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data/gems/gems/rspec-mocks-3.6.0/LICENSE.md

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+The MIT License (MIT)
+=====================
+
+* Copyright © 2012 David Chelimsky, Myron Marston
+* Copyright © 2006 David Chelimsky, The RSpec Development Team
+* Copyright © 2005 Steven Baker
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
+TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
+SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

data/gems/gems/rspec-mocks-3.6.0/README.md

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+# RSpec Mocks [![Build Status](https://secure.travis-ci.org/rspec/rspec-mocks.svg?branch=master)](http://travis-ci.org/rspec/rspec-mocks) [![Code Climate](https://codeclimate.com/github/rspec/rspec-mocks.svg)](https://codeclimate.com/github/rspec/rspec-mocks)
+rspec-mocks is a test-double framework for rspec with support for method stubs,
+fakes, and message expectations on generated test-doubles and real objects
+alike.
+
+## Install
+
+    gem install rspec       # for rspec-core, rspec-expectations, rspec-mocks
+    gem install rspec-mocks # for rspec-mocks only
+
+Want to run against the `master` branch? You'll need to include the dependent
+RSpec repos as well. Add the following to your `Gemfile`:
+
+```ruby
+%w[rspec-core rspec-expectations rspec-mocks rspec-support].each do |lib|
+  gem lib, :git => "git://github.com/rspec/#{lib}.git", :branch => 'master'
+end
+```
+## Contributing
+
+Once you've set up the environment, you'll need to cd into the working
+directory of whichever repo you want to work in. From there you can run the
+specs and cucumber features, and make patches.
+
+NOTE: You do not need to use rspec-dev to work on a specific RSpec repo. You
+can treat each RSpec repo as an independent project.
+
+For information about contributing to RSpec, please refer to the following markdown files:
+* [Build details](BUILD_DETAIL.md)
+* [Code of Conduct](CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)
+* [Detailed contributing guide](CONTRIBUTING.md)
+* [Development setup guide](DEVELOPMENT.md)
+
+## Test Doubles
+
+A test double is an object that stands in for another object in your system
+during a code example. Use the `double` method, passing in an optional identifier, to create one:
+
+```ruby
+book = double("book")
+```
+
+Most of the time you will want some confidence that your doubles resemble an
+existing object in your system. Verifying doubles are provided for this
+purpose. If the existing object is available, they will prevent you from adding
+stubs and expectations for methods that do not exist or that have an invalid
+number of parameters.
+
+```ruby
+book = instance_double("Book", :pages => 250)
+```
+
+Verifying doubles have some clever tricks to enable you to both test in
+isolation without your dependencies loaded while still being able to validate
+them against real objects. More detail is available in [their
+documentation](https://github.com/rspec/rspec-mocks/blob/master/features/verifying_doubles).
+
+Verifying doubles can also accept custom identifiers, just like double(), e.g.:
+
+```ruby
+books = []
+books << instance_double("Book", :rspec_book, :pages => 250)
+books << instance_double("Book", "(Untitled)", :pages => 5000)
+
+puts books.inspect # with names, it's clearer which were actually added
+```
+
+## Method Stubs
+
+A method stub is an implementation that returns a pre-determined value.  Method
+stubs can be declared on test doubles or real objects using the same syntax.
+rspec-mocks supports 3 forms for declaring method stubs:
+
+```ruby
+allow(book).to receive(:title) { "The RSpec Book" }
+allow(book).to receive(:title).and_return("The RSpec Book")
+allow(book).to receive_messages(
+    :title => "The RSpec Book",
+    :subtitle => "Behaviour-Driven Development with RSpec, Cucumber, and Friends")
+```
+
+You can also use this shortcut, which creates a test double and declares a
+method stub in one statement:
+
+```ruby
+book = double("book", :title => "The RSpec Book")
+```
+
+The first argument is a name, which is used for documentation and appears in
+failure messages. If you don't care about the name, you can leave it out,
+making the combined instantiation/stub declaration very terse:
+
+```ruby
+double(:foo => 'bar')
+```
+
+This is particularly nice when providing a list of test doubles to a method
+that iterates through them:
+
+```ruby
+order.calculate_total_price(double(:price => 1.99), double(:price => 2.99))
+```
+
+### Stubbing a chain of methods
+
+You can use `receive_message_chain` in place of `receive` to stub a chain of messages:
+
+```ruby
+allow(double).to receive_message_chain("foo.bar") { :baz }
+allow(double).to receive_message_chain(:foo, :bar => :baz)
+allow(double).to receive_message_chain(:foo, :bar) { :baz }
+
+# Given any of the above forms:
+double.foo.bar # => :baz
+```
+
+Chains can be arbitrarily long, which makes it quite painless to violate the Law of Demeter in violent ways, so you should consider any use of `receive_message_chain` a code smell. Even though not all code smells indicate real problems (think fluent interfaces), `receive_message_chain` still results in brittle examples. For example, if you write `allow(foo).to receive_message_chain(:bar, :baz => 37)` in a spec and then the implementation calls `foo.baz.bar`, the stub will not work.
+
+## Consecutive return values
+
+When a stub might be invoked more than once, you can provide additional
+arguments to `and_return`.  The invocations cycle through the list. The last
+value is returned for any subsequent invocations:
+
+```ruby
+allow(die).to receive(:roll).and_return(1, 2, 3)
+die.roll # => 1
+die.roll # => 2
+die.roll # => 3
+die.roll # => 3
+die.roll # => 3
+```
+
+To return an array in a single invocation, declare an array:
+
+```ruby
+allow(team).to receive(:players).and_return([double(:name => "David")])
+```
+
+## Message Expectations
+
+A message expectation is an expectation that the test double will receive a
+message some time before the example ends. If the message is received, the
+expectation is satisfied. If not, the example fails.
+
+```ruby
+validator = double("validator")
+expect(validator).to receive(:validate) { "02134" }
+zipcode = Zipcode.new("02134", validator)
+zipcode.valid?
+```
+
+## Test Spies
+
+Verifies the given object received the expected message during the course of
+the test. For a message to be verified, the given object must be setup to spy
+on it, either by having it explicitly stubbed or by being a null object double
+(e.g. `double(...).as_null_object`). Convenience methods are provided to easily
+create null object doubles for this purpose:
+
+```ruby
+spy("invitation") # => same as `double("invitation").as_null_object`
+instance_spy("Invitation") # => same as `instance_double("Invitation").as_null_object`
+class_spy("Invitation") # => same as `class_double("Invitation").as_null_object`
+object_spy("Invitation") # => same as `object_double("Invitation").as_null_object`
+```
+
+Verifying messages received in this way implements the Test Spy pattern.
+
+```ruby
+invitation = spy('invitation')
+
+user.accept_invitation(invitation)
+
+expect(invitation).to have_received(:accept)
+
+# You can also use other common message expectations. For example:
+expect(invitation).to have_received(:accept).with(mailer)
+expect(invitation).to have_received(:accept).twice
+expect(invitation).to_not have_received(:accept).with(mailer)
+
+# One can specify a return value on the spy the same way one would a double.
+invitation = spy('invitation', :accept => true)
+expect(invitation).to have_received(:accept).with(mailer)
+expect(invitation.accept).to eq(true)
+```
+
+Note that `have_received(...).with(...)` is unable to work properly when
+passed arguments are mutated after the spy records the received message.
+For example, this does not work properly:
+
+```ruby
+greeter = spy("greeter")
+
+message = "Hello"
+greeter.greet_with(message)
+message << ", World"
+
+expect(greeter).to have_received(:greet_with).with("Hello")
+```
+
+## Nomenclature
+
+### Mock Objects and Test Stubs
+
+The names Mock Object and Test Stub suggest specialized Test Doubles.  i.e.
+a Test Stub is a Test Double that only supports method stubs, and a Mock
+Object is a Test Double that supports message expectations and method
+stubs.
+
+There is a lot of overlapping nomenclature here, and there are many
+variations of these patterns (fakes, spies, etc). Keep in mind that most of
+the time we're talking about method-level concepts that are variations of
+method stubs and message expectations, and we're applying to them to _one_
+generic kind of object: a Test Double.
+
+### Test-Specific Extension
+
+a.k.a. Partial Double, a Test-Specific Extension is an extension of a
+real object in a system that is instrumented with test-double like
+behaviour in the context of a test. This technique is very common in Ruby
+because we often see class objects acting as global namespaces for methods.
+For example, in Rails:
+
+```ruby
+person = double("person")
+allow(Person).to receive(:find) { person }
+```
+
+In this case we're instrumenting Person to return the person object we've
+defined whenever it receives the `find` message. We can also set a message
+expectation so that the example fails if `find` is not called:
+
+```ruby
+person = double("person")
+expect(Person).to receive(:find) { person }
+```
+
+RSpec replaces the method we're stubbing or mocking with its own
+test-double-like method. At the end of the example, RSpec verifies any message
+expectations, and then restores the original methods.
+
+## Expecting Arguments
+
+```ruby
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(*args)
+expect(double).to_not receive(:msg).with(*args)
+```
+
+You can set multiple expectations for the same message if you need to:
+
+```ruby
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).with("A", 1, 3)
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).with("B", 2, 4)
+```
+
+## Argument Matchers
+
+Arguments that are passed to `with` are compared with actual arguments
+received using ==. In cases in which you want to specify things about the
+arguments rather than the arguments themselves, you can use any of the
+matchers that ship with rspec-expectations. They don't all make syntactic
+sense (they were primarily designed for use with RSpec::Expectations), but
+you are free to create your own custom RSpec::Matchers.
+
+rspec-mocks also adds some keyword Symbols that you can use to
+specify certain kinds of arguments:
+
+```ruby
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(no_args)
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(any_args)
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(1, any_args) # any args acts like an arg splat and can go anywhere
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(1, kind_of(Numeric), "b") #2nd argument can be any kind of Numeric
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(1, boolean(), "b") #2nd argument can be true or false
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(1, /abc/, "b") #2nd argument can be any String matching the submitted Regexp
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(1, anything(), "b") #2nd argument can be anything at all
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(1, duck_type(:abs, :div), "b") #2nd argument can be object that responds to #abs and #div
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(hash_including(:a => 5)) # first arg is a hash with a: 5 as one of the key-values
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(array_including(5)) # first arg is an array with 5 as one of the key-values
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(hash_excluding(:a => 5)) # first arg is a hash without a: 5 as one of the key-values
+```
+
+## Receive Counts
+
+```ruby
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).once
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).twice
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).exactly(n).times
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).at_least(:once)
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).at_least(:twice)
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).at_least(n).times
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).at_most(:once)
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).at_most(:twice)
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).at_most(n).times
+```
+
+## Ordering
+
+```ruby
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).ordered
+expect(double).to receive(:other_msg).ordered
+  # This will fail if the messages are received out of order
+```
+
+This can include the same message with different arguments:
+
+```ruby
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).with("A", 1, 3).ordered
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).with("B", 2, 4).ordered
+```
+
+## Setting Responses
+
+Whether you are setting a message expectation or a method stub, you can
+tell the object precisely how to respond. The most generic way is to pass
+a block to `receive`:
+
+```ruby
+expect(double).to receive(:msg) { value }
+```
+
+When the double receives the `msg` message, it evaluates the block and returns
+the result.
+
+```ruby
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).and_return(value)
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).exactly(3).times.and_return(value1, value2, value3)
+  # returns value1 the first time, value2 the second, etc
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).and_raise(error)
+  # error can be an instantiated object or a class
+  # if it is a class, it must be instantiable with no args
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).and_throw(:msg)
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).and_yield(values, to, yield)
+expect(double).to receive(:msg).and_yield(values, to, yield).and_yield(some, other, values, this, time)
+  # for methods that yield to a block multiple times
+```
+
+Any of these responses can be applied to a stub as well
+
+```ruby
+allow(double).to receive(:msg).and_return(value)
+allow(double).to receive(:msg).and_return(value1, value2, value3)
+allow(double).to receive(:msg).and_raise(error)
+allow(double).to receive(:msg).and_throw(:msg)
+allow(double).to receive(:msg).and_yield(values, to, yield)
+allow(double).to receive(:msg).and_yield(values, to, yield).and_yield(some, other, values, this, time)
+```
+
+## Arbitrary Handling
+
+Once in a while you'll find that the available expectations don't solve the
+particular problem you are trying to solve. Imagine that you expect the message
+to come with an Array argument that has a specific length, but you don't care
+what is in it. You could do this:
+
+```ruby
+expect(double).to receive(:msg) do |arg|
+  expect(arg.size).to eq 7
+end
+```
+
+If the method being stubbed itself takes a block, and you need to yield to it
+in some special way, you can use this:
+
+```ruby
+expect(double).to receive(:msg) do |&arg|
+  begin
+    arg.call
+  ensure
+    # cleanup
+  end
+end
+```
+
+## Delegating to the Original Implementation
+
+When working with a partial mock object, you may occasionally
+want to set a message expectation without interfering with how
+the object responds to the message. You can use `and_call_original`
+to achieve this:
+
+```ruby
+expect(Person).to receive(:find).and_call_original
+Person.find # => executes the original find method and returns the result
+```
+
+## Combining Expectation Details
+
+Combining the message name with specific arguments, receive counts and responses
+you can get quite a bit of detail in your expectations:
+
+```ruby
+expect(double).to receive(:<<).with("illegal value").once.and_raise(ArgumentError)
+```
+
+While this is a good thing when you really need it, you probably don't really
+need it! Take care to specify only the things that matter to the behavior of
+your code.
+
+## Stubbing and Hiding Constants
+
+See the [mutating constants
+README](https://github.com/rspec/rspec-mocks/blob/master/features/mutating_constants/README.md)
+for info on this feature.
+
+## Use `before(:example)`, not `before(:context)`
+
+Stubs in `before(:context)` are not supported. The reason is that all stubs and mocks get cleared out after each example, so any stub that is set in `before(:context)` would work in the first example that happens to run in that group, but not for any others.
+
+Instead of `before(:context)`, use `before(:example)`.
+
+## Settings mocks or stubs on any instance of a class
+
+rspec-mocks provides two methods, `allow_any_instance_of` and
+`expect_any_instance_of`, that will allow you to stub or mock any instance
+of a class. They are used in place of `allow` or `expect`:
+
+```ruby
+allow_any_instance_of(Widget).to receive(:name).and_return("Wibble")
+expect_any_instance_of(Widget).to receive(:name).and_return("Wobble")
+```
+
+These methods add the appropriate stub or expectation to all instances of
+`Widget`.
+
+This feature is sometimes useful when working with legacy code, though in
+general we discourage its use for a number of reasons:
+
+* The `rspec-mocks` API is designed for individual object instances, but this
+  feature operates on entire classes of objects. As a result there are some
+  semantically confusing edge cases. For example in
+  `expect_any_instance_of(Widget).to receive(:name).twice` it isn't clear
+  whether each specific instance is expected to receive `name` twice, or if two
+  receives total are expected. (It's the former.)
+* Using this feature is often a design smell. It may be
+  that your test is trying to do too much or that the object under test is too
+  complex.
+* It is the most complicated feature of `rspec-mocks`, and has historically
+  received the most bug reports. (None of the core team actively use it,
+  which doesn't help.)
+
+
+## Further Reading
+
+There are many different viewpoints about the meaning of mocks and stubs. If
+you are interested in learning more, here is some recommended reading:
+
+* Mock Objects: http://www.mockobjects.com/
+* Endo-Testing: http://www.ccs.neu.edu/research/demeter/related-work/extreme-programming/MockObjectsFinal.PDF
+* Mock Roles, Not Objects: http://www.jmock.org/oopsla2004.pdf
+* Test Double: http://www.martinfowler.com/bliki/TestDouble.html
+* Test Double Patterns: http://xunitpatterns.com/Test%20Double%20Patterns.html
+* Mocks aren't stubs: http://www.martinfowler.com/articles/mocksArentStubs.html
+
+## Also see
+
+* [https://github.com/rspec/rspec](https://github.com/rspec/rspec)
+* [https://github.com/rspec/rspec-core](https://github.com/rspec/rspec-core)
+* [https://github.com/rspec/rspec-expectations](https://github.com/rspec/rspec-expectations)
+* [https://github.com/rspec/rspec-rails](https://github.com/rspec/rspec-rails)