backtracie 0.3.0 → 1.1.0

data/ext/backtracie_native_extension/backtracie_frames.c

@@ -0,0 +1,941 @@
+// backtracie: Ruby gem for beautiful backtraces
+// Copyright (C) 2021 Ivo Anjo <ivo@ivoanjo.me>
+//
+// This file is part of backtracie.
+//
+// backtracie is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// backtracie is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with backtracie.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// The file below has modified versions of code extracted from the Ruby project.
+// The Ruby project copyright and license follow:
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Ruby is copyrighted free software by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@netlab.jp>.
+// You can redistribute it and/or modify it under either the terms of the
+// 2-clause BSDL (see the file BSDL), or the conditions below:
+
+// 1. You may make and give away verbatim copies of the source form of the
+//    software without restriction, provided that you duplicate all of the
+//    original copyright notices and associated disclaimers.
+
+// 2. You may modify your copy of the software in any way, provided that
+//    you do at least ONE of the following:
+
+//    a. place your modifications in the Public Domain or otherwise
+//       make them Freely Available, such as by posting said
+//       modifications to Usenet or an equivalent medium, or by allowing
+//       the author to include your modifications in the software.
+
+//    b. use the modified software only within your corporation or
+//       organization.
+
+//    c. give non-standard binaries non-standard names, with
+//       instructions on where to get the original software distribution.
+
+//    d. make other distribution arrangements with the author.
+
+// 3. You may distribute the software in object code or binary form,
+//    provided that you do at least ONE of the following:
+
+//    a. distribute the binaries and library files of the software,
+//       together with instructions (in the manual page or equivalent)
+//       on where to get the original distribution.
+
+//    b. accompany the distribution with the machine-readable source of
+//       the software.
+
+//    c. give non-standard binaries non-standard names, with
+//       instructions on where to get the original software distribution.
+
+//    d. make other distribution arrangements with the author.
+
+// 4. You may modify and include the part of the software into any other
+//    software (possibly commercial).  But some files in the distribution
+//    are not written by the author, so that they are not under these terms.
+
+//    For the list of those files and their copying conditions, see the
+//    file LEGAL.
+
+// 5. The scripts and library files supplied as input to or produced as
+//    output from the software do not automatically fall under the
+//    copyright of the software, but belong to whomever generated them,
+//    and may be sold commercially, and may be aggregated with this
+//    software.
+
+// 6. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
+//    IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
+//    WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+//    PURPOSE.
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// backtracie_frames.c contains a number of borrowed functions from the MRI Ruby
+// (usually 3.0.0) source tree:
+// * A few were copy-pasted verbatim, and are dependencies for other functions
+// * A few were copy-pasted and then changed so we can add features and fixes
+// * A few were copy-pasted verbatim, with the objective of backporting
+//   their 3.0.0 behavior to earlier Ruby versions.
+//
+// `git blame` usually documents which functions were added for what reason.
+
+// Note that since the RUBY_MJIT_HEADER is a very special header, meant for
+// internal use only, it has a number of quirks:
+//
+// 1. I've seen a few segfaults when trying to call back into original Ruby
+// functions. E.g. even if the API is used
+//    correctly, just the mere inclusion of RUBY_MJIT_HEADER causes usage to
+//    crash. Thus, as much as possible, it's better to define functions OUTSIDE
+//    this file.
+//
+// 2. On Windows, I've observed "multiple definition of `something...'" (such as
+// `rb_vm_ep_local_ep') whenever there
+//    are multiple files in the codebase that include the RUBY_MJIT_HEADER.
+//    It looks like (some?) Windows versions of Ruby define a bunch of functions
+//    in the RUBY_MJIT_HEADER itself without marking them as "static" (e.g. not
+//    visible to the outside of the file), and thus the linker then complains
+//    when linking together several files which all have these non-private
+//    symbols. One possible hacky solution suggested by the internets is to use
+//    the "-Wl,-allow-multiple-definition" linker flags to ignore this problem;
+//    instead I've chosen to implement all usage of the RUBY_MJIT_HEADER on this
+//    file -- no other file in backtracie shall include RUBY_MJIT_HEADER. It's a
+//    simpler approach, and hopefully avoids any problems.
+
+#include "extconf.h"
+
+#ifndef PRE_MJIT_RUBY
+#ifndef RUBY_MJIT_HEADER_INCLUDED
+#define RUBY_MJIT_HEADER_INCLUDED
+#include RUBY_MJIT_HEADER
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#ifdef PRE_MJIT_RUBY
+// The order of includes here is very important in older versions of Ruby
+// clang-format off
+#include <ruby.h>
+#include <vm_core.h>
+#include <method.h>
+#include <iseq.h>
+#include <regenc.h>
+// clang-format on
+#endif
+
+#include "backtracie_private.h"
+#include "public/backtracie.h"
+#include "strbuilder.h"
+
+#ifndef PRE_RB_ISEQ_TYPE
+// This was renamed for Ruby >= 3.2
+  #define RB_ISEQ_TYPE rb_iseq_type
+#else
+  #define RB_ISEQ_TYPE iseq_type
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PRE_EXECUTION_CONTEXT
+// The thread and its execution context were separated on Ruby 2.5; prior to
+// that, everything was part of the thread
+#define rb_execution_context_t rb_thread_t
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PRE_VM_ENV_RENAMES
+#define VM_ENV_LOCAL_P VM_EP_LEP_P
+#define VM_ENV_PREV_EP VM_EP_PREV_EP
+#define VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ME_CREF -1
+#define VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P(cfp) RUBY_VM_NORMAL_ISEQ_P(cfp->iseq)
+#endif
+
+// This is managed in backtracie.c
+extern VALUE backtracie_main_object_instance;
+extern VALUE backtracie_frame_wrapper_class;
+static void raw_location_to_minimal_location(const raw_location *raw_loc,
+                                             minimal_location_t *min_loc);
+static void mod_to_s_anon(VALUE klass, strbuilder_t *strout);
+static void mod_to_s_refinement(VALUE klass, strbuilder_t *strout);
+static void mod_to_s_singleton(VALUE klass, strbuilder_t *strout);
+static void mod_to_s(VALUE klass, strbuilder_t *strout);
+static void minimal_location_method_qualifier(const minimal_location_t *loc,
+                                              strbuilder_t *strout);
+static void minimal_location_method_name(const minimal_location_t *loc,
+                                         strbuilder_t *strout);
+static bool frame_filename(const raw_location *loc, bool absolute,
+                           strbuilder_t *strout);
+static bool iseq_path(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, bool absolute,
+                      strbuilder_t *strout);
+static int frame_label(const raw_location *loc, bool base,
+                       strbuilder_t *strout);
+static int calc_lineno(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const void *pc);
+static const rb_callable_method_entry_t *
+backtracie_vm_frame_method_entry(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp);
+
+static void backtracie_frame_wrapper_mark(void *ptr);
+static void backtracie_frame_wrapper_compact(void *ptr);
+static void backtracie_frame_wrapper_free(void *ptr);
+static size_t backtracie_frame_wrapper_memsize(const void *ptr);
+static const rb_data_type_t backtracie_frame_wrapper_type = {
+    .wrap_struct_name = "backtracie_frame_wrapper",
+    .function = {.dmark = backtracie_frame_wrapper_mark,
+                 .dfree = backtracie_frame_wrapper_free,
+                 .dsize = backtracie_frame_wrapper_memsize,
+#ifndef PRE_GC_MARK_MOVABLE
+                 .dcompact = backtracie_frame_wrapper_compact,
+#endif
+                 .reserved = {0}},
+    .parent = NULL,
+    .data = NULL,
+    // This is safe, because our free function does not do anything which could
+    // yield the GVL.
+    .flags = RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
+};
+
+typedef struct {
+  raw_location *frames;
+  size_t capa;
+  int len;
+} frame_wrapper_t;
+
+static bool object_has_special_bt_handling(VALUE obj) {
+  return obj == backtracie_main_object_instance || obj == rb_mRubyVMFrozenCore;
+}
+
+static bool iseq_type_is_block_or_eval(enum RB_ISEQ_TYPE type) {
+  return type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL || type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK;
+}
+
+static bool iseq_type_is_eval(enum RB_ISEQ_TYPE type) {
+  return type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL;
+}
+
+static bool iseq_is_block_or_eval(const rb_iseq_t *iseq) {
+  if (!iseq)
+    return false;
+  return iseq_type_is_block_or_eval(iseq->body->type);
+}
+
+static bool iseq_is_eval(const rb_iseq_t *iseq) {
+  if (!iseq)
+    return false;
+  return iseq_type_is_eval(iseq->body->type);
+}
+
+static bool class_or_module_or_iclass(VALUE obj) {
+  return RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_ICLASS) ||
+         RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_MODULE);
+}
+
+bool backtracie_is_thread_alive(VALUE thread) {
+  // In here we're assuming that what we got is really a Thread or its subclass.
+  // This assumption NEEDS to be verified by the caller, otherwise I see a
+  // segfault in your future.
+  rb_thread_t *thread_pointer = (rb_thread_t *)DATA_PTR(thread);
+
+  return !(thread_pointer->to_kill || thread_pointer->status == THREAD_KILLED);
+}
+
+void backtracie_frame_mark(const raw_location *loc) {
+  rb_gc_mark(loc->iseq);
+  rb_gc_mark(loc->callable_method_entry);
+  rb_gc_mark(loc->self_or_self_class);
+}
+
+void backtracie_frame_mark_movable(const raw_location *loc) {
+#ifdef PRE_GC_MARK_MOVABLE
+  backtracie_frame_mark(loc);
+#else
+  rb_gc_mark_movable(loc->iseq);
+  rb_gc_mark_movable(loc->callable_method_entry);
+  rb_gc_mark_movable(loc->self_or_self_class);
+#endif
+}
+
+void backtracie_frame_compact(raw_location *loc) {
+#ifndef PRE_GC_MARK_MOVABLE
+  loc->iseq = rb_gc_location(loc->iseq);
+  loc->callable_method_entry = rb_gc_location(loc->callable_method_entry);
+  loc->self_or_self_class = rb_gc_location(loc->self_or_self_class);
+#endif
+}
+
+static int
+backtracie_frame_count_for_execution_context(rb_execution_context_t *ec) {
+  const rb_control_frame_t *last_cfp = ec->cfp;
+  // -2 because of the two dummy frames at the bottom of the stack.
+  const rb_control_frame_t *start_cfp = RUBY_VM_END_CONTROL_FRAME(ec) - 2;
+
+  if (ec->cfp == NULL) {
+    // This case means that a new thread hasn't called _any_ ruby method yet, it
+    // seems. Returning zero from here is the most sensible answer.
+    return 0;
+  } else if (start_cfp < last_cfp) {
+    return 0;
+  } else {
+    return (int)(start_cfp - last_cfp + 1);
+  }
+}
+
+int backtracie_frame_count_for_thread(VALUE thread) {
+  if (!backtracie_is_thread_alive(thread))
+    return 0;
+  rb_thread_t *thread_pointer = (rb_thread_t *)DATA_PTR(thread);
+
+#ifndef PRE_EXECUTION_CONTEXT
+  return backtracie_frame_count_for_execution_context(thread_pointer->ec);
+#else
+  return backtracie_frame_count_for_execution_context(thread_pointer);
+#endif
+}
+
+static bool backtracie_capture_frame_for_execution_context(
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec, int frame_index, raw_location *loc) {
+  // The frame argument is zero-based with zero being "the frame closest to
+  // where execution is now" (I couldn't decide if this was supposed to be the
+  // "top" or "bottom" of the callstack; but lower frame argument --> more
+  // recently called function.
+
+  const rb_control_frame_t *cfp = ec->cfp + frame_index;
+  if (!RUBY_VM_VALID_CONTROL_FRAME_P(cfp, RUBY_VM_END_CONTROL_FRAME(ec) - 1)) {
+    // -1 because of the two "dummy" frames at the bottom of the stack.
+    // (it's -1, not -2, because RUBY_VM_VALID_CONTROL_FRAME_P checks if the
+    // given frame is >= the end frame, not >).,
+    // Means we're past the end of the stack.
+    BACKTRACIE_ASSERT_FAIL("called capture_frame with an invalid index");
+  }
+
+  const rb_callable_method_entry_t *cme = backtracie_vm_frame_method_entry(cfp);
+
+  // Work out validity, or otherwise, of this frame.
+  // This expression is derived from what backtrace_each in vm_backtrace.c does.
+  bool is_valid = (!(cfp->iseq && !cfp->pc) &&
+                   (VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P(cfp) ||
+                    (cme && cme->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_CFUNC)));
+  if (!is_valid) {
+    // Don't include this frame in backtraces
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  loc->is_ruby_frame = VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P(cfp);
+  loc->iseq = (VALUE)cfp->iseq;
+  loc->callable_method_entry = (VALUE)cme;
+  if (object_has_special_bt_handling(cfp->self) ||
+      class_or_module_or_iclass(cfp->self)) {
+    loc->self_or_self_class = cfp->self;
+    loc->self_is_real_self = 1;
+  } else {
+    loc->self_or_self_class = rb_class_of(cfp->self);
+    loc->self_is_real_self = 0;
+  }
+  loc->pc = cfp->pc;
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool backtracie_capture_frame_for_thread(VALUE thread, int frame_index,
+                                         raw_location *loc) {
+  if (!backtracie_is_thread_alive(thread)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  rb_thread_t *thread_pointer = (rb_thread_t *)DATA_PTR(thread);
+
+#ifndef PRE_EXECUTION_CONTEXT
+  return backtracie_capture_frame_for_execution_context(thread_pointer->ec,
+                                                        frame_index, loc);
+#else
+  return backtracie_capture_frame_for_execution_context(thread_pointer,
+                                                        frame_index, loc);
+#endif
+}
+
+int backtracie_frame_line_number(const raw_location *loc) {
+  return calc_lineno((rb_iseq_t *)loc->iseq, loc->pc);
+}
+
+size_t backtracie_frame_name_cstr(const raw_location *loc, char *buf,
+                                  size_t buflen) {
+  strbuilder_t builder;
+  strbuilder_init(&builder, buf, buflen);
+
+  minimal_location_t min_loc;
+  raw_location_to_minimal_location(loc, &min_loc);
+  minimal_location_method_qualifier(&min_loc, &builder);
+  minimal_location_method_name(&min_loc, &builder);
+
+  return builder.attempted_size;
+}
+
+VALUE backtracie_frame_name_rbstr(const raw_location *loc) {
+  strbuilder_t builder;
+  strbuilder_init_growable(&builder, 256);
+
+  minimal_location_t min_loc;
+  raw_location_to_minimal_location(loc, &min_loc);
+  minimal_location_method_qualifier(&min_loc, &builder);
+  minimal_location_method_name(&min_loc, &builder);
+
+  VALUE ret = strbuilder_to_value(&builder);
+  strbuilder_free_growable(&builder);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+size_t backtracie_frame_filename_cstr(const raw_location *loc, bool absolute,
+                                      char *buf, size_t buflen) {
+  strbuilder_t builder;
+  strbuilder_init(&builder, buf, buflen);
+
+  frame_filename(loc, absolute, &builder);
+
+  return builder.attempted_size;
+}
+
+VALUE backtracie_frame_filename_rbstr(const raw_location *loc, bool absolute) {
+  strbuilder_t builder;
+  strbuilder_init_growable(&builder, 256);
+
+  bool fname_found = frame_filename(loc, absolute, &builder);
+
+  VALUE ret = Qnil;
+  if (fname_found) {
+    ret = strbuilder_to_value(&builder);
+  }
+  strbuilder_free_growable(&builder);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+static bool frame_filename(const raw_location *loc, bool absolute,
+                           strbuilder_t *strout) {
+  return iseq_path((const rb_iseq_t *)loc->iseq, absolute, strout);
+}
+
+size_t backtracie_frame_label_cstr(const raw_location *loc, bool base,
+                                   char *buf, size_t buflen) {
+  strbuilder_t builder;
+  strbuilder_init(&builder, buf, buflen);
+
+  frame_label(loc, base, &builder);
+
+  return builder.attempted_size;
+}
+
+VALUE backtracie_frame_label_rbstr(const raw_location *loc, bool base) {
+  strbuilder_t builder;
+  strbuilder_init_growable(&builder, 256);
+
+  int label_found = frame_label(loc, base, &builder);
+
+  VALUE ret = Qnil;
+  if (label_found) {
+    ret = strbuilder_to_value(&builder);
+  }
+  strbuilder_free_growable(&builder);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+VALUE backtracie_frame_for_rb_profile(const raw_location *loc) {
+  const rb_iseq_t *iseq = NULL;
+  const rb_callable_method_entry_t *cme = NULL;
+  if (RTEST(loc->iseq)) {
+    iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)loc->iseq;
+  }
+  if (RTEST(loc->callable_method_entry)) {
+    cme = (rb_callable_method_entry_t *)cme;
+  }
+
+  // This one is somewhat weird, but the regular MRI Ruby APIs seem to pick the
+  // iseq for evals as well
+  if (iseq_is_eval(iseq)) {
+    return loc->iseq;
+  }
+  // This comes from the original rb_profile_frames logic, which would only
+  // return the iseq when the cme type is not VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ
+  if (cme && cme->def->type != VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ) {
+    return loc->callable_method_entry;
+  }
+
+  if (iseq) {
+    return loc->iseq;
+  }
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+static int frame_label(const raw_location *loc, bool base,
+                       strbuilder_t *strout) {
+  if (loc->is_ruby_frame) {
+    // Replicate what rb_profile_frames would do
+    if (!RTEST(loc->iseq)) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+    rb_iseq_t *iseq = (rb_iseq_t *)loc->iseq;
+    VALUE label =
+        base ? iseq->body->location.base_label : iseq->body->location.label;
+    strbuilder_append_value(strout, label);
+  } else {
+    if (!RTEST(loc->callable_method_entry)) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+    rb_callable_method_entry_t *cme =
+        (rb_callable_method_entry_t *)loc->callable_method_entry;
+    strbuilder_append_value(strout, rb_id2str(cme->def->original_id));
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+static void raw_location_to_minimal_location(const raw_location *raw_loc,
+                                             minimal_location_t *min_loc) {
+
+  min_loc->is_ruby_frame = raw_loc->is_ruby_frame;
+  if (RTEST(raw_loc->callable_method_entry)) {
+    min_loc->method_name_contents = BACKTRACIE_METHOD_NAME_CONTENTS_CME_ID;
+    min_loc->method_name.cme_method_id =
+        ((rb_callable_method_entry_t *)raw_loc->callable_method_entry)
+            ->called_id;
+  } else if (RTEST(raw_loc->iseq)) {
+    min_loc->method_name_contents = BACKTRACIE_METHOD_NAME_CONTENTS_BASE_LABEL;
+    min_loc->method_name.base_label =
+        ((rb_iseq_t *)raw_loc->iseq)->body->location.base_label;
+  } else {
+    min_loc->method_name_contents = BACKTRACIE_METHOD_NAME_CONTENTS_BASE_LABEL;
+    min_loc->method_name.base_label = Qnil;
+  }
+
+  if (RTEST(raw_loc->iseq)) {
+    min_loc->has_iseq_type = 1;
+    min_loc->iseq_type = ((rb_iseq_t *)raw_loc->iseq)->body->type;
+    min_loc->line_number = calc_lineno((rb_iseq_t *)raw_loc->iseq, raw_loc->pc);
+  } else {
+    min_loc->has_iseq_type = 0;
+    min_loc->line_number = 0;
+  }
+
+  if (RTEST(raw_loc->self_is_real_self)) {
+    min_loc->method_qualifier_contents =
+        BACKTRACIE_METHOD_QUALIFIER_CONTENTS_SELF;
+    min_loc->method_qualifier.self = raw_loc->self_or_self_class;
+  } else if (RTEST(raw_loc->callable_method_entry)) {
+    min_loc->method_qualifier_contents =
+        BACKTRACIE_METHOD_QUALIFIER_CONTENTS_CME_CLASS;
+    min_loc->method_qualifier.cme_defined_class =
+        ((rb_callable_method_entry_t *)raw_loc->callable_method_entry)
+            ->defined_class;
+  } else {
+    min_loc->method_qualifier_contents =
+        BACKTRACIE_METHOD_QUALIFIER_CONTENTS_SELF_CLASS;
+    min_loc->method_qualifier.self_class = raw_loc->self_or_self_class;
+  }
+}
+
+static void mod_to_s_anon(VALUE klass, strbuilder_t *strout) {
+  // Anonymous module/class - print the name of the first non-anonymous super.
+  // something like "#{klazz.ancestors.map(&:name).compact.first}$anonymous"
+  //
+  // Note that if klazz is a module, we want to do this on klazz.class, not
+  // klazz itself:
+  //
+  //   irb(main):008:0> m = Module.new
+  //   => #<Module:0x00000000021a7208>
+  //   irb(main):009:0> m.ancestors
+  //   => [#<Module:0x00000000021a7208>]
+  //   # Not very useful - nothing with a name is in the ancestor chain
+  //   irb(main):010:0> m.class.ancestors
+  //   => [Module, Object, Kernel, BasicObject]
+  //   # Much more useful - we can call this Module$anonymous.
+  //
+  VALUE superclass = klass;
+  VALUE superclass_name = Qnil;
+  // Find an actual class - every _class_ is guaranteed to be a descendant of
+  // BasicObject at least, which has a name, so we'll be able to name this
+  // _something_.
+  while (!RB_TYPE_P(superclass, T_CLASS)) {
+    superclass = rb_class_of(superclass);
+  }
+  do {
+    superclass = rb_class_superclass(superclass);
+    BACKTRACIE_ASSERT(RTEST(superclass));
+    superclass_name = rb_mod_name(superclass);
+  } while (!RTEST(superclass_name));
+  strbuilder_append_value(strout, superclass_name);
+}
+
+static void mod_to_s_singleton(VALUE klass, strbuilder_t *strout) {
+  VALUE singleton_of = rb_class_real(klass);
+  // If this is the singleton_class of a Class, or Module, we want to print
+  // the _value_ of the object, and _NOT_ its class.
+  // Basically:
+  //    module MyModule; end;
+  //    klazz = MyModule.singleton_class =>
+  //        we want to output "MyModule"
+  //
+  //    klazz = Something.new.singleton_class =>
+  //        we want to output "Something"
+  //
+  if (singleton_of == rb_cModule || singleton_of == rb_cClass) {
+    // The first case. Use the id_attached symbol to get what this is the
+    // singleton_class _of_.
+    singleton_of = rb_ivar_get(klass, id__attached__);
+  }
+  mod_to_s(singleton_of, strout);
+}
+
+static void mod_to_s_refinement(VALUE refinement_module, strbuilder_t *strout) {
+  ID id_refined_class;
+  CONST_ID(id_refined_class, "__refined_class__");
+  VALUE refined_class = rb_attr_get(refinement_module, id_refined_class);
+  ID id_defined_at;
+  CONST_ID(id_defined_at, "__defined_at__");
+  VALUE defined_at = rb_attr_get(refinement_module, id_defined_at);
+
+  mod_to_s(refined_class, strout);
+  strbuilder_append(strout, "$refinement@");
+  mod_to_s(defined_at, strout);
+}
+
+static void mod_to_s(VALUE klass, strbuilder_t *strout) {
+  if (FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON)) {
+    mod_to_s_singleton(klass, strout);
+    strbuilder_append(strout, "$singleton");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  VALUE klass_name = rb_mod_name(klass);
+  if (!RTEST(rb_mod_name(klass))) {
+    // If I understood it correctly, a T_ICLASS represents the inclusion of a module into
+    // a class. In this situation, we usually want to use the module name instead.
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_ICLASS)) {
+      VALUE included_module = RBASIC(klass)->klass;
+      mod_to_s(included_module, strout);
+      return;
+    } else {
+      mod_to_s_anon(klass, strout);
+      strbuilder_append(strout, "$anonymous");
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Non-anonymous module/class.
+  // something like "#{klazz.name}"
+  strbuilder_append_value(strout, klass_name);
+}
+
+static void minimal_location_method_qualifier(const minimal_location_t *loc,
+                                              strbuilder_t *strout) {
+  // First, check if it's a special object.
+  if (loc->method_qualifier_contents ==
+      BACKTRACIE_METHOD_QUALIFIER_CONTENTS_SELF) {
+    if (loc->method_qualifier.self == backtracie_main_object_instance) {
+      strbuilder_append(strout, "Object$<main>#");
+      return;
+    }
+    if (loc->method_qualifier.self == rb_mRubyVMFrozenCore) {
+      strbuilder_append(strout, "RubyVM::FrozenCore#");
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Next, check if it's a refinement.
+  if (loc->method_qualifier_contents ==
+      BACKTRACIE_METHOD_QUALIFIER_CONTENTS_CME_CLASS) {
+    VALUE class_of_defined_class =
+        rb_class_of(loc->method_qualifier.cme_defined_class);
+    if (RTEST(class_of_defined_class) &&
+        FL_TEST(class_of_defined_class, RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT)) {
+      // The method being called is defined on a refinement.
+      mod_to_s_refinement(class_of_defined_class, strout);
+      strbuilder_append(strout, "#");
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Next, check if the method receiver is itself a class or module.
+  if (loc->method_qualifier_contents ==
+      BACKTRACIE_METHOD_QUALIFIER_CONTENTS_SELF) {
+    if (class_or_module_or_iclass(loc->method_qualifier.self)) {
+      // We have something like SomeModule.foo being called directly like that,
+      // without an instance.
+      mod_to_s(loc->method_qualifier.self, strout);
+      strbuilder_append(strout, ".");
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Means the method receiver is _not_ a module/class; so, print the name of
+  // the class that the method is defined on.
+  VALUE method_target;
+  switch (loc->method_qualifier_contents) {
+  case BACKTRACIE_METHOD_QUALIFIER_CONTENTS_SELF:
+    method_target = rb_class_of(loc->method_qualifier.self);
+    break;
+  case BACKTRACIE_METHOD_QUALIFIER_CONTENTS_SELF_CLASS:
+    method_target = loc->method_qualifier.self_class;
+    break;
+  case BACKTRACIE_METHOD_QUALIFIER_CONTENTS_CME_CLASS:
+    method_target = loc->method_qualifier.cme_defined_class;
+    break;
+  default:
+    strbuilder_append(strout, "FIXME_SHOULD_NEVER_HAPPEN");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  mod_to_s(method_target, strout);
+  strbuilder_append(strout, "#");
+}
+
+static void minimal_location_method_name(const minimal_location_t *loc,
+                                         strbuilder_t *strout) {
+  if (loc->method_name_contents == BACKTRACIE_METHOD_NAME_CONTENTS_CME_ID) {
+    // With a callable method entry, things are simple; just use that.
+    VALUE method_name = rb_id2str(loc->method_name.cme_method_id);
+    strbuilder_append_value(strout, method_name);
+    if (loc->has_iseq_type && iseq_type_is_block_or_eval(loc->iseq_type)) {
+      strbuilder_append(strout, "{block}");
+    }
+  } else {
+    // With no CME, we _DO NOT_ want to use iseq->base_label if we're a block,
+    // because otherwise it will print something like "block in (something)". In
+    // fact, using the iseq->base_label is pretty much a last resort. If we
+    // manage to write _anything_ else in our backtrace, we won't use it.
+    bool did_write_anything = false;
+    if (loc->method_qualifier_contents ==
+        BACKTRACIE_METHOD_QUALIFIER_CONTENTS_SELF) {
+      if (RB_TYPE_P(loc->method_qualifier.self, T_CLASS)) {
+        // No CME, and self being a class/module, means we're executing code
+        // inside a class Foo; ...; end;
+        strbuilder_append(strout, "{class exec}");
+        did_write_anything = true;
+      }
+      if (RB_TYPE_P(loc->method_qualifier.self, T_MODULE)) {
+        strbuilder_append(strout, "{module exec}");
+        did_write_anything = true;
+      }
+    }
+    if (loc->has_iseq_type && iseq_type_is_block_or_eval(loc->iseq_type)) {
+      strbuilder_append(strout, "{block}");
+      did_write_anything = true;
+    }
+    if (!did_write_anything) {
+      // As a fallback, use whatever is on the base_label.
+      // n.b. method_name_contents is guaranteed to be set to
+      // CONTENTS_BASE_LABEL in this branch.
+      strbuilder_append_value(strout, loc->method_name.base_label);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// This is mostly a reimplementation of pathobj_path from vm_core.h
+// returns true if a path was found, and false otherwise
+static bool iseq_path(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, bool absolute,
+                      strbuilder_t *strout) {
+  if (!iseq) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  VALUE path_str;
+#ifdef PRE_LOCATION_PATHOBJ
+  rb_iseq_location_t loc = iseq->body->location;
+  path_str = absolute ? loc.absolute_path : loc.path;
+#else
+  VALUE pathobj = iseq->body->location.pathobj;
+  if (RB_TYPE_P(pathobj, T_STRING)) {
+    path_str = pathobj;
+  } else {
+    BACKTRACIE_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(pathobj, T_ARRAY));
+    int path_type = absolute ? PATHOBJ_REALPATH : PATHOBJ_PATH;
+    path_str = RARRAY_AREF(pathobj, path_type);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  if (RTEST(path_str)) {
+    strbuilder_append_value(strout, path_str);
+    return 1;
+  } else {
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/**********************************************************************
+  vm_backtrace.c -
+  $Author: ko1 $
+  created at: Sun Jun 03 00:14:20 2012
+  Copyright (C) 1993-2012 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+**********************************************************************/
+
+static int calc_lineno(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const void *pc) {
+  VM_ASSERT(iseq);
+  VM_ASSERT(iseq->body);
+  VM_ASSERT(iseq->body->iseq_encoded);
+  VM_ASSERT(iseq->body->iseq_size);
+  if (!pc) {
+    /* This can happen during VM bootup. */
+    VM_ASSERT(iseq->body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_TOP);
+    VM_ASSERT(!iseq->body->local_table);
+    VM_ASSERT(!iseq->body->local_table_size);
+    return 0;
+  } else {
+    ptrdiff_t n = (const VALUE *)pc - iseq->body->iseq_encoded;
+    VM_ASSERT(n <= iseq->body->iseq_size);
+    VM_ASSERT(n >= 0);
+    ASSUME(n >= 0);
+    size_t pos = n; /* no overflow */
+    if (LIKELY(pos)) {
+      /* use pos-1 because PC points next instruction at the beginning of
+       * instruction */
+      pos--;
+    }
+    return rb_iseq_line_no(iseq, pos);
+  }
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  vm_insnhelper.c - instruction helper functions.
+
+  $Author$
+
+  Copyright (C) 2007 Koichi Sasada
+
+**********************************************************************/
+
+static rb_callable_method_entry_t *copied_check_method_entry(VALUE obj,
+                                                             int can_be_svar) {
+  if (obj == Qfalse)
+    return NULL;
+
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0
+  if (!RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_IMEMO))
+    rb_bug("copied_check_method_entry: unknown type: %s", rb_obj_info(obj));
+#endif
+
+  switch (imemo_type(obj)) {
+  case imemo_ment:
+    return (rb_callable_method_entry_t *)obj;
+  case imemo_cref:
+    return NULL;
+  case imemo_svar:
+    if (can_be_svar) {
+      return copied_check_method_entry(((struct vm_svar *)obj)->cref_or_me,
+                                       FALSE);
+    }
+  default:
+#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0
+    rb_bug("copied_check_method_entry: svar should not be there:");
+#endif
+    return NULL;
+  }
+}
+
+static const rb_callable_method_entry_t *
+copied_vm_frame_method_entry(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp) {
+  const VALUE *ep = cfp->ep;
+  rb_callable_method_entry_t *me;
+
+  while (!VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(ep)) {
+    if ((me = copied_check_method_entry(ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ME_CREF],
+                                        FALSE)) != NULL)
+      return me;
+    ep = VM_ENV_PREV_EP(ep);
+  }
+
+  return copied_check_method_entry(ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_ME_CREF], TRUE);
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+static const rb_callable_method_entry_t *
+backtracie_vm_frame_method_entry(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp) {
+#ifdef PRE_MJIT_RUBY
+  // In < ruby 2.6, the symbol for rb_vm_frame_method_entry is hidden
+  return copied_vm_frame_method_entry(cfp);
+#else
+  return rb_vm_frame_method_entry(cfp);
+#endif
+}
+
+VALUE backtracie_frame_wrapper_new(size_t count) {
+  frame_wrapper_t *frame_data;
+  VALUE wrapper =
+      TypedData_Make_Struct(backtracie_frame_wrapper_class, frame_wrapper_t,
+                            &backtracie_frame_wrapper_type, frame_data);
+  frame_data->capa = count;
+  frame_data->len = 0;
+  frame_data->frames = xcalloc(count, sizeof(raw_location));
+  return wrapper;
+}
+
+raw_location *backtracie_frame_wrapper_frames(VALUE wrapper) {
+  frame_wrapper_t *frame_data;
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(wrapper, frame_wrapper_t, &backtracie_frame_wrapper_type,
+                       frame_data);
+  return frame_data->frames;
+}
+int *backtracie_frame_wrapper_len(VALUE wrapper) {
+  frame_wrapper_t *frame_data;
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(wrapper, frame_wrapper_t, &backtracie_frame_wrapper_type,
+                       frame_data);
+  return &frame_data->len;
+}
+
+static void backtracie_frame_wrapper_mark(void *ptr) {
+  frame_wrapper_t *frame_data = (frame_wrapper_t *)ptr;
+  for (int i = 0; i < frame_data->len; i++) {
+    backtracie_frame_mark_movable(&frame_data->frames[i]);
+  }
+}
+static void backtracie_frame_wrapper_compact(void *ptr) {
+  frame_wrapper_t *frame_data = (frame_wrapper_t *)ptr;
+  for (int i = 0; i < frame_data->len; i++) {
+    backtracie_frame_compact(&frame_data->frames[i]);
+  }
+}
+static void backtracie_frame_wrapper_free(void *ptr) {
+  frame_wrapper_t *frame_data = (frame_wrapper_t *)ptr;
+  xfree(frame_data->frames);
+}
+static size_t backtracie_frame_wrapper_memsize(const void *ptr) {
+  const frame_wrapper_t *frame_data = (const frame_wrapper_t *)ptr;
+  return sizeof(frame_wrapper_t) + sizeof(raw_location) * frame_data->capa;
+}
+
+bool backtracie_capture_minimal_frame_for_thread(VALUE thread, int frame_index,
+                                                 minimal_location_t *loc) {
+  raw_location raw_loc;
+  bool ret = backtracie_capture_frame_for_thread(thread, frame_index, &raw_loc);
+  if (!ret) {
+    return ret;
+  }
+  raw_location_to_minimal_location(&raw_loc, loc);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+size_t backtracie_minimal_frame_name_cstr(const minimal_location_t *loc,
+                                          char *buf, size_t buflen) {
+
+  strbuilder_t builder;
+  strbuilder_init(&builder, buf, buflen);
+  minimal_location_method_qualifier(loc, &builder);
+  minimal_location_method_name(loc, &builder);
+  return builder.attempted_size;
+}
+
+size_t backtracie_minimal_frame_filename_cstr(const minimal_location_t *loc,
+                                              char *buf, size_t buflen) {
+
+  strbuilder_t builder;
+  strbuilder_init(&builder, buf, buflen);
+  if (RTEST(loc->filename)) {
+    strbuilder_append_value(&builder, loc->filename);
+  }
+  return builder.attempted_size;
+}