blockchain-lite 1.4.0 → 1.4.1

checksums.yaml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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data/{HISTORY.md → CHANGELOG.md}

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-### 0.0.1 / 2017-09-16
-
-* Everything is new. First release
+### 0.0.1 / 2017-09-16
+
+* Everything is new. First release

data/Manifest.txt

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-HISTORY.md
-LICENSE.md
+CHANGELOG.md
 Manifest.txt
 README.md
 Rakefile

data/README.md

@@ -1,303 +1,310 @@
-# Blockchain Lite (Ruby Edition)
-
-blockchain-lite library / gem - build your own blockchain with crypto hashes - revolutionize the world with blockchains, blockchains, blockchains one block at a time
-
-* home  :: [github.com/openblockchains/blockchain.lite.rb](https://github.com/openblockchains/blockchain.lite.rb)
-* bugs  :: [github.com/openblockchains/blockchain.lite.rb/issues](https://github.com/openblockchains/blockchain.lite.rb/issues)
-* gem   :: [rubygems.org/gems/blockchain-lite](https://rubygems.org/gems/blockchain-lite)
-* rdoc  :: [rubydoc.info/gems/blockchain-lite](http://rubydoc.info/gems/blockchain-lite)
-
-
-## What's a Blockchain?
-
-> A blockchain is a distributed database with
-> a list (that is, chain) of records (that is, blocks)
-> linked and secured by digital fingerprints
-> (that is, crypto hashes).
-
-See the [Awesome Blockchains](https://github.com/openblockchains/awesome-blockchains) page for more.
-
-
-## Usage
-
-Let's get started.  Build your own blockchain one block at a time.
-Example:
-
-``` ruby
-require 'blockchain-lite'
-
-b0 = Block.first( 'Genesis' )
-b1 = Block.next( b0, 'Transaction Data...' )
-b2 = Block.next( b1, 'Transaction Data...' )
-b3 = Block.next( b2, 'Transaction Data...' )
-
-blockchain = [b0, b1, b2, b3]
-
-pp blockchain
-```
-
-will pretty print (pp) something like:
-
-```
-[#<Block:0x1eed2a0
-  @index              = 0,
-  @timestamp          = 2017-09-15 20:52:38,
-  @transactions_count = 1,
-  @transactions       = ["Genesis"],
-  @previous_hash      = "0",
-  @hash               = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b">,
- #<Block:0x1eec9a0
-  @index              = 1,
-  @timestamp          = 2017-09-15 21:02:38,
-  @transactions_count = 1,
-  @transactions       = ["Transaction Data..."],
-  @hash               = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743",
-  @previous_hash      = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b">,
- #<Block:0x1eec838
-  @index              = 2,
-  @timestamp          = 2017-09-15 21:12:38,
-  @transactions_count = 1,
-  @transactions       = ["Transaction Data..."],
-  @hash               = "be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4",
-  @previous_hash      = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743">,
- #<Block:0x1eec6d0
-  @index              = 3,
-  @timestamp          = 2017-09-15 21:22:38
-  @transactions_count = 1,
-  @transactions       = ["Transaction Data..."],
-  @hash               = "5ee2981606328abfe0c3b1171440f0df746c1e1f8b3b56c351727f7da7ae5d8d",
-  @previous_hash      = "be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4">]
-```
-
-
-### Blocks
-
-[Basic](#basic) •
-[Proof-of-Work](#proof-of-work)
-
-Supported block types / classes for now include:
-
-#### Basic
-
-``` ruby
-class Block
-
-  attr_reader :index
-  attr_reader :timestamp
-  attr_reader :transactions_count
-  attr_reader :transactions       
-  attr_reader :previous_hash
-  attr_reader :hash
-
-  def initialize(index, transactions, previous_hash)
-    @index              = index
-    @timestamp          = Time.now.utc    ## note: use coordinated universal time (utc)
-    @transactions       = transactions
-    @transactions_count = transactions.size
-    @previous_hash      = previous_hash
-    @hash               = calc_hash
-  end
-
-  def calc_hash
-    sha = Digest::SHA256.new
-    sha.update( @timestamp.to_s +
-                @transactions.to_s +
-                @previous_hash )
-    sha.hexdigest
-  end
-  ...
-end
-```
-
-(Source: [basic/block.rb](lib/blockchain-lite/basic/block.rb))
-
-
-#### Proof-of-Work
-
-``` ruby
-class Block
-
-  attr_reader :index
-  attr_reader :timestamp
-  attr_reader :transactions_count
-  attr_reader :transactions       
-  attr_reader :transactions_hash    ## merkle_root
-  attr_reader :previous_hash
-  attr_reader :nonce        ## proof of work if hash starts with leading zeros (00)
-  attr_reader :hash
-
-  def initialize(index, transactions, previous_hash)
-    @index              = index
-    @timestamp          = Time.now.utc    ## note: use coordinated universal time (utc)
-    @transactions       = transactions
-    @transactions_count = transactions.size
-    @transactions_hash  = MerkleTree.compute_root_for( transactions )
-    @previous_hash      = previous_hash
-    @nonce, @hash       = compute_hash_with_proof_of_work
-  end
-
-  def calc_hash
-    sha = Digest::SHA256.new
-    sha.update( @nonce.to_s +
-                @timestamp.to_s +
-                @transactions_hash +
-                @previous_hash )
-    sha.hexdigest
-  end
-  ...
-end
-```
-
-(Source: [proof_of_work/block.rb](lib/blockchain-lite/proof_of_work/block.rb))
-
-
-
-### Blockchain Helper / Convenience Wrapper
-
-The `Blockchain` class offers some convenience helpers
-for building and checking blockchains. Example:
-
-``` ruby
-b = Blockchain.new       # note: will (auto-) add the first (genesis) block
-
-b << 'Transaction Data...'
-b << 'Transaction Data...'
-b << 'Transaction Data...'
-
-pp b
-```
-
-Check for broken chain links. Example:
-
-``` ruby
-
-b.broken?
-# => false      ## blockchain OK
-```
-
-or use the `Blockchain` class as a wrapper (pass in the blockchain array):
-
-``` ruby
-b0 = Block.first( 'Genesis' )
-b1 = Block.next( b0, 'Transaction Data...' )
-b2 = Block.next( b1, 'Transaction Data...' )
-b3 = Block.next( b2, 'Transaction Data...' )
-
-blockchain = [b0, b1, b2, b3]
-
-
-b = Blockchain.new( blockchain )
-
-b.broken?
-# => false      ## blockchain OK
-```
-
-and so on.
-
-
-### Transactions
-
-Let's put the transactions from the (hyper) ledger book from [Tulips on the Blockchain!](https://github.com/openblockchains/tulips)
-on the blockchain:
-
-
-| From                | To           | What                      | Qty |
-|---------------------|--------------|---------------------------|----:|
-| Dutchgrown (†)      | Vincent      | Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset  |  10 |
-| Keukenhof (†)       | Anne         | Tulip Semper Augustus     |   7 |
-|                     |              |                           |     |
-| Flowers (†)         | Ruben        | Tulip Admiral van Eijck   |   5 |
-| Vicent              | Anne         | Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset  |   3 |
-| Anne                | Julia        | Tulip Semper Augustus     |   1 |
-| Julia               | Luuk         | Tulip Semper Augustus     |   1 |
-|                     |              |                           |     |
-| Bloom & Blossom (†) | Daisy        | Tulip Admiral of Admirals |   8 |
-| Vincent             | Max          | Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset  |   2 |
-| Anne                | Martijn      | Tulip Semper Augustus     |   2 |
-| Ruben               | Julia        | Tulip Admiral van Eijck   |   2 |
-|                     |              |                           |     |
-| Teleflora (†)       | Max          | Tulip Red Impression      |  11 |
-| Anne                | Naomi        | Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset  |   1 |
-| Daisy               | Vincent      | Tulip Admiral of Admirals |   3 |
-| Julia               | Mina         | Tulip Admiral van Eijck   |   1 |
-
-(†): Grower Transaction - New Tulips on the Market!
-
-
-```ruby
-b0 = Block.first(
-        { from: "Dutchgrown", to: "Vincent", what: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", qty: 10 },
-        { from: "Keukenhof",  to: "Anne",    what: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 7  } )
-
-b1 = Block.next( b0,
-        { from: "Flowers", to: "Ruben", what: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck",  qty: 5 },
-        { from: "Vicent",  to: "Anne",  what: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", qty: 3 },
-        { from: "Anne",    to: "Julia", what: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 1 },
-        { from: "Julia",   to: "Luuk",  what: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 1 } )
-
-b2 = Block.next( b1,
-        { from: "Bloom & Blossom", to: "Daisy",   what: "Tulip Admiral of Admirals", qty: 8 },
-        { from: "Vincent",         to: "Max",     what: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset",  qty: 2 },
-        { from: "Anne",            to: "Martijn", what: "Tulip Semper Augustus",     qty: 2 },
-        { from: "Ruben",           to: "Julia",   what: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck",   qty: 2 } )
-...
-```
-
-resulting in:
-
-```
-[#<Block:0x2da3da0
-  @index              = 0,
-  @timestamp          = 1637-09-24 11:40:15,
-  @previous_hash      = "0",
-  @hash               = "32bd169baebba0b70491b748329ab631c85175be15e1672f924ca174f628cb66",
-  @transactions_count = 2,
-  @transactions       =
-   [{:from=>"Dutchgrown", :to=>"Vincent", :what=>"Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", :qty=>10},
-    {:from=>"Keukenhof",  :to=>"Anne",    :what=>"Tulip Semper Augustus",    :qty=>7}]>,
- #<Block:0x2da2ff0
-  @index              = 1,
-  @timestamp          = 1637-09-24 11:50:15,
-  @previous_hash      = "32bd169baebba0b70491b748329ab631c85175be15e1672f924ca174f628cb66",
-  @hash               = "57b519a8903e45348ac8a739c788815e2bd90423663957f87e276307f77f1028",
-  @transactions_count = 4,
-  @transactions       =
-   [{:from=>"Flowers", :to=>"Ruben", :what=>"Tulip Admiral van Eijck",  :qty=>5},
-    {:from=>"Vicent",  :to=>"Anne",  :what=>"Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", :qty=>3},
-    {:from=>"Anne",    :to=>"Julia", :what=>"Tulip Semper Augustus",    :qty=>1},
-    {:from=>"Julia",   :to=>"Luuk",  :what=>"Tulip Semper Augustus",    :qty=>1}]>,
- #<Block:0x2da2720
-  @index              = 2,
-  @timestamp          = 1637-09-24 12:00:15,
-  @previous_hash      = "57b519a8903e45348ac8a739c788815e2bd90423663957f87e276307f77f1028",
-  @hash               = "ec7dd5ea86ab966d4d4db182abb7aa93c7e5f63857476e6301e7e38cebf36568",
-  @transactions_count = 4,
-  @transactions       =
-   [{:from=>"Bloom & Blossom", :to=>"Daisy",   :what=>"Tulip Admiral of Admirals", :qty=>8},
-    {:from=>"Vincent",         :to=>"Max",     :what=>"Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset",  :qty=>2},
-    {:from=>"Anne",            :to=>"Martijn", :what=>"Tulip Semper Augustus",     :qty=>2},
-    {:from=>"Ruben",           :to=>"Julia",   :what=>"Tulip Admiral van Eijck",   :qty=>2}]>,
- ...
-```
-
-
-## Blockchain Lite in the Real World
-
-- [**centralbank**](https://github.com/openblockchains/centralbank) - command line tool (and core library) - print your own money / cryptocurrency; run your own federated central bank nodes on the blockchain peer-to-peer over HTTP; revolutionize the world one block at a time
-- [**tulipmania**](https://github.com/openblockchains/tulipmania) - command line tool (and core library) - tulips on the blockchain; learn by example from the real world (anno 1637) - buy! sell! hodl! enjoy the beauty of admiral of admirals, semper augustus, and more; run your own hyper ledger tulip exchange nodes on the blockchain peer-to-peer over HTTP; revolutionize the world one block at a time
-- [**shilling**](https://github.com/bitshilling/bitshilling.tools) - command line tool (and core library) - shilling (or schilling) on the blockchain! rock-solid alpine dollar from austria; print (mine) your own shillings; run your own federated shilling central bank nodes w/ public distributed (hyper) ledger book on the blockchain peer-to-peer over HTTP; revolutionize the world one block at a time
-- You? Add your tool / service
-
-
-## References
-
-[**Programming Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains (in Ruby)**](http://yukimotopress.github.io/blockchains) by Gerald Bauer et al, 2018, Yuki & Moto Press
-
-
-
-## License
-
-![](https://publicdomainworks.github.io/buttons/zero88x31.png)
-
-The `blockchain.lite` scripts are dedicated to the public domain.
-Use it as you please with no restrictions whatsoever.
+# Blockchain Lite
+
+blockchain-lite library / gem - build your own blockchain with crypto hashes - revolutionize the world with blockchains, blockchains, blockchains one block at a time
+
+* home  :: [github.com/rubycoco/blockchain](https://github.com/rubycoco/blockchain)
+* bugs  :: [github.com/rubycoco/blockchain/issues](https://github.com/rubycoco/blockchain/issues)
+* gem   :: [rubygems.org/gems/blockchain-lite](https://rubygems.org/gems/blockchain-lite)
+* rdoc  :: [rubydoc.info/gems/blockchain-lite](http://rubydoc.info/gems/blockchain-lite)
+
+
+
+## What's a Blockchain?
+
+> A blockchain is a
+> a list (that is, chain) of records (that is, blocks)
+> linked and secured by digital fingerprints
+> (that is, crypto hashes).
+
+See the [Awesome Blockchains](https://github.com/openblockchains/awesome-blockchains) page for more.
+
+
+## Usage
+
+Let's get started.  Build your own blockchain one block at a time.
+Example:
+
+``` ruby
+require 'blockchain-lite'
+
+b0 = Block.first( 'Genesis' )
+b1 = Block.next( b0, 'Transaction Data...' )
+b2 = Block.next( b1, 'Transaction Data...' )
+b3 = Block.next( b2, 'Transaction Data...' )
+
+blockchain = [b0, b1, b2, b3]
+
+pp blockchain
+```
+
+will pretty print (pp) something like:
+
+```
+[#<Block:0x1eed2a0
+  @index              = 0,
+  @timestamp          = 2021-09-15 20:52:38,
+  @transactions_count = 1,
+  @transactions       = ["Genesis"],
+  @previous_hash      = "0",
+  @hash               = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b">,
+ #<Block:0x1eec9a0
+  @index              = 1,
+  @timestamp          = 2021-09-15 21:02:38,
+  @transactions_count = 1,
+  @transactions       = ["Transaction Data..."],
+  @hash               = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743",
+  @previous_hash      = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b">,
+ #<Block:0x1eec838
+  @index              = 2,
+  @timestamp          = 2021-09-15 21:12:38,
+  @transactions_count = 1,
+  @transactions       = ["Transaction Data..."],
+  @hash               = "be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4",
+  @previous_hash      = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743">,
+ #<Block:0x1eec6d0
+  @index              = 3,
+  @timestamp          = 2021-09-15 21:22:38
+  @transactions_count = 1,
+  @transactions       = ["Transaction Data..."],
+  @hash               = "5ee2981606328abfe0c3b1171440f0df746c1e1f8b3b56c351727f7da7ae5d8d",
+  @previous_hash      = "be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4">]
+```
+
+
+### Blocks
+
+[Basic](#basic) •
+[Proof-of-Work](#proof-of-work)
+
+Supported block types / classes for now include:
+
+#### Basic
+
+``` ruby
+class Block
+
+  attr_reader :index
+  attr_reader :timestamp
+  attr_reader :transactions_count
+  attr_reader :transactions
+  attr_reader :previous_hash
+  attr_reader :hash
+
+  def initialize(index, transactions, previous_hash)
+    @index              = index
+    @timestamp          = Time.now.utc    ## note: use coordinated universal time (utc)
+    @transactions       = transactions
+    @transactions_count = transactions.size
+    @previous_hash      = previous_hash
+    @hash               = calc_hash
+  end
+
+  def calc_hash
+    sha = Digest::SHA256.new
+    sha.update( @timestamp.to_s +
+                @transactions.to_s +
+                @previous_hash )
+    sha.hexdigest
+  end
+  ...
+end
+```
+
+(Source: [basic/block.rb](lib/blockchain-lite/basic/block.rb))
+
+
+#### Proof-of-Work
+
+``` ruby
+class Block
+
+  attr_reader :index
+  attr_reader :timestamp
+  attr_reader :transactions_count
+  attr_reader :transactions
+  attr_reader :transactions_hash    ## merkle_root
+  attr_reader :previous_hash
+  attr_reader :nonce        ## proof of work if hash starts with leading zeros (00)
+  attr_reader :hash
+
+  def initialize(index, transactions, previous_hash)
+    @index              = index
+    @timestamp          = Time.now.utc    ## note: use coordinated universal time (utc)
+    @transactions       = transactions
+    @transactions_count = transactions.size
+    @transactions_hash  = MerkleTree.compute_root_for( transactions )
+    @previous_hash      = previous_hash
+    @nonce, @hash       = compute_hash_with_proof_of_work
+  end
+
+  def calc_hash
+    sha = Digest::SHA256.new
+    sha.update( @nonce.to_s +
+                @timestamp.to_s +
+                @transactions_hash +
+                @previous_hash )
+    sha.hexdigest
+  end
+  ...
+end
+```
+
+(Source: [proof_of_work/block.rb](lib/blockchain-lite/proof_of_work/block.rb))
+
+
+
+### Blockchain Helper / Convenience Wrapper
+
+The `Blockchain` class offers some convenience helpers
+for building and checking blockchains. Example:
+
+``` ruby
+b = Blockchain.new       # note: will (auto-) add the first (genesis) block
+
+b << 'Transaction Data...'
+b << 'Transaction Data...'
+b << 'Transaction Data...'
+
+pp b
+```
+
+Check for broken chain links. Example:
+
+``` ruby
+
+b.broken?
+# => false      ## blockchain OK
+```
+
+or use the `Blockchain` class as a wrapper (pass in the blockchain array):
+
+``` ruby
+b0 = Block.first( 'Genesis' )
+b1 = Block.next( b0, 'Transaction Data...' )
+b2 = Block.next( b1, 'Transaction Data...' )
+b3 = Block.next( b2, 'Transaction Data...' )
+
+blockchain = [b0, b1, b2, b3]
+
+
+b = Blockchain.new( blockchain )
+
+b.broken?
+# => false      ## blockchain OK
+```
+
+and so on.
+
+
+### Transactions
+
+Let's put the transactions from the (hyper) ledger book from [Tulips on the Blockchain!](https://github.com/openblockchains/tulips)
+on the blockchain:
+
+
+| From                | To           | What                      | Qty |
+|---------------------|--------------|---------------------------|----:|
+| Dutchgrown (†)      | Vincent      | Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset  |  10 |
+| Keukenhof (†)       | Anne         | Tulip Semper Augustus     |   7 |
+|                     |              |                           |     |
+| Flowers (†)         | Ruben        | Tulip Admiral van Eijck   |   5 |
+| Vicent              | Anne         | Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset  |   3 |
+| Anne                | Julia        | Tulip Semper Augustus     |   1 |
+| Julia               | Luuk         | Tulip Semper Augustus     |   1 |
+|                     |              |                           |     |
+| Bloom & Blossom (†) | Daisy        | Tulip Admiral of Admirals |   8 |
+| Vincent             | Max          | Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset  |   2 |
+| Anne                | Martijn      | Tulip Semper Augustus     |   2 |
+| Ruben               | Julia        | Tulip Admiral van Eijck   |   2 |
+|                     |              |                           |     |
+| Teleflora (†)       | Max          | Tulip Red Impression      |  11 |
+| Anne                | Naomi        | Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset  |   1 |
+| Daisy               | Vincent      | Tulip Admiral of Admirals |   3 |
+| Julia               | Mina         | Tulip Admiral van Eijck   |   1 |
+
+(†): Grower Transaction - New Tulips on the Market!
+
+
+```ruby
+b0 = Block.first(
+        { from: "Dutchgrown", to: "Vincent", what: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", qty: 10 },
+        { from: "Keukenhof",  to: "Anne",    what: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 7  } )
+
+b1 = Block.next( b0,
+        { from: "Flowers", to: "Ruben", what: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck",  qty: 5 },
+        { from: "Vicent",  to: "Anne",  what: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", qty: 3 },
+        { from: "Anne",    to: "Julia", what: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 1 },
+        { from: "Julia",   to: "Luuk",  what: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 1 } )
+
+b2 = Block.next( b1,
+        { from: "Bloom & Blossom", to: "Daisy",   what: "Tulip Admiral of Admirals", qty: 8 },
+        { from: "Vincent",         to: "Max",     what: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset",  qty: 2 },
+        { from: "Anne",            to: "Martijn", what: "Tulip Semper Augustus",     qty: 2 },
+        { from: "Ruben",           to: "Julia",   what: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck",   qty: 2 } )
+...
+```
+
+resulting in:
+
+```
+[#<Block:0x2da3da0
+  @index              = 0,
+  @timestamp          = 1637-09-24 11:40:15,
+  @previous_hash      = "0",
+  @hash               = "32bd169baebba0b70491b748329ab631c85175be15e1672f924ca174f628cb66",
+  @transactions_count = 2,
+  @transactions       =
+   [{:from=>"Dutchgrown", :to=>"Vincent", :what=>"Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", :qty=>10},
+    {:from=>"Keukenhof",  :to=>"Anne",    :what=>"Tulip Semper Augustus",    :qty=>7}]>,
+ #<Block:0x2da2ff0
+  @index              = 1,
+  @timestamp          = 1637-09-24 11:50:15,
+  @previous_hash      = "32bd169baebba0b70491b748329ab631c85175be15e1672f924ca174f628cb66",
+  @hash               = "57b519a8903e45348ac8a739c788815e2bd90423663957f87e276307f77f1028",
+  @transactions_count = 4,
+  @transactions       =
+   [{:from=>"Flowers", :to=>"Ruben", :what=>"Tulip Admiral van Eijck",  :qty=>5},
+    {:from=>"Vicent",  :to=>"Anne",  :what=>"Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", :qty=>3},
+    {:from=>"Anne",    :to=>"Julia", :what=>"Tulip Semper Augustus",    :qty=>1},
+    {:from=>"Julia",   :to=>"Luuk",  :what=>"Tulip Semper Augustus",    :qty=>1}]>,
+ #<Block:0x2da2720
+  @index              = 2,
+  @timestamp          = 1637-09-24 12:00:15,
+  @previous_hash      = "57b519a8903e45348ac8a739c788815e2bd90423663957f87e276307f77f1028",
+  @hash               = "ec7dd5ea86ab966d4d4db182abb7aa93c7e5f63857476e6301e7e38cebf36568",
+  @transactions_count = 4,
+  @transactions       =
+   [{:from=>"Bloom & Blossom", :to=>"Daisy",   :what=>"Tulip Admiral of Admirals", :qty=>8},
+    {:from=>"Vincent",         :to=>"Max",     :what=>"Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset",  :qty=>2},
+    {:from=>"Anne",            :to=>"Martijn", :what=>"Tulip Semper Augustus",     :qty=>2},
+    {:from=>"Ruben",           :to=>"Julia",   :what=>"Tulip Admiral van Eijck",   :qty=>2}]>,
+ ...
+```
+
+
+## Blockchain Lite in the Real World
+
+- [**centralbank**](../centralbank) - command line tool (and core library) - print your own money / cryptocurrency; run your own federated central bank nodes on the blockchain peer-to-peer over HTTP; revolutionize the world one block at a time
+- [**tulipmania**](../tulipmania) - command line tool (and core library) - tulips on the blockchain; learn by example from the real world (anno 1637) - buy! sell! hodl! enjoy the beauty of admiral of admirals, semper augustus, and more; run your own hyper ledger tulip exchange nodes on the blockchain peer-to-peer over HTTP; revolutionize the world one block at a time
+
+<!--
+- [**shilling**](https://github.com/bitshilling/bitshilling) - command line tool (and core library) - shilling (or schilling) on the blockchain! rock-solid alpine dollar from austria; print (mine) your own shillings; run your own federated shilling central bank nodes w/ public distributed (hyper) ledger book on the blockchain peer-to-peer over HTTP; revolutionize the world one block at a time
+-->
+
+- You? Add your tool / service
+
+
+## References
+
+[**Programming Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains (in Ruby)**](http://yukimotopress.github.io/blockchains) by Gerald Bauer et al, 2018, Yuki & Moto Press
+
+And many more @ [**Best of Crypto Books**](https://openblockchains.github.io/crypto-books/) - a collection of books, white papers & more about crypto and blockchains
+
+
+
+## License
+
+![](https://publicdomainworks.github.io/buttons/zero88x31.png)
+
+The `blockchain.lite` scripts are dedicated to the public domain.
+Use it as you please with no restrictions whatsoever.

data/Rakefile

@@ -1,30 +1,30 @@
-require 'hoe'
-require './lib/blockchain-lite/version.rb'
-
-Hoe.spec 'blockchain-lite' do
-
-  self.version = BlockchainLite::VERSION
-
-  self.summary = "blockchain-lite - build your own blockchain with crypto hashes -  revolutionize the world with blockchains, blockchains, blockchains one block at a time"
-  self.description = summary
-
-  self.urls    = ['https://github.com/openblockchains/blockchain.lite.rb']
-
-  self.author  = 'Gerald Bauer'
-  self.email   = 'wwwmake@googlegroups.com'
-
-  # switch extension to .markdown for gihub formatting
-  self.readme_file  = 'README.md'
-  self.history_file = 'HISTORY.md'
-
-  self.extra_deps = [
-    ['merkletree'],
-  ]
-
-  self.licenses = ['Public Domain']
-
-  self.spec_extras = {
-    required_ruby_version: '>= 2.3'
-  }
-
-end
+require 'hoe'
+require './lib/blockchain-lite/version.rb'
+
+Hoe.spec 'blockchain-lite' do
+
+  self.version = BlockchainLite::VERSION
+
+  self.summary = "blockchain-lite - build your own blockchain with crypto hashes -  revolutionize the world with blockchains, blockchains, blockchains one block at a time"
+  self.description = summary
+
+  self.urls    = { home: 'https://github.com/rubycoco/blockchain' }
+
+  self.author  = 'Gerald Bauer'
+  self.email   = 'wwwmake@googlegroups.com'
+
+  # switch extension to .markdown for gihub formatting
+  self.readme_file  = 'README.md'
+  self.history_file = 'CHANGELOG.md'
+
+  self.extra_deps = [
+    ['merkletree'],
+  ]
+
+  self.licenses = ['Public Domain']
+
+  self.spec_extras = {
+    required_ruby_version: '>= 2.3'
+  }
+
+end

data/lib/blockchain-lite/base.rb

@@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ require 'blockchain-lite/blockchain'
 
 
 # say hello
-puts BlockchainLite.banner    if defined?($RUBYLIBS_DEBUG) && $RUBYLIBS_DEBUG
+puts BlockchainLite.banner     ## if defined?($RUBYLIBS_DEBUG) && $RUBYLIBS_DEBUG

data/lib/blockchain-lite/version.rb

@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
-
-module BlockchainLite
-
-  MAJOR = 1
-  MINOR = 4
-  PATCH = 0
-  VERSION = [MAJOR,MINOR,PATCH].join('.')
-
-  def self.version
-    VERSION
-  end
-
-  def self.banner
-    "blockchain-lite/#{VERSION} on Ruby #{RUBY_VERSION} (#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE}) [#{RUBY_PLATFORM}]"
-  end
-
-  def self.root
-    "#{File.expand_path( File.dirname(File.dirname(File.dirname(__FILE__))) )}"
-  end
-
-end # module BlockchainLite
+# encoding: utf-8
+
+
+module BlockchainLite
+
+  MAJOR = 1
+  MINOR = 4
+  PATCH = 1
+  VERSION = [MAJOR,MINOR,PATCH].join('.')
+
+  def self.version
+    VERSION
+  end
+
+  def self.banner
+    "blockchain-lite/#{VERSION} on Ruby #{RUBY_VERSION} (#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE}) [#{RUBY_PLATFORM}] in (#{root})"
+  end
+
+  def self.root
+    File.expand_path( File.dirname(File.dirname(File.dirname(__FILE__))) )
+  end
+
+end # module BlockchainLite

data/test/helper.rb

@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
-## $:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__))
-
-## minitest setup
-
-require 'minitest/autorun'
-
-
-## our own code
-
-require 'blockchain-lite/base'    ## note: use "modular" version without "top-level" Block constant
-
-
-module Basic
-  Block = BlockchainLite::Basic::Block    ## convenience shortcut
-
-  class Blockchain < BlockchainLite::Blockchain
-    def block_class() Block; end
-  end
-end # module Basic
-
-
-module ProofOfWork
-  Block = BlockchainLite::ProofOfWork::Block    ## convenience shortcut
-
-  class Blockchain < BlockchainLite::Blockchain
-    def block_class() Block; end
-  end
-end  # module ProofOfWork
+## $:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__))
+
+## minitest setup
+
+require 'minitest/autorun'
+
+
+## our own code
+
+require 'blockchain-lite/base'    ## note: use "modular" version without "top-level" Block constant
+
+
+module Basic
+  Block = BlockchainLite::Basic::Block    ## convenience shortcut
+
+  class Blockchain < BlockchainLite::Blockchain
+    def block_class() Block; end
+  end
+end # module Basic
+
+
+module ProofOfWork
+  Block = BlockchainLite::ProofOfWork::Block    ## convenience shortcut
+
+  class Blockchain < BlockchainLite::Blockchain
+    def block_class() Block; end
+  end
+end  # module ProofOfWork

data/test/test_block.rb

@@ -1,93 +1,93 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
-###
-#  to run use
-#     ruby -I ./lib -I ./test test/test_block.rb
-
-
-require 'helper'
-
-
-class TestBlock < MiniTest::Test
-
-include ProofOfWork   ## adds Block = BlockchainLite::ProofOfWork::Block etc.
-
-
-def test_example
-
-  b0 = Block.first( 'Genesis' )
-  b1 = Block.next( b0, 'Transaction Data...' )
-  b2 = Block.next( b1, 'Transaction Data...', 'Transaction Data...' )
-  b3 = Block.next( b2 )   ## no transaction data
-  b4 = Block.next( b3, ['Transaction Data...', 'Transaction Data...'] )
-
-  blockchain = [b0, b1, b2, b3, b4]
-
-  pp blockchain
-
-  assert true  ## (for now) everything ok if we get here
-end
-
-def test_tulips_example
-  b0 = Block.first(
-        { from: "Dutchgrown", to: "Vincent", name: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", qty: 10 },
-        { from: "Keukenhof",  to: "Anne",    name: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 7  } )
-
-  b1 = Block.next( b0,
-        { from: "Flowers", to: "Ruben", name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck",  qty: 5 },
-        { from: "Vicent",  to: "Anne",  name: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", qty: 3 },
-        { from: "Anne",    to: "Julia", name: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 1 },
-        { from: "Julia",   to: "Luuk",  name: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 1 } )
-
-  b2 = Block.next( b1,
-        { from: "Bloom & Blossom", to: "Daisy",   name: "Tulip Admiral of Admirals", qty: 8 },
-        { from: "Vincent",         to: "Max",     name: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset",  qty: 2 },
-        { from: "Anne",            to: "Martijn", name: "Tulip Semper Augustus",     qty: 2 },
-        { from: "Ruben",           to: "Julia",   name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck",   qty: 2 } )
-
-  blockchain = [b0, b1, b2]
-
-  pp blockchain
-
-  assert true  ## (for now) everything ok if we get here
-end
-
-
-def timestamp1637
-    ## change year to 1637 :-)
-    ##   note: time (uses signed integer e.g. epoch/unix time starting in 1970 with 0)
-    ##  todo: add nano/mili-seconds - why? why not? possible?
-    now = Time.now.utc.to_datetime
-    past = DateTime.new( 1637, now.month, now.mday, now.hour, now.min, now.sec, now.zone )
-    past
-  end
-
-def test_tulips_1637_example
-
-  b0 = Block.first(
-        { from: "Dutchgrown", to: "Vincent", name: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", qty: 10 },
-        { from: "Keukenhof",  to: "Anne",    name: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 7  },
-        timestamp: timestamp1637 )
-
-  b1 = Block.next( b0,
-        { from: "Flowers", to: "Ruben", name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck",  qty: 5 },
-        { from: "Vicent",  to: "Anne",  name: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", qty: 3 },
-        { from: "Anne",    to: "Julia", name: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 1 },
-        { from: "Julia",   to: "Luuk",  name: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 1 },
-        timestamp: timestamp1637 )
-
-  b2 = Block.next( b1,
-        { from: "Bloom & Blossom", to: "Daisy",   name: "Tulip Admiral of Admirals", qty: 8 },
-        { from: "Vincent",         to: "Max",     name: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset",  qty: 2 },
-        { from: "Anne",            to: "Martijn", name: "Tulip Semper Augustus",     qty: 2 },
-        { from: "Ruben",           to: "Julia",   name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck",   qty: 2 },
-        timestamp: timestamp1637 )
-
-  blockchain = [b0, b1, b2]
-
-  pp blockchain
-
-  assert true  ## (for now) everything ok if we get here
-end
-
-end  # class TestBlock
+# encoding: utf-8
+
+###
+#  to run use
+#     ruby -I ./lib -I ./test test/test_block.rb
+
+
+require 'helper'
+
+
+class TestBlock < MiniTest::Test
+
+include ProofOfWork   ## adds Block = BlockchainLite::ProofOfWork::Block etc.
+
+
+def test_example
+
+  b0 = Block.first( 'Genesis' )
+  b1 = Block.next( b0, 'Transaction Data...' )
+  b2 = Block.next( b1, 'Transaction Data...', 'Transaction Data...' )
+  b3 = Block.next( b2 )   ## no transaction data
+  b4 = Block.next( b3, ['Transaction Data...', 'Transaction Data...'] )
+
+  blockchain = [b0, b1, b2, b3, b4]
+
+  pp blockchain
+
+  assert true  ## (for now) everything ok if we get here
+end
+
+def test_tulips_example
+  b0 = Block.first(
+        { from: "Dutchgrown", to: "Vincent", name: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", qty: 10 },
+        { from: "Keukenhof",  to: "Anne",    name: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 7  } )
+
+  b1 = Block.next( b0,
+        { from: "Flowers", to: "Ruben", name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck",  qty: 5 },
+        { from: "Vicent",  to: "Anne",  name: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", qty: 3 },
+        { from: "Anne",    to: "Julia", name: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 1 },
+        { from: "Julia",   to: "Luuk",  name: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 1 } )
+
+  b2 = Block.next( b1,
+        { from: "Bloom & Blossom", to: "Daisy",   name: "Tulip Admiral of Admirals", qty: 8 },
+        { from: "Vincent",         to: "Max",     name: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset",  qty: 2 },
+        { from: "Anne",            to: "Martijn", name: "Tulip Semper Augustus",     qty: 2 },
+        { from: "Ruben",           to: "Julia",   name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck",   qty: 2 } )
+
+  blockchain = [b0, b1, b2]
+
+  pp blockchain
+
+  assert true  ## (for now) everything ok if we get here
+end
+
+
+def timestamp1637
+    ## change year to 1637 :-)
+    ##   note: time (uses signed integer e.g. epoch/unix time starting in 1970 with 0)
+    ##  todo: add nano/mili-seconds - why? why not? possible?
+    now = Time.now.utc.to_datetime
+    past = DateTime.new( 1637, now.month, now.mday, now.hour, now.min, now.sec, now.zone )
+    past
+  end
+
+def test_tulips_1637_example
+
+  b0 = Block.first(
+        { from: "Dutchgrown", to: "Vincent", name: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", qty: 10 },
+        { from: "Keukenhof",  to: "Anne",    name: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 7  },
+        timestamp: timestamp1637 )
+
+  b1 = Block.next( b0,
+        { from: "Flowers", to: "Ruben", name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck",  qty: 5 },
+        { from: "Vicent",  to: "Anne",  name: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", qty: 3 },
+        { from: "Anne",    to: "Julia", name: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 1 },
+        { from: "Julia",   to: "Luuk",  name: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 1 },
+        timestamp: timestamp1637 )
+
+  b2 = Block.next( b1,
+        { from: "Bloom & Blossom", to: "Daisy",   name: "Tulip Admiral of Admirals", qty: 8 },
+        { from: "Vincent",         to: "Max",     name: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset",  qty: 2 },
+        { from: "Anne",            to: "Martijn", name: "Tulip Semper Augustus",     qty: 2 },
+        { from: "Ruben",           to: "Julia",   name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck",   qty: 2 },
+        timestamp: timestamp1637 )
+
+  blockchain = [b0, b1, b2]
+
+  pp blockchain
+
+  assert true  ## (for now) everything ok if we get here
+end
+
+end  # class TestBlock

metadata

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 --- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
 name: blockchain-lite
 version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-  version: 1.4.0
+  version: 1.4.1
 platform: ruby
 authors:
 - Gerald Bauer
-autorequire: 
+autorequire:
 bindir: bin
 cert_chain: []
-date: 2018-01-09 00:00:00.000000000 Z
+date: 2021-01-10 00:00:00.000000000 Z
 dependencies:
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
   name: merkletree
@@ -28,43 +28,47 @@ dependencies:
   name: rdoc
   requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
     requirements:
-    - - "~>"
+    - - ">="
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
         version: '4.0'
+    - - "<"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '7'
   type: :development
   prerelease: false
   version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
     requirements:
-    - - "~>"
+    - - ">="
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
         version: '4.0'
+    - - "<"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '7'
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
   name: hoe
   requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
     requirements:
     - - "~>"
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-        version: '3.16'
+        version: '3.22'
   type: :development
   prerelease: false
   version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
     requirements:
     - - "~>"
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-        version: '3.16'
+        version: '3.22'
 description: blockchain-lite - build your own blockchain with crypto hashes -  revolutionize
   the world with blockchains, blockchains, blockchains one block at a time
 email: wwwmake@googlegroups.com
 executables: []
 extensions: []
 extra_rdoc_files:
-- HISTORY.md
-- LICENSE.md
+- CHANGELOG.md
 - Manifest.txt
 - README.md
 files:
-- HISTORY.md
-- LICENSE.md
+- CHANGELOG.md
 - Manifest.txt
 - README.md
 - Rakefile
@@ -81,11 +85,11 @@ files:
 - test/test_block_proof_of_work.rb
 - test/test_blockchain.rb
 - test/test_version.rb
-homepage: https://github.com/openblockchains/blockchain.lite.rb
+homepage: https://github.com/rubycoco/blockchain
 licenses:
 - Public Domain
 metadata: {}
-post_install_message: 
+post_install_message:
 rdoc_options:
 - "--main"
 - README.md
@@ -102,9 +106,8 @@ required_rubygems_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
     - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
       version: '0'
 requirements: []
-rubyforge_project: 
-rubygems_version: 2.5.2
-signing_key: 
+rubygems_version: 3.1.4
+signing_key:
 specification_version: 4
 summary: blockchain-lite - build your own blockchain with crypto hashes -  revolutionize
   the world with blockchains, blockchains, blockchains one block at a time

data/LICENSE.md

@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-CC0 1.0 Universal
-
-Statement of Purpose
-
-The laws of most jurisdictions throughout the world automatically confer
-exclusive Copyright and Related Rights (defined below) upon the creator and
-subsequent owner(s) (each and all, an "owner") of an original work of
-authorship and/or a database (each, a "Work").
-
-Certain owners wish to permanently relinquish those rights to a Work for the
-purpose of contributing to a commons of creative, cultural and scientific
-works ("Commons") that the public can reliably and without fear of later
-claims of infringement build upon, modify, incorporate in other works, reuse
-and redistribute as freely as possible in any form whatsoever and for any
-purposes, including without limitation commercial purposes. These owners may
-contribute to the Commons to promote the ideal of a free culture and the
-further production of creative, cultural and scientific works, or to gain
-reputation or greater distribution for their Work in part through the use and
-efforts of others.
-
-For these and/or other purposes and motivations, and without any expectation
-of additional consideration or compensation, the person associating CC0 with a
-Work (the "Affirmer"), to the extent that he or she is an owner of Copyright
-and Related Rights in the Work, voluntarily elects to apply CC0 to the Work
-and publicly distribute the Work under its terms, with knowledge of his or her
-Copyright and Related Rights in the Work and the meaning and intended legal
-effect of CC0 on those rights.
-
-1. Copyright and Related Rights. A Work made available under CC0 may be
-protected by copyright and related or neighboring rights ("Copyright and
-Related Rights"). Copyright and Related Rights include, but are not limited
-to, the following:
-
-  i. the right to reproduce, adapt, distribute, perform, display, communicate,
-  and translate a Work;
-
-  ii. moral rights retained by the original author(s) and/or performer(s);
-
-  iii. publicity and privacy rights pertaining to a person's image or likeness
-  depicted in a Work;
-
-  iv. rights protecting against unfair competition in regards to a Work,
-  subject to the limitations in paragraph 4(a), below;
-
-  v. rights protecting the extraction, dissemination, use and reuse of data in
-  a Work;
-
-  vi. database rights (such as those arising under Directive 96/9/EC of the
-  European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal
-  protection of databases, and under any national implementation thereof,
-  including any amended or successor version of such directive); and
-
-  vii. other similar, equivalent or corresponding rights throughout the world
-  based on applicable law or treaty, and any national implementations thereof.
-
-2. Waiver. To the greatest extent permitted by, but not in contravention of,
-applicable law, Affirmer hereby overtly, fully, permanently, irrevocably and
-unconditionally waives, abandons, and surrenders all of Affirmer's Copyright
-and Related Rights and associated claims and causes of action, whether now
-known or unknown (including existing as well as future claims and causes of
-action), in the Work (i) in all territories worldwide, (ii) for the maximum
-duration provided by applicable law or treaty (including future time
-extensions), (iii) in any current or future medium and for any number of
-copies, and (iv) for any purpose whatsoever, including without limitation
-commercial, advertising or promotional purposes (the "Waiver"). Affirmer makes
-the Waiver for the benefit of each member of the public at large and to the
-detriment of Affirmer's heirs and successors, fully intending that such Waiver
-shall not be subject to revocation, rescission, cancellation, termination, or
-any other legal or equitable action to disrupt the quiet enjoyment of the Work
-by the public as contemplated by Affirmer's express Statement of Purpose.
-
-3. Public License Fallback. Should any part of the Waiver for any reason be
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