSTAR mlhs_node tCOMMA mlhs_post
                     {
                       ary1, _, splat, _, ary2 = val
 
-                      result = list_append ary1, s(:splat, splat)
+                      result = list_append ary1, s(:splat, splat).line(splat.line)
                       result.concat ary2.sexp_body
-                      result = s(:masgn, result)
+                      result = s(:masgn, result).line result.line
                     }
                 | mlhs_head tSTAR
                     {
-                      result = s(:masgn, val[0] << s(:splat))
+                      head, _ = val
+                      l = head.line
+                      result = s(:masgn, head << s(:splat).line(l)).line l
                     }
                 | mlhs_head tSTAR tCOMMA mlhs_post
                     {
-                      ary = list_append val[0], s(:splat)
-                      ary.concat val[3].sexp_body
-                      result = s(:masgn, ary)
+                      head, _, _, post = val
+                      ary = list_append head, s(:splat).line(head.line)
+                      ary.concat post.sexp_body
+                      result = s(:masgn, ary).line ary.line
                     }
                 | tSTAR mlhs_node
                     {
-                      result = s(:masgn, s(:array, s(:splat, val[1])))
+                      _, node = val
+                      l = node.line
+                      splat  = s(:splat, node).line l
+                      ary    = s(:array, splat).line l
+                      result = s(:masgn, ary).line l
                     }
                 | tSTAR mlhs_node tCOMMA mlhs_post
                     {
-                      ary = s(:array, s(:splat, val[1]))
-                      ary.concat val[3].sexp_body
-                      result = s(:masgn, ary)
+                      _, node, _, post = val
+
+                      splat = s(:splat, node).line node.line
+                      ary = s(:array, splat).line splat.line
+                      ary.concat post.sexp_body
+                      result = s(:masgn, ary).line ary.line
                     }
                 | tSTAR
                     {
-                      result = s(:masgn, s(:array, s(:splat)))
+                      l = lexer.lineno
+                      result = s(:masgn, s(:array, s(:splat).line(l)).line(l)).line l
                     }
                 | tSTAR tCOMMA mlhs_post
                     {
-                      result = s(:masgn, s(:array, s(:splat), *val[2].sexp_body))
+                      _, _, post = val
+                      l = post.line
+
+                      splat = s(:splat).line l
+                      ary = s(:array, splat, *post.sexp_body).line l
+                      result = s(:masgn, ary).line l
                     }
 
        mlhs_item: mlhs_node
@@ -512,7 +531,8 @@ rule
 
        mlhs_head: mlhs_item tCOMMA
                     {
-                      result = s(:array, val[0])
+                      lhs, _ = val
+                      result = s(:array, lhs).line lhs.line
                     }
                 | mlhs_head mlhs_item tCOMMA
                     {
@@ -521,7 +541,8 @@ rule
 
        mlhs_post: mlhs_item
                     {
-                      result = s(:array, val[0])
+                      item, = val
+                      result = s(:array, item).line item.line
                     }
                 | mlhs_post tCOMMA mlhs_item
                     {
@@ -542,81 +563,111 @@ rule
                     }
                 | primary_value call_op tIDENTIFIER
                     {
-                      result = new_attrasgn val[0], val[2], val[1]
+                      lhs, call_op, (id, _line) = val
+
+                      result = new_attrasgn lhs, id, call_op
                     }
                 | primary_value tCOLON2 tIDENTIFIER
                     {
-                      result = s(:attrasgn, val[0], :"#{val[2]}=")
+                      recv, _, (id, _line) = val
+                      result = new_attrasgn recv, id
                     }
                 | primary_value call_op tCONSTANT
                     {
-                      result = new_attrasgn val[0], val[2], val[1]
+                      lhs, call_op, (id, _line) = val
+
+                      result = new_attrasgn lhs, id, call_op
                     }
                 | primary_value tCOLON2 tCONSTANT
                     {
                       if (self.in_def || self.in_single > 0) then
-                        debug20 7
+                        debug 14
                         yyerror "dynamic constant assignment"
                       end
 
-                      result = s(:const, s(:colon2, val[0], val[2].to_sym), nil)
+                      expr, _, (id, _line) = val
+                      l = expr.line
+
+                      result = s(:const, s(:colon2, expr, id.to_sym).line(l), nil).line l
                     }
                 | tCOLON3 tCONSTANT
                     {
                       if (self.in_def || self.in_single > 0) then
-                        debug20 8
+                        debug 15
                         yyerror "dynamic constant assignment"
                       end
 
-                      result = s(:const, nil, s(:colon3, val[1].to_sym))
+                      _, (id, l) = val
+
+                      result = s(:const, nil, s(:colon3, id.to_sym).line(l)).line l
                     }
                 | backref
                     {
-                      self.backref_assign_error val[0]
+                      ref, = val
+
+                      self.backref_assign_error ref
                     }
 
              lhs: user_variable
                     {
-                      result = self.assignable val[0]
+                      var, = val
+
+                      result = self.assignable var
                     }
                 | keyword_variable
                     {
-                      result = self.assignable val[0]
-                      debug20 9, val, result
+                      var, = val
+
+                      result = self.assignable var
+
+                      debug 16
                     }
                 | primary_value tLBRACK2 opt_call_args rbracket
                     {
-                      result = self.aryset val[0], val[2]
+                      lhs, _, args, _ = val
+
+                      result = self.aryset lhs, args
                     }
                 | primary_value call_op tIDENTIFIER # REFACTOR
                     {
-                      result = new_attrasgn val[0], val[2], val[1]
+                      lhs, op, (id, _line) = val
+
+                      result = new_attrasgn lhs, id, op
                     }
                 | primary_value tCOLON2 tIDENTIFIER
                     {
-                      result = s(:attrasgn, val[0], :"#{val[2]}=")
+                      lhs, _, (id, _line) = val
+
+                      result = new_attrasgn lhs, id
                     }
                 | primary_value call_op tCONSTANT # REFACTOR?
                     {
-                      result = new_attrasgn val[0], val[2], val[1]
+                      lhs, call_op, (id, _line) = val
+
+                      result = new_attrasgn lhs, id, call_op
                     }
                 | primary_value tCOLON2 tCONSTANT
                     {
+                      expr, _, (id, _line) = val
+
                       if (self.in_def || self.in_single > 0) then
-                        debug20 10
+                        debug 17
                         yyerror "dynamic constant assignment"
                       end
 
-                      result = s(:const, s(:colon2, val[0], val[2].to_sym))
+                      l = expr.line
+                      result = s(:const, s(:colon2, expr, id.to_sym).line(l)).line l
                     }
                 | tCOLON3 tCONSTANT
                     {
+                      _, (id, l) = val
+
                       if (self.in_def || self.in_single > 0) then
-                        debug20 11
+                        debug 18
                         yyerror "dynamic constant assignment"
                       end
 
-                      result = s(:const, s(:colon3, val[1].to_sym))
+                      result = s(:const, s(:colon3, id.to_sym).line(l)).line l
                     }
                 | backref
                     {
@@ -631,38 +682,34 @@ rule
 
            cpath: tCOLON3 cname
                     {
-                      result = s(:colon3, val[1].to_sym)
+                      result = wrap :colon3, val[1]
                     }
                 | cname
                     {
-                      result = val[0].to_sym
+                      (id, line), = val
+                      result = [id.to_sym, line] # TODO: sexp?
                     }
                 | primary_value tCOLON2 cname
                     {
-                      result = s(:colon2, val[0], val[2].to_sym)
+                      pval, _, (name, _line) = val
+
+                      result = s(:colon2, pval, name.to_sym)
+                      result.line pval.line
                     }
 
            fname: tIDENTIFIER | tCONSTANT | tFID
                 | op
                     {
                       lexer.lex_state = EXPR_END
-                      result = val[0]
                     }
 
                 | reswords
-                    {
-                      (sym, _line), = val
-                      lexer.lex_state = EXPR_END
-                      result = sym
-                    }
 
-            fsym: fname | symbol
-
-           fitem: fsym
+           fitem: fname
                     {
-                      result = s(:lit, val[0].to_sym)
+                      result = wrap :lit, val[0]
                     }
-                | dsym
+                | symbol
 
       undef_list: fitem
                     {
@@ -683,9 +730,6 @@ rule
                 |   tNEQ     | tLSHFT  | tRSHFT   | tPLUS | tMINUS | tSTAR2
                 |   tSTAR    | tDIVIDE | tPERCENT | tPOW  | tDSTAR | tBANG   | tTILDE
                 |   tUPLUS   | tUMINUS | tAREF    | tASET | tBACK_REF2
-#if V >= 20
-                |   tUBANG
-#endif
 
         reswords: k__LINE__ | k__FILE__ | k__ENCODING__ | klBEGIN | klEND
                 | kALIAS    | kAND      | kBEGIN        | kBREAK  | kCASE
@@ -707,8 +751,7 @@ rule
                     }
                 | primary_value tLBRACK2 opt_call_args rbracket tOP_ASGN arg_rhs
                     {
-                      val[2].sexp_type = :arglist if val[2]
-                      result = s(:op_asgn1, val[0], val[2], val[4].to_sym, val[5])
+                      result = new_op_asgn1 val
                     }
                 | primary_value call_op tIDENTIFIER tOP_ASGN arg_rhs
                     {
@@ -720,24 +763,22 @@ rule
                     }
                 | primary_value tCOLON2 tIDENTIFIER tOP_ASGN arg_rhs
                     {
-                      result = s(:op_asgn, val[0], val[4], val[2].to_sym, val[3].to_sym)
+                      lhs, _, (id, _line), (op, _), rhs = val
+
+                      result = s(:op_asgn, lhs, rhs, id.to_sym, op.to_sym).line lhs.line
                     }
                 | primary_value tCOLON2 tCONSTANT tOP_ASGN arg_rhs
                     {
-                      lhs1, _, lhs2, op, rhs = val
+                      lhs1, _, (lhs2, _line), op, rhs = val
 
                       lhs = s(:colon2, lhs1, lhs2.to_sym).line lhs1.line
                       result = new_const_op_asgn [lhs, op, rhs]
                     }
-                | tCOLON3 tCONSTANT
+                | tCOLON3 tCONSTANT tOP_ASGN arg_rhs
                     {
-                      result = self.lexer.lineno
-                    }
-                    tOP_ASGN arg_rhs
-                    {
-                      _, lhs, line, op, rhs = val
+                      _, lhs, op, rhs = val
 
-                      lhs = s(:colon3, lhs.to_sym).line line
+                      lhs = wrap :colon3, lhs
                       result = new_const_op_asgn [lhs, op, rhs]
                     }
                 | backref tOP_ASGN arg_rhs
@@ -749,35 +790,23 @@ rule
                 | arg tDOT2 arg
                     {
                       v1, v2 = val[0], val[2]
-                      if v1.node_type == :lit and v2.node_type == :lit and Integer === v1.last and Integer === v2.last then
-                        result = s(:lit, (v1.last)..(v2.last))
+                      if v1.sexp_type == :lit and v2.sexp_type == :lit and Integer === v1.last and Integer === v2.last then
+                        result = s(:lit, (v1.last)..(v2.last)).line v1.line
                       else
-                        result = s(:dot2, v1, v2)
+                        result = s(:dot2, v1, v2).line v1.line
                       end
                     }
                 | arg tDOT3 arg
                     {
                       v1, v2 = val[0], val[2]
-                      if v1.node_type == :lit and v2.node_type == :lit and Integer === v1.last and Integer === v2.last then
-                        result = s(:lit, (v1.last)...(v2.last))
+                      if v1.sexp_type == :lit and v2.sexp_type == :lit and Integer === v1.last and Integer === v2.last then
+                        result = s(:lit, (v1.last)...(v2.last)).line v1.line
                       else
-                        result = s(:dot3, v1, v2)
+                        result = s(:dot3, v1, v2).line v1.line
                       end
                     }
-#if V >= 26
-                | arg tDOT2
-                    {
-                      v1, v2 = val[0], nil
 
-                      result = s(:dot2, v1, v2)
-                    }
-                | arg tDOT3
-                    {
-                      v1, v2 = val[0], nil
 
-                      result = s(:dot3, v1, v2)
-                    }
-#endif
                 | arg tPLUS arg
                     {
                       result = new_call val[0], :+, argl(val[2])
@@ -802,21 +831,20 @@ rule
                     {
                       result = new_call val[0], :**, argl(val[2])
                     }
-#if V == 20
                 | tUMINUS_NUM tINTEGER tPOW arg
                     {
-                      result = new_call(new_call(s(:lit, val[1]), :"**", argl(val[3])), :"-@")
+                      _, (num, line), _, arg = val
+                      lit = s(:lit, num).line line
+                      result = new_call(new_call(lit, :"**", argl(arg)), :"-@")
                     }
                 | tUMINUS_NUM tFLOAT tPOW arg
-#else
-                | tUMINUS_NUM simple_numeric tPOW arg
-#endif
                     {
-                      result = new_call(new_call(s(:lit, val[1]), :"**", argl(val[3])), :"-@")
-#if V == 20
+                      _, (num, line), _, arg = val
+                      lit = s(:lit, num).line line
+                      result = new_call(new_call(lit, :"**", argl(arg)), :"-@")
+
                       ## TODO: why is this 2.0 only?
-                      debug20 12, val, result
-#endif
+                      debug 19
                     }
                 | tUPLUS arg
                     {
@@ -857,15 +885,19 @@ rule
                     }
                 | arg tMATCH arg
                     {
-                      result = new_match val[0], val[2]
+                      lhs, _, rhs = val
+                      result = new_match lhs, rhs
                     }
                 | arg tNMATCH arg
                     {
-                      result = s(:not, new_match(val[0], val[2]))
+                      lhs, _, rhs = val
+                      result = s(:not, new_match(lhs, rhs)).line lhs.line
                     }
                 | tBANG arg
                     {
-                      result = new_call val[1], :"!"
+                      _, arg = val
+                      result = new_call arg, :"!"
+                      result.line arg.line
                     }
                 | tTILDE arg
                     {
@@ -893,11 +925,13 @@ rule
                     }
                 | kDEFINED opt_nl arg
                     {
-                      result = s(:defined, val[2])
+                      (_, line), _, arg = val
+                      result = s(:defined, arg).line line
                     }
                 | arg tEH arg opt_nl tCOLON arg
                     {
-                      result = s(:if, val[0], val[2], val[5])
+                      c, _, t, _, _, f = val
+                      result = s(:if, c, t, f).line c.line
                     }
                 | primary
 
@@ -908,12 +942,12 @@ rule
 
         rel_expr: arg      relop arg                    =tGT
                     {
-                      lhs, op, rhs = val
+                      lhs, (op, _), rhs = val
                       result = new_call lhs, op.to_sym, argl(rhs)
                     }
                 | rel_expr relop arg                    =tGT
                     {
-                      lhs, op, rhs = val
+                      lhs, (op, _), rhs = val
                       warn "comparison '%s' after comparison", op
                       result = new_call lhs, op.to_sym, argl(rhs)
                     }
@@ -940,28 +974,25 @@ rule
          arg_rhs: arg                   =tOP_ASGN
                 | arg kRESCUE_MOD arg
                     {
-                      body, _, resbody = val
+                      body, (_, line), resbody = val
                       body    = value_expr body
                       resbody = remove_begin resbody
-                      result  = new_rescue(body, new_resbody(s(:array), resbody))
+
+                      ary = s(:array).line line
+                      result  = new_rescue(body, new_resbody(ary, resbody))
                     }
 
       paren_args: tLPAREN2 opt_call_args rparen
                     {
-                      result = val[1]
+                      _, args, _ = val
+                      result = args
                     }
 
   opt_paren_args: none
                 | paren_args
 
    opt_call_args: none
-                    {
-                      result = val[0]
-                    }
                 | call_args
-                    {
-                      result = val[0]
-                    }
                 | args tCOMMA
                     {
                       result = args val
@@ -983,17 +1014,14 @@ rule
                 | args opt_block_arg
                     {
                       result = call_args val
-                      result = self.arg_blk_pass val[0], val[1]
                     }
                 | assocs opt_block_arg
                     {
-                      result = call_args [array_to_hash(val[0])]
-                      result = self.arg_blk_pass result, val[1]
+                      result = call_args [array_to_hash(val[0]), val[1]]
                     }
                 | args tCOMMA assocs opt_block_arg
                     {
-                      result = call_args [val[0], array_to_hash(val[2])]
-                      result = self.arg_blk_pass result, val[3]
+                      result = call_args [val[0], array_to_hash(val[2]), val[3]]
                     }
                 | block_arg
                     {
@@ -1001,17 +1029,45 @@ rule
                     }
 
     command_args:   {
-                      result = lexer.cmdarg.store true
+                      # parse26.y line 2200
+
+                      # If call_args starts with a open paren '(' or
+                      # '[', look-ahead reading of the letters calls
+                      # CMDARG_PUSH(0), but the push must be done
+                      # after CMDARG_PUSH(1). So this code makes them
+                      # consistent by first cancelling the premature
+                      # CMDARG_PUSH(0), doing CMDARG_PUSH(1), and
+                      # finally redoing CMDARG_PUSH(0).
+
+                      result = yychar = self.last_token_type.first
+                      lookahead = [:tLPAREN, :tLPAREN_ARG, :tLPAREN2, :tLBRACK, :tLBRACK2].include?(yychar)
+                      lexer.cmdarg.pop if lookahead
+                      lexer.cmdarg.push true
+                      lexer.cmdarg.push false if lookahead
                     }
                       call_args
                     {
-                      lexer.cmdarg.restore val[0]
-                      result = val[1]
+                      yychar, args = val
+
+                      # call_args can be followed by tLBRACE_ARG (that
+                      # does CMDARG_PUSH(0) in the lexer) but the push
+                      # must be done after CMDARG_POP() in the parser.
+                      # So this code does CMDARG_POP() to pop 0 pushed
+                      # by tLBRACE_ARG, CMDARG_POP() to pop 1 pushed
+                      # by command_args, and CMDARG_PUSH(0) to restore
+                      # back the flag set by tLBRACE_ARG.
+
+                      lookahead = [:tLBRACE_ARG].include?(yychar)
+                      lexer.cmdarg.pop if lookahead
+                      lexer.cmdarg.pop
+                      lexer.cmdarg.push false if lookahead
+                      result = args
                     }
 
        block_arg: tAMPER arg_value
                     {
-                      result = s(:block_pass, val[1])
+                      _, arg = val
+                      result = s(:block_pass, arg).line arg.line
                     }
 
    opt_block_arg: tCOMMA block_arg
@@ -1022,43 +1078,43 @@ rule
 
             args: arg_value
                     {
-                      result = s(:array, val[0])
+                      arg, = val
+                      lineno = arg.line || lexer.lineno # HACK
+
+                      result = s(:array, arg).line lineno
                     }
                 | tSTAR arg_value
                     {
-                      result = s(:array, s(:splat, val[1]))
+                      _, arg = val
+                      result = s(:array, s(:splat, arg).line(arg.line)).line arg.line
                     }
                 | args tCOMMA arg_value
                     {
-                      result = self.list_append val[0], val[2]
+                      args, _, id = val
+                      result = self.list_append args, id
                     }
                 | args tCOMMA tSTAR arg_value
                     {
-                      result = self.list_append val[0], s(:splat, val[3])
-                    }
-
-#if V >= 21
-        mrhs_arg: mrhs
-                    {
-                      result = new_masgn_arg val[0]
-                    }
-                | arg_value
-                    {
-                      result = new_masgn_arg val[0], :wrap
+                      # TODO: the line number from tSTAR has been dropped
+                      args, _, _, id = val
+                      line = lexer.lineno
+                      result = self.list_append args, s(:splat, id).line(line)
                     }
 
-#endif
             mrhs: args tCOMMA arg_value
                     {
                       result = val[0] << val[2]
                     }
                 | args tCOMMA tSTAR arg_value
                     {
-                      result = self.arg_concat val[0], val[3]
+                      # TODO: make all tXXXX terminals include lexer.lineno
+                      arg, _, _, splat = val
+                      result = self.arg_concat arg, splat
                     }
                 | tSTAR arg_value
                     {
-                      result = s(:splat, val[1])
+                      _, arg = val
+                      result = s(:splat, arg).line arg.line
                     }
 
          primary: literal
@@ -1073,65 +1129,64 @@ rule
                 | backref
                 | tFID
                     {
-                      result = new_call nil, val[0].to_sym
+                      (msg, line), = val
+                      result = new_call nil, msg.to_sym
+                      result.line line
                     }
                 | k_begin
                     {
+                      lexer.cmdarg.push false
                       result = self.lexer.lineno
-                      # TODO:
-                      # $<val>1 = cmdarg_stack;
-                      # CMDARG_SET(0);
                     }
                     bodystmt k_end
                     {
-                      # TODO: CMDARG_SET($<val>1);
-                      unless val[2] then
-                        result = s(:nil)
-                      else
-                        result = s(:begin, val[2])
-                      end
-
-                      result.line = val[1]
+                      lexer.cmdarg.pop
+                      result = new_begin val
                     }
-                | tLPAREN_ARG rparen
+                | tLPAREN_ARG
                     {
-                      # TODO: lex_state = EXPR_ENDARG in between
-                      debug20 13, val, result
+                      lexer.lex_state = EXPR_ENDARG
+                      result = lexer.lineno
                     }
-                | tLPAREN_ARG
+                    rparen
                     {
-                      result = lexer.cmdarg.store false
-                      # result = self.lexer.cmdarg.stack.dup
-                      # lexer.cmdarg.stack.replace [false] # TODO add api for these
+                      _, line, _ = val
+                      result = s(:begin).line line
                     }
+                | tLPAREN_ARG
                     stmt
                     {
                       lexer.lex_state = EXPR_ENDARG
                     }
                     rparen
                     {
-                      _, cmdarg, stmt, _, _, = val
-                      warning "(...) interpreted as grouped expression"
-                      lexer.cmdarg.restore cmdarg
+                      _, stmt, _, _, = val
+                      # warning "(...) interpreted as grouped expression"
                       result = stmt
                     }
                 | tLPAREN compstmt tRPAREN
                     {
-                      result = val[1] || s(:nil)
+                      _, stmt, _ = val
+                      result = stmt
+                      result ||= s(:nil).line lexer.lineno
                       result.paren = true
                     }
                 | primary_value tCOLON2 tCONSTANT
                     {
-                      result = s(:colon2, val[0], val[2].to_sym)
+                      expr, _, (id, _line) = val
+
+                      result = s(:colon2, expr, id.to_sym).line expr.line
                     }
                 | tCOLON3 tCONSTANT
                     {
-                      result = s(:colon3, val[1].to_sym)
+                      result = wrap :colon3, val[1]
                     }
-                | tLBRACK aref_args tRBRACK
+                | tLBRACK { result = lexer.lineno } aref_args tRBRACK
                     {
-                      result = val[1] || s(:array)
+                      _, line, args, _ = val
+                      result = args || s(:array)
                       result.sexp_type = :array # aref_args is :args
+                      result.line line
                     }
                 | tLBRACE
                     {
@@ -1143,39 +1198,49 @@ rule
                     }
                 | k_return
                     {
-                      result = s(:return)
+                      (_, line), = val
+                      result = s(:return).line line
                     }
                 | kYIELD tLPAREN2 call_args rparen
                     {
-                      result = new_yield val[2]
+                      (_, line), _, args, _ = val
+
+                      result = new_yield(args).line line
                     }
                 | kYIELD tLPAREN2 rparen
                     {
-                      result = new_yield
+                      (_, line), _, _ = val
+
+                      result = new_yield.line line
                     }
                 | kYIELD
                     {
-                      result = new_yield
+                      (_, line), = val
+
+                      result = new_yield.line line
                     }
                 | kDEFINED opt_nl tLPAREN2 expr rparen
                     {
-                      result = s(:defined, val[3])
+                      (_, line), _, _, arg, _ = val
+
+                      result = s(:defined, arg).line line
                     }
                 | kNOT tLPAREN2 expr rparen
                     {
-                      result = s(:call, val[2], :"!")
+                      _, _, lhs, _ = val
+                      result = new_call lhs, :"!"
                     }
                 | kNOT tLPAREN2 rparen
                     {
-                      debug20 14, val, result
+                      debug 20
                     }
                 | fcall brace_block
                     {
-                      oper, iter = val[0], val[1]
-                      call = oper # FIX
+                      call, iter = val
+
                       iter.insert 1, call
                       result = iter
-                      call.line = iter.line
+                      # FIX: probably not: call.line = iter.line
                     }
                 | method_call
                 | method_call brace_block
@@ -1185,9 +1250,10 @@ rule
                       iter.insert 1, call # FIX
                       result = iter
                     }
-                | tLAMBDA lambda
+                | lambda
                     {
-                      result = val[1] # TODO: fix lineno
+                      expr, = val
+                      result = expr
                     }
                 | k_if expr_value then compstmt if_tail k_end
                     {
@@ -1230,7 +1296,6 @@ rule
                     }
                     cpath superclass
                     {
-                      self.comments.push self.lexer.comments
                       if (self.in_def || self.in_single > 0) then
                         yyerror "class definition in method body"
                       end
@@ -1240,7 +1305,7 @@ rule
                     {
                       result = new_class val
                       self.env.unextend
-                      self.lexer.comments # we don't care about comments in the body
+                      self.lexer.ignore_body_comments
                     }
                 | k_class tLSHFT
                     {
@@ -1261,7 +1326,7 @@ rule
                     {
                       result = new_sclass val
                       self.env.unextend
-                      self.lexer.comments # we don't care about comments in the body
+                      self.lexer.ignore_body_comments
                     }
                 | k_module
                     {
@@ -1269,7 +1334,6 @@ rule
                     }
                     cpath
                     {
-                      self.comments.push self.lexer.comments
                       yyerror "module definition in method body" if
                         self.in_def or self.in_single > 0
 
@@ -1279,70 +1343,87 @@ rule
                     {
                       result = new_module val
                       self.env.unextend
-                      self.lexer.comments # we don't care about comments in the body
+                      self.lexer.ignore_body_comments
                     }
                 | k_def fname
                     {
-                      result = [self.in_def, self.lexer.cmdarg.stack.dup]
+                      result = self.in_def
 
-                      self.comments.push self.lexer.comments
-                      self.in_def = true
+                      self.in_def = true # group = local_push
                       self.env.extend
-                      # TODO: local->cmdargs = cmdarg_stack;
-                      # TODO: port local_push_gen and local_pop_gen
-                      lexer.cmdarg.stack.replace [false]
+                      lexer.cmdarg.push false
+                      lexer.cond.push false
                     }
                     f_arglist bodystmt k_end
                     {
-                      in_def, cmdarg = val[2]
+                      result, in_def = new_defn val
 
-                      result = new_defn val
-
-                      lexer.cmdarg.stack.replace cmdarg
+                      lexer.cond.pop # group = local_pop
+                      lexer.cmdarg.pop
                       self.env.unextend
                       self.in_def = in_def
-                      self.lexer.comments # we don't care about comments in the body
+
+                      self.lexer.ignore_body_comments
                     }
                 | k_def singleton dot_or_colon
                     {
-                      self.comments.push self.lexer.comments
                       lexer.lex_state = EXPR_FNAME
                     }
                     fname
                     {
-                      self.in_single += 1
+                      result = self.in_def
+
+                      self.in_single += 1 # TODO: remove?
+
+                      self.in_def = true # local_push
                       self.env.extend
-                      lexer.lex_state = EXPR_ENDFN # force for args
-                      result = [lexer.lineno, self.lexer.cmdarg.stack.dup]
-                      lexer.cmdarg.stack.replace [false]
+                      lexer.cmdarg.push false
+                      lexer.cond.push false
+
+                      lexer.lex_state = EXPR_ENDFN|EXPR_LABEL
                     }
                     f_arglist bodystmt k_end
                     {
-                      line, cmdarg = val[5]
-                      result = new_defs val
-                      result[3].line line
 
-                      lexer.cmdarg.stack.replace cmdarg
+                      # [kdef, recv, _, _, (name, line), in_def, args, body, kend]
+                      # =>
+                      # [kdef, recv, (name, line), in_def, args, body, kend]
 
+                      val.delete_at 3
+                      val.delete_at 2
+
+                      result, in_def = new_defs val
+
+                      lexer.cond.pop # group = local_pop
+                      lexer.cmdarg.pop
                       self.env.unextend
+                      self.in_def = in_def
+
                       self.in_single -= 1
-                      self.lexer.comments # we don't care about comments in the body
+
+                      # TODO: restore cur_arg ? what's cur_arg?
+
+                      self.lexer.ignore_body_comments
                     }
                 | kBREAK
                     {
-                      result = s(:break)
+                      (_, line), = val
+                      result = s(:break).line line
                     }
                 | kNEXT
                     {
-                      result = s(:next)
+                      (_, line), = val
+                      result = s(:next).line line
                     }
                 | kREDO
                     {
-                      result = s(:redo)
+                      (_, line), = val
+                      result = s(:redo).line line
                     }
                 | kRETRY
                     {
-                      result = s(:retry)
+                      (_, line), = val
+                      result = s(:retry).line line
                     }
 
    primary_value: primary
@@ -1359,8 +1440,17 @@ rule
           k_case: kCASE
            k_for: kFOR
          k_class: kCLASS
+                    {
+                      self.comments.push self.lexer.comments
+                    }
         k_module: kMODULE
+                    {
+                      self.comments.push self.lexer.comments
+                    }
            k_def: kDEF
+                    {
+                      self.comments.push self.lexer.comments
+                    }
             k_do: kDO
       k_do_block: kDO_BLOCK
         k_rescue: kRESCUE
@@ -1381,7 +1471,9 @@ rule
          if_tail: opt_else
                 | k_elsif expr_value then compstmt if_tail
                     {
-                      result = s(:if, val[1], val[3], val[4])
+                      (_, line), c, _, t, rest = val
+
+                      result = s(:if, c, t, rest).line line
                     }
 
         opt_else: none
@@ -1404,7 +1496,9 @@ rule
 
      f_marg_list: f_marg
                     {
-                      result = s(:array, val[0])
+                      sym, = val
+
+                      result = s(:array, sym).line lexer.lineno
                     }
                 | f_marg_list tCOMMA f_marg
                     {
@@ -1417,51 +1511,42 @@ rule
 
                       result = block_var args
                     }
-                | f_marg_list tCOMMA tSTAR f_norm_arg
+                | f_marg_list tCOMMA f_rest_marg
                     {
-                      args, _, _, splat = val
+                      args, _, rest = val
 
-                      result = block_var args, "*#{splat}".to_sym
+                      result = block_var args, rest
                     }
-                | f_marg_list tCOMMA tSTAR f_norm_arg tCOMMA f_marg_list
+                | f_marg_list tCOMMA f_rest_marg tCOMMA f_marg_list
                     {
-                      args, _, _, splat, _, args2 = val
+                      lhs, _, splat, _, rhs = val
 
-                      result = block_var args, "*#{splat}".to_sym, args2
+                      result = block_var lhs, splat, rhs
                     }
-                | f_marg_list tCOMMA tSTAR
+                | f_rest_marg
                     {
-                      args, _, _ = val
+                      rest, = val
 
-                      result = block_var args, :*
+                      result = block_var rest
                     }
-                | f_marg_list tCOMMA tSTAR tCOMMA f_marg_list
+                | f_rest_marg tCOMMA f_marg_list
                     {
-                      args, _, _, _, args2 = val
+                      splat, _, rest = val
 
-                      result = block_var args, :*, args2
+                      result = block_var splat, rest
                     }
-                | tSTAR f_norm_arg
-                    {
-                      _, splat = val
 
-                      result = block_var :"*#{splat}"
-                    }
-                | tSTAR f_norm_arg tCOMMA f_marg_list
+     f_rest_marg: tSTAR f_norm_arg
                     {
-                      _, splat, _, args = val
+                      _, (id, line) = val
 
-                      result = block_var :"*#{splat}", args
+                      result = args ["*#{id}".to_sym]
+                      result.line line
                     }
                 | tSTAR
                     {
-                      result = block_var :*
-                    }
-                | tSTAR tCOMMA f_marg_list
-                    {
-                      _, _, args = val
-
-                      result = block_var :*, args
+                      result = args [:*]
+                      result.line lexer.lineno # FIX: tSTAR -> line
                     }
 
  block_args_tail: f_block_kwarg tCOMMA f_kwrest opt_f_block_arg
@@ -1478,7 +1563,9 @@ rule
                     }
                 | f_block_arg
                     {
-                      result = call_args val
+                      (id, line), = val
+                      result = call_args [id]
+                      result.line line
                     }
 
 opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
@@ -1509,7 +1596,7 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
                     }
                 | f_arg tCOMMA
                     {
-                      result = args val
+                      result = args(val) << nil
                     }
                 | f_arg tCOMMA f_rest_arg tCOMMA f_arg opt_block_args_tail
                     {
@@ -1561,7 +1648,7 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
                     }
                 | tOROP
                     {
-                      result = s(:args)
+                      result = s(:args).line lexer.lineno
                     }
                 | tPIPE block_param opt_bv_decl tPIPE
                     {
@@ -1586,34 +1673,32 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
 
             bvar: tIDENTIFIER
                     {
-                      result = s(:shadow, val[0].to_sym)
+                      result = wrap :shadow, val[0]
                     }
                 | f_bad_arg
 
-          lambda:   {
+          lambda: tLAMBDA
+                    {
                       self.env.extend :dynamic
-                      result = self.lexer.lineno
-
-                      result = lexer.lpar_beg
+                      result = [lexer.lineno, lexer.lpar_beg]
                       lexer.paren_nest += 1
                       lexer.lpar_beg = lexer.paren_nest
                     }
                     f_larglist
                     {
-                      result = [lexer.cmdarg.store(false), self.lexer.lineno]
+                      lexer.cmdarg.push false
                     }
                     lambda_body
                     {
-                      lpar, args, (cmdarg, lineno), body = val
+                      _, (line, lpar), args, _cmdarg, body = val
                       lexer.lpar_beg = lpar
 
-                      lexer.cmdarg.restore cmdarg
-                      lexer.cmdarg.lexpop
+                      lexer.cmdarg.pop
 
-                      call = new_call nil, :lambda
+                      call = s(:lambda).line line
                       result = new_iter call, args, body
-                      result.line = lineno
-                      self.env.unextend
+                      result.line line
+                      self.env.unextend # TODO: dynapush & dynapop
                     }
 
      f_larglist: tLPAREN2 f_args opt_bv_decl rparen
@@ -1637,8 +1722,8 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
 
         do_block: k_do_block do_body kEND
                     {
-                      # TODO: maybe fix lineno to kDO's lineno?
-                      result = val[1]
+                      (_, line), iter, _ = val
+                      result = iter.line line
                     }
 
       block_call: command do_block
@@ -1647,21 +1732,28 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
                       ## if (nd_type($1) == NODE_YIELD) {
                       ##     compile_error(PARSER_ARG "block given to yield");
 
+                      cmd, blk = val
+
                       syntax_error "Both block arg and actual block given." if
-                        val[0].block_pass?
+                        cmd.block_pass?
 
-                      val = invert_block_call val if inverted? val
+                      if inverted? val then
+                        val = invert_block_call val
+                        cmd, blk = val
+                      end
 
-                      result = val[1]
-                      result.insert 1, val[0]
+                      result = blk
+                      result.insert 1, cmd
                     }
                 | block_call call_op2 operation2 opt_paren_args
                     {
-                      result = new_call val[0], val[2].to_sym, val[3]
+                      lhs, _, (id, _line), args = val
+
+                      result = new_call lhs, id.to_sym, args
                     }
                 | block_call call_op2 operation2 opt_paren_args brace_block
                     {
-                      iter1, _, name, args, iter2 = val
+                      iter1, _, (name, _line), args, iter2 = val
 
                       call = new_call iter1, name.to_sym, args
                       iter2.insert 1, call
@@ -1670,7 +1762,7 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
                     }
                 | block_call call_op2 operation2 command_args do_block
                     {
-                      iter1, _, name, args, iter2 = val
+                      iter1, _, (name, _line), args, iter2 = val
 
                       call = new_call iter1, name.to_sym, args
                       iter2.insert 1, call
@@ -1678,26 +1770,29 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
                       result = iter2
                     }
 
-     method_call: fcall
+     method_call: fcall paren_args
                     {
-                      result = self.lexer.lineno
-                    }
-                    paren_args
-                    {
-                      args = self.call_args val[2..-1]
-                      result = val[0].concat args.sexp_body
+                      call, args = val
+
+                      result = call.concat args.sexp_body if args
                     }
                 | primary_value call_op operation2 opt_paren_args
                     {
-                      result = new_call val[0], val[2].to_sym, val[3], val[1]
+                      recv, call_op, (op, _line), args = val
+
+                      result = new_call recv, op.to_sym, args, call_op
                     }
                 | primary_value tCOLON2 operation2 paren_args
                     {
-                      result = new_call val[0], val[2].to_sym, val[3]
+                      recv, _, (op, _line), args = val
+
+                      result = new_call recv, op.to_sym, args
                     }
                 | primary_value tCOLON2 operation3
                     {
-                      result = new_call val[0], val[2].to_sym
+                      lhs, _, (id, _line) = val
+
+                      result = new_call lhs, id.to_sym
                     }
                 | primary_value call_op paren_args
                     {
@@ -1713,7 +1808,7 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
                     }
                 | kSUPER
                     {
-                      result = s(:zsuper)
+                      result = s(:zsuper).line lexer.lineno
                     }
                 | primary_value tLBRACK2 opt_call_args rbracket
                     {
@@ -1730,7 +1825,7 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
                       _, line, body, _ = val
 
                       result = body
-                      result.line = line
+                      result.line line
 
                       self.env.unextend
                     }
@@ -1744,7 +1839,7 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
                       _, line, body, _ = val
 
                       result = body
-                      result.line = line
+                      result.line line
 
                       self.env.unextend
                     }
@@ -1762,29 +1857,50 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
                     }
 
          do_body:   { self.env.extend :dynamic; result = self.lexer.lineno }
-                    { result = lexer.cmdarg.store(false) }
+                    { lexer.cmdarg.push false }
                     opt_block_param
-#if V >= 25
-                    bodystmt
-#else
                     compstmt
-#endif
                     {
-                      line, cmdarg, param, cmpstmt = val
+                      line, _cmdarg, param, cmpstmt = val
 
                       result = new_do_body param, cmpstmt, line
+                      lexer.cmdarg.pop
                       self.env.unextend
-                      lexer.cmdarg.restore cmdarg
+                    }
+
+       case_args: arg_value
+                    {
+                      arg, = val
+
+                      result = s(:array, arg).line arg.line
+                    }
+                | tSTAR arg_value
+                    {
+                      _, arg = val
+
+                      result = s(:array, s(:splat, arg).line(arg.line)).line arg.line
+                    }
+                | case_args tCOMMA arg_value
+                    {
+                      args, _, id = val
+
+                      result = self.list_append args, id
+                    }
+                | case_args tCOMMA tSTAR arg_value
+                    {
+                      args, _, _, id = val
+
+                      result = self.list_append args, s(:splat, id).line(id.line)
                     }
 
        case_body: k_when
                     {
                       result = self.lexer.lineno
                     }
-                    args then compstmt cases
+                    case_args then compstmt cases
                     {
                       result = new_when(val[2], val[4])
-                      result.line = val[1]
+                      result.line val[1]
                       result << val[5] if val[5]
                     }
 
@@ -1795,7 +1911,7 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
                       (_, line), klasses, var, _, body, rest = val
 
                       klasses ||= s(:array)
-                      klasses << new_assign(var, s(:gvar, :"$!")) if var
+                      klasses << new_assign(var, s(:gvar, :"$!").line(var.line)) if var
                       klasses.line line
 
                       result = new_resbody(klasses, body)
@@ -1808,7 +1924,8 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
 
         exc_list: arg_value
                     {
-                      result = s(:array, val[0])
+                      arg, = val
+                      result = s(:array, arg).line arg.line
                     }
                 | mrhs
                 | none
@@ -1821,31 +1938,29 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
 
       opt_ensure: k_ensure compstmt
                     {
-                      _, body = val
+                      (_, line), body = val
 
-                      result = body || s(:nil)
+                      result = body || s(:nil).line(line)
                     }
                 | none
 
          literal: numeric
                     {
-                      result = s(:lit, val[0])
+                      (lit, line), = val
+                      result = s(:lit, lit).line line
                     }
                 | symbol
-                    {
-                      result = s(:lit, val[0])
-                    }
-                | dsym
 
          strings: string
                     {
-                      val[0] = s(:dstr, val[0].value) if val[0].sexp_type == :evstr
-                      result = val[0]
+                      str, = val
+                      str = s(:dstr, str.value) if str.sexp_type == :evstr
+                      result = str
                     }
 
           string: tCHAR
                     {
-                      debug20 23, val, result
+                      debug 37
                     }
                 | string1
                 | string string1
@@ -1855,7 +1970,11 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
 
          string1: tSTRING_BEG string_contents tSTRING_END
                     {
-                      result = val[1]
+                      (_, line), str, (_, func) = val
+
+                      str = dedent str if func =~ RubyLexer::STR_FUNC_DEDENT
+
+                      result = str.line line
                     }
                 | tSTRING
                     {
@@ -1864,7 +1983,8 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
 
          xstring: tXSTRING_BEG xstring_contents tSTRING_END
                     {
-                      result = new_xstring val[1]
+                      result = new_xstring val
+                      # TODO: dedent?!?! SERIOUSLY?!?
                     }
 
           regexp: tREGEXP_BEG regexp_contents tREGEXP_END
@@ -1874,11 +1994,15 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
 
            words: tWORDS_BEG tSPACE tSTRING_END
                     {
-                      result = s(:array)
+                      (_, line), _, _ = val
+
+                      result = s(:array).line line
                     }
                 | tWORDS_BEG word_list tSTRING_END
                     {
-                      result = val[1]
+                      (_, line), list, _ = val
+
+                      result = list.line line
                     }
 
        word_list: none
@@ -1898,11 +2022,15 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
 
          symbols: tSYMBOLS_BEG tSPACE tSTRING_END
                     {
-                      result = s(:array)
+                      (_, line), _, _ = val
+
+                      result = s(:array).line line
                     }
                 | tSYMBOLS_BEG symbol_list tSTRING_END
                     {
-                      result = val[1]
+                      (_, line), list, _, = val
+                      list.line line
+                      result = list
                     }
 
      symbol_list: none
@@ -1911,25 +2039,34 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
                     }
                 | symbol_list word tSPACE
                     {
-                      result = val[0].dup << new_symbol_list_entry(val)
+                      list, * = val
+                      result = list.dup << new_symbol_list_entry(val)
                     }
 
           qwords: tQWORDS_BEG tSPACE tSTRING_END
                     {
-                      result = s(:array)
+                      (_, line), _, _ = val
+
+                      result = s(:array).line line
                     }
                 | tQWORDS_BEG qword_list tSTRING_END
                     {
-                      result = val[1]
+                      (_, line), list, _ = val
+
+                      result = list.line line
                     }
 
         qsymbols: tQSYMBOLS_BEG tSPACE tSTRING_END
                     {
-                      result = s(:array)
+                      (_, line), _, _ = val
+
+                      result = s(:array).line line
                     }
                 | tQSYMBOLS_BEG qsym_list tSTRING_END
                     {
-                      result = val[1]
+                      (_, line), list, _ = val
+
+                      result = list.line line
                     }
 
       qword_list: none
@@ -1952,11 +2089,13 @@ opt_block_args_tail: tCOMMA block_args_tail
 
  string_contents: none
                     {
-                      result = s(:str, "")
+                      line = prev_value_to_lineno _values.last
+                      result = s(:str, +"").line line
                     }
                 | string_contents string_content
                     {
-                      result = literal_concat(val[0], val[1])
+                      v1, v2 = val
+                      result = literal_concat v1, v2
                     }
 
 xstring_contents: none
@@ -1965,7 +2104,8 @@ xstring_contents: none
                     }
                 | xstring_contents string_content
                     {
-                      result = literal_concat(val[0], val[1])
+                      v1, v2 = val
+                      result = literal_concat v1, v2
                     }
 
 regexp_contents: none
@@ -1974,7 +2114,8 @@ regexp_contents: none
                     }
                 | regexp_contents string_content
                     {
-                      result = literal_concat(val[0], val[1])
+                      v1, v2 = val
+                      result = literal_concat v1, v2
                     }
 
   string_content: tSTRING_CONTENT
@@ -1990,19 +2131,22 @@ regexp_contents: none
                     }
                     string_dvar
                     {
-                      lexer.lex_strterm = val[1]
-                      result = s(:evstr, val[2])
+                      _, strterm, str = val
+                      lexer.lex_strterm = strterm
+                      result = s(:evstr, str).line str.line
                     }
                 | tSTRING_DBEG
                     {
                       result = [lexer.lex_strterm,
                                 lexer.brace_nest,
                                 lexer.string_nest, # TODO: remove
-                                lexer.cond.store,
-                                lexer.cmdarg.store,
                                 lexer.lex_state,
+                                lexer.lineno,
                                ]
 
+                      lexer.cmdarg.push false
+                      lexer.cond.push false
+
                       lexer.lex_strterm = nil
                       lexer.brace_nest  = 0
                       lexer.string_nest = 0
@@ -2014,14 +2158,15 @@ regexp_contents: none
                     {
                       _, memo, stmt, _ = val
 
-                      lex_strterm, brace_nest, string_nest, oldcond, oldcmdarg, oldlex_state = memo
+                      lex_strterm, brace_nest, string_nest, oldlex_state, line = memo
+                      # TODO: heredoc_indent
 
                       lexer.lex_strterm = lex_strterm
                       lexer.brace_nest  = brace_nest
                       lexer.string_nest = string_nest
 
-                      lexer.cond.restore oldcond
-                      lexer.cmdarg.restore oldcmdarg
+                      lexer.cond.pop
+                      lexer.cmdarg.pop
 
                       lexer.lex_state = oldlex_state
 
@@ -2031,103 +2176,108 @@ regexp_contents: none
                         when :str, :dstr, :evstr then
                           result = stmt
                         else
-                          result = s(:evstr, stmt)
+                          result = s(:evstr, stmt).line line
                         end
                       when nil then
-                        result = s(:evstr)
+                        result = s(:evstr).line line
                       else
-                        debug20 25
+                        debug 38
                         raise "unknown string body: #{stmt.inspect}"
                       end
                     }
 
-     string_dvar: tGVAR { result = s(:gvar, val[0].to_sym) }
-                | tIVAR { result = s(:ivar, val[0].to_sym) }
-                | tCVAR { result = s(:cvar, val[0].to_sym) }
+     string_dvar: tGVAR
+                    {
+                      result = wrap :gvar, val[0]
+                    }
+                | tIVAR
+                    {
+                      result = wrap :ivar, val[0]
+                    }
+                | tCVAR
+                    {
+                      result = wrap :cvar, val[0]
+                    }
                 | backref
 
-          symbol: tSYMBEG sym
+          symbol: ssym
+                | dsym
+
+            ssym: tSYMBEG sym
                     {
                       lexer.lex_state = EXPR_END
-                      result = val[1].to_sym
+                      result = wrap :lit, val[1]
                     }
                 | tSYMBOL
                     {
-                      result = val[0].to_sym
+                      lexer.lex_state = EXPR_END
+                      result = wrap :lit, val[0]
                     }
 
              sym: fname | tIVAR | tGVAR | tCVAR
 
-            dsym: tSYMBEG xstring_contents tSTRING_END
+            dsym: tSYMBEG string_contents tSTRING_END
                     {
+                      _, result, _ = val
+
                       lexer.lex_state = EXPR_END
-                      result = val[1]
 
-                      result ||= s(:str, "")
+                      result ||= s(:str, "").line lexer.lineno
 
                       case result.sexp_type
                       when :dstr then
                         result.sexp_type = :dsym
                       when :str then
-                        result = s(:lit, result.last.to_sym)
+                        result = s(:lit, result.last.to_sym).line result.line
                       when :evstr then
-                        result = s(:dsym, "", result)
+                        result = s(:dsym, "", result).line result.line
                       else
-                        debug20 26, val, result
+                        debug 39
                       end
                     }
 
-#if V == 20
          numeric: tINTEGER
                 | tFLOAT
                 | tUMINUS_NUM tINTEGER =tLOWEST
-#else
-         numeric: simple_numeric
-                | tUMINUS_NUM simple_numeric
-#endif
                     {
-                      result = -val[1] # TODO: pt_testcase
-#if V == 20
+                      _, (num, line) = val
+                      result = [-num, line]
                     }
                 | tUMINUS_NUM tFLOAT   =tLOWEST
                     {
-                      result = -val[1] # TODO: pt_testcase
-#endif
+                      _, (num, line) = val
+                      result = [-num, line]
                     }
 
-#if V >= 21
-  simple_numeric: tINTEGER
-                | tFLOAT
-                | tRATIONAL
-                | tIMAGINARY
-
-#endif
    user_variable: tIDENTIFIER
                 | tIVAR
                 | tGVAR
                 | tCONSTANT
                 | tCVAR
 
-keyword_variable: kNIL      { result = s(:nil)   }
-                | kSELF     { result = s(:self)  }
-                | kTRUE     { result = s(:true)  }
-                | kFALSE    { result = s(:false) }
-                | k__FILE__ { result = s(:str, self.file) }
-                | k__LINE__ { result = s(:lit, lexer.lineno) }
+keyword_variable: kNIL      { result = s(:nil).line lexer.lineno }
+                | kSELF     { result = s(:self).line lexer.lineno }
+                | kTRUE     { result = s(:true).line lexer.lineno }
+                | kFALSE    { result = s(:false).line lexer.lineno }
+                | k__FILE__ { result = s(:str, self.file).line lexer.lineno }
+                | k__LINE__ { result = s(:lit, lexer.lineno).line lexer.lineno }
                 | k__ENCODING__
                     {
+                      l = lexer.lineno
                       result =
                         if defined? Encoding then
-                          s(:colon2, s(:const, :Encoding), :UTF_8)
+                          s(:colon2, s(:const, :Encoding).line(l), :UTF_8).line l
                         else
-                          s(:str, "Unsupported!")
+                          s(:str, "Unsupported!").line l
                         end
                     }
 
          var_ref: user_variable
                     {
-                      var = val[0]
+                      raise "NO: #{val.inspect}" if Sexp === val.first
+                      (var, line), = val
                       result = Sexp === var ? var : self.gettable(var)
+                      result.line line
                     }
                 | keyword_variable
                     {
@@ -2142,11 +2292,19 @@ keyword_variable: kNIL      { result = s(:nil)   }
                 | keyword_variable
                     {
                       result = self.assignable val[0]
-                      debug20 29, val, result
+                      debug 40
                     }
 
-         backref: tNTH_REF  { result = s(:nth_ref,  val[0]) }
-                | tBACK_REF { result = s(:back_ref, val[0]) }
+         backref: tNTH_REF
+                    {
+                      (ref, line), = val
+                      result = s(:nth_ref, ref).line line
+                    }
+                | tBACK_REF
+                    {
+                      (ref, line), = val
+                      result = s(:back_ref, ref).line line
+                    }
 
       superclass: tLT
                     {
@@ -2164,9 +2322,7 @@ keyword_variable: kNIL      { result = s(:nil)   }
 
        f_arglist: tLPAREN2 f_args rparen
                     {
-                      result = val[1]
-                      self.lexer.lex_state = EXPR_BEG
-                      self.lexer.command_start = true
+                      result = end_args val
                     }
                 |   {
                       result = self.in_kwarg
@@ -2175,12 +2331,7 @@ keyword_variable: kNIL      { result = s(:nil)   }
                     }
                     f_args term
                     {
-                      kwarg, args, _ = val
-
-                      self.in_kwarg = kwarg
-                      result = args
-                      lexer.lex_state     = EXPR_BEG
-                      lexer.command_start = true
+                      result = end_args val
                     }
 
        args_tail: f_kwarg tCOMMA f_kwrest opt_f_block_arg
@@ -2265,8 +2416,10 @@ keyword_variable: kNIL      { result = s(:nil)   }
                 |
                     {
                       result = args val
+                      # result.line lexer.lineno
                     }
 
+
        f_bad_arg: tCONSTANT
                     {
                       yyerror "formal argument cannot be a constant"
@@ -2287,40 +2440,24 @@ keyword_variable: kNIL      { result = s(:nil)   }
       f_norm_arg: f_bad_arg
                 | tIDENTIFIER
                     {
-                      identifier = val[0].to_sym
+                      (id, line), = val
+                      identifier = id.to_sym
                       self.env[identifier] = :lvar
 
-                      result = identifier
+                      result = [identifier, line]
                     }
 
-#if V >= 22
-      f_arg_asgn: f_norm_arg
-
-      f_arg_item: f_arg_asgn
-                | tLPAREN f_margs rparen
-                    {
-                      result = val[1]
-                    }
-#else
       f_arg_item: f_norm_arg
                 | tLPAREN f_margs rparen
                     {
-                      result = val[1]
+                      _, margs, _ = val
+
+                      result = margs
                     }
-#endif
 
            f_arg: f_arg_item
                     {
-                      case val[0]
-                      when Symbol then
-                        result = s(:args)
-                        result << val[0]
-                      when Sexp then
-                        result = val[0]
-                      else
-                        debug20 32
-                        raise "Unknown f_arg type: #{val.inspect}"
-                      end
+                      result = new_arg val
                     }
                 | f_arg tCOMMA f_arg_item
                     {
@@ -2329,61 +2466,33 @@ keyword_variable: kNIL      { result = s(:nil)   }
                       if list.sexp_type == :args then
                         result = list
                       else
-                        result = s(:args, list)
+                        result = s(:args, list).line list.line
                       end
 
-                      result << item
+                      result << (Sexp === item ? item : item.first)
                     }
 
-#if V == 20
             f_kw: tLABEL arg_value
-#else
-         f_label: tLABEL
-
-            f_kw: f_label arg_value
-#endif
                     {
-                      # TODO: call_args
-                      label, _ = val[0] # TODO: fix lineno?
-                      identifier = label.to_sym
-                      self.env[identifier] = :lvar
+                      # TODO: new_kw_arg
+                      (label, line), arg = val
 
-                      result = s(:array, s(:kwarg, identifier, val[1]))
-                    }
-#if V >= 21
-                | f_label
-                    {
-                      label, _ = val[0] # TODO: fix lineno?
                       identifier = label.to_sym
                       self.env[identifier] = :lvar
 
-                      result = s(:array, s(:kwarg, identifier))
+                      kwarg  = s(:kwarg, identifier, arg).line line
+                      result = s(:array, kwarg).line line
                     }
-#endif
 
-#if V == 20
       f_block_kw: tLABEL primary_value
-#else
-      f_block_kw: f_label primary_value
-#endif
-                    {
-                      # TODO: call_args
-                      label, _ = val[0] # TODO: fix lineno?
-                      identifier = label.to_sym
-                      self.env[identifier] = :lvar
-
-                      result = s(:array, s(:kwarg, identifier, val[1]))
-                    }
-#if V >= 21
-                | f_label
                     {
-                      label, _ = val[0] # TODO: fix lineno?
-                      identifier = label.to_sym
-                      self.env[identifier] = :lvar
+                      # TODO: new_kw_arg
+                      (label, line), expr = val
+                      id = label.to_sym
+                      self.env[id] = :lvar
 
-                      result = s(:array, s(:kwarg, identifier))
+                      result = s(:array, s(:kwarg, id, expr).line(line)).line line
                     }
-#endif
 
    f_block_kwarg: f_block_kw
                 | f_block_kwarg tCOMMA f_block_kw
@@ -2401,53 +2510,51 @@ keyword_variable: kNIL      { result = s(:nil)   }
      kwrest_mark: tPOW
                 | tDSTAR
 
+
         f_kwrest: kwrest_mark tIDENTIFIER
                     {
-                      name = val[1].to_sym
-                      self.assignable name
-                      result = :"**#{name}"
+                      _, (id, line) = val
+
+                      name = id.to_sym
+                      self.assignable [name, line]
+                      result = [:"**#{name}", line]
                     }
                 | kwrest_mark
                     {
-                      result = :"**"
+                      id = :"**"
+                      self.env[id] = :lvar # TODO: needed?!?
+                      result = [id, lexer.lineno] # TODO: tPOW/tDSTAR include lineno
                     }
 
-#if V == 20
            f_opt: tIDENTIFIER tEQL arg_value
-#elif V == 21
-           f_opt: f_norm_arg tEQL arg_value
-#else
-           f_opt: f_arg_asgn tEQL arg_value
-#endif
                     {
-                      result = self.assignable val[0], val[2]
+                      lhs, _, rhs = val
+                      result = self.assignable lhs, rhs
                       # TODO: detect duplicate names
                     }
 
-#if V == 20
      f_block_opt: tIDENTIFIER tEQL primary_value
-#elif V == 21
-     f_block_opt: f_norm_arg tEQL primary_value
-#else
-     f_block_opt: f_arg_asgn tEQL primary_value
-#endif
                     {
-                      result = self.assignable val[0], val[2]
+                      lhs, _, rhs = val
+                      result = self.assignable lhs, rhs
                     }
 
   f_block_optarg: f_block_opt
                     {
-                      result = s(:block, val[0])
+                      optblk, = val
+                      result = s(:block, optblk).line optblk.line
                     }
                 | f_block_optarg tCOMMA f_block_opt
                     {
-                      result = val[0]
-                      result << val[2]
+                      optarg, _, optblk = val
+                      result = optarg
+                      result << optblk
                     }
 
         f_optarg: f_opt
                     {
-                      result = s(:block, val[0])
+                      opt, = val
+                      result = s(:block, opt).line opt.line
                     }
                 | f_optarg tCOMMA f_opt
                     {
@@ -2459,30 +2566,33 @@ keyword_variable: kNIL      { result = s(:nil)   }
       f_rest_arg: restarg_mark tIDENTIFIER
                     {
                       # TODO: differs from parse.y - needs tests
-                      name = val[1].to_sym
-                      self.assignable name
-                      result = :"*#{name}"
+                      _, (id, line) = val
+                      name = id.to_sym
+                      self.assignable [name, line]
+                      result = [:"*#{name}", line]
                     }
                 | restarg_mark
                     {
                       name = :"*"
                       self.env[name] = :lvar
-                      result = name
+                      result = [name, lexer.lineno] # FIX: tSTAR to include lineno
                     }
 
      blkarg_mark: tAMPER2 | tAMPER
 
      f_block_arg: blkarg_mark tIDENTIFIER
                     {
-                      identifier = val[1].to_sym
+                      _, (id, line) = val
+                      identifier = id.to_sym
 
                       self.env[identifier] = :lvar
-                      result = "&#{identifier}".to_sym
+                      result = ["&#{identifier}".to_sym, line]
                     }
 
  opt_f_block_arg: tCOMMA f_block_arg
                     {
-                      result = val[1]
+                      _, arg = val
+                      result = arg
                     }
                 |
                     {
@@ -2501,14 +2611,11 @@ keyword_variable: kNIL      { result = s(:nil)   }
                         result.sexp_type == :lit
                     }
 
-      assoc_list: none # [!nil]
+      assoc_list: none
                     {
-                      result = s(:array)
-                    }
-                | assocs trailer # [!nil]
-                    {
-                      result = val[0]
+                      result = s(:array).line lexer.lineno
                     }
+                | assocs trailer
 
           assocs: assoc
                 | assocs tCOMMA assoc
@@ -2522,24 +2629,21 @@ keyword_variable: kNIL      { result = s(:nil)   }
 
            assoc: arg_value tASSOC arg_value
                     {
-                      result = s(:array, val[0], val[2])
+                      v1, _, v2 = val
+                      result = s(:array, v1, v2).line v1.line
                     }
                 | tLABEL arg_value
                     {
-                      (label, _), arg = val
-                      result = s(:array, s(:lit, label.to_sym), arg)
-                    }
-#if V >= 22
-                | tSTRING_BEG string_contents tLABEL_END arg_value
-                    {
-                      _, sym, _, value = val
-                      sym.sexp_type = :dsym
-                      result = s(:array, sym, value)
+                      label, arg = val
+
+                      lit = wrap :lit, label
+                      result = s(:array, lit, arg).line lit.line
                     }
-#endif
                 | tDSTAR arg_value
                     {
-                      result = s(:array, s(:kwsplat, val[1]))
+                      _, arg = val
+                      line = arg.line
+                      result = s(:array, s(:kwsplat, arg).line(line)).line line
                     }
 
        operation: tIDENTIFIER | tCONSTANT | tFID
@@ -2547,9 +2651,6 @@ keyword_variable: kNIL      { result = s(:nil)   }
       operation3: tIDENTIFIER | tFID | op
     dot_or_colon: tDOT | tCOLON2
          call_op: tDOT
-#if V >= 23
-                | tLONELY # TODO: rename tANDDOT?
-#endif
 
         call_op2: call_op
                 | tCOLON2