boourns-unicorn 4.4.1

data/lib/unicorn/const.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# -*- encoding: binary -*-
+
+# :enddoc:
+# Frequently used constants when constructing requests or responses.
+# Many times the constant just refers to a string with the same
+# contents.  Using these constants gave about a 3% to 10% performance
+# improvement over using the strings directly.  Symbols did not really
+# improve things much compared to constants.
+module Unicorn::Const
+
+  UNICORN_VERSION = "4.4.0"
+
+  # default TCP listen host address (0.0.0.0, all interfaces)
+  DEFAULT_HOST = "0.0.0.0"
+
+  # default TCP listen port (8080)
+  DEFAULT_PORT = 8080
+
+  # default TCP listen address and port (0.0.0.0:8080)
+  DEFAULT_LISTEN = "#{DEFAULT_HOST}:#{DEFAULT_PORT}"
+
+  # The basic request body size we'll try to read at once (16 kilobytes).
+  CHUNK_SIZE = 16 * 1024
+
+  # Maximum request body size before it is moved out of memory and into a
+  # temporary file for reading (112 kilobytes).  This is the default
+  # value of client_body_buffer_size.
+  MAX_BODY = 1024 * 112
+
+  # :stopdoc:
+  # common errors we'll send back
+  ERROR_400_RESPONSE = "HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\r\n\r\n"
+  ERROR_414_RESPONSE = "HTTP/1.1 414 Request-URI Too Long\r\n\r\n"
+  ERROR_413_RESPONSE = "HTTP/1.1 413 Request Entity Too Large\r\n\r\n"
+  ERROR_500_RESPONSE = "HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error\r\n\r\n"
+  EXPECT_100_RESPONSE = "100 Continue\r\n\r\n HTTP/1.1"
+
+  HTTP_EXPECT = "HTTP_EXPECT"
+  # :startdoc:
+end

data/lib/unicorn/http_request.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# -*- encoding: binary -*-
+# :enddoc:
+# no stable API here
+require 'unicorn_http'
+
+# TODO: remove redundant names
+Unicorn.const_set(:HttpRequest, Unicorn::HttpParser)
+class Unicorn::HttpParser
+
+  # default parameters we merge into the request env for Rack handlers
+  DEFAULTS = {
+    "rack.errors" => $stderr,
+    "rack.multiprocess" => true,
+    "rack.multithread" => false,
+    "rack.run_once" => false,
+    "rack.version" => [1, 1],
+    "SCRIPT_NAME" => "",
+
+    # this is not in the Rack spec, but some apps may rely on it
+    "SERVER_SOFTWARE" => "Unicorn #{Unicorn::Const::UNICORN_VERSION}"
+  }
+
+  NULL_IO = StringIO.new("")
+
+  # :stopdoc:
+  # A frozen format for this is about 15% faster
+  REMOTE_ADDR = 'REMOTE_ADDR'.freeze
+  RACK_INPUT = 'rack.input'.freeze
+  @@input_class = Unicorn::TeeInput
+
+  def self.input_class
+    @@input_class
+  end
+
+  def self.input_class=(klass)
+    @@input_class = klass
+  end
+  # :startdoc:
+
+  # Does the majority of the IO processing.  It has been written in
+  # Ruby using about 8 different IO processing strategies.
+  #
+  # It is currently carefully constructed to make sure that it gets
+  # the best possible performance for the common case: GET requests
+  # that are fully complete after a single read(2)
+  #
+  # Anyone who thinks they can make it faster is more than welcome to
+  # take a crack at it.
+  #
+  # returns an environment hash suitable for Rack if successful
+  # This does minimal exception trapping and it is up to the caller
+  # to handle any socket errors (e.g. user aborted upload).
+  def read(socket)
+    clear
+    e = env
+
+    # From http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3875:
+    # "Script authors should be aware that the REMOTE_ADDR and
+    #  REMOTE_HOST meta-variables (see sections 4.1.8 and 4.1.9)
+    #  may not identify the ultimate source of the request.  They
+    #  identify the client for the immediate request to the server;
+    #  that client may be a proxy, gateway, or other intermediary
+    #  acting on behalf of the actual source client."
+    e[REMOTE_ADDR] = socket.kgio_addr
+
+    # short circuit the common case with small GET requests first
+    socket.kgio_read!(16384, buf)
+    if parse.nil?
+      # Parser is not done, queue up more data to read and continue parsing
+      # an Exception thrown from the parser will throw us out of the loop
+      false until add_parse(socket.kgio_read!(16384))
+    end
+
+    # detect if the socket is valid by writing a partial response:
+    if headers?
+      "HTTP/1.1 ".each_char { |c| socket.write(c) }
+    end
+
+    e[RACK_INPUT] = 0 == content_length ?
+                    NULL_IO : @@input_class.new(socket, self)
+    e.merge!(DEFAULTS)
+  end
+end

data/lib/unicorn/http_response.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# -*- encoding: binary -*-
+# :enddoc:
+# Writes a Rack response to your client using the HTTP/1.1 specification.
+# You use it by simply doing:
+#
+#   status, headers, body = rack_app.call(env)
+#   http_response_write(socket, status, headers, body)
+#
+# Most header correctness (including Content-Length and Content-Type)
+# is the job of Rack, with the exception of the "Date" and "Status" header.
+module Unicorn::HttpResponse
+
+  # Every standard HTTP code mapped to the appropriate message.
+  CODES = Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES.inject({}) { |hash,(code,msg)|
+    hash[code] = "#{code} #{msg}"
+    hash
+  }
+  CRLF = "\r\n"
+
+  # writes the rack_response to socket as an HTTP response
+  def http_response_write(socket, status, headers, body)
+    status = CODES[status.to_i] || status
+
+    if headers
+      buf = "#{status}\r\n" \
+            "Date: #{httpdate}\r\n" \
+            "Status: #{status}\r\n" \
+            "Connection: close\r\n"
+      headers.each do |key, value|
+        next if %r{\A(?:Date\z|Connection\z)}i =~ key
+        if value =~ /\n/
+          # avoiding blank, key-only cookies with /\n+/
+          buf << value.split(/\n+/).map! { |v| "#{key}: #{v}\r\n" }.join
+        else
+          buf << "#{key}: #{value}\r\n"
+        end
+      end
+      socket.write(buf << CRLF)
+    end
+
+    body.each { |chunk| socket.write(chunk) }
+    ensure
+      body.respond_to?(:close) and body.close
+  end
+end

data/lib/unicorn/http_server.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,755 @@
+# -*- encoding: binary -*-
+require "unicorn/ssl_server"
+
+# This is the process manager of Unicorn. This manages worker
+# processes which in turn handle the I/O and application process.
+# Listener sockets are started in the master process and shared with
+# forked worker children.
+#
+# Users do not need to know the internals of this class, but reading the
+# {source}[http://bogomips.org/unicorn.git/tree/lib/unicorn/http_server.rb]
+# is education for programmers wishing to learn how \Unicorn works.
+# See Unicorn::Configurator for information on how to configure \Unicorn.
+class Unicorn::HttpServer
+  # :stopdoc:
+  attr_accessor :app, :request, :timeout, :worker_processes,
+                :before_fork, :after_fork, :before_exec,
+                :listener_opts, :preload_app,
+                :reexec_pid, :orig_app, :init_listeners,
+                :master_pid, :config, :ready_pipe, :user
+  attr_reader :pid, :logger
+  include Unicorn::SocketHelper
+  include Unicorn::HttpResponse
+  include Unicorn::SSLServer
+
+  # backwards compatibility with 1.x
+  Worker = Unicorn::Worker
+
+  # all bound listener sockets
+  LISTENERS = []
+
+  # listeners we have yet to bind
+  NEW_LISTENERS = []
+
+  # This hash maps PIDs to Workers
+  WORKERS = {}
+
+  # We use SELF_PIPE differently in the master and worker processes:
+  #
+  # * The master process never closes or reinitializes this once
+  # initialized.  Signal handlers in the master process will write to
+  # it to wake up the master from IO.select in exactly the same manner
+  # djb describes in http://cr.yp.to/docs/selfpipe.html
+  #
+  # * The workers immediately close the pipe they inherit from the
+  # master and replace it with a new pipe after forking.  This new
+  # pipe is also used to wakeup from IO.select from inside (worker)
+  # signal handlers.  However, workers *close* the pipe descriptors in
+  # the signal handlers to raise EBADF in IO.select instead of writing
+  # like we do in the master.  We cannot easily use the reader set for
+  # IO.select because LISTENERS is already that set, and it's extra
+  # work (and cycles) to distinguish the pipe FD from the reader set
+  # once IO.select returns.  So we're lazy and just close the pipe when
+  # a (rare) signal arrives in the worker and reinitialize the pipe later.
+  SELF_PIPE = []
+
+  # signal queue used for self-piping
+  SIG_QUEUE = []
+
+  # list of signals we care about and trap in master.
+  QUEUE_SIGS = [ :WINCH, :QUIT, :INT, :TERM, :USR1, :USR2, :HUP, :TTIN, :TTOU ]
+
+  # :startdoc:
+  # We populate this at startup so we can figure out how to reexecute
+  # and upgrade the currently running instance of Unicorn
+  # This Hash is considered a stable interface and changing its contents
+  # will allow you to switch between different installations of Unicorn
+  # or even different installations of the same applications without
+  # downtime.  Keys of this constant Hash are described as follows:
+  #
+  # * 0 - the path to the unicorn/unicorn_rails executable
+  # * :argv - a deep copy of the ARGV array the executable originally saw
+  # * :cwd - the working directory of the application, this is where
+  # you originally started Unicorn.
+  #
+  # To change your unicorn executable to a different path without downtime,
+  # you can set the following in your Unicorn config file, HUP and then
+  # continue with the traditional USR2 + QUIT upgrade steps:
+  #
+  #   Unicorn::HttpServer::START_CTX[0] = "/home/bofh/1.9.2/bin/unicorn"
+  START_CTX = {
+    :argv => ARGV.map { |arg| arg.dup },
+    0 => $0.dup,
+  }
+  # We favor ENV['PWD'] since it is (usually) symlink aware for Capistrano
+  # and like systems
+  START_CTX[:cwd] = begin
+    a = File.stat(pwd = ENV['PWD'])
+    b = File.stat(Dir.pwd)
+    a.ino == b.ino && a.dev == b.dev ? pwd : Dir.pwd
+  rescue
+    Dir.pwd
+  end
+  # :stopdoc:
+
+  # Creates a working server on host:port (strange things happen if
+  # port isn't a Number).  Use HttpServer::run to start the server and
+  # HttpServer.run.join to join the thread that's processing
+  # incoming requests on the socket.
+  def initialize(app, options = {})
+    @app = app
+    @request = Unicorn::HttpRequest.new
+    self.reexec_pid = 0
+    options = options.dup
+    @ready_pipe = options.delete(:ready_pipe)
+    @init_listeners = options[:listeners] ? options[:listeners].dup : []
+    options[:use_defaults] = true
+    self.config = Unicorn::Configurator.new(options)
+    self.listener_opts = {}
+
+    # we try inheriting listeners first, so we bind them later.
+    # we don't write the pid file until we've bound listeners in case
+    # unicorn was started twice by mistake.  Even though our #pid= method
+    # checks for stale/existing pid files, race conditions are still
+    # possible (and difficult/non-portable to avoid) and can be likely
+    # to clobber the pid if the second start was in quick succession
+    # after the first, so we rely on the listener binding to fail in
+    # that case.  Some tests (in and outside of this source tree) and
+    # monitoring tools may also rely on pid files existing before we
+    # attempt to connect to the listener(s)
+    config.commit!(self, :skip => [:listeners, :pid])
+    self.orig_app = app
+  end
+
+  # Runs the thing.  Returns self so you can run join on it
+  def start
+    inherit_listeners!
+    # this pipe is used to wake us up from select(2) in #join when signals
+    # are trapped.  See trap_deferred.
+    init_self_pipe!
+
+    # setup signal handlers before writing pid file in case people get
+    # trigger happy and send signals as soon as the pid file exists.
+    # Note that signals don't actually get handled until the #join method
+    QUEUE_SIGS.each { |sig| trap(sig) { SIG_QUEUE << sig; awaken_master } }
+    trap(:CHLD) { awaken_master }
+    self.pid = config[:pid]
+
+    self.master_pid = $$
+    build_app! if preload_app
+    bind_new_listeners!
+    spawn_missing_workers
+    self
+  end
+
+  # replaces current listener set with +listeners+.  This will
+  # close the socket if it will not exist in the new listener set
+  def listeners=(listeners)
+    cur_names, dead_names = [], []
+    listener_names.each do |name|
+      if ?/ == name[0]
+        # mark unlinked sockets as dead so we can rebind them
+        (File.socket?(name) ? cur_names : dead_names) << name
+      else
+        cur_names << name
+      end
+    end
+    set_names = listener_names(listeners)
+    dead_names.concat(cur_names - set_names).uniq!
+
+    LISTENERS.delete_if do |io|
+      if dead_names.include?(sock_name(io))
+        IO_PURGATORY.delete_if do |pio|
+          pio.fileno == io.fileno && (pio.close rescue nil).nil? # true
+        end
+        (io.close rescue nil).nil? # true
+      else
+        set_server_sockopt(io, listener_opts[sock_name(io)])
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    (set_names - cur_names).each { |addr| listen(addr) }
+  end
+
+  def stdout_path=(path); redirect_io($stdout, path); end
+  def stderr_path=(path); redirect_io($stderr, path); end
+
+  def logger=(obj)
+    Unicorn::HttpRequest::DEFAULTS["rack.logger"] = @logger = obj
+  end
+
+  # sets the path for the PID file of the master process
+  def pid=(path)
+    if path
+      if x = valid_pid?(path)
+        return path if pid && path == pid && x == $$
+        if x == reexec_pid && pid =~ /\.oldbin\z/
+          logger.warn("will not set pid=#{path} while reexec-ed "\
+                      "child is running PID:#{x}")
+          return
+        end
+        raise ArgumentError, "Already running on PID:#{x} " \
+                             "(or pid=#{path} is stale)"
+      end
+    end
+    unlink_pid_safe(pid) if pid
+
+    if path
+      fp = begin
+        tmp = "#{File.dirname(path)}/#{rand}.#$$"
+        File.open(tmp, File::RDWR|File::CREAT|File::EXCL, 0644)
+      rescue Errno::EEXIST
+        retry
+      end
+      fp.syswrite("#$$\n")
+      File.rename(fp.path, path)
+      fp.close
+    end
+    @pid = path
+  end
+
+  # add a given address to the +listeners+ set, idempotently
+  # Allows workers to add a private, per-process listener via the
+  # after_fork hook.  Very useful for debugging and testing.
+  # +:tries+ may be specified as an option for the number of times
+  # to retry, and +:delay+ may be specified as the time in seconds
+  # to delay between retries.
+  # A negative value for +:tries+ indicates the listen will be
+  # retried indefinitely, this is useful when workers belonging to
+  # different masters are spawned during a transparent upgrade.
+  def listen(address, opt = {}.merge(listener_opts[address] || {}))
+    address = config.expand_addr(address)
+    return if String === address && listener_names.include?(address)
+
+    delay = opt[:delay] || 0.5
+    tries = opt[:tries] || 5
+    begin
+      io = bind_listen(address, opt)
+      unless Kgio::TCPServer === io || Kgio::UNIXServer === io
+        IO_PURGATORY << io
+        io = server_cast(io)
+      end
+      logger.info "listening on addr=#{sock_name(io)} fd=#{io.fileno}"
+      LISTENERS << io
+      io
+    rescue Errno::EADDRINUSE => err
+      logger.error "adding listener failed addr=#{address} (in use)"
+      raise err if tries == 0
+      tries -= 1
+      logger.error "retrying in #{delay} seconds " \
+                   "(#{tries < 0 ? 'infinite' : tries} tries left)"
+      sleep(delay)
+      retry
+    rescue => err
+      logger.fatal "error adding listener addr=#{address}"
+      raise err
+    end
+  end
+
+  # monitors children and receives signals forever
+  # (or until a termination signal is sent).  This handles signals
+  # one-at-a-time time and we'll happily drop signals in case somebody
+  # is signalling us too often.
+  def join
+    respawn = true
+    last_check = Time.now
+
+    proc_name 'master'
+    logger.info "master process ready" # test_exec.rb relies on this message
+    if @ready_pipe
+      @ready_pipe.syswrite($$.to_s)
+      @ready_pipe = @ready_pipe.close rescue nil
+    end
+    begin
+      reap_all_workers
+      case SIG_QUEUE.shift
+      when nil
+        # avoid murdering workers after our master process (or the
+        # machine) comes out of suspend/hibernation
+        if (last_check + @timeout) >= (last_check = Time.now)
+          sleep_time = murder_lazy_workers
+        else
+          sleep_time = @timeout/2.0 + 1
+          @logger.debug("waiting #{sleep_time}s after suspend/hibernation")
+        end
+        maintain_worker_count if respawn
+        master_sleep(sleep_time)
+      when :QUIT # graceful shutdown
+        break
+      when :TERM, :INT # immediate shutdown
+        stop(false)
+        break
+      when :USR1 # rotate logs
+        logger.info "master reopening logs..."
+        Unicorn::Util.reopen_logs
+        logger.info "master done reopening logs"
+        kill_each_worker(:USR1)
+      when :USR2 # exec binary, stay alive in case something went wrong
+        reexec
+      when :WINCH
+        if Unicorn::Configurator::RACKUP[:daemonized]
+          respawn = false
+          logger.info "gracefully stopping all workers"
+          kill_each_worker(:QUIT)
+          self.worker_processes = 0
+        else
+          logger.info "SIGWINCH ignored because we're not daemonized"
+        end
+      when :TTIN
+        respawn = true
+        self.worker_processes += 1
+      when :TTOU
+        self.worker_processes -= 1 if self.worker_processes > 0
+      when :HUP
+        respawn = true
+        if config.config_file
+          load_config!
+        else # exec binary and exit if there's no config file
+          logger.info "config_file not present, reexecuting binary"
+          reexec
+        end
+      end
+    rescue => e
+      Unicorn.log_error(@logger, "master loop error", e)
+    end while true
+    stop # gracefully shutdown all workers on our way out
+    logger.info "master complete"
+    unlink_pid_safe(pid) if pid
+  end
+
+  # Terminates all workers, but does not exit master process
+  def stop(graceful = true)
+    self.listeners = []
+    limit = Time.now + timeout
+    until WORKERS.empty? || Time.now > limit
+      kill_each_worker(graceful ? :QUIT : :TERM)
+      sleep(0.1)
+      reap_all_workers
+    end
+    kill_each_worker(:KILL)
+  end
+
+  def rewindable_input
+    Unicorn::HttpRequest.input_class.method_defined?(:rewind)
+  end
+
+  def rewindable_input=(bool)
+    Unicorn::HttpRequest.input_class = bool ?
+                                Unicorn::TeeInput : Unicorn::StreamInput
+  end
+
+  def client_body_buffer_size
+    Unicorn::TeeInput.client_body_buffer_size
+  end
+
+  def client_body_buffer_size=(bytes)
+    Unicorn::TeeInput.client_body_buffer_size = bytes
+  end
+
+  def trust_x_forwarded
+    Unicorn::HttpParser.trust_x_forwarded?
+  end
+
+  def trust_x_forwarded=(bool)
+    Unicorn::HttpParser.trust_x_forwarded = bool
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  # wait for a signal hander to wake us up and then consume the pipe
+  def master_sleep(sec)
+    IO.select([ SELF_PIPE[0] ], nil, nil, sec) or return
+    SELF_PIPE[0].kgio_tryread(11)
+  end
+
+  def awaken_master
+    SELF_PIPE[1].kgio_trywrite('.') # wakeup master process from select
+  end
+
+  # reaps all unreaped workers
+  def reap_all_workers
+    begin
+      wpid, status = Process.waitpid2(-1, Process::WNOHANG)
+      wpid or return
+      if reexec_pid == wpid
+        logger.error "reaped #{status.inspect} exec()-ed"
+        self.reexec_pid = 0
+        self.pid = pid.chomp('.oldbin') if pid
+        proc_name 'master'
+      else
+        worker = WORKERS.delete(wpid) and worker.close rescue nil
+        m = "reaped #{status.inspect} worker=#{worker.nr rescue 'unknown'}"
+        status.success? ? logger.info(m) : logger.error(m)
+      end
+    rescue Errno::ECHILD
+      break
+    end while true
+  end
+
+  # reexecutes the START_CTX with a new binary
+  def reexec
+    if reexec_pid > 0
+      begin
+        Process.kill(0, reexec_pid)
+        logger.error "reexec-ed child already running PID:#{reexec_pid}"
+        return
+      rescue Errno::ESRCH
+        self.reexec_pid = 0
+      end
+    end
+
+    if pid
+      old_pid = "#{pid}.oldbin"
+      begin
+        self.pid = old_pid  # clear the path for a new pid file
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        logger.error "old PID:#{valid_pid?(old_pid)} running with " \
+                     "existing pid=#{old_pid}, refusing rexec"
+        return
+      rescue => e
+        logger.error "error writing pid=#{old_pid} #{e.class} #{e.message}"
+        return
+      end
+    end
+
+    self.reexec_pid = fork do
+      listener_fds = Hash[LISTENERS.map do |sock|
+        # IO#close_on_exec= will be available on any future version of
+        # Ruby that sets FD_CLOEXEC by default on new file descriptors
+        # ref: http://redmine.ruby-lang.org/issues/5041
+        sock.close_on_exec = false if sock.respond_to?(:close_on_exec=)
+        [ sock.fileno, sock ]
+      end]
+      ENV['UNICORN_FD'] = listener_fds.keys.join(',')
+      Dir.chdir(START_CTX[:cwd])
+      cmd = [ START_CTX[0] ].concat(START_CTX[:argv])
+
+      # avoid leaking FDs we don't know about, but let before_exec
+      # unset FD_CLOEXEC, if anything else in the app eventually
+      # relies on FD inheritence.
+      (3..1024).each do |io|
+        next if listener_fds.include?(io)
+        io = IO.for_fd(io) rescue next
+        IO_PURGATORY << io
+        io.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC)
+      end
+
+      # exec(command, hash) works in at least 1.9.1+, but will only be
+      # required in 1.9.4/2.0.0 at earliest.
+      cmd << listener_fds if RUBY_VERSION >= "1.9.1"
+      logger.info "executing #{cmd.inspect} (in #{Dir.pwd})"
+      before_exec.call(self)
+      exec(*cmd)
+    end
+    proc_name 'master (old)'
+  end
+
+  # forcibly terminate all workers that haven't checked in in timeout seconds.  The timeout is implemented using an unlinked File
+  def murder_lazy_workers
+    next_sleep = @timeout - 1
+    now = Time.now.to_i
+    WORKERS.dup.each_pair do |wpid, worker|
+      tick = worker.tick
+      0 == tick and next # skip workers that haven't processed any clients
+      diff = now - tick
+      tmp = @timeout - diff
+      if tmp >= 0
+        next_sleep > tmp and next_sleep = tmp
+        next
+      end
+      next_sleep = 0
+      logger.error "worker=#{worker.nr} PID:#{wpid} timeout " \
+                   "(#{diff}s > #{@timeout}s), killing"
+      kill_worker(:KILL, wpid) # take no prisoners for timeout violations
+    end
+    next_sleep <= 0 ? 1 : next_sleep
+  end
+
+  def after_fork_internal
+    @ready_pipe.close if @ready_pipe
+    Unicorn::Configurator::RACKUP.clear
+    @ready_pipe = @init_listeners = @before_exec = @before_fork = nil
+
+    srand # http://redmine.ruby-lang.org/issues/4338
+
+    # The OpenSSL PRNG is seeded with only the pid, and apps with frequently
+    # dying workers can recycle pids
+    OpenSSL::Random.seed(rand.to_s) if defined?(OpenSSL::Random)
+  end
+
+  def spawn_missing_workers
+    worker_nr = -1
+    until (worker_nr += 1) == @worker_processes
+      WORKERS.value?(worker_nr) and next
+      worker = Worker.new(worker_nr)
+      before_fork.call(self, worker)
+      if pid = fork
+        WORKERS[pid] = worker
+      else
+        after_fork_internal
+        worker_loop(worker)
+        exit
+      end
+    end
+    rescue => e
+      @logger.error(e) rescue nil
+      exit!
+  end
+
+  def maintain_worker_count
+    (off = WORKERS.size - worker_processes) == 0 and return
+    off < 0 and return spawn_missing_workers
+    WORKERS.dup.each_pair { |wpid,w|
+      w.nr >= worker_processes and kill_worker(:QUIT, wpid) rescue nil
+    }
+  end
+
+  # if we get any error, try to write something back to the client
+  # assuming we haven't closed the socket, but don't get hung up
+  # if the socket is already closed or broken.  We'll always ensure
+  # the socket is closed at the end of this function
+  def handle_error(client, e)
+    msg = case e
+    when EOFError,Errno::ECONNRESET,Errno::EPIPE,Errno::EINVAL,Errno::EBADF,
+         Errno::ENOTCONN
+      Unicorn::Const::ERROR_500_RESPONSE
+    when Unicorn::RequestURITooLongError
+      Unicorn::Const::ERROR_414_RESPONSE
+    when Unicorn::RequestEntityTooLargeError
+      Unicorn::Const::ERROR_413_RESPONSE
+    when Unicorn::HttpParserError # try to tell the client they're bad
+      Unicorn::Const::ERROR_400_RESPONSE
+    else
+      Unicorn.log_error(@logger, "app error", e)
+      Unicorn::Const::ERROR_500_RESPONSE
+    end
+    client.kgio_trywrite(msg)
+    client.close
+    rescue
+  end
+
+  # once a client is accepted, it is processed in its entirety here
+  # in 3 easy steps: read request, call app, write app response
+  def process_client(client)
+    status, headers, body = @app.call(env = @request.read(client))
+
+    if 100 == status.to_i
+      client.write(Unicorn::Const::EXPECT_100_RESPONSE)
+      env.delete(Unicorn::Const::HTTP_EXPECT)
+      status, headers, body = @app.call(env)
+    end
+    @request.headers? or headers = nil
+    http_response_write(client, status, headers, body)
+    client.shutdown # in case of fork() in Rack app
+    client.close # flush and uncork socket immediately, no keepalive
+  rescue => e
+    handle_error(client, e)
+  end
+
+  EXIT_SIGS = [ :QUIT, :TERM, :INT ]
+  WORKER_QUEUE_SIGS = QUEUE_SIGS - EXIT_SIGS
+
+  # gets rid of stuff the worker has no business keeping track of
+  # to free some resources and drops all sig handlers.
+  # traps for USR1, USR2, and HUP may be set in the after_fork Proc
+  # by the user.
+  def init_worker_process(worker)
+    # we'll re-trap :QUIT later for graceful shutdown iff we accept clients
+    EXIT_SIGS.each { |sig| trap(sig) { exit!(0) } }
+    exit!(0) if (SIG_QUEUE & EXIT_SIGS)[0]
+    WORKER_QUEUE_SIGS.each { |sig| trap(sig, nil) }
+    trap(:CHLD, 'DEFAULT')
+    SIG_QUEUE.clear
+    proc_name "worker[#{worker.nr}]"
+    START_CTX.clear
+    init_self_pipe!
+    WORKERS.clear
+    LISTENERS.each { |sock| sock.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC) }
+    after_fork.call(self, worker) # can drop perms
+    worker.user(*user) if user.kind_of?(Array) && ! worker.switched
+    self.timeout /= 2.0 # halve it for select()
+    @config = nil
+    build_app! unless preload_app
+    ssl_enable!
+    @after_fork = @listener_opts = @orig_app = nil
+  end
+
+  def reopen_worker_logs(worker_nr)
+    logger.info "worker=#{worker_nr} reopening logs..."
+    Unicorn::Util.reopen_logs
+    logger.info "worker=#{worker_nr} done reopening logs"
+    init_self_pipe!
+    rescue => e
+      logger.error(e) rescue nil
+      exit!(77) # EX_NOPERM in sysexits.h
+  end
+
+  # runs inside each forked worker, this sits around and waits
+  # for connections and doesn't die until the parent dies (or is
+  # given a INT, QUIT, or TERM signal)
+  def worker_loop(worker)
+    ppid = master_pid
+    init_worker_process(worker)
+    nr = 0 # this becomes negative if we need to reopen logs
+    l = LISTENERS.dup
+    ready = l.dup
+
+    # closing anything we IO.select on will raise EBADF
+    trap(:USR1) { nr = -65536; SELF_PIPE[0].close rescue nil }
+    trap(:QUIT) { worker = nil; LISTENERS.each { |s| s.close rescue nil }.clear }
+    logger.info "worker=#{worker.nr} ready"
+
+    begin
+      nr < 0 and reopen_worker_logs(worker.nr)
+      nr = 0
+
+      worker.tick = Time.now.to_i
+      while sock = ready.shift
+        if client = sock.kgio_tryaccept
+          process_client(client)
+          nr += 1
+          worker.tick = Time.now.to_i
+        end
+        break if nr < 0
+      end
+
+      # make the following bet: if we accepted clients this round,
+      # we're probably reasonably busy, so avoid calling select()
+      # and do a speculative non-blocking accept() on ready listeners
+      # before we sleep again in select().
+      unless nr == 0 # (nr < 0) => reopen logs (unlikely)
+        ready = l.dup
+        redo
+      end
+
+      ppid == Process.ppid or return
+
+      # timeout used so we can detect parent death:
+      worker.tick = Time.now.to_i
+      ret = IO.select(l, nil, SELF_PIPE, @timeout) and ready = ret[0]
+    rescue => e
+      redo if nr < 0 && (Errno::EBADF === e || IOError === e) # reopen logs
+      Unicorn.log_error(@logger, "listen loop error", e) if worker
+    end while worker
+  end
+
+  # delivers a signal to a worker and fails gracefully if the worker
+  # is no longer running.
+  def kill_worker(signal, wpid)
+    Process.kill(signal, wpid)
+    rescue Errno::ESRCH
+      worker = WORKERS.delete(wpid) and worker.close rescue nil
+  end
+
+  # delivers a signal to each worker
+  def kill_each_worker(signal)
+    WORKERS.keys.each { |wpid| kill_worker(signal, wpid) }
+  end
+
+  # unlinks a PID file at given +path+ if it contains the current PID
+  # still potentially racy without locking the directory (which is
+  # non-portable and may interact badly with other programs), but the
+  # window for hitting the race condition is small
+  def unlink_pid_safe(path)
+    (File.read(path).to_i == $$ and File.unlink(path)) rescue nil
+  end
+
+  # returns a PID if a given path contains a non-stale PID file,
+  # nil otherwise.
+  def valid_pid?(path)
+    wpid = File.read(path).to_i
+    wpid <= 0 and return
+    Process.kill(0, wpid)
+    wpid
+    rescue Errno::EPERM
+      logger.info "pid=#{path} possibly stale, got EPERM signalling PID:#{wpid}"
+      nil
+    rescue Errno::ESRCH, Errno::ENOENT
+      # don't unlink stale pid files, racy without non-portable locking...
+  end
+
+  def load_config!
+    loaded_app = app
+    logger.info "reloading config_file=#{config.config_file}"
+    config[:listeners].replace(@init_listeners)
+    config.reload
+    config.commit!(self)
+    kill_each_worker(:QUIT)
+    Unicorn::Util.reopen_logs
+    self.app = orig_app
+    build_app! if preload_app
+    logger.info "done reloading config_file=#{config.config_file}"
+  rescue StandardError, LoadError, SyntaxError => e
+    Unicorn.log_error(@logger,
+        "error reloading config_file=#{config.config_file}", e)
+    self.app = loaded_app
+  end
+
+  # returns an array of string names for the given listener array
+  def listener_names(listeners = LISTENERS)
+    listeners.map { |io| sock_name(io) }
+  end
+
+  def build_app!
+    if app.respond_to?(:arity) && app.arity == 0
+      if defined?(Gem) && Gem.respond_to?(:refresh)
+        logger.info "Refreshing Gem list"
+        Gem.refresh
+      end
+      self.app = app.call
+    end
+  end
+
+  def proc_name(tag)
+    $0 = ([ File.basename(START_CTX[0]), tag
+          ]).concat(START_CTX[:argv]).join(' ')
+  end
+
+  def redirect_io(io, path)
+    File.open(path, 'ab') { |fp| io.reopen(fp) } if path
+    io.sync = true
+  end
+
+  def init_self_pipe!
+    SELF_PIPE.each { |io| io.close rescue nil }
+    SELF_PIPE.replace(Kgio::Pipe.new)
+    SELF_PIPE.each { |io| io.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC) }
+  end
+
+  def inherit_listeners!
+    # inherit sockets from parents, they need to be plain Socket objects
+    # before they become Kgio::UNIXServer or Kgio::TCPServer
+    inherited = ENV['UNICORN_FD'].to_s.split(/,/).map do |fd|
+      io = Socket.for_fd(fd.to_i)
+      set_server_sockopt(io, listener_opts[sock_name(io)])
+      IO_PURGATORY << io
+      logger.info "inherited addr=#{sock_name(io)} fd=#{fd}"
+      server_cast(io)
+    end
+
+    config_listeners = config[:listeners].dup
+    LISTENERS.replace(inherited)
+
+    # we start out with generic Socket objects that get cast to either
+    # Kgio::TCPServer or Kgio::UNIXServer objects; but since the Socket
+    # objects share the same OS-level file descriptor as the higher-level
+    # *Server objects; we need to prevent Socket objects from being
+    # garbage-collected
+    config_listeners -= listener_names
+    if config_listeners.empty? && LISTENERS.empty?
+      config_listeners << Unicorn::Const::DEFAULT_LISTEN
+      @init_listeners << Unicorn::Const::DEFAULT_LISTEN
+      START_CTX[:argv] << "-l#{Unicorn::Const::DEFAULT_LISTEN}"
+    end
+    NEW_LISTENERS.replace(config_listeners)
+  end
+
+  # call only after calling inherit_listeners!
+  # This binds any listeners we did NOT inherit from the parent
+  def bind_new_listeners!
+    NEW_LISTENERS.each { |addr| listen(addr) }
+    raise ArgumentError, "no listeners" if LISTENERS.empty?
+    NEW_LISTENERS.clear
+  end
+end