bigdecimal 1.3.5 → 3.0.0

checksums.yaml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ---
 SHA256:
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-  data.tar.gz: e092ee3be9410d2b888690e5c88b1c7f4e66307f2b01592512ef33f9cfb6ab00
+  metadata.gz: 1b3519c64aa42c80e19107fc6d5d78d81385d7d71b9c09abef67c4e4c6a0bcef
+  data.tar.gz: 4ab9cb50f0a24014262635c07ecb42e6891326b49de50f262550e22d00c586ed
 SHA512:
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-  data.tar.gz: daadfc6a6d520ac15847cd57c75407b87a4884055f6ad24f42ad96194aa530d0461303a6c305790aaeea8ea98f93cca4be81e7143bcc27617061711ae22a914a
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+  data.tar.gz: 5717f808a7a56ae06b5060a3752fcaf3a9b47dca9dceb8e6822e603ec20f0296b711df04d1454a309ac6720d4af60e9b4e58f3477133f7a66e20eab75207a70e

data/bigdecimal.gemspec

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # coding: utf-8
 
-bigdecimal_version = '1.3.5'
+bigdecimal_version = '3.0.0'
 
 Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.name          = "bigdecimal"
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary       = "Arbitrary-precision decimal floating-point number library."
   s.description   = "This library provides arbitrary-precision decimal floating-point number class."
   s.homepage      = "https://github.com/ruby/bigdecimal"
-  s.license       = "ruby"
+  s.license       = "Ruby"
 
   s.require_paths = %w[lib]
   s.extensions    = %w[ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb]
@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
     bigdecimal.gemspec
     ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c
     ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.h
-    ext/bigdecimal/depend
-    ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb
+    lib/bigdecimal.rb
     lib/bigdecimal/jacobian.rb
     lib/bigdecimal/ludcmp.rb
     lib/bigdecimal/math.rb
@@ -31,9 +30,10 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
     sample/pi.rb
   ]
 
-  s.add_development_dependency "rake", "~> 10.0"
+  s.required_ruby_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 2.4.0")
+
+  s.add_development_dependency "rake", ">= 12.3.3"
   s.add_development_dependency "rake-compiler", ">= 0.9"
-  s.add_development_dependency "rake-compiler-dock", ">= 0.6.1"
   s.add_development_dependency "minitest", "< 5.0.0"
   s.add_development_dependency "pry"
 end

data/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "ruby/util.h"
 
 #ifndef BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG
+# undef NDEBUG
 # define NDEBUG
 #endif
 #include <assert.h>
@@ -24,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <math.h>
-#include "math.h"
 
 #ifdef HAVE_IEEEFP_H
 #include <ieeefp.h>
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ static ID id_half;
 #define BASE1 (BASE/10)
 
 #ifndef DBLE_FIG
-#define DBLE_FIG (DBL_DIG+1)    /* figure of double */
+#define DBLE_FIG rmpd_double_figures()    /* figure of double */
 #endif
 
 #ifndef RRATIONAL_ZERO_P
@@ -127,6 +127,30 @@ rb_rational_den(VALUE rat)
 }
 #endif
 
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_COMPLEX_REAL
+static inline VALUE
+rb_complex_real(VALUE cmp)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_RCOMPLEX
+  return RCOMPLEX(cmp)->real;
+#else
+  return rb_funcall(cmp, rb_intern("real"), 0);
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_COMPLEX_IMAG
+static inline VALUE
+rb_complex_imag(VALUE cmp)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_RCOMPLEX
+  return RCOMPLEX(cmp)->imag;
+#else
+  return rb_funcall(cmp, rb_intern("imag"), 0);
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
 #define BIGDECIMAL_POSITIVE_P(bd) ((bd)->sign > 0)
 #define BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(bd) ((bd)->sign < 0)
 
@@ -135,24 +159,6 @@ rb_rational_den(VALUE rat)
  */
 #define DoSomeOne(x,y,f) rb_num_coerce_bin(x,y,f)
 
-/*
- * Returns the BigDecimal version number.
- */
-static VALUE
-BigDecimal_version(VALUE self)
-{
-  /*
-   * 1.0.0: Ruby 1.8.0
-   * 1.0.1: Ruby 1.8.1
-   * 1.1.0: Ruby 1.9.3
-   */
-#ifndef RUBY_BIGDECIMAL_VERSION
-# error RUBY_BIGDECIMAL_VERSION is not defined
-#endif
-  rb_warning("BigDecimal.ver is deprecated; use BigDecimal::VERSION instead.");
-  return rb_str_new2(RUBY_BIGDECIMAL_VERSION);
-}
-
 /*
  *   VP routines used in BigDecimal part
  */
@@ -183,11 +189,16 @@ BigDecimal_memsize(const void *ptr)
     return (sizeof(*pv) + pv->MaxPrec * sizeof(BDIGIT));
 }
 
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+#   undef RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE
+#   define RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE 0
+#endif
+
 static const rb_data_type_t BigDecimal_data_type = {
     "BigDecimal",
     { 0, BigDecimal_delete, BigDecimal_memsize, },
 #ifdef RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
-    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE
 #endif
 };
 
@@ -246,7 +257,7 @@ again:
     switch(TYPE(v)) {
       case T_FLOAT:
 	if (prec < 0) goto unable_to_coerce_without_prec;
-	if (prec > DBL_DIG+1) goto SomeOneMayDoIt;
+	if (prec > (long)DBLE_FIG) goto SomeOneMayDoIt;
 	d = RFLOAT_VALUE(v);
 	if (!isfinite(d)) {
 	    pv = VpCreateRbObject(1, NULL);
@@ -294,7 +305,6 @@ again:
 #ifdef ENABLE_NUMERIC_STRING
       case T_STRING:
 	StringValueCStr(v);
-	rb_check_safe_obj(v);
 	return VpCreateRbObject(RSTRING_LEN(v) + VpBaseFig() + 1,
 				RSTRING_PTR(v));
 #endif /* ENABLE_NUMERIC_STRING */
@@ -345,11 +355,13 @@ BigDecimal_double_fig(VALUE self)
 /*  call-seq:
  *     big_decimal.precs  ->  array
  *
- *  Returns an Array of two Integer values.
+ *  Returns an Array of two Integer values that represent platform-dependent
+ *  internal storage properties.
  *
- *  The first value is the current number of significant digits in the
- *  BigDecimal. The second value is the maximum number of significant digits
- *  for the BigDecimal.
+ *  This method is deprecated and will be removed in the future.
+ *  Instead, use BigDecimal#n_significant_digits for obtaining the number of
+ *  significant digits in scientific notation, and BigDecimal#precision for
+ *  obtaining the number of digits in decimal notation.
  *
  *     BigDecimal('5').precs #=> [9, 18]
  */
@@ -361,12 +373,109 @@ BigDecimal_prec(VALUE self)
     Real *p;
     VALUE obj;
 
+    rb_category_warn(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED,
+                     "BigDecimal#precs is deprecated and will be removed in the future; "
+                     "use BigDecimal#precision instead.");
+
     GUARD_OBJ(p, GetVpValue(self, 1));
-    obj = rb_assoc_new(INT2NUM(p->Prec*VpBaseFig()),
-		       INT2NUM(p->MaxPrec*VpBaseFig()));
+    obj = rb_assoc_new(SIZET2NUM(p->Prec*VpBaseFig()),
+		       SIZET2NUM(p->MaxPrec*VpBaseFig()));
     return obj;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   big_decimal.precision  ->  intreger
+ *
+ * Returns the number of decimal digits in this number.
+ *
+ * Example:
+ *
+ *   BigDecimal("0").precision  # => 0
+ *   BigDecimal("1").precision  # => 1
+ *   BigDecimal("-1e20").precision  # => 21
+ *   BigDecimal("1e-20").precision  # => 20
+ *   BigDecimal("Infinity").precision  # => 0
+ *   BigDecimal("-Infinity").precision  # => 0
+ *   BigDecimal("NaN").precision  # => 0
+ */
+static VALUE
+BigDecimal_precision(VALUE self)
+{
+    ENTER(1);
+
+    Real *p;
+    GUARD_OBJ(p, GetVpValue(self, 1));
+
+    /*
+     * The most significant digit is frac[0], and the least significant digit is frac[Prec-1].
+     * When the exponent is zero, the decimal point is located just before frac[0].
+     * When the exponent is negative, the decimal point moves to leftward.
+     * Conversely, when the exponent is positive, the decimal point moves to rightward.
+     *
+     *    | frac[0] frac[1] frac[2] . frac[3] frac[4] ... frac[Prec-1]
+     *    |------------------------> exponent == 3
+     */
+
+    ssize_t ex = p->exponent;
+    ssize_t precision;
+    if (ex < 0) {
+        precision = (-ex + 1) * BASE_FIG;  /* 1 is for p->frac[0] */
+        ex = 0;
+    }
+    else if (p->Prec > 0) {
+        BDIGIT x = p->frac[0];
+        for (precision = 0; x > 0; x /= 10) {
+            ++precision;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (ex > (ssize_t)p->Prec) {
+        precision += (ex - 1) * BASE_FIG;
+    }
+    else if (p->Prec > 0) {
+        ssize_t n = (ssize_t)p->Prec - 1;
+        while (n > 0 && p->frac[n] == 0) --n;
+
+        precision += n * BASE_FIG;
+
+        if (ex < (ssize_t)p->Prec) {
+            BDIGIT x = p->frac[n];
+            for (; x > 0 && x % 10 == 0; x /= 10) {
+                --precision;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return SSIZET2NUM(precision);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+BigDecimal_n_significant_digits(VALUE self)
+{
+    ENTER(1);
+
+    Real *p;
+    GUARD_OBJ(p, GetVpValue(self, 1));
+
+    ssize_t n = p->Prec;
+    while (n > 0 && p->frac[n-1] == 0) --n;
+    if (n <= 0) {
+        return INT2FIX(0);
+    }
+
+    int nlz, ntz;
+
+    BDIGIT x = p->frac[0];
+    for (nlz = BASE_FIG; x > 0; x /= 10) --nlz;
+
+    x = p->frac[n-1];
+    for (ntz = 0; x > 0 && x % 10 == 0; x /= 10) ++ntz;
+
+    ssize_t n_digits = BASE_FIG * n - nlz - ntz;
+    return SSIZET2NUM(n_digits);
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq: hash
  *
@@ -436,7 +545,6 @@ BigDecimal_load(VALUE self, VALUE str)
     unsigned long m=0;
 
     pch = (unsigned char *)StringValueCStr(str);
-    rb_check_safe_obj(str);
     /* First get max prec */
     while((*pch) != (unsigned char)'\0' && (ch = *pch++) != (unsigned char)':') {
         if(!ISDIGIT(ch)) {
@@ -664,9 +772,10 @@ VP_EXPORT Real *
 VpNewRbClass(size_t mx, const char *str, VALUE klass)
 {
     VALUE obj = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &BigDecimal_data_type, 0);
-    Real *pv = VpAlloc(mx,str);
+    Real *pv = VpAlloc(mx, str, 1, 1);
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = pv;
     pv->obj = obj;
+    RB_OBJ_FREEZE(obj);
     return pv;
 }
 
@@ -894,7 +1003,7 @@ BigDecimal_coerce(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     Real *b;
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_FLOAT)) {
-	GUARD_OBJ(b, GetVpValueWithPrec(other, DBL_DIG+1, 1));
+	GUARD_OBJ(b, GetVpValueWithPrec(other, DBLE_FIG, 1));
 	obj = rb_assoc_new(ToValue(b), self);
     }
     else {
@@ -952,7 +1061,7 @@ BigDecimal_add(VALUE self, VALUE r)
 
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_FLOAT)) {
-	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBL_DIG+1, 1);
+	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBLE_FIG, 1);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_RATIONAL)) {
 	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, a->Prec*VpBaseFig(), 1);
@@ -1010,7 +1119,7 @@ BigDecimal_sub(VALUE self, VALUE r)
 
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self,1));
     if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_FLOAT)) {
-	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBL_DIG+1, 1);
+	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBLE_FIG, 1);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_RATIONAL)) {
 	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, a->Prec*VpBaseFig(), 1);
@@ -1060,7 +1169,7 @@ BigDecimalCmp(VALUE self, VALUE r,char op)
 	break;
 
     case T_FLOAT:
-	GUARD_OBJ(b, GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBL_DIG+1, 0));
+	GUARD_OBJ(b, GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBLE_FIG, 0));
 	break;
 
     case T_RATIONAL:
@@ -1273,7 +1382,7 @@ BigDecimal_mult(VALUE self, VALUE r)
 
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_FLOAT)) {
-	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBL_DIG+1, 1);
+        b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBLE_FIG, 1);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_RATIONAL)) {
 	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, a->Prec*VpBaseFig(), 1);
@@ -1301,7 +1410,7 @@ BigDecimal_divide(Real **c, Real **res, Real **div, VALUE self, VALUE r)
 
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_FLOAT)) {
-	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBL_DIG+1, 1);
+        b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBLE_FIG, 1);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_RATIONAL)) {
 	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, a->Prec*VpBaseFig(), 1);
@@ -1367,7 +1476,7 @@ BigDecimal_DoDivmod(VALUE self, VALUE r, Real **div, Real **mod)
 
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_FLOAT)) {
-	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBL_DIG+1, 1);
+	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBLE_FIG, 1);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_RATIONAL)) {
 	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, a->Prec*VpBaseFig(), 1);
@@ -1468,7 +1577,7 @@ BigDecimal_divremain(VALUE self, VALUE r, Real **dv, Real **rv)
 
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_FLOAT)) {
-	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBL_DIG+1, 1);
+	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, DBLE_FIG, 1);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_RATIONAL)) {
 	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, a->Prec*VpBaseFig(), 1);
@@ -1773,20 +1882,23 @@ BigDecimal_fix(VALUE self)
  * round(n, mode)
  *
  * Round to the nearest integer (by default), returning the result as a
- * BigDecimal.
+ * BigDecimal if n is specified, or as an Integer if it isn't.
  *
  *	BigDecimal('3.14159').round #=> 3
  *	BigDecimal('8.7').round #=> 9
  *	BigDecimal('-9.9').round #=> -10
  *
+ *	BigDecimal('3.14159').round(2).class.name #=> "BigDecimal"
+ *	BigDecimal('3.14159').round.class.name #=> "Integer"
+ *
  * If n is specified and positive, the fractional part of the result has no
  * more than that many digits.
  *
  * If n is specified and negative, at least that many digits to the left of the
- * decimal point will be 0 in the result.
+ * decimal point will be 0 in the result, and return value will be an Integer.
  *
  *	BigDecimal('3.14159').round(3) #=> 3.142
- *	BigDecimal('13345.234').round(-2) #=> 13300.0
+ *	BigDecimal('13345.234').round(-2) #=> 13300
  *
  * The value of the optional mode argument can be used to determine how
  * rounding is performed; see BigDecimal.mode.
@@ -1799,6 +1911,7 @@ BigDecimal_round(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     int    iLoc = 0;
     VALUE  vLoc;
     VALUE  vRound;
+    int    round_to_int = 0;
     size_t mx, pl;
 
     unsigned short sw = VpGetRoundMode();
@@ -1806,6 +1919,7 @@ BigDecimal_round(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &vLoc, &vRound)) {
       case 0:
 	iLoc = 0;
+        round_to_int = 1;
 	break;
       case 1:
         if (RB_TYPE_P(vLoc, T_HASH)) {
@@ -1813,6 +1927,7 @@ BigDecimal_round(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	}
 	else {
 	    iLoc = NUM2INT(vLoc);
+            if (iLoc < 1) round_to_int = 1;
 	}
 	break;
       case 2:
@@ -1834,7 +1949,7 @@ BigDecimal_round(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     GUARD_OBJ(c, VpCreateRbObject(mx, "0"));
     VpSetPrecLimit(pl);
     VpActiveRound(c, a, sw, iLoc);
-    if (argc == 0) {
+    if (round_to_int) {
 	return BigDecimal_to_i(ToValue(c));
     }
     return ToValue(c);
@@ -2044,7 +2159,6 @@ BigDecimal_to_s(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &f) == 1) {
 	if (RB_TYPE_P(f, T_STRING)) {
 	    psz = StringValueCStr(f);
-	    rb_check_safe_obj(f);
 	    if (*psz == ' ') {
 		fPlus = 1;
 		psz++;
@@ -2084,7 +2198,7 @@ BigDecimal_to_s(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	nc += (nc + mc - 1) / mc + 1;
     }
 
-    str = rb_str_new(0, nc);
+    str = rb_usascii_str_new(0, nc);
     psz = RSTRING_PTR(str);
 
     if (fmt) {
@@ -2149,7 +2263,7 @@ BigDecimal_split(VALUE self)
     rb_ary_push(obj, str);
     rb_str_resize(str, strlen(psz1));
     rb_ary_push(obj, INT2FIX(10));
-    rb_ary_push(obj, INT2NUM(e));
+    rb_ary_push(obj, SSIZET2NUM(e));
     return obj;
 }
 
@@ -2162,18 +2276,13 @@ static VALUE
 BigDecimal_exponent(VALUE self)
 {
     ssize_t e = VpExponent10(GetVpValue(self, 1));
-    return INT2NUM(e);
+    return SSIZET2NUM(e);
 }
 
-/* Returns debugging information about the value as a string of comma-separated
- * values in angle brackets with a leading #:
+/* Returns a string representation of self.
  *
  *   BigDecimal("1234.5678").inspect
  *     #=> "0.12345678e4"
- *
- * The first part is the address, the second is the value as a string, and
- * the final part ss(mm) is the current number of significant digits and the
- * maximum number of significant digits, respectively.
  */
 static VALUE
 BigDecimal_inspect(VALUE self)
@@ -2335,7 +2444,7 @@ BigDecimal_power(int argc, VALUE*argv, VALUE self)
     n = NIL_P(prec) ? (ssize_t)(x->Prec*VpBaseFig()) : NUM2SSIZET(prec);
 
     if (VpIsNaN(x)) {
-	y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0#");
+	y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0");
 	RB_GC_GUARD(y->obj);
 	VpSetNaN(y);
 	return ToValue(y);
@@ -2360,7 +2469,10 @@ BigDecimal_power(int argc, VALUE*argv, VALUE self)
 	    }
 	    goto retry;
 	}
-	exp = GetVpValueWithPrec(vexp, DBL_DIG+1, 1);
+        if (NIL_P(prec)) {
+            n += DBLE_FIG;
+        }
+        exp = GetVpValueWithPrec(vexp, DBLE_FIG, 1);
 	break;
 
       case T_RATIONAL:
@@ -2375,6 +2487,9 @@ BigDecimal_power(int argc, VALUE*argv, VALUE self)
 	    goto retry;
 	}
 	exp = GetVpValueWithPrec(vexp, n, 1);
+        if (NIL_P(prec)) {
+            n += n;
+        }
 	break;
 
       case T_DATA:
@@ -2385,6 +2500,10 @@ BigDecimal_power(int argc, VALUE*argv, VALUE self)
 		vexp = BigDecimal_to_i(vexp);
 		goto retry;
 	    }
+            if (NIL_P(prec)) {
+                GUARD_OBJ(y, GetVpValue(vexp, 1));
+                n += y->Prec*VpBaseFig();
+            }
 	    exp = DATA_PTR(vexp);
 	    break;
 	}
@@ -2459,7 +2578,7 @@ BigDecimal_power(int argc, VALUE*argv, VALUE self)
 	    }
 	}
 	else {
-	    y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0#");
+	    y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0");
 	    if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(x)) {
 		if (is_integer(vexp)) {
 		    if (is_even(vexp)) {
@@ -2492,7 +2611,7 @@ BigDecimal_power(int argc, VALUE*argv, VALUE self)
 	}
 	else if (RTEST(rb_funcall(abs_value, '<', 1, INT2FIX(1)))) {
 	    if (is_negative(vexp)) {
-		y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0#");
+		y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0");
 		if (is_even(vexp)) {
 		    VpSetInf(y, VpGetSign(x));
 		}
@@ -2510,7 +2629,7 @@ BigDecimal_power(int argc, VALUE*argv, VALUE self)
 	}
 	else {
 	    if (is_positive(vexp)) {
-		y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0#");
+		y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0");
 		if (is_even(vexp)) {
 		    VpSetInf(y, VpGetSign(x));
 		}
@@ -2560,72 +2679,6 @@ BigDecimal_power_op(VALUE self, VALUE exp)
     return BigDecimal_power(1, &exp, self);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-BigDecimal_s_allocate(VALUE klass)
-{
-    return VpNewRbClass(0, NULL, klass)->obj;
-}
-
-static Real *BigDecimal_new(int argc, VALUE *argv);
-
-/* call-seq:
- *   new(initial, digits)
- *
- * Create a new BigDecimal object.
- *
- * initial:: The initial value, as an Integer, a Float, a Rational,
- *           a BigDecimal, or a String.
- *
- *           If it is a String, spaces are ignored and unrecognized characters
- *           terminate the value.
- *
- * digits:: The number of significant digits, as an Integer. If omitted or 0,
- *          the number of significant digits is determined from the initial
- *          value.
- *
- * The actual number of significant digits used in computation is usually
- * larger than the specified number.
- *
- * ==== Exceptions
- *
- * TypeError:: If the +initial+ type is neither Integer, Float,
- *             Rational, nor BigDecimal, this exception is raised.
- *
- * TypeError:: If the +digits+ is not an Integer, this exception is raised.
- *
- * ArgumentError:: If +initial+ is a Float, and the +digits+ is larger than
- *                 Float::DIG + 1, this exception is raised.
- *
- * ArgumentError:: If the +initial+ is a Float or Rational, and the +digits+
- *                 value is omitted, this exception is raised.
- */
-static VALUE
-BigDecimal_s_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-  rb_warning("BigDecimal.new is deprecated; use Kernel.BigDecimal method instead.");
-  return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
-}
-
-static VALUE
-BigDecimal_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    ENTER(1);
-    Real *pv = rb_check_typeddata(self, &BigDecimal_data_type);
-    Real *x;
-
-    GUARD_OBJ(x, BigDecimal_new(argc, argv));
-    if (ToValue(x)) {
-	pv = VpCopy(pv, x);
-    }
-    else {
-	VpFree(pv);
-	pv = x;
-    }
-    DATA_PTR(self) = pv;
-    pv->obj = self;
-    return self;
-}
-
 /* :nodoc:
  *
  * private method for dup and clone the provided BigDecimal +other+
@@ -2648,21 +2701,75 @@ BigDecimal_clone(VALUE self)
   return self;
 }
 
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_OPTS_EXCEPTION_P
+int rb_opts_exception_p(VALUE opts, int default_value);
+#define opts_exception_p(opts) rb_opts_exception_p((opts), 1)
+#else
+static int
+opts_exception_p(VALUE opts)
+{
+    static ID kwds[1];
+    VALUE exception;
+    if (!kwds[0]) {
+        kwds[0] = rb_intern_const("exception");
+    }
+    if (!rb_get_kwargs(opts, kwds, 0, 1, &exception)) return 1;
+    switch (exception) {
+      case Qtrue: case Qfalse:
+        break;
+      default:
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "true or false is expected as exception: %+"PRIsVALUE,
+                 exception);
+    }
+    return exception != Qfalse;
+}
+#endif
+
 static Real *
-BigDecimal_new(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+VpNewVarArg(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 {
     size_t mf;
+    VALUE  opts = Qnil;
     VALUE  nFig;
     VALUE  iniValue;
     double d;
+    int    exc;
 
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &iniValue, &nFig) == 1) {
+    argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11:", &iniValue, &nFig, &opts);
+    exc = opts_exception_p(opts);
+
+    if (argc == 1) {
         mf = 0;
     }
     else {
-        mf = GetPrecisionInt(nFig);
+        /* expand GetPrecisionInt for exception suppression */
+        ssize_t n = NUM2INT(nFig);
+        if (n < 0) {
+            if (!exc) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative precision");
+        }
+        mf = (size_t)n;
+    }
+
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(iniValue)) {
+        switch (iniValue) {
+          case Qnil:
+            if (!exc) return NULL;
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't convert nil into BigDecimal");
+          case Qtrue:
+            if (!exc) return NULL;
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't convert true into BigDecimal");
+          case Qfalse:
+            if (!exc) return NULL;
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't convert false into BigDecimal");
+          default:
+            break;
+        }
     }
 
+  retry:
     switch (TYPE(iniValue)) {
       case T_DATA:
 	if (is_kind_of_BigDecimal(iniValue)) {
@@ -2682,42 +2789,120 @@ BigDecimal_new(int argc, VALUE *argv)
             VpDtoV(pv, d);
             return pv;
         }
-	if (mf > DBL_DIG+1) {
+	if (mf > DBLE_FIG) {
+            if (!exc) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
 	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "precision too large.");
 	}
 	/* fall through */
       case T_RATIONAL:
 	if (NIL_P(nFig)) {
+            if (!exc) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
 	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
 		     "can't omit precision for a %"PRIsVALUE".",
 		     RB_OBJ_CLASSNAME(iniValue));
 	}
 	return GetVpValueWithPrec(iniValue, mf, 1);
 
+      case T_COMPLEX:
+        {
+            VALUE im;
+            im = rb_complex_imag(iniValue);
+            if (!is_zero(im)) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+                         "Unable to make a BigDecimal from non-zero imaginary number");
+            }
+            iniValue = rb_complex_real(iniValue);
+            goto retry;
+        }
+
       case T_STRING:
 	/* fall through */
       default:
 	break;
     }
+    /* TODO: support to_d */
+    if (!exc) {
+        iniValue = rb_check_convert_type(iniValue, T_STRING, "String", "to_str");
+        if (NIL_P(iniValue)) return NULL;
+    }
     StringValueCStr(iniValue);
-    return VpAlloc(mf, RSTRING_PTR(iniValue));
+    return VpAlloc(mf, RSTRING_PTR(iniValue), 1, exc);
 }
 
-/* See also BigDecimal.new */
+/* call-seq:
+ *   BigDecimal(initial, digits, exception: true)
+ *
+ * Create a new BigDecimal object.
+ *
+ * initial:: The initial value, as an Integer, a Float, a Rational,
+ *           a BigDecimal, or a String.
+ *
+ *           If it is a String, spaces are ignored and unrecognized characters
+ *           terminate the value.
+ *
+ * digits:: The number of significant digits, as an Integer. If omitted or 0,
+ *          the number of significant digits is determined from the initial
+ *          value.
+ *
+ *          The actual number of significant digits used in computation is
+ *          usually larger than the specified number.
+ *
+ * exception:: Whether an exception should be raised on invalid arguments.
+ *             +true+ by default, if passed +false+, just returns +nil+
+ *             for invalid.
+ *
+ *
+ * ==== Exceptions
+ *
+ * TypeError:: If the +initial+ type is neither Integer, Float,
+ *             Rational, nor BigDecimal, this exception is raised.
+ *
+ * TypeError:: If the +digits+ is not an Integer, this exception is raised.
+ *
+ * ArgumentError:: If +initial+ is a Float, and the +digits+ is larger than
+ *                 Float::DIG + 1, this exception is raised.
+ *
+ * ArgumentError:: If the +initial+ is a Float or Rational, and the +digits+
+ *                 value is omitted, this exception is raised.
+ */
 static VALUE
-BigDecimal_global_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+f_BigDecimal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     ENTER(1);
     Real *pv;
     VALUE obj;
 
+    if (argc > 0 && CLASS_OF(argv[0]) == rb_cBigDecimal) {
+        if (argc == 1 || (argc == 2 && RB_TYPE_P(argv[1], T_HASH))) return argv[0];
+    }
     obj = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cBigDecimal, &BigDecimal_data_type, 0);
-    GUARD_OBJ(pv, BigDecimal_new(argc, argv));
+    pv = VpNewVarArg(argc, argv);
+    if (pv == NULL) return Qnil;
+    SAVE(pv);
     if (ToValue(pv)) pv = VpCopy(NULL, pv);
     RTYPEDDATA_DATA(obj) = pv;
+    RB_OBJ_FREEZE(obj);
     return pv->obj = obj;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+BigDecimal_s_interpret_loosely(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
+{
+    ENTER(1);
+    char const *c_str;
+    Real *pv;
+
+    c_str = StringValueCStr(str);
+    GUARD_OBJ(pv, VpAlloc(0, c_str, 0, 1));
+    pv->obj = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &BigDecimal_data_type, pv);
+    RB_OBJ_FREEZE(pv->obj);
+    return pv->obj;
+}
+
  /* call-seq:
   * BigDecimal.limit(digits)
   *
@@ -2734,7 +2919,7 @@ static VALUE
 BigDecimal_limit(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE  nFig;
-    VALUE  nCur = INT2NUM(VpGetPrecLimit());
+    VALUE  nCur = SIZET2NUM(VpGetPrecLimit());
 
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &nFig) == 1) {
 	int nf;
@@ -2899,7 +3084,7 @@ BigMath_s_exp(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE vprec)
 	infinite = isinf(flo);
 	nan = isnan(flo);
 	if (!infinite && !nan) {
-	    vx = GetVpValueWithPrec(x, DBL_DIG+1, 0);
+	    vx = GetVpValueWithPrec(x, DBLE_FIG, 0);
 	}
 	break;
 
@@ -2937,6 +3122,10 @@ BigMath_s_exp(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE vprec)
     n = prec + rmpd_double_figures();
     negative = BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(vx);
     if (negative) {
+        VALUE x_zero = INT2NUM(1);
+        VALUE x_copy = f_BigDecimal(1, &x_zero, klass);
+        x = BigDecimal_initialize_copy(x_copy, x);
+        vx = DATA_PTR(x);
 	VpSetSign(vx, 1);
     }
 
@@ -3048,7 +3237,7 @@ get_vp_value:
 	infinite = isinf(flo);
 	nan = isnan(flo);
 	if (!zero && !negative && !infinite && !nan) {
-	    vx = GetVpValueWithPrec(x, DBL_DIG+1, 1);
+	    vx = GetVpValueWithPrec(x, DBLE_FIG, 1);
 	}
 	break;
 
@@ -3266,6 +3455,9 @@ get_vp_value:
 void
 Init_bigdecimal(void)
 {
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
     VALUE arg;
 
     id_BigDecimal_exception_mode = rb_intern_const("BigDecimal.exception_mode");
@@ -3277,18 +3469,18 @@ Init_bigdecimal(void)
 
     /* Class and method registration */
     rb_cBigDecimal = rb_define_class("BigDecimal", rb_cNumeric);
-    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cBigDecimal, BigDecimal_s_allocate);
 
     /* Global function */
-    rb_define_global_function("BigDecimal", BigDecimal_global_new, -1);
+    rb_define_global_function("BigDecimal", f_BigDecimal, -1);
 
     /* Class methods */
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "new", BigDecimal_s_new, -1);
+    rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cBigDecimal);
+    rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cBigDecimal), "new");
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "interpret_loosely", BigDecimal_s_interpret_loosely, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "mode", BigDecimal_mode, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "limit", BigDecimal_limit, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "double_fig", BigDecimal_double_fig, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "_load", BigDecimal_load, 1);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "ver", BigDecimal_version, 0);
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "save_exception_mode", BigDecimal_save_exception_mode, 0);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "save_rounding_mode", BigDecimal_save_rounding_mode, 0);
@@ -3408,16 +3600,16 @@ Init_bigdecimal(void)
 
     arg = rb_str_new2("+Infinity");
     /* Positive infinity value. */
-    rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "INFINITY", BigDecimal_global_new(1, &arg, rb_cBigDecimal));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "INFINITY", f_BigDecimal(1, &arg, rb_cBigDecimal));
     arg = rb_str_new2("NaN");
     /* 'Not a Number' value. */
-    rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "NAN", BigDecimal_global_new(1, &arg, rb_cBigDecimal));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cBigDecimal, "NAN", f_BigDecimal(1, &arg, rb_cBigDecimal));
 
 
     /* instance methods */
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "initialize", BigDecimal_initialize, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "initialize_copy", BigDecimal_initialize_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "precs", BigDecimal_prec, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "precision", BigDecimal_precision, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "n_significant_digits", BigDecimal_n_significant_digits, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "add", BigDecimal_add2, 2);
     rb_define_method(rb_cBigDecimal, "sub", BigDecimal_sub2, 2);
@@ -3534,6 +3726,9 @@ static void VpFormatSt(char *psz, size_t fFmt);
 static int VpRdup(Real *m, size_t ind_m);
 
 #ifdef BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG
+# ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+#  error Need to make rewiting gnAlloc atomic
+# endif
 static int gnAlloc = 0; /* Memory allocation counter */
 #endif /* BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG */
 
@@ -3714,13 +3909,7 @@ VpSetRoundMode(unsigned short n)
  *    (to let the compiler know they may be changed in outside
  *    (... but not actually..)).
  */
-volatile const double gZero_ABCED9B1_CE73__00400511F31D = 0.0;
 volatile const double gOne_ABCED9B4_CE73__00400511F31D  = 1.0;
-static double
-Zero(void)
-{
-    return gZero_ABCED9B1_CE73__00400511F31D;
-}
 
 static double
 One(void)
@@ -3745,25 +3934,19 @@ One(void)
 VP_EXPORT double
 VpGetDoubleNaN(void) /* Returns the value of NaN */
 {
-    static double fNaN = 0.0;
-    if (fNaN == 0.0) fNaN = Zero()/Zero();
-    return fNaN;
+    return nan("");
 }
 
 VP_EXPORT double
 VpGetDoublePosInf(void) /* Returns the value of +Infinity */
 {
-    static double fInf = 0.0;
-    if (fInf == 0.0) fInf = One()/Zero();
-    return fInf;
+    return HUGE_VAL;
 }
 
 VP_EXPORT double
 VpGetDoubleNegInf(void) /* Returns the value of -Infinity */
 {
-    static double fInf = 0.0;
-    if (fInf == 0.0) fInf = -(One()/Zero());
-    return fInf;
+    return -HUGE_VAL;
 }
 
 VP_EXPORT double
@@ -3952,20 +4135,17 @@ VpNumOfChars(Real *vp,const char *pszFmt)
  *   by one BDIGIT word in the computer used.
  *
  * [Returns]
- * 1+DBL_DIG   ... OK
+ *   DBLE_FIG   ... OK
  */
 VP_EXPORT size_t
 VpInit(BDIGIT BaseVal)
 {
     /* Setup +/- Inf  NaN -0 */
-    VpGetDoubleNaN();
-    VpGetDoublePosInf();
-    VpGetDoubleNegInf();
     VpGetDoubleNegZero();
 
     /* Allocates Vp constants. */
-    VpConstOne = VpAlloc(1UL, "1");
-    VpPt5 = VpAlloc(1UL, ".5");
+    VpConstOne = VpAlloc(1UL, "1", 1, 1);
+    VpPt5 = VpAlloc(1UL, ".5", 1, 1);
 
 #ifdef BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG
     gnAlloc = 0;
@@ -4029,6 +4209,52 @@ overflow:
     return VpException(VP_EXCEPTION_OVERFLOW, "Exponent overflow", 0);
 }
 
+Real *
+rmpd_parse_special_string(const char *str)
+{
+    static const struct {
+        const char *str;
+        size_t len;
+        int sign;
+    } table[] = {
+        { SZ_INF,  sizeof(SZ_INF)  - 1, VP_SIGN_POSITIVE_INFINITE },
+        { SZ_PINF, sizeof(SZ_PINF) - 1, VP_SIGN_POSITIVE_INFINITE },
+        { SZ_NINF, sizeof(SZ_NINF) - 1, VP_SIGN_NEGATIVE_INFINITE },
+        { SZ_NaN,  sizeof(SZ_NaN)  - 1, VP_SIGN_NaN               }
+    };
+    static const size_t table_length = sizeof(table) / sizeof(table[0]);
+    size_t i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < table_length; ++i) {
+        const char *p;
+        if (strncmp(str, table[i].str, table[i].len) != 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        p = str + table[i].len;
+        while (*p && ISSPACE(*p)) ++p;
+        if (*p == '\0') {
+            Real *vp = VpAllocReal(1);
+            vp->MaxPrec = 1;
+            switch (table[i].sign) {
+              default:
+                UNREACHABLE; break;
+              case VP_SIGN_POSITIVE_INFINITE:
+                VpSetPosInf(vp);
+                return vp;
+              case VP_SIGN_NEGATIVE_INFINITE:
+                VpSetNegInf(vp);
+                return vp;
+              case VP_SIGN_NaN:
+                VpSetNaN(vp);
+                return vp;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
 /*
  * Allocates variable.
  * [Input]
@@ -4043,10 +4269,10 @@ overflow:
  *   NULL be returned if memory allocation is failed,or any error.
  */
 VP_EXPORT Real *
-VpAlloc(size_t mx, const char *szVal)
+VpAlloc(size_t mx, const char *szVal, int strict_p, int exc)
 {
     const char *orig_szVal = szVal;
-    size_t i, ni, ipn, ipf, nf, ipe, ne, dot_seen, exp_seen, nalloc;
+    size_t i, j, ni, ipf, nf, ipe, ne, dot_seen, exp_seen, nalloc;
     char v, *psz;
     int  sign=1;
     Real *vp = NULL;
@@ -4057,7 +4283,10 @@ VpAlloc(size_t mx, const char *szVal)
     if (mx == 0) ++mx;
 
     if (szVal) {
+        /* Skipping leading spaces */
         while (ISSPACE(*szVal)) szVal++;
+
+        /* Processing the leading one `#` */
         if (*szVal != '#') {
             if (mf) {
                 mf = (mf + BASE_FIG - 1) / BASE_FIG + 2; /* Needs 1 more for div */
@@ -4071,115 +4300,179 @@ VpAlloc(size_t mx, const char *szVal)
         }
     }
     else {
+      return_zero:
         /* necessary to be able to store */
         /* at least mx digits. */
         /* szVal==NULL ==> allocate zero value. */
         vp = VpAllocReal(mx);
-        /* xmalloc() alway returns(or throw interruption) */
+        /* xmalloc() always returns(or throw interruption) */
         vp->MaxPrec = mx;    /* set max precision */
         VpSetZero(vp, 1);    /* initialize vp to zero. */
         return vp;
     }
 
-    /* Skip all '_' after digit: 2006-6-30 */
-    ni = 0;
+    /* Check on Inf & NaN */
+    if ((vp = rmpd_parse_special_string(szVal)) != NULL) {
+        return vp;
+    }
+
+    /* Scanning digits */
+
+    /* A buffer for keeping scanned digits */
     buf = rb_str_tmp_new(strlen(szVal) + 1);
     psz = RSTRING_PTR(buf);
-    i   = 0;
-    ipn = 0;
-    while ((psz[i] = szVal[ipn]) != 0) {
-        if (ISSPACE(psz[i])) {
-            psz[i] = 0;
+
+    /* cursor: i for psz, and j for szVal */
+    i = j = 0;
+
+    /* Scanning: sign part */
+    v = psz[i] = szVal[j];
+    if ((v == '-') || (v == '+')) {
+        sign = -(v == '-');
+        ++i;
+        ++j;
+    }
+
+    /* Scanning: integer part */
+    ni  = 0; /* number of digits in the integer part */
+    while ((v = psz[i] = szVal[j]) != '\0') {
+        if (!strict_p && ISSPACE(v)) {
+            v = psz[i] = '\0';
             break;
         }
-        if (ISDIGIT(psz[i])) ++ni;
-        if (psz[i] == '_') {
+        if (v == '_') {
             if (ni > 0) {
-                ipn++;
-                continue;
+                v = szVal[j+1];
+                if (v == '\0' || ISSPACE(v) || ISDIGIT(v)) {
+                    ++j;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (!strict_p) {
+                    v = psz[i] = '\0';
+                    break;
+                }
             }
-            psz[i] = 0;
+            goto invalid_value;
+        }
+        if (!ISDIGIT(v)) {
             break;
         }
+        ++ni;
         ++i;
-        ++ipn;
+        ++j;
     }
-    szVal = psz;
 
-    /* Check on Inf & NaN */
-    if (StrCmp(szVal, SZ_PINF) == 0 || StrCmp(szVal, SZ_INF) == 0 ) {
-        vp = VpAllocReal(1);
-        vp->MaxPrec = 1;    /* set max precision */
-        VpSetPosInf(vp);
-        return vp;
-    }
-    if (StrCmp(szVal, SZ_NINF) == 0) {
-        vp = VpAllocReal(1);
-        vp->MaxPrec = 1;    /* set max precision */
-        VpSetNegInf(vp);
-        return vp;
-    }
-    if (StrCmp(szVal, SZ_NaN) == 0) {
-        vp = VpAllocReal(1);
-        vp->MaxPrec = 1;    /* set max precision */
-        VpSetNaN(vp);
-        return vp;
-    }
-
-    /* check on number szVal[] */
-    ipn = i = 0;
-    if      (szVal[i] == '-') { sign=-1; ++i; }
-    else if (szVal[i] == '+')            ++i;
-    /* Skip digits */
-    ni = 0;            /* digits in mantissa */
-    while ((v = szVal[i]) != 0) {
-        if (!ISDIGIT(v)) break;
-        ++i;
-        ++ni;
-    }
-    nf  = 0;
-    ipf = 0;
-    ipe = 0;
-    ne  = 0;
+    /* Scanning: fractional part */
+    nf  = 0; /* number of digits in the fractional part */
+    ne  = 0; /* number of digits in the exponential part */
+    ipf = 0; /* index of the beginning of the fractional part */
+    ipe = 0; /* index of the beginning of the exponential part */
     dot_seen = 0;
     exp_seen = 0;
-    if (v) {
-        /* other than digit nor \0 */
-        if (szVal[i] == '.') {    /* xxx. */
+
+    if (v != '\0') {
+        /* Scanning fractional part */
+        if ((psz[i] = szVal[j]) == '.') {
             dot_seen = 1;
             ++i;
+            ++j;
             ipf = i;
-            while ((v = szVal[i]) != 0) {    /* get fraction part. */
+            while ((v = psz[i] = szVal[j]) != '\0') {
+                if (!strict_p && ISSPACE(v)) {
+                    v = psz[i] = '\0';
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (v == '_') {
+                    if (nf > 0 && ISDIGIT(szVal[j+1])) {
+                        ++j;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if (!strict_p) {
+                        v = psz[i] = '\0';
+                        if (nf == 0) {
+                            dot_seen = 0;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    goto invalid_value;
+                }
                 if (!ISDIGIT(v)) break;
                 ++i;
+                ++j;
                 ++nf;
             }
         }
-        ipe = 0;        /* Exponent */
-
-        switch (szVal[i]) {
-            case '\0':
-                break;
-            case 'e': case 'E':
-            case 'd': case 'D':
-                exp_seen = 1;
-                ++i;
-                ipe = i;
-                v = szVal[i];
-                if ((v == '-') || (v == '+')) ++i;
-                while ((v=szVal[i]) != 0) {
-                    if (!ISDIGIT(v)) break;
+
+        /* Scanning exponential part */
+        if (v != '\0') {
+            switch ((psz[i] = szVal[j])) {
+                case '\0':
+                    break;
+                case 'e': case 'E':
+                case 'd': case 'D':
+                    exp_seen = 1;
                     ++i;
-                    ++ne;
-                }
-                break;
-            default:
-                break;
+                    ++j;
+                    ipe = i;
+                    v = psz[i] = szVal[j];
+                    if ((v == '-') || (v == '+')) {
+                        ++i;
+                        ++j;
+                    }
+                    while ((v = psz[i] = szVal[j]) != '\0') {
+                        if (!strict_p && ISSPACE(v)) {
+                            v = psz[i] = '\0';
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        if (v == '_') {
+                            if (ne > 0 && ISDIGIT(szVal[j+1])) {
+                                ++j;
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            if (!strict_p) {
+                                v = psz[i] = '\0';
+                                if (ne == 0) {
+                                    exp_seen = 0;
+                                }
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            goto invalid_value;
+                        }
+                        if (!ISDIGIT(v)) break;
+                        ++i;
+                        ++j;
+                        ++ne;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (v != '\0') {
+            /* Scanning trailing spaces */
+            while (ISSPACE(szVal[j])) ++j;
+
+            /* Invalid character */
+            if (szVal[j] && strict_p) {
+                goto invalid_value;
+            }
         }
     }
-    if (((ni == 0 || dot_seen) && nf == 0) || (exp_seen && ne == 0)) {
-	VALUE str = rb_str_new2(orig_szVal);
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid value for BigDecimal(): \"%"PRIsVALUE"\"", str);
+
+    psz[i] = '\0';
+
+    if (strict_p && (((ni == 0 || dot_seen) && nf == 0) || (exp_seen && ne == 0))) {
+        VALUE str;
+      invalid_value:
+        if (!strict_p) {
+            goto return_zero;
+        }
+        if (!exc) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        str = rb_str_new2(orig_szVal);
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid value for BigDecimal(): \"%"PRIsVALUE"\"", str);
     }
 
     nalloc = (ni + nf + BASE_FIG - 1) / BASE_FIG + 1;    /* set effective allocation  */
@@ -4188,10 +4481,10 @@ VpAlloc(size_t mx, const char *szVal)
     nalloc = Max(nalloc, mx);
     mx = nalloc;
     vp = VpAllocReal(mx);
-    /* xmalloc() alway returns(or throw interruption) */
+    /* xmalloc() always returns(or throw interruption) */
     vp->MaxPrec = mx;        /* set max precision */
     VpSetZero(vp, sign);
-    VpCtoV(vp, &szVal[ipn], ni, &szVal[ipf], nf, &szVal[ipe], ne);
+    VpCtoV(vp, psz, ni, psz + ipf, nf, psz + ipe, ne);
     rb_str_resize(buf, 0);
     return vp;
 }
@@ -4754,7 +5047,7 @@ VpMult(Real *c, Real *a, Real *b)
 
     if (MxIndC < MxIndAB) {    /* The Max. prec. of c < Prec(a)+Prec(b) */
 	w = c;
-	c = VpAlloc((size_t)((MxIndAB + 1) * BASE_FIG), "#0");
+	c = VpAlloc((size_t)((MxIndAB + 1) * BASE_FIG), "#0", 1, 1);
 	MxIndC = MxIndAB;
     }
 
@@ -5922,8 +6215,8 @@ VpSqrt(Real *y, Real *x)
     if (x->MaxPrec > (size_t)n) n = (ssize_t)x->MaxPrec;
 
     /* allocate temporally variables  */
-    f = VpAlloc(y->MaxPrec * (BASE_FIG + 2), "#1");
-    r = VpAlloc((n + n) * (BASE_FIG + 2), "#1");
+    f = VpAlloc(y->MaxPrec * (BASE_FIG + 2), "#1", 1, 1);
+    r = VpAlloc((n + n) * (BASE_FIG + 2), "#1", 1, 1);
 
     nr = 0;
     y_prec = y->MaxPrec;
@@ -6375,8 +6668,8 @@ VpPower(Real *y, Real *x, SIGNED_VALUE n)
 
     /* Allocate working variables  */
 
-    w1 = VpAlloc((y->MaxPrec + 2) * BASE_FIG, "#0");
-    w2 = VpAlloc((w1->MaxPrec * 2 + 1) * BASE_FIG, "#0");
+    w1 = VpAlloc((y->MaxPrec + 2) * BASE_FIG, "#0", 1, 1);
+    w2 = VpAlloc((w1->MaxPrec * 2 + 1) * BASE_FIG, "#0", 1, 1);
     /* calculation start */
 
     VpAsgn(y, x, 1);