blockchain-lite 1.1.0 → 1.4.1

checksums.yaml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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data/{HISTORY.md → CHANGELOG.md}

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-### 0.0.1 / 2017-09-16
-
-* Everything is new. First release
+### 0.0.1 / 2017-09-16
+
+* Everything is new. First release

data/Manifest.txt

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
-HISTORY.md
-LICENSE.md
+CHANGELOG.md
 Manifest.txt
 README.md
 Rakefile
 lib/blockchain-lite.rb
+lib/blockchain-lite/base.rb
 lib/blockchain-lite/basic/block.rb
 lib/blockchain-lite/bitcoin/block.rb
-lib/blockchain-lite/block.rb
 lib/blockchain-lite/blockchain.rb
 lib/blockchain-lite/proof_of_work/block.rb
 lib/blockchain-lite/version.rb
@@ -15,3 +14,4 @@ test/test_block.rb
 test/test_block_basic.rb
 test/test_block_proof_of_work.rb
 test/test_blockchain.rb
+test/test_version.rb

data/README.md

@@ -1,197 +1,310 @@
-# Blockchain Lite (Ruby Edition)
-
-blockchain-lite library / gem - build your own blockchain with crypto hashes - revolutionize the world with blockchains, blockchains, blockchains one block at a time
-
-* home  :: [github.com/openblockchains/blockchain.lite.rb](https://github.com/openblockchains/blockchain.lite.rb)
-* bugs  :: [github.com/openblockchains/blockchain.lite.rb/issues](https://github.com/openblockchains/blockchain.lite.rb/issues)
-* gem   :: [rubygems.org/gems/blockchain-lite](https://rubygems.org/gems/blockchain-lite)
-* rdoc  :: [rubydoc.info/gems/blockchain-lite](http://rubydoc.info/gems/blockchain-lite)
-
-
-## What's a Blockchain?
-
-> A blockchain is a distributed database -
-> a list (that is, chain) of records (that is, blocks)
-> linked and secured by digital fingerprints
-> (that is, hashes also known as (one-way) crypto(graphic) hash digest checksums).
-
-See the [Awesome Blockchains](https://github.com/openblockchains/awesome-blockchains) page for more.
-
-
-## Usage
-
-Let's get started.  Build your own blockchain one block at a time.
-Example:
-
-``` ruby
-require 'blockchain-lite'
-
-b0 = Block.first( 'Genesis' )
-b1 = Block.next( b0, 'Transaction Data...' )
-b2 = Block.next( b1, 'Transaction Data......' )
-b3 = Block.next( b2, 'More Transaction Data...' )
-
-blockchain = [b0, b1, b2, b3]
-
-pp blockchain
-
-######
-#  will pretty print (pp) something like:
-#
-# [#<Block:0x1eed2a0
-#   @index         = 0,
-#   @timestamp     = 2017-09-15 20:52:38,
-#   @data          = "Genesis",
-#   @previous_hash = "0",
-#   @hash          ="edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b">,
-#  #<Block:0x1eec9a0
-#   @index         = 1,
-#   @timestamp     = 2017-09-15 20:52:38,
-#   @data          = "Transaction Data...",
-#   @hash          = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743",
-#   @previous_hash = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b">,
-#  #<Block:0x1eec838
-#   @index         = 2,
-#   @timestamp     = 2017-09-15 20:52:38,
-#   @data          = "Transaction Data......",
-#   @hash          = "be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4",
-#   @previous_hash = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743">,
-#  #<Block:0x1eec6d0
-#   @index         = 3,
-#   @timestamp     = 2017-09-15 20:52:38
-#   @data          = "More Transaction Data...",
-#   @hash          = "5ee2981606328abfe0c3b1171440f0df746c1e1f8b3b56c351727f7da7ae5d8d",
-#   @previous_hash = "be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4">]
-```
-
-### Blocks
-
-[Basic](#basic)
-[Proof-of-Work](#proof-of-work)
-
-Supported block types / classes for now include:
-
-#### Basic
-
-``` ruby
-class Block
-
-  attr_reader :index
-  attr_reader :timestamp
-  attr_reader :data
-  attr_reader :previous_hash
-  attr_reader :hash
-
-  def initialize(index, data, previous_hash)
-    @index         = index
-    @timestamp     = Time.now.utc    ## note: use coordinated universal time (utc)
-    @data          = data
-    @previous_hash = previous_hash
-    @hash          = calc_hash
-  end
-
-  def calc_hash
-    sha = Digest::SHA256.new
-    sha.update( @index.to_s + @timestamp.to_s + @data + @previous_hash )
-    sha.hexdigest
-  end
-  ...
-end
-```
-
-(Source: [basic/block.rb](lib/blockchain-lite/basic/block.rb))
-
-
-#### Proof-of-Work
-
-``` ruby
-class Block
-
-  attr_reader :index
-  attr_reader :timestamp
-  attr_reader :data
-  attr_reader :previous_hash
-  attr_reader :nonce        ## proof of work if hash starts with leading zeros (00)
-  attr_reader :hash
-
-  def initialize(index, data, previous_hash)
-    @index         = index
-    @timestamp     = Time.now.utc    ## note: use coordinated universal time (utc)
-    @data          = data
-    @previous_hash = previous_hash
-    @nonce, @hash  = compute_hash_with_proof_of_work
-  end
-
-  def calc_hash
-    sha = Digest::SHA256.new
-    sha.update( @nonce.to_s + @index.to_s + @timestamp.to_s + @data + @previous_hash )
-    sha.hexdigest
-  end
-  ...
-end
-```
-
-(Source: [proof_of_work/block.rb](lib/blockchain-lite/proof_of_work/block.rb))
-
-
-
-### Blockchain Helper / Convenience Wrapper
-
-The `Blockchain` class offers some convenience helpers
-for building and checking blockchains. Example:
-
-``` ruby
-b = Blockchain.new       # note: will (auto-) add the first (genesis) block
-
-b << 'Transaction Data...'
-b << 'Transaction Data......'
-b << 'More Transaction Data...'
-
-pp b
-```
-
-Check for broken chain links. Example:
-
-``` ruby
-
-b.broken?
-# => false      ## blockchain OK
-```
-
-or use the `Blockchain` class as a wrapper (pass in the blockchain array):
-
-``` ruby
-b0 = Block.first( 'Genesis' )
-b1 = Block.next( b0, 'Transaction Data...' )
-b2 = Block.next( b1, 'Transaction Data......' )
-b3 = Block.next( b2, 'More Transaction Data...' )
-
-blockchain = [b0, b1, b2, b3]
-
-
-b = Blockchain.new( blockchain )
-
-b.broken?
-# => false      ## blockchain OK
-```
-
-and so on.
-
-
-
-
-## Install
-
-Just install the gem:
-
-```
-$ gem install blockchain-lite
-```
-
-
-## License
-
-![](https://publicdomainworks.github.io/buttons/zero88x31.png)
-
-The `blockchain.lite` scripts are dedicated to the public domain.
-Use it as you please with no restrictions whatsoever.
+# Blockchain Lite
+
+blockchain-lite library / gem - build your own blockchain with crypto hashes - revolutionize the world with blockchains, blockchains, blockchains one block at a time
+
+* home  :: [github.com/rubycoco/blockchain](https://github.com/rubycoco/blockchain)
+* bugs  :: [github.com/rubycoco/blockchain/issues](https://github.com/rubycoco/blockchain/issues)
+* gem   :: [rubygems.org/gems/blockchain-lite](https://rubygems.org/gems/blockchain-lite)
+* rdoc  :: [rubydoc.info/gems/blockchain-lite](http://rubydoc.info/gems/blockchain-lite)
+
+
+
+## What's a Blockchain?
+
+> A blockchain is a
+> a list (that is, chain) of records (that is, blocks)
+> linked and secured by digital fingerprints
+> (that is, crypto hashes).
+
+See the [Awesome Blockchains](https://github.com/openblockchains/awesome-blockchains) page for more.
+
+
+## Usage
+
+Let's get started.  Build your own blockchain one block at a time.
+Example:
+
+``` ruby
+require 'blockchain-lite'
+
+b0 = Block.first( 'Genesis' )
+b1 = Block.next( b0, 'Transaction Data...' )
+b2 = Block.next( b1, 'Transaction Data...' )
+b3 = Block.next( b2, 'Transaction Data...' )
+
+blockchain = [b0, b1, b2, b3]
+
+pp blockchain
+```
+
+will pretty print (pp) something like:
+
+```
+[#<Block:0x1eed2a0
+  @index              = 0,
+  @timestamp          = 2021-09-15 20:52:38,
+  @transactions_count = 1,
+  @transactions       = ["Genesis"],
+  @previous_hash      = "0",
+  @hash               = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b">,
+ #<Block:0x1eec9a0
+  @index              = 1,
+  @timestamp          = 2021-09-15 21:02:38,
+  @transactions_count = 1,
+  @transactions       = ["Transaction Data..."],
+  @hash               = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743",
+  @previous_hash      = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b">,
+ #<Block:0x1eec838
+  @index              = 2,
+  @timestamp          = 2021-09-15 21:12:38,
+  @transactions_count = 1,
+  @transactions       = ["Transaction Data..."],
+  @hash               = "be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4",
+  @previous_hash      = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743">,
+ #<Block:0x1eec6d0
+  @index              = 3,
+  @timestamp          = 2021-09-15 21:22:38
+  @transactions_count = 1,
+  @transactions       = ["Transaction Data..."],
+  @hash               = "5ee2981606328abfe0c3b1171440f0df746c1e1f8b3b56c351727f7da7ae5d8d",
+  @previous_hash      = "be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4">]
+```
+
+
+### Blocks
+
+[Basic](#basic) •
+[Proof-of-Work](#proof-of-work)
+
+Supported block types / classes for now include:
+
+#### Basic
+
+``` ruby
+class Block
+
+  attr_reader :index
+  attr_reader :timestamp
+  attr_reader :transactions_count
+  attr_reader :transactions
+  attr_reader :previous_hash
+  attr_reader :hash
+
+  def initialize(index, transactions, previous_hash)
+    @index              = index
+    @timestamp          = Time.now.utc    ## note: use coordinated universal time (utc)
+    @transactions       = transactions
+    @transactions_count = transactions.size
+    @previous_hash      = previous_hash
+    @hash               = calc_hash
+  end
+
+  def calc_hash
+    sha = Digest::SHA256.new
+    sha.update( @timestamp.to_s +
+                @transactions.to_s +
+                @previous_hash )
+    sha.hexdigest
+  end
+  ...
+end
+```
+
+(Source: [basic/block.rb](lib/blockchain-lite/basic/block.rb))
+
+
+#### Proof-of-Work
+
+``` ruby
+class Block
+
+  attr_reader :index
+  attr_reader :timestamp
+  attr_reader :transactions_count
+  attr_reader :transactions
+  attr_reader :transactions_hash    ## merkle_root
+  attr_reader :previous_hash
+  attr_reader :nonce        ## proof of work if hash starts with leading zeros (00)
+  attr_reader :hash
+
+  def initialize(index, transactions, previous_hash)
+    @index              = index
+    @timestamp          = Time.now.utc    ## note: use coordinated universal time (utc)
+    @transactions       = transactions
+    @transactions_count = transactions.size
+    @transactions_hash  = MerkleTree.compute_root_for( transactions )
+    @previous_hash      = previous_hash
+    @nonce, @hash       = compute_hash_with_proof_of_work
+  end
+
+  def calc_hash
+    sha = Digest::SHA256.new
+    sha.update( @nonce.to_s +
+                @timestamp.to_s +
+                @transactions_hash +
+                @previous_hash )
+    sha.hexdigest
+  end
+  ...
+end
+```
+
+(Source: [proof_of_work/block.rb](lib/blockchain-lite/proof_of_work/block.rb))
+
+
+
+### Blockchain Helper / Convenience Wrapper
+
+The `Blockchain` class offers some convenience helpers
+for building and checking blockchains. Example:
+
+``` ruby
+b = Blockchain.new       # note: will (auto-) add the first (genesis) block
+
+b << 'Transaction Data...'
+b << 'Transaction Data...'
+b << 'Transaction Data...'
+
+pp b
+```
+
+Check for broken chain links. Example:
+
+``` ruby
+
+b.broken?
+# => false      ## blockchain OK
+```
+
+or use the `Blockchain` class as a wrapper (pass in the blockchain array):
+
+``` ruby
+b0 = Block.first( 'Genesis' )
+b1 = Block.next( b0, 'Transaction Data...' )
+b2 = Block.next( b1, 'Transaction Data...' )
+b3 = Block.next( b2, 'Transaction Data...' )
+
+blockchain = [b0, b1, b2, b3]
+
+
+b = Blockchain.new( blockchain )
+
+b.broken?
+# => false      ## blockchain OK
+```
+
+and so on.
+
+
+### Transactions
+
+Let's put the transactions from the (hyper) ledger book from [Tulips on the Blockchain!](https://github.com/openblockchains/tulips)
+on the blockchain:
+
+
+| From                | To           | What                      | Qty |
+|---------------------|--------------|---------------------------|----:|
+| Dutchgrown (†)      | Vincent      | Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset  |  10 |
+| Keukenhof (†)       | Anne         | Tulip Semper Augustus     |   7 |
+|                     |              |                           |     |
+| Flowers (†)         | Ruben        | Tulip Admiral van Eijck   |   5 |
+| Vicent              | Anne         | Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset  |   3 |
+| Anne                | Julia        | Tulip Semper Augustus     |   1 |
+| Julia               | Luuk         | Tulip Semper Augustus     |   1 |
+|                     |              |                           |     |
+| Bloom & Blossom (†) | Daisy        | Tulip Admiral of Admirals |   8 |
+| Vincent             | Max          | Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset  |   2 |
+| Anne                | Martijn      | Tulip Semper Augustus     |   2 |
+| Ruben               | Julia        | Tulip Admiral van Eijck   |   2 |
+|                     |              |                           |     |
+| Teleflora (†)       | Max          | Tulip Red Impression      |  11 |
+| Anne                | Naomi        | Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset  |   1 |
+| Daisy               | Vincent      | Tulip Admiral of Admirals |   3 |
+| Julia               | Mina         | Tulip Admiral van Eijck   |   1 |
+
+(†): Grower Transaction - New Tulips on the Market!
+
+
+```ruby
+b0 = Block.first(
+        { from: "Dutchgrown", to: "Vincent", what: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", qty: 10 },
+        { from: "Keukenhof",  to: "Anne",    what: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 7  } )
+
+b1 = Block.next( b0,
+        { from: "Flowers", to: "Ruben", what: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck",  qty: 5 },
+        { from: "Vicent",  to: "Anne",  what: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", qty: 3 },
+        { from: "Anne",    to: "Julia", what: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 1 },
+        { from: "Julia",   to: "Luuk",  what: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 1 } )
+
+b2 = Block.next( b1,
+        { from: "Bloom & Blossom", to: "Daisy",   what: "Tulip Admiral of Admirals", qty: 8 },
+        { from: "Vincent",         to: "Max",     what: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset",  qty: 2 },
+        { from: "Anne",            to: "Martijn", what: "Tulip Semper Augustus",     qty: 2 },
+        { from: "Ruben",           to: "Julia",   what: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck",   qty: 2 } )
+...
+```
+
+resulting in:
+
+```
+[#<Block:0x2da3da0
+  @index              = 0,
+  @timestamp          = 1637-09-24 11:40:15,
+  @previous_hash      = "0",
+  @hash               = "32bd169baebba0b70491b748329ab631c85175be15e1672f924ca174f628cb66",
+  @transactions_count = 2,
+  @transactions       =
+   [{:from=>"Dutchgrown", :to=>"Vincent", :what=>"Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", :qty=>10},
+    {:from=>"Keukenhof",  :to=>"Anne",    :what=>"Tulip Semper Augustus",    :qty=>7}]>,
+ #<Block:0x2da2ff0
+  @index              = 1,
+  @timestamp          = 1637-09-24 11:50:15,
+  @previous_hash      = "32bd169baebba0b70491b748329ab631c85175be15e1672f924ca174f628cb66",
+  @hash               = "57b519a8903e45348ac8a739c788815e2bd90423663957f87e276307f77f1028",
+  @transactions_count = 4,
+  @transactions       =
+   [{:from=>"Flowers", :to=>"Ruben", :what=>"Tulip Admiral van Eijck",  :qty=>5},
+    {:from=>"Vicent",  :to=>"Anne",  :what=>"Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", :qty=>3},
+    {:from=>"Anne",    :to=>"Julia", :what=>"Tulip Semper Augustus",    :qty=>1},
+    {:from=>"Julia",   :to=>"Luuk",  :what=>"Tulip Semper Augustus",    :qty=>1}]>,
+ #<Block:0x2da2720
+  @index              = 2,
+  @timestamp          = 1637-09-24 12:00:15,
+  @previous_hash      = "57b519a8903e45348ac8a739c788815e2bd90423663957f87e276307f77f1028",
+  @hash               = "ec7dd5ea86ab966d4d4db182abb7aa93c7e5f63857476e6301e7e38cebf36568",
+  @transactions_count = 4,
+  @transactions       =
+   [{:from=>"Bloom & Blossom", :to=>"Daisy",   :what=>"Tulip Admiral of Admirals", :qty=>8},
+    {:from=>"Vincent",         :to=>"Max",     :what=>"Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset",  :qty=>2},
+    {:from=>"Anne",            :to=>"Martijn", :what=>"Tulip Semper Augustus",     :qty=>2},
+    {:from=>"Ruben",           :to=>"Julia",   :what=>"Tulip Admiral van Eijck",   :qty=>2}]>,
+ ...
+```
+
+
+## Blockchain Lite in the Real World
+
+- [**centralbank**](../centralbank) - command line tool (and core library) - print your own money / cryptocurrency; run your own federated central bank nodes on the blockchain peer-to-peer over HTTP; revolutionize the world one block at a time
+- [**tulipmania**](../tulipmania) - command line tool (and core library) - tulips on the blockchain; learn by example from the real world (anno 1637) - buy! sell! hodl! enjoy the beauty of admiral of admirals, semper augustus, and more; run your own hyper ledger tulip exchange nodes on the blockchain peer-to-peer over HTTP; revolutionize the world one block at a time
+
+<!--
+- [**shilling**](https://github.com/bitshilling/bitshilling) - command line tool (and core library) - shilling (or schilling) on the blockchain! rock-solid alpine dollar from austria; print (mine) your own shillings; run your own federated shilling central bank nodes w/ public distributed (hyper) ledger book on the blockchain peer-to-peer over HTTP; revolutionize the world one block at a time
+-->
+
+- You? Add your tool / service
+
+
+## References
+
+[**Programming Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains (in Ruby)**](http://yukimotopress.github.io/blockchains) by Gerald Bauer et al, 2018, Yuki & Moto Press
+
+And many more @ [**Best of Crypto Books**](https://openblockchains.github.io/crypto-books/) - a collection of books, white papers & more about crypto and blockchains
+
+
+
+## License
+
+![](https://publicdomainworks.github.io/buttons/zero88x31.png)
+
+The `blockchain.lite` scripts are dedicated to the public domain.
+Use it as you please with no restrictions whatsoever.