backlog 0.0.3 → 0.0.4

data/vendor/rails/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1701 @@
+require 'active_record/associations/association_proxy'
+require 'active_record/associations/association_collection'
+require 'active_record/associations/belongs_to_association'
+require 'active_record/associations/belongs_to_polymorphic_association'
+require 'active_record/associations/has_one_association'
+require 'active_record/associations/has_many_association'
+require 'active_record/associations/has_many_through_association'
+require 'active_record/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_association'
+require 'active_record/deprecated_associations'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class HasManyThroughAssociationNotFoundError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection)
+      super("Could not find the association #{reflection.options[:through].inspect} in model #{owner_class_name}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  class HasManyThroughAssociationPolymorphicError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection, source_reflection)
+      super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' on the polymorphic object '#{source_reflection.class_name}##{source_reflection.name}'.")
+    end
+  end
+  
+  class HasManyThroughAssociationPointlessSourceTypeError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection, source_reflection)
+      super("Cannot have a has_many :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' with a :source_type option if the '#{reflection.through_reflection.class_name}##{source_reflection.name}' is not polymorphic.  Try removing :source_type on your association.")
+    end
+  end
+  
+  class HasManyThroughSourceAssociationNotFoundError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(reflection)
+      through_reflection      = reflection.through_reflection
+      source_reflection_names = reflection.source_reflection_names
+      source_associations     = reflection.through_reflection.klass.reflect_on_all_associations.collect { |a| a.name.inspect }
+      super("Could not find the source association(s) #{source_reflection_names.collect(&:inspect).to_sentence :connector => 'or'} in model #{through_reflection.klass}.  Try 'has_many #{reflection.name.inspect}, :through => #{through_reflection.name.inspect}, :source => <name>'.  Is it one of #{source_associations.to_sentence :connector => 'or'}?")
+    end
+  end
+
+  class HasManyThroughSourceAssociationMacroError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(reflection)
+      through_reflection = reflection.through_reflection
+      source_reflection  = reflection.source_reflection
+      super("Invalid source reflection macro :#{source_reflection.macro}#{" :through" if source_reflection.options[:through]} for has_many #{reflection.name.inspect}, :through => #{through_reflection.name.inspect}.  Use :source to specify the source reflection.")
+    end
+  end
+
+  class HasManyThroughCantAssociateNewRecords < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(owner, reflection)
+      super("Cannot associate new records through '#{owner.class.name}##{reflection.name}' on '#{reflection.source_reflection.class_name rescue nil}##{reflection.source_reflection.name rescue nil}'. Both records must have an id in order to create the has_many :through record associating them.")
+    end
+  end
+
+  class EagerLoadPolymorphicError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(reflection)
+      super("Can not eagerly load the polymorphic association #{reflection.name.inspect}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ReadOnlyAssociation < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(reflection)
+      super("Can not add to a has_many :through association.  Try adding to #{reflection.through_reflection.name.inspect}.")
+    end
+  end
+
+  module Associations # :nodoc:
+    def self.included(base)
+      base.extend(ClassMethods)
+    end
+
+    # Clears out the association cache 
+    def clear_association_cache #:nodoc:
+      self.class.reflect_on_all_associations.to_a.each do |assoc|
+        instance_variable_set "@#{assoc.name}", nil
+      end unless self.new_record?
+    end
+    
+    # Associations are a set of macro-like class methods for tying objects together through foreign keys. They express relationships like 
+    # "Project has one Project Manager" or "Project belongs to a Portfolio". Each macro adds a number of methods to the class which are 
+    # specialized according to the collection or association symbol and the options hash. It works much the same way as Ruby's own attr* 
+    # methods. Example:
+    #
+    #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     belongs_to              :portfolio
+    #     has_one                 :project_manager 
+    #     has_many                :milestones
+    #     has_and_belongs_to_many :categories
+    #   end
+    #
+    # The project class now has the following methods (and more) to ease the traversal and manipulation of its relationships:
+    # * <tt>Project#portfolio, Project#portfolio=(portfolio), Project#portfolio.nil?</tt>
+    # * <tt>Project#project_manager, Project#project_manager=(project_manager), Project#project_manager.nil?,</tt>
+    # * <tt>Project#milestones.empty?, Project#milestones.size, Project#milestones, Project#milestones<<(milestone),</tt>
+    #   <tt>Project#milestones.delete(milestone), Project#milestones.find(milestone_id), Project#milestones.find(:all, options),</tt>
+    #   <tt>Project#milestones.build, Project#milestones.create</tt>
+    # * <tt>Project#categories.empty?, Project#categories.size, Project#categories, Project#categories<<(category1),</tt>
+    #   <tt>Project#categories.delete(category1)</tt>
+    #
+    # == Example
+    #
+    # link:files/examples/associations.png
+    #
+    # == Cardinality and associations
+    # 
+    # ActiveRecord associations can be used to describe relations with one-to-one, one-to-many
+    # and many-to-many cardinality. Each model uses an association to describe its role in
+    # the relation. In each case, the belongs_to association is used in the model that has
+    # the foreign key.
+    #
+    # === One-to-one
+    #
+    # Use has_one in the base, and belongs_to in the associated model.
+    #
+    #   class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     has_one :office
+    #   end
+    #   class Office < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     belongs_to :employee    # foreign key - employee_id
+    #   end
+    #
+    # === One-to-many
+    #
+    # Use has_many in the base, and belongs_to in the associated model.
+    #
+    #   class Manager < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     has_many :employees
+    #   end
+    #   class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     belongs_to :manager     # foreign key - manager_id
+    #   end
+    #
+    # === Many-to-many
+    #
+    # There are two ways to build a many-to-many relationship.
+    #
+    # The first way uses a has_many association with the :through option and a join model, so
+    # there are two stages of associations.
+    #
+    #   class Assignment < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     belongs_to :programmer  # foreign key - programmer_id
+    #     belongs_to :project     # foreign key - project_id
+    #   end
+    #   class Programmer < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     has_many :assignments
+    #     has_many :projects, :through => :assignments
+    #   end
+    #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     has_many :assignments
+    #     has_many :programmers, :through => :assignments
+    #   end
+    #
+    # For the second way, use has_and_belongs_to_many in both models. This requires a join table
+    # that has no corresponding model or primary key.
+    #
+    #   class Programmer < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     has_and_belongs_to_many :projects       # foreign keys in the join table
+    #   end
+    #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     has_and_belongs_to_many :programmers    # foreign keys in the join table
+    #   end
+    #
+    # It is not always a simple decision which way of building a many-to-many relationship is best.
+    # But if you need to work with the relationship model as its own entity, then you'll need to
+    # use has_many :through. Use has_and_belongs_to_many when working with legacy schemas or when
+    # you never work directly with the relationship itself.
+    #
+    # == Is it a belongs_to or has_one association?
+    #
+    # Both express a 1-1 relationship, the difference is mostly where to place the foreign key, which goes on the table for the class
+    # saying belongs_to. Example:
+    #
+    #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     # I reference an account.
+    #     belongs_to :account
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     # One user references me.
+    #     has_one :user
+    #   end
+    #
+    # The tables for these classes could look something like:
+    #
+    #   CREATE TABLE users (
+    #     id int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
+    #     account_id int(11) default NULL,
+    #     name varchar default NULL,
+    #     PRIMARY KEY  (id)
+    #   )
+    #
+    #   CREATE TABLE accounts (
+    #     id int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
+    #     name varchar default NULL,
+    #     PRIMARY KEY  (id)
+    #   )
+    #
+    # == Unsaved objects and associations
+    #
+    # You can manipulate objects and associations before they are saved to the database, but there is some special behaviour you should be
+    # aware of, mostly involving the saving of associated objects.
+    #
+    # === One-to-one associations
+    #
+    # * Assigning an object to a has_one association automatically saves that object and the object being replaced (if there is one), in
+    #   order to update their primary keys - except if the parent object is unsaved (new_record? == true).
+    # * If either of these saves fail (due to one of the objects being invalid) the assignment statement returns false and the assignment
+    #   is cancelled.
+    # * If you wish to assign an object to a has_one association without saving it, use the #association.build method (documented below).
+    # * Assigning an object to a belongs_to association does not save the object, since the foreign key field belongs on the parent. It does
+    #   not save the parent either.
+    #
+    # === Collections
+    #
+    # * Adding an object to a collection (has_many or has_and_belongs_to_many) automatically saves that object, except if the parent object
+    #   (the owner of the collection) is not yet stored in the database.
+    # * If saving any of the objects being added to a collection (via #push or similar) fails, then #push returns false.
+    # * You can add an object to a collection without automatically saving it by using the #collection.build method (documented below).
+    # * All unsaved (new_record? == true) members of the collection are automatically saved when the parent is saved.
+    #
+    # === Association callbacks
+    #
+    # Similiar to the normal callbacks that hook into the lifecycle of an Active Record object, you can also define callbacks that get
+    # trigged when you add an object to or removing an object from a association collection. Example:
+    #
+    #   class Project
+    #     has_and_belongs_to_many :developers, :after_add => :evaluate_velocity
+    #
+    #     def evaluate_velocity(developer)
+    #       ...
+    #     end
+    #   end 
+    #
+    # It's possible to stack callbacks by passing them as an array. Example:
+    # 
+    #   class Project
+    #     has_and_belongs_to_many :developers, :after_add => [:evaluate_velocity, Proc.new { |p, d| p.shipping_date = Time.now}]
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Possible callbacks are: before_add, after_add, before_remove and after_remove.
+    #
+    # Should any of the before_add callbacks throw an exception, the object does not get added to the collection. Same with
+    # the before_remove callbacks, if an exception is thrown the object doesn't get removed.
+    #
+    # === Association extensions
+    #
+    # The proxy objects that controls the access to associations can be extended through anonymous modules. This is especially
+    # beneficial for adding new finders, creators, and other factory-type methods that are only used as part of this association.
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #   class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     has_many :people do
+    #       def find_or_create_by_name(name)
+    #         first_name, last_name = name.split(" ", 2)
+    #         find_or_create_by_first_name_and_last_name(first_name, last_name)
+    #       end
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   person = Account.find(:first).people.find_or_create_by_name("David Heinemeier Hansson")
+    #   person.first_name # => "David"
+    #   person.last_name  # => "Heinemeier Hansson"
+    #
+    # If you need to share the same extensions between many associations, you can use a named extension module. Example:
+    #
+    #   module FindOrCreateByNameExtension
+    #     def find_or_create_by_name(name)
+    #       first_name, last_name = name.split(" ", 2)
+    #       find_or_create_by_first_name_and_last_name(first_name, last_name)
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     has_many :people, :extend => FindOrCreateByNameExtension
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     has_many :people, :extend => FindOrCreateByNameExtension
+    #   end
+    #
+    # If you need to use multiple named extension modules, you can specify an array of modules with the :extend option.
+    # In the case of name conflicts between methods in the modules, methods in modules later in the array supercede
+    # those earlier in the array. Example:
+    #
+    #   class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     has_many :people, :extend => [FindOrCreateByNameExtension, FindRecentExtension]
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Some extensions can only be made to work with knowledge of the association proxy's internals.
+    # Extensions can access relevant state using accessors on the association proxy:
+    # 
+    # * +proxy_owner+ - Returns the object the association is part of.
+    # * +proxy_reflection+ - Returns the reflection object that describes the association.
+    # * +proxy_target+ - Returns the associated object for belongs_to and has_one, or the collection of associated objects for has_many and has_and_belongs_to_many.
+    #
+    # === Association Join Models
+    # 
+    # Has Many associations can be configured with the :through option to use an explicit join model to retrieve the data.  This
+    # operates similarly to a <tt>has_and_belongs_to_many</tt> association.  The advantage is that you're able to add validations,
+    # callbacks, and extra attributes on the join model.  Consider the following schema:
+    # 
+    #   class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     has_many :authorships
+    #     has_many :books, :through => :authorships
+    #   end
+    # 
+    #   class Authorship < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     belongs_to :author
+    #     belongs_to :book
+    #   end
+    # 
+    #   @author = Author.find :first
+    #   @author.authorships.collect { |a| a.book } # selects all books that the author's authorships belong to.
+    #   @author.books                              # selects all books by using the Authorship join model
+    # 
+    # You can also go through a has_many association on the join model:
+    # 
+    #   class Firm < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     has_many   :clients
+    #     has_many   :invoices, :through => :clients
+    #   end
+    #   
+    #   class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     belongs_to :firm
+    #     has_many   :invoices
+    #   end
+    #   
+    #   class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     belongs_to :client
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   @firm = Firm.find :first
+    #   @firm.clients.collect { |c| c.invoices }.flatten # select all invoices for all clients of the firm
+    #   @firm.invoices                                   # selects all invoices by going through the Client join model.
+    #
+    # === Polymorphic Associations
+    # 
+    # Polymorphic associations on models are not restricted on what types of models they can be associated with.  Rather, they 
+    # specify an interface that a has_many association must adhere to.
+    # 
+    #   class Asset < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     belongs_to :attachable, :polymorphic => true
+    #   end
+    # 
+    #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     has_many :assets, :as => :attachable         # The <tt>:as</tt> option specifies the polymorphic interface to use.
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   @asset.attachable = @post
+    # 
+    # This works by using a type column in addition to a foreign key to specify the associated record.  In the Asset example, you'd need
+    # an attachable_id integer column and an attachable_type string column.
+    #
+    # Using polymorphic associations in combination with single table inheritance (STI) is a little tricky. In order
+    # for the associations to work as expected, ensure that you store the base model for the STI models in the 
+    # type column of the polymorphic association. To continue with the asset example above, suppose there are guest posts
+    # and member posts that use the posts table for STI. So there will be an additional 'type' column in the posts table.
+    #
+    #   class Asset < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     belongs_to :attachable, :polymorphic => true
+    #     
+    #     def attachable_type=(sType)
+    #        super(sType.to_s.classify.constantize.base_class.to_s)
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    # 
+    #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     # because we store "Post" in attachable_type now :dependent => :destroy will work
+    #     has_many :assets, :as => :attachable, :dependent => :destroy
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class GuestPost < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class MemberPost < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   end
+    #
+    # == Caching
+    #
+    # All of the methods are built on a simple caching principle that will keep the result of the last query around unless specifically
+    # instructed not to. The cache is even shared across methods to make it even cheaper to use the macro-added methods without 
+    # worrying too much about performance at the first go. Example:
+    #
+    #   project.milestones             # fetches milestones from the database
+    #   project.milestones.size        # uses the milestone cache
+    #   project.milestones.empty?      # uses the milestone cache
+    #   project.milestones(true).size  # fetches milestones from the database
+    #   project.milestones             # uses the milestone cache
+    #
+    # == Eager loading of associations
+    #
+    # Eager loading is a way to find objects of a certain class and a number of named associations along with it in a single SQL call. This is
+    # one of the easiest ways of to prevent the dreaded 1+N problem in which fetching 100 posts that each needs to display their author
+    # triggers 101 database queries. Through the use of eager loading, the 101 queries can be reduced to 1. Example:
+    #
+    #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     belongs_to :author
+    #     has_many   :comments
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Consider the following loop using the class above:
+    #
+    #   for post in Post.find(:all)
+    #     puts "Post:            " + post.title
+    #     puts "Written by:      " + post.author.name
+    #     puts "Last comment on: " + post.comments.first.created_on
+    #   end 
+    #
+    # To iterate over these one hundred posts, we'll generate 201 database queries. Let's first just optimize it for retrieving the author:
+    #
+    #   for post in Post.find(:all, :include => :author)
+    #
+    # This references the name of the belongs_to association that also used the :author symbol, so the find will now weave in a join something
+    # like this: LEFT OUTER JOIN authors ON authors.id = posts.author_id. Doing so will cut down the number of queries from 201 to 101.
+    #
+    # We can improve upon the situation further by referencing both associations in the finder with:
+    #
+    #   for post in Post.find(:all, :include => [ :author, :comments ])
+    #
+    # That'll add another join along the lines of: LEFT OUTER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id. And we'll be down to 1 query.
+    # But that shouldn't fool you to think that you can pull out huge amounts of data with no performance penalty just because you've reduced
+    # the number of queries. The database still needs to send all the data to Active Record and it still needs to be processed. So it's no
+    # catch-all for performance problems, but it's a great way to cut down on the number of queries in a situation as the one described above.
+    # 
+    # Since the eager loading pulls from multiple tables, you'll have to disambiguate any column references in both conditions and orders. So
+    # :order => "posts.id DESC" will work while :order => "id DESC" will not. Because eager loading generates the SELECT statement too, the
+    # :select option is ignored.
+    #
+    # You can use eager loading on multiple associations from the same table, but you cannot use those associations in orders and conditions
+    # as there is currently not any way to disambiguate them. Eager loading will not pull additional attributes on join tables, so "rich
+    # associations" with has_and_belongs_to_many are not a good fit for eager loading.
+    # 
+    # When eager loaded, conditions are interpolated in the context of the model class, not the model instance.  Conditions are lazily interpolated
+    # before the actual model exists.
+    # 
+    # == Table Aliasing
+    #
+    # ActiveRecord uses table aliasing in the case that a table is referenced multiple times in a join.  If a table is referenced only once,
+    # the standard table name is used.  The second time, the table is aliased as #{reflection_name}_#{parent_table_name}.  Indexes are appended
+    # for any more successive uses of the table name.
+    # 
+    #   Post.find :all, :include => :comments
+    #   # => SELECT ... FROM posts LEFT OUTER JOIN comments ON ...
+    #   Post.find :all, :include => :special_comments # STI
+    #   # => SELECT ... FROM posts LEFT OUTER JOIN comments ON ... AND comments.type = 'SpecialComment'
+    #   Post.find :all, :include => [:comments, :special_comments] # special_comments is the reflection name, posts is the parent table name
+    #   # => SELECT ... FROM posts LEFT OUTER JOIN comments ON ... LEFT OUTER JOIN comments special_comments_posts
+    # 
+    # Acts as tree example:
+    # 
+    #   TreeMixin.find :all, :include => :children
+    #   # => SELECT ... FROM mixins LEFT OUTER JOIN mixins childrens_mixins ...
+    #   TreeMixin.find :all, :include => {:children => :parent} # using cascading eager includes
+    #   # => SELECT ... FROM mixins LEFT OUTER JOIN mixins childrens_mixins ... 
+    #                               LEFT OUTER JOIN parents_mixins ...
+    #   TreeMixin.find :all, :include => {:children => {:parent => :children}} 
+    #   # => SELECT ... FROM mixins LEFT OUTER JOIN mixins childrens_mixins ... 
+    #                               LEFT OUTER JOIN parents_mixins ... 
+    # LEFT OUTER JOIN mixins childrens_mixins_2
+    # 
+    # Has and Belongs to Many join tables use the same idea, but add a _join suffix:
+    # 
+    #   Post.find :all, :include => :categories
+    #   # => SELECT ... FROM posts LEFT OUTER JOIN categories_posts ... LEFT OUTER JOIN categories ...
+    #   Post.find :all, :include => {:categories => :posts}
+    #   # => SELECT ... FROM posts LEFT OUTER JOIN categories_posts ... LEFT OUTER JOIN categories ...
+    #                              LEFT OUTER JOIN categories_posts posts_categories_join LEFT OUTER JOIN posts posts_categories
+    #   Post.find :all, :include => {:categories => {:posts => :categories}}
+    #   # => SELECT ... FROM posts LEFT OUTER JOIN categories_posts ... LEFT OUTER JOIN categories ...
+    #                              LEFT OUTER JOIN categories_posts posts_categories_join LEFT OUTER JOIN posts posts_categories
+    #                              LEFT OUTER JOIN categories_posts categories_posts_join LEFT OUTER JOIN categories categories_posts
+    # 
+    # If you wish to specify your own custom joins using a :joins option, those table names will take precedence over the eager associations..
+    # 
+    #   Post.find :all, :include => :comments, :joins => "inner join comments ..."
+    #   # => SELECT ... FROM posts LEFT OUTER JOIN comments_posts ON ... INNER JOIN comments ...
+    #   Post.find :all, :include => [:comments, :special_comments], :joins => "inner join comments ..."
+    #   # => SELECT ... FROM posts LEFT OUTER JOIN comments comments_posts ON ... 
+    #                              LEFT OUTER JOIN comments special_comments_posts ...
+    #                              INNER JOIN comments ...
+    # 
+    # Table aliases are automatically truncated according to the maximum length of table identifiers according to the specific database.
+    # 
+    # == Modules
+    #
+    # By default, associations will look for objects within the current module scope. Consider:
+    #
+    #   module MyApplication
+    #     module Business
+    #       class Firm < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #          has_many :clients
+    #        end
+    #
+    #       class Company < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # When Firm#clients is called, it'll in turn call <tt>MyApplication::Business::Company.find(firm.id)</tt>. If you want to associate
+    # with a class in another module scope this can be done by specifying the complete class name, such as:
+    #
+    #   module MyApplication
+    #     module Business
+    #       class Firm < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+    #     end
+    #
+    #     module Billing
+    #       class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #         belongs_to :firm, :class_name => "MyApplication::Business::Firm"
+    #       end
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # == Type safety with ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch
+    #
+    # If you attempt to assign an object to an association that doesn't match the inferred or specified <tt>:class_name</tt>, you'll
+    # get a ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch.
+    #
+    # == Options
+    #
+    # All of the association macros can be specialized through options which makes more complex cases than the simple and guessable ones
+    # possible.
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Adds the following methods for retrieval and query of collections of associated objects.
+      # +collection+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so 
+      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> would add among others <tt>clients.empty?</tt>.
+      # * <tt>collection(force_reload = false)</tt> - returns an array of all the associated objects.
+      #   An empty array is returned if none are found.
+      # * <tt>collection<<(object, ...)</tt> - adds one or more objects to the collection by setting their foreign keys to the collection's primary key.
+      # * <tt>collection.delete(object, ...)</tt> - removes one or more objects from the collection by setting their foreign keys to NULL.  
+      #   This will also destroy the objects if they're declared as belongs_to and dependent on this model.
+      # * <tt>collection=objects</tt> - replaces the collections content by deleting and adding objects as appropriate.
+      # * <tt>collection_singular_ids</tt> - returns an array of the associated objects ids
+      # * <tt>collection_singular_ids=ids</tt> - replace the collection by the objects identified by the primary keys in +ids+
+      # * <tt>collection.clear</tt> - removes every object from the collection. This destroys the associated objects if they
+      #   are associated with <tt>:dependent => :destroy</tt>, deletes them directly from the database if <tt>:dependent => :delete_all</tt>,
+      #   and sets their foreign keys to NULL otherwise.
+      # * <tt>collection.empty?</tt> - returns true if there are no associated objects.
+      # * <tt>collection.size</tt> - returns the number of associated objects.
+      # * <tt>collection.find</tt> - finds an associated object according to the same rules as Base.find.
+      # * <tt>collection.build(attributes = {})</tt> - returns a new object of the collection type that has been instantiated
+      #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through a foreign key but has not yet been saved. *Note:* This only works if an 
+      #   associated object already exists, not if it's nil!
+      # * <tt>collection.create(attributes = {})</tt> - returns a new object of the collection type that has been instantiated
+      #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through a foreign key and that has already been saved (if it passed the validation).
+      #   *Note:* This only works if an associated object already exists, not if it's nil!
+      #
+      # Example: A Firm class declares <tt>has_many :clients</tt>, which will add:
+      # * <tt>Firm#clients</tt> (similar to <tt>Clients.find :all, :conditions => "firm_id = #{id}"</tt>)
+      # * <tt>Firm#clients<<</tt>
+      # * <tt>Firm#clients.delete</tt>
+      # * <tt>Firm#clients=</tt>
+      # * <tt>Firm#client_ids</tt>
+      # * <tt>Firm#client_ids=</tt>
+      # * <tt>Firm#clients.clear</tt>
+      # * <tt>Firm#clients.empty?</tt> (similar to <tt>firm.clients.size == 0</tt>)
+      # * <tt>Firm#clients.size</tt> (similar to <tt>Client.count "firm_id = #{id}"</tt>)
+      # * <tt>Firm#clients.find</tt> (similar to <tt>Client.find(id, :conditions => "firm_id = #{id}")</tt>)
+      # * <tt>Firm#clients.build</tt> (similar to <tt>Client.new("firm_id" => id)</tt>)
+      # * <tt>Firm#clients.create</tt> (similar to <tt>c = Client.new("firm_id" => id); c.save; c</tt>)
+      # The declaration can also include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      # 
+      # Options are:
+      # * <tt>:class_name</tt>  - specify the class name of the association. Use it only if that name can't be inferred
+      #   from the association name. So <tt>has_many :products</tt> will by default be linked to the +Product+ class, but
+      #   if the real class name is +SpecialProduct+, you'll have to specify it with this option.
+      # * <tt>:conditions</tt>  - specify the conditions that the associated objects must meet in order to be included as a "WHERE"
+      #   sql fragment, such as "price > 5 AND name LIKE 'B%'".
+      # * <tt>:order</tt>       - specify the order in which the associated objects are returned as a "ORDER BY" sql fragment,
+      #   such as "last_name, first_name DESC"
+      # * <tt>:group</tt>       - specify the attribute by which the associated objects are returned as a "GROUP BY" sql fragment,
+      #   such as "category"      
+      # * <tt>:foreign_key</tt> - specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name
+      #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a +Person+ class that makes a has_many association will use "person_id"
+      #   as the default foreign_key.
+      # * <tt>:dependent</tt>   - if set to :destroy all the associated objects are destroyed
+      #   alongside this object by calling their destroy method.  If set to :delete_all all associated
+      #   objects are deleted *without* calling their destroy method.  If set to :nullify all associated
+      #   objects' foreign keys are set to NULL *without* calling their save callbacks.
+      #   NOTE: :dependent => true is deprecated and has been replaced with :dependent => :destroy. 
+      #   May not be set if :exclusively_dependent is also set.
+      # * <tt>:exclusively_dependent</tt>   - Deprecated; equivalent to :dependent => :delete_all. If set to true all
+      #   the associated object are deleted in one SQL statement without having their
+      #   before_destroy callback run. This should only be used on associations that depend solely on this class and don't need to do any
+      #   clean-up in before_destroy. The upside is that it's much faster, especially if there's a counter_cache involved.
+      #   May not be set if :dependent is also set.
+      # * <tt>:finder_sql</tt>  - specify a complete SQL statement to fetch the association. This is a good way to go for complex
+      #   associations that depend on multiple tables. Note: When this option is used, +find_in_collection+ is _not_ added.
+      # * <tt>:counter_sql</tt>  - specify a complete SQL statement to fetch the size of the association. If +:finder_sql+ is
+      #   specified but +:counter_sql+, +:counter_sql+ will be generated by replacing SELECT ... FROM with SELECT COUNT(*) FROM.
+      # * <tt>:extend</tt>  - specify a named module for extending the proxy, see "Association extensions".
+      # * <tt>:include</tt>  - specify second-order associations that should be eager loaded when the collection is loaded.
+      # * <tt>:group</tt>: An attribute name by which the result should be grouped. Uses the GROUP BY SQL-clause.
+      # * <tt>:limit</tt>: An integer determining the limit on the number of rows that should be returned.
+      # * <tt>:offset</tt>: An integer determining the offset from where the rows should be fetched. So at 5, it would skip the first 4 rows.
+      # * <tt>:select</tt>: By default, this is * as in SELECT * FROM, but can be changed if you for example want to do a join, but not
+      #   include the joined columns.
+      # * <tt>:as</tt>: Specifies a polymorphic interface (See #belongs_to).
+      # * <tt>:through</tt>: Specifies a Join Model to perform the query through.  Options for <tt>:class_name</tt> and <tt>:foreign_key</tt> 
+      #   are ignored, as the association uses the source reflection.  You can only use a <tt>:through</tt> query through a <tt>belongs_to</tt>
+      #   or <tt>has_many</tt> association.
+      # * <tt>:source</tt>: Specifies the source association name used by <tt>has_many :through</tt> queries.  Only use it if the name cannot be 
+      #   inferred from the association.  <tt>has_many :subscribers, :through => :subscriptions</tt> will look for either +:subscribers+ or
+      #   +:subscriber+ on +Subscription+, unless a +:source+ is given.
+      # * <tt>:source_type</tt>: Specifies type of the source association used by <tt>has_many :through</tt> queries where the source association
+      #   is a polymorphic belongs_to.
+      # * <tt>:uniq</tt> - if set to true, duplicates will be omitted from the collection. Useful in conjunction with :through.
+      #
+      # Option examples:
+      #   has_many :comments, :order => "posted_on"
+      #   has_many :comments, :include => :author
+      #   has_many :people, :class_name => "Person", :conditions => "deleted = 0", :order => "name"
+      #   has_many :tracks, :order => "position", :dependent => :destroy
+      #   has_many :comments, :dependent => :nullify
+      #   has_many :tags, :as => :taggable
+      #   has_many :subscribers, :through => :subscriptions, :source => :user
+      #   has_many :subscribers, :class_name => "Person", :finder_sql =>
+      #       'SELECT DISTINCT people.* ' +
+      #       'FROM people p, post_subscriptions ps ' +
+      #       'WHERE ps.post_id = #{id} AND ps.person_id = p.id ' +
+      #       'ORDER BY p.first_name'
+      def has_many(association_id, options = {}, &extension)
+        reflection = create_has_many_reflection(association_id, options, &extension)
+
+        configure_dependency_for_has_many(reflection)
+
+        if options[:through]
+          collection_reader_method(reflection, HasManyThroughAssociation)
+        else
+          add_multiple_associated_save_callbacks(reflection.name)
+          add_association_callbacks(reflection.name, reflection.options)
+          collection_accessor_methods(reflection, HasManyAssociation)
+        end
+
+        add_deprecated_api_for_has_many(reflection.name)
+      end
+
+      # Adds the following methods for retrieval and query of a single associated object.
+      # +association+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so 
+      # <tt>has_one :manager</tt> would add among others <tt>manager.nil?</tt>.
+      # * <tt>association(force_reload = false)</tt> - returns the associated object. Nil is returned if none is found.
+      # * <tt>association=(associate)</tt> - assigns the associate object, extracts the primary key, sets it as the foreign key, 
+      #   and saves the associate object.
+      # * <tt>association.nil?</tt> - returns true if there is no associated object.
+      # * <tt>build_association(attributes = {})</tt> - returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated
+      #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through a foreign key but has not yet been saved. Note: This ONLY works if
+      #   an association already exists. It will NOT work if the association is nil.
+      # * <tt>create_association(attributes = {})</tt> - returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated
+      #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through a foreign key and that has already been saved (if it passed the validation).
+      #
+      # Example: An Account class declares <tt>has_one :beneficiary</tt>, which will add:
+      # * <tt>Account#beneficiary</tt> (similar to <tt>Beneficiary.find(:first, :conditions => "account_id = #{id}")</tt>)
+      # * <tt>Account#beneficiary=(beneficiary)</tt> (similar to <tt>beneficiary.account_id = account.id; beneficiary.save</tt>)
+      # * <tt>Account#beneficiary.nil?</tt>
+      # * <tt>Account#build_beneficiary</tt> (similar to <tt>Beneficiary.new("account_id" => id)</tt>)
+      # * <tt>Account#create_beneficiary</tt> (similar to <tt>b = Beneficiary.new("account_id" => id); b.save; b</tt>)
+      #
+      # The declaration can also include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      # 
+      # Options are:
+      # * <tt>:class_name</tt>  - specify the class name of the association. Use it only if that name can't be inferred
+      #   from the association name. So <tt>has_one :manager</tt> will by default be linked to the +Manager+ class, but
+      #   if the real class name is +Person+, you'll have to specify it with this option.
+      # * <tt>:conditions</tt>  - specify the conditions that the associated object must meet in order to be included as a "WHERE"
+      #   sql fragment, such as "rank = 5".
+      # * <tt>:order</tt>       - specify the order from which the associated object will be picked at the top. Specified as
+      #    an "ORDER BY" sql fragment, such as "last_name, first_name DESC"
+      # * <tt>:dependent</tt>   - if set to :destroy (or true) the associated object is destroyed when this object is. If set to
+      #   :delete the associated object is deleted *without* calling its destroy method. If set to :nullify the associated
+      #   object's foreign key is set to NULL. Also, association is assigned.
+      # * <tt>:foreign_key</tt> - specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name
+      #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a +Person+ class that makes a has_one association will use "person_id"
+      #   as the default foreign_key.
+      # * <tt>:include</tt>  - specify second-order associations that should be eager loaded when this object is loaded.
+      # * <tt>:as</tt>: Specifies a polymorphic interface (See #belongs_to).
+            #
+      # Option examples:
+      #   has_one :credit_card, :dependent => :destroy  # destroys the associated credit card
+      #   has_one :credit_card, :dependent => :nullify  # updates the associated records foriegn key value to null rather than destroying it
+      #   has_one :last_comment, :class_name => "Comment", :order => "posted_on"
+      #   has_one :project_manager, :class_name => "Person", :conditions => "role = 'project_manager'"
+      #   has_one :attachment, :as => :attachable
+      def has_one(association_id, options = {})
+        reflection = create_has_one_reflection(association_id, options)
+
+        module_eval do
+          after_save <<-EOF
+            association = instance_variable_get("@#{reflection.name}")
+            if !association.nil? && (new_record? || association.new_record? || association["#{reflection.primary_key_name}"] != id)
+              association["#{reflection.primary_key_name}"] = id
+              association.save(true)
+            end
+          EOF
+        end
+      
+        association_accessor_methods(reflection, HasOneAssociation)
+        association_constructor_method(:build,  reflection, HasOneAssociation)
+        association_constructor_method(:create, reflection, HasOneAssociation)
+        
+        configure_dependency_for_has_one(reflection)
+
+        # deprecated api
+        deprecated_has_association_method(reflection.name)
+        deprecated_association_comparison_method(reflection.name, reflection.class_name)
+      end
+
+      # Adds the following methods for retrieval and query for a single associated object that this object holds an id to.
+      # +association+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so 
+      # <tt>belongs_to :author</tt> would add among others <tt>author.nil?</tt>.
+      # * <tt>association(force_reload = false)</tt> - returns the associated object. Nil is returned if none is found.
+      # * <tt>association=(associate)</tt> - assigns the associate object, extracts the primary key, and sets it as the foreign key.
+      # * <tt>association.nil?</tt> - returns true if there is no associated object.
+      # * <tt>build_association(attributes = {})</tt> - returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated
+      #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through a foreign key but has not yet been saved.
+      # * <tt>create_association(attributes = {})</tt> - returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated
+      #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through a foreign key and that has already been saved (if it passed the validation).
+      #
+      # Example: A Post class declares <tt>belongs_to :author</tt>, which will add:
+      # * <tt>Post#author</tt> (similar to <tt>Author.find(author_id)</tt>)
+      # * <tt>Post#author=(author)</tt> (similar to <tt>post.author_id = author.id</tt>)
+      # * <tt>Post#author?</tt> (similar to <tt>post.author == some_author</tt>)
+      # * <tt>Post#author.nil?</tt>
+      # * <tt>Post#build_author</tt> (similar to <tt>post.author = Author.new</tt>)
+      # * <tt>Post#create_author</tt> (similar to <tt>post.author = Author.new; post.author.save; post.author</tt>)
+      # The declaration can also include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      # 
+      # Options are:
+      # * <tt>:class_name</tt>  - specify the class name of the association. Use it only if that name can't be inferred
+      #   from the association name. So <tt>has_one :author</tt> will by default be linked to the +Author+ class, but
+      #   if the real class name is +Person+, you'll have to specify it with this option.
+      # * <tt>:conditions</tt>  - specify the conditions that the associated object must meet in order to be included as a "WHERE"
+      #   sql fragment, such as "authorized = 1".
+      # * <tt>:order</tt>       - specify the order from which the associated object will be picked at the top. Specified as
+      #   an "ORDER BY" sql fragment, such as "last_name, first_name DESC"
+      # * <tt>:foreign_key</tt> - specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name
+      #   of the associated class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a +Person+ class that makes a belongs_to association to a
+      #   +Boss+ class will use "boss_id" as the default foreign_key.
+      # * <tt>:counter_cache</tt> - caches the number of belonging objects on the associate class through use of increment_counter 
+      #   and decrement_counter. The counter cache is incremented when an object of this class is created and decremented when it's
+      #   destroyed. This requires that a column named "#{table_name}_count" (such as comments_count for a belonging Comment class)
+      #   is used on the associate class (such as a Post class). You can also specify a custom counter cache column by given that
+      #   name instead of a true/false value to this option (e.g., <tt>:counter_cache => :my_custom_counter</tt>.)
+      # * <tt>:include</tt>  - specify second-order associations that should be eager loaded when this object is loaded.
+      # * <tt>:polymorphic</tt> - specify this association is a polymorphic association by passing true.
+      #
+      # Option examples:
+      #   belongs_to :firm, :foreign_key => "client_of"
+      #   belongs_to :author, :class_name => "Person", :foreign_key => "author_id"
+      #   belongs_to :valid_coupon, :class_name => "Coupon", :foreign_key => "coupon_id", 
+      #              :conditions => 'discounts > #{payments_count}'
+      #   belongs_to :attachable, :polymorphic => true
+      def belongs_to(association_id, options = {})
+        if options.include?(:class_name) && !options.include?(:foreign_key)
+          ::ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
+          "The inferred foreign_key name will change in Rails 2.0 to use the association name instead of its class name when they differ.  When using :class_name in belongs_to, use the :foreign_key option to explicitly set the key name to avoid problems in the transition.",
+          caller)
+        end
+        
+        reflection = create_belongs_to_reflection(association_id, options)
+        
+        if reflection.options[:polymorphic]
+          association_accessor_methods(reflection, BelongsToPolymorphicAssociation)
+
+          module_eval do
+            before_save <<-EOF
+              association = instance_variable_get("@#{reflection.name}")
+              if association && association.target
+                if association.new_record?
+                  association.save(true)
+                end
+                
+                if association.updated?
+                  self["#{reflection.primary_key_name}"] = association.id
+                  self["#{reflection.options[:foreign_type]}"] = association.class.base_class.name.to_s
+                end
+              end
+            EOF
+          end
+        else
+          association_accessor_methods(reflection, BelongsToAssociation)
+          association_constructor_method(:build,  reflection, BelongsToAssociation)
+          association_constructor_method(:create, reflection, BelongsToAssociation)
+
+          module_eval do
+            before_save <<-EOF
+              association = instance_variable_get("@#{reflection.name}")
+              if !association.nil? 
+                if association.new_record?
+                  association.save(true)
+                end
+                
+                if association.updated?
+                  self["#{reflection.primary_key_name}"] = association.id
+                end
+              end            
+            EOF
+          end
+      
+          # deprecated api
+          deprecated_has_association_method(reflection.name)
+          deprecated_association_comparison_method(reflection.name, reflection.class_name)
+        end
+
+        # Create the callbacks to update counter cache
+        if options[:counter_cache]
+          cache_column = options[:counter_cache] == true ?
+            "#{self.to_s.underscore.pluralize}_count" :
+            options[:counter_cache]
+
+          module_eval(
+            "after_create '#{reflection.name}.class.increment_counter(\"#{cache_column}\", #{reflection.primary_key_name})" +
+            " unless #{reflection.name}.nil?'"
+          )
+
+          module_eval(
+            "before_destroy '#{reflection.name}.class.decrement_counter(\"#{cache_column}\", #{reflection.primary_key_name})" +
+            " unless #{reflection.name}.nil?'"
+          )          
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Associates two classes via an intermediate join table.  Unless the join table is explicitly specified as
+      # an option, it is guessed using the lexical order of the class names. So a join between Developer and Project
+      # will give the default join table name of "developers_projects" because "D" outranks "P".  Note that this precedence
+      # is calculated using the <tt><</tt> operator for <tt>String</tt>.  This means that if the strings are of different lengths, 
+      # and the strings are equal when compared up to the shortest length, then the longer string is considered of higher
+      # lexical precedence than the shorter one.  For example, one would expect the tables <tt>paper_boxes</tt> and <tt>papers</tt> 
+      # to generate a join table name of <tt>papers_paper_boxes</tt> because of the length of the name <tt>paper_boxes</tt>,
+      # but it in fact generates a join table name of <tt>paper_boxes_papers</tt>.  Be aware of this caveat, and use the 
+      # custom <tt>join_table</tt> option if you need to.
+      #
+      # Deprecated: Any additional fields added to the join table will be placed as attributes when pulling records out through
+      # has_and_belongs_to_many associations. Records returned from join tables with additional attributes will be marked as
+      # ReadOnly (because we can't save changes to the additional attrbutes). It's strongly recommended that you upgrade any
+      # associations with attributes to a real join model (see introduction).
+      #
+      # Adds the following methods for retrieval and query.
+      # +collection+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so 
+      # <tt>has_and_belongs_to_many :categories</tt> would add among others <tt>categories.empty?</tt>.
+      # * <tt>collection(force_reload = false)</tt> - returns an array of all the associated objects.
+      #   An empty array is returned if none is found.
+      # * <tt>collection<<(object, ...)</tt> - adds one or more objects to the collection by creating associations in the join table 
+      #   (collection.push and collection.concat are aliases to this method).
+      # * <tt>collection.push_with_attributes(object, join_attributes)</tt> - adds one to the collection by creating an association in the join table that
+      #   also holds the attributes from <tt>join_attributes</tt> (should be a hash with the column names as keys). This can be used to have additional
+      #   attributes on the join, which will be injected into the associated objects when they are retrieved through the collection.
+      #   (collection.concat_with_attributes is an alias to this method). This method is now deprecated.
+      # * <tt>collection.delete(object, ...)</tt> - removes one or more objects from the collection by removing their associations from the join table.  
+      #   This does not destroy the objects.
+      # * <tt>collection=objects</tt> - replaces the collections content by deleting and adding objects as appropriate.
+      # * <tt>collection_singular_ids</tt> - returns an array of the associated objects ids
+      # * <tt>collection_singular_ids=ids</tt> - replace the collection by the objects identified by the primary keys in +ids+
+      # * <tt>collection.clear</tt> - removes every object from the collection. This does not destroy the objects.
+      # * <tt>collection.empty?</tt> - returns true if there are no associated objects.
+      # * <tt>collection.size</tt> - returns the number of associated objects.
+      # * <tt>collection.find(id)</tt> - finds an associated object responding to the +id+ and that
+      #   meets the condition that it has to be associated with this object.
+      # * <tt>collection.build(attributes = {})</tt> - returns a new object of the collection type that has been instantiated
+      #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through the join table but has not yet been saved.
+      # * <tt>collection.create(attributes = {})</tt> - returns a new object of the collection type that has been instantiated
+      #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through the join table and that has already been saved (if it passed the validation).
+      #
+      # Example: An Developer class declares <tt>has_and_belongs_to_many :projects</tt>, which will add:
+      # * <tt>Developer#projects</tt>
+      # * <tt>Developer#projects<<</tt>
+      # * <tt>Developer#projects.delete</tt>
+      # * <tt>Developer#projects=</tt>
+      # * <tt>Developer#project_ids</tt>
+      # * <tt>Developer#project_ids=</tt>
+      # * <tt>Developer#projects.clear</tt>
+      # * <tt>Developer#projects.empty?</tt>
+      # * <tt>Developer#projects.size</tt>
+      # * <tt>Developer#projects.find(id)</tt>
+      # * <tt>Developer#projects.build</tt> (similar to <tt>Project.new("project_id" => id)</tt>)
+      # * <tt>Developer#projects.create</tt> (similar to <tt>c = Project.new("project_id" => id); c.save; c</tt>)
+      # The declaration may include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      # 
+      # Options are:
+      # * <tt>:class_name</tt> - specify the class name of the association. Use it only if that name can't be inferred
+      #   from the association name. So <tt>has_and_belongs_to_many :projects</tt> will by default be linked to the 
+      #   +Project+ class, but if the real class name is +SuperProject+, you'll have to specify it with this option.
+      # * <tt>:join_table</tt> - specify the name of the join table if the default based on lexical order isn't what you want.
+      #   WARNING: If you're overwriting the table name of either class, the table_name method MUST be declared underneath any
+      #   has_and_belongs_to_many declaration in order to work.
+      # * <tt>:foreign_key</tt> - specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name
+      #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a +Person+ class that makes a has_and_belongs_to_many association
+      #   will use "person_id" as the default foreign_key.
+      # * <tt>:association_foreign_key</tt> - specify the association foreign key used for the association. By default this is
+      #   guessed to be the name of the associated class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So if the associated class is +Project+,
+      #   the has_and_belongs_to_many association will use "project_id" as the default association foreign_key.
+      # * <tt>:conditions</tt>  - specify the conditions that the associated object must meet in order to be included as a "WHERE"
+      #   sql fragment, such as "authorized = 1".
+      # * <tt>:order</tt> - specify the order in which the associated objects are returned as a "ORDER BY" sql fragment, such as "last_name, first_name DESC"
+      # * <tt>:uniq</tt> - if set to true, duplicate associated objects will be ignored by accessors and query methods
+      # * <tt>:finder_sql</tt> - overwrite the default generated SQL used to fetch the association with a manual one
+      # * <tt>:delete_sql</tt> - overwrite the default generated SQL used to remove links between the associated 
+      #   classes with a manual one
+      # * <tt>:insert_sql</tt> - overwrite the default generated SQL used to add links between the associated classes
+      #   with a manual one
+      # * <tt>:extend</tt>  - anonymous module for extending the proxy, see "Association extensions".
+      # * <tt>:include</tt>  - specify second-order associations that should be eager loaded when the collection is loaded.
+      # * <tt>:group</tt>: An attribute name by which the result should be grouped. Uses the GROUP BY SQL-clause.
+      # * <tt>:limit</tt>: An integer determining the limit on the number of rows that should be returned.
+      # * <tt>:offset</tt>: An integer determining the offset from where the rows should be fetched. So at 5, it would skip the first 4 rows.
+      # * <tt>:select</tt>: By default, this is * as in SELECT * FROM, but can be changed if you for example want to do a join, but not
+      #   include the joined columns.
+      #
+      # Option examples:
+      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects
+      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, :include => [ :milestones, :manager ]
+      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :nations, :class_name => "Country"
+      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, :join_table => "prods_cats"
+      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :active_projects, :join_table => 'developers_projects', :delete_sql => 
+      #   'DELETE FROM developers_projects WHERE active=1 AND developer_id = #{id} AND project_id = #{record.id}'
+      def has_and_belongs_to_many(association_id, options = {}, &extension)
+        reflection = create_has_and_belongs_to_many_reflection(association_id, options, &extension)
+        
+        add_multiple_associated_save_callbacks(reflection.name)
+        collection_accessor_methods(reflection, HasAndBelongsToManyAssociation)
+
+        # Don't use a before_destroy callback since users' before_destroy
+        # callbacks will be executed after the association is wiped out.
+        old_method = "destroy_without_habtm_shim_for_#{reflection.name}"
+        class_eval <<-end_eval
+          alias_method :#{old_method}, :destroy_without_callbacks
+          def destroy_without_callbacks
+            #{reflection.name}.clear
+            #{old_method}
+          end
+        end_eval
+
+        add_association_callbacks(reflection.name, options)
+        
+        # deprecated api
+        deprecated_collection_count_method(reflection.name)
+        deprecated_add_association_relation(reflection.name)
+        deprecated_remove_association_relation(reflection.name)
+        deprecated_has_collection_method(reflection.name)
+      end
+
+      private
+        # Generate a join table name from two provided tables names.
+        # The order of names in join name is determined by lexical precedence.
+        #   join_table_name("members", "clubs")
+        #   => "clubs_members"
+        #   join_table_name("members", "special_clubs")
+        #   => "members_special_clubs"
+        def join_table_name(first_table_name, second_table_name)
+          if first_table_name < second_table_name
+            join_table = "#{first_table_name}_#{second_table_name}"
+          else
+            join_table = "#{second_table_name}_#{first_table_name}"
+          end
+
+          table_name_prefix + join_table + table_name_suffix
+        end
+      
+        def association_accessor_methods(reflection, association_proxy_class)
+          define_method(reflection.name) do |*params|
+            force_reload = params.first unless params.empty?
+            association = instance_variable_get("@#{reflection.name}")
+
+            if association.nil? || force_reload
+              association = association_proxy_class.new(self, reflection)
+              retval = association.reload
+              if retval.nil? and association_proxy_class == BelongsToAssociation
+                instance_variable_set("@#{reflection.name}", nil)
+                return nil
+              end
+              instance_variable_set("@#{reflection.name}", association)
+            end
+
+            association.target.nil? ? nil : association
+          end
+
+          define_method("#{reflection.name}=") do |new_value|
+            association = instance_variable_get("@#{reflection.name}")
+            if association.nil?
+              association = association_proxy_class.new(self, reflection)
+            end
+
+            association.replace(new_value)
+
+            unless new_value.nil?
+              instance_variable_set("@#{reflection.name}", association)
+            else
+              instance_variable_set("@#{reflection.name}", nil)
+              return nil
+            end
+
+            association
+          end
+
+          define_method("set_#{reflection.name}_target") do |target|
+            return if target.nil? and association_proxy_class == BelongsToAssociation
+            association = association_proxy_class.new(self, reflection)
+            association.target = target
+            instance_variable_set("@#{reflection.name}", association)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def collection_reader_method(reflection, association_proxy_class)
+          define_method(reflection.name) do |*params|
+            force_reload = params.first unless params.empty?
+            association = instance_variable_get("@#{reflection.name}")
+
+            unless association.respond_to?(:loaded?)
+              association = association_proxy_class.new(self, reflection)
+              instance_variable_set("@#{reflection.name}", association)
+            end
+
+            association.reload if force_reload
+
+            association
+          end
+        end
+
+        def collection_accessor_methods(reflection, association_proxy_class)
+          collection_reader_method(reflection, association_proxy_class)
+
+          define_method("#{reflection.name}=") do |new_value|
+            # Loads proxy class instance (defined in collection_reader_method) if not already loaded
+            association = send(reflection.name) 
+            association.replace(new_value)
+            association
+          end
+
+          define_method("#{reflection.name.to_s.singularize}_ids") do
+            send(reflection.name).map(&:id)
+          end
+
+          define_method("#{reflection.name.to_s.singularize}_ids=") do |new_value|
+            ids = (new_value || []).reject { |nid| nid.blank? }
+            send("#{reflection.name}=", reflection.class_name.constantize.find(ids))
+          end
+        end
+
+        def add_multiple_associated_save_callbacks(association_name)
+          method_name = "validate_associated_records_for_#{association_name}".to_sym
+          define_method(method_name) do
+            association = instance_variable_get("@#{association_name}")
+            if association.respond_to?(:loaded?)
+              if new_record?
+                association
+              else
+                association.select { |record| record.new_record? }
+              end.each do |record|
+                errors.add "#{association_name}" unless record.valid?
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          validate method_name
+          before_save("@new_record_before_save = new_record?; true")
+
+          after_callback = <<-end_eval
+            association = instance_variable_get("@#{association_name}")
+            
+            if association.respond_to?(:loaded?)
+              if @new_record_before_save
+                records_to_save = association
+              else
+                records_to_save = association.select { |record| record.new_record? }
+              end
+              records_to_save.each { |record| association.send(:insert_record, record) }
+              association.send(:construct_sql)   # reconstruct the SQL queries now that we know the owner's id
+            end
+          end_eval
+                
+          # Doesn't use after_save as that would save associations added in after_create/after_update twice
+          after_create(after_callback)
+          after_update(after_callback)
+        end
+
+        def association_constructor_method(constructor, reflection, association_proxy_class)
+          define_method("#{constructor}_#{reflection.name}") do |*params|
+            attributees      = params.first unless params.empty?
+            replace_existing = params[1].nil? ? true : params[1]
+            association      = instance_variable_get("@#{reflection.name}")
+
+            if association.nil?
+              association = association_proxy_class.new(self, reflection)
+              instance_variable_set("@#{reflection.name}", association)
+            end
+
+            if association_proxy_class == HasOneAssociation
+              association.send(constructor, attributees, replace_existing)
+            else
+              association.send(constructor, attributees)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        
+        def find_with_associations(options = {})
+          catch :invalid_query do
+            join_dependency = JoinDependency.new(self, merge_includes(scope(:find, :include), options[:include]), options[:joins])
+            rows = select_all_rows(options, join_dependency)
+            return join_dependency.instantiate(rows)
+          end
+          []
+        end
+
+        def configure_dependency_for_has_many(reflection)
+          if reflection.options[:dependent] == true
+            ::ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("The :dependent => true option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 2.0.  Please use :dependent => :destroy instead.  See http://www.rubyonrails.org/deprecation for details.", caller)
+          end
+
+          if reflection.options[:dependent] && reflection.options[:exclusively_dependent]
+            raise ArgumentError, ':dependent and :exclusively_dependent are mutually exclusive options.  You may specify one or the other.'
+          end
+
+          if reflection.options[:exclusively_dependent]
+            reflection.options[:dependent] = :delete_all
+            ::ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("The :exclusively_dependent option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 2.0.  Please use :dependent => :delete_all instead.  See http://www.rubyonrails.org/deprecation for details.", caller)
+          end
+
+          # See HasManyAssociation#delete_records.  Dependent associations
+          # delete children, otherwise foreign key is set to NULL.
+
+          # Add polymorphic type if the :as option is present
+          dependent_conditions = %(#{reflection.primary_key_name} = \#{record.quoted_id})
+          if reflection.options[:as]
+            dependent_conditions += " AND #{reflection.options[:as]}_type = '#{base_class.name}'"
+          end
+
+          case reflection.options[:dependent]
+            when :destroy, true
+              module_eval "before_destroy '#{reflection.name}.each { |o| o.destroy }'"
+            when :delete_all
+              module_eval "before_destroy { |record| #{reflection.class_name}.delete_all(%(#{dependent_conditions})) }"
+            when :nullify
+              module_eval "before_destroy { |record| #{reflection.class_name}.update_all(%(#{reflection.primary_key_name} = NULL),  %(#{dependent_conditions})) }"
+            when nil, false
+              # pass
+            else
+              raise ArgumentError, 'The :dependent option expects either :destroy, :delete_all, or :nullify'
+          end
+        end
+
+        def configure_dependency_for_has_one(reflection)
+          case reflection.options[:dependent]
+            when :destroy, true
+              module_eval "before_destroy '#{reflection.name}.destroy unless #{reflection.name}.nil?'"
+            when :delete
+              module_eval "before_destroy '#{reflection.class_name}.delete(#{reflection.name}.id) unless #{reflection.name}.nil?'"
+            when :nullify
+              module_eval "before_destroy '#{reflection.name}.update_attribute(\"#{reflection.primary_key_name}\", nil) unless #{reflection.name}.nil?'"
+            when nil, false
+              # pass
+            else
+              raise ArgumentError, "The :dependent option expects either :destroy, :delete or :nullify."
+          end
+        end
+        
+        
+        def add_deprecated_api_for_has_many(association_name)
+          deprecated_collection_count_method(association_name)
+          deprecated_add_association_relation(association_name)
+          deprecated_remove_association_relation(association_name)
+          deprecated_has_collection_method(association_name)
+          deprecated_find_in_collection_method(association_name)
+          deprecated_find_all_in_collection_method(association_name)
+          deprecated_collection_create_method(association_name)
+          deprecated_collection_build_method(association_name)
+        end
+
+        def create_has_many_reflection(association_id, options, &extension)
+          options.assert_valid_keys(
+            :class_name, :table_name, :foreign_key,
+            :exclusively_dependent, :dependent,
+            :select, :conditions, :include, :order, :group, :limit, :offset,
+            :as, :through, :source, :source_type,
+            :uniq,
+            :finder_sql, :counter_sql, 
+            :before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove, 
+            :extend
+          )
+
+          options[:extend] = create_extension_module(association_id, extension) if block_given?
+
+          create_reflection(:has_many, association_id, options, self)
+        end
+
+        def create_has_one_reflection(association_id, options)
+          options.assert_valid_keys(
+            :class_name, :foreign_key, :remote, :conditions, :order, :include, :dependent, :counter_cache, :extend, :as
+          )
+
+          create_reflection(:has_one, association_id, options, self)
+        end
+
+        def create_belongs_to_reflection(association_id, options)
+          options.assert_valid_keys(
+            :class_name, :foreign_key, :foreign_type, :remote, :conditions, :order, :include, :dependent, 
+            :counter_cache, :extend, :polymorphic
+          )
+          
+          reflection = create_reflection(:belongs_to, association_id, options, self)
+
+          if options[:polymorphic]
+            reflection.options[:foreign_type] ||= reflection.class_name.underscore + "_type"
+          end
+
+          reflection
+        end
+        
+        def create_has_and_belongs_to_many_reflection(association_id, options, &extension)
+          options.assert_valid_keys(
+            :class_name, :table_name, :join_table, :foreign_key, :association_foreign_key, 
+            :select, :conditions, :include, :order, :group, :limit, :offset,
+            :uniq, 
+            :finder_sql, :delete_sql, :insert_sql,
+            :before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove, 
+            :extend
+          )
+
+          options[:extend] = create_extension_module(association_id, extension) if block_given?
+
+          reflection = create_reflection(:has_and_belongs_to_many, association_id, options, self)
+
+          reflection.options[:join_table] ||= join_table_name(undecorated_table_name(self.to_s), undecorated_table_name(reflection.class_name))
+          
+          reflection
+        end
+
+        def reflect_on_included_associations(associations)
+          [ associations ].flatten.collect { |association| reflect_on_association(association.to_s.intern) }
+        end
+
+        def guard_against_unlimitable_reflections(reflections, options)
+          if (options[:offset] || options[:limit]) && !using_limitable_reflections?(reflections)
+            raise(
+              ConfigurationError, 
+              "You can not use offset and limit together with has_many or has_and_belongs_to_many associations"
+            )
+          end
+        end
+
+        def select_all_rows(options, join_dependency)
+          connection.select_all(
+            construct_finder_sql_with_included_associations(options, join_dependency),
+            "#{name} Load Including Associations"
+          )
+        end
+
+        def construct_finder_sql_with_included_associations(options, join_dependency)
+          scope = scope(:find)
+          sql = "SELECT #{column_aliases(join_dependency)} FROM #{(scope && scope[:from]) || options[:from] || table_name} "
+          sql << join_dependency.join_associations.collect{|join| join.association_join }.join
+ 
+          add_joins!(sql, options, scope)
+          add_conditions!(sql, options[:conditions], scope)
+          add_limited_ids_condition!(sql, options, join_dependency) if !using_limitable_reflections?(join_dependency.reflections) && ((scope && scope[:limit]) || options[:limit])
+
+          sql << "GROUP BY #{options[:group]} " if options[:group]
+ 
+          add_order!(sql, options[:order], scope)
+          add_limit!(sql, options, scope) if using_limitable_reflections?(join_dependency.reflections)
+          add_lock!(sql, options, scope)
+ 
+          return sanitize_sql(sql)
+        end
+ 
+        def add_limited_ids_condition!(sql, options, join_dependency)
+          unless (id_list = select_limited_ids_list(options, join_dependency)).empty?
+            sql << "#{condition_word(sql)} #{table_name}.#{primary_key} IN (#{id_list}) "
+          else
+            throw :invalid_query
+          end
+        end
+ 
+        def select_limited_ids_list(options, join_dependency)
+          connection.select_all(
+            construct_finder_sql_for_association_limiting(options, join_dependency),
+            "#{name} Load IDs For Limited Eager Loading"
+          ).collect { |row| connection.quote(row[primary_key]) }.join(", ")
+        end
+
+        def construct_finder_sql_for_association_limiting(options, join_dependency)
+          scope       = scope(:find)
+          is_distinct = include_eager_conditions?(options) || include_eager_order?(options)
+          sql = "SELECT "
+          if is_distinct
+            sql << connection.distinct("#{table_name}.#{primary_key}", options[:order])
+          else
+            sql << primary_key
+          end
+          sql << " FROM #{table_name} "
+
+          if is_distinct
+            sql << join_dependency.join_associations.collect(&:association_join).join
+            add_joins!(sql, options, scope)
+          end
+
+          add_conditions!(sql, options[:conditions], scope)
+          if options[:order]
+            if is_distinct
+              connection.add_order_by_for_association_limiting!(sql, options)
+            else
+              sql << "ORDER BY #{options[:order]}"
+            end
+          end
+          add_limit!(sql, options, scope)
+          return sanitize_sql(sql)
+        end
+
+        # Checks if the conditions reference a table other than the current model table
+        def include_eager_conditions?(options)
+          # look in both sets of conditions
+          conditions = [scope(:find, :conditions), options[:conditions]].inject([]) do |all, cond|
+            case cond
+              when nil   then all
+              when Array then all << cond.first
+              else            all << cond
+            end
+          end
+          return false unless conditions.any?
+          conditions.join(' ').scan(/([\.\w]+)\.\w+/).flatten.any? do |condition_table_name|
+            condition_table_name != table_name
+          end
+        end
+        
+        # Checks if the query order references a table other than the current model's table.
+        def include_eager_order?(options)
+          order = options[:order]
+          return false unless order
+          order.scan(/([\.\w]+)\.\w+/).flatten.any? do |order_table_name|
+            order_table_name != table_name
+          end
+        end
+
+        def using_limitable_reflections?(reflections)
+          reflections.reject { |r| [ :belongs_to, :has_one ].include?(r.macro) }.length.zero?
+        end
+
+        def column_aliases(join_dependency)
+          join_dependency.joins.collect{|join| join.column_names_with_alias.collect{|column_name, aliased_name|
+              "#{join.aliased_table_name}.#{connection.quote_column_name column_name} AS #{aliased_name}"}}.flatten.join(", ")
+        end
+
+        def add_association_callbacks(association_name, options)
+          callbacks = %w(before_add after_add before_remove after_remove)
+          callbacks.each do |callback_name|
+            full_callback_name = "#{callback_name}_for_#{association_name}"
+            defined_callbacks = options[callback_name.to_sym]
+            if options.has_key?(callback_name.to_sym)
+              class_inheritable_reader full_callback_name.to_sym
+              write_inheritable_array(full_callback_name.to_sym, [defined_callbacks].flatten)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def condition_word(sql)
+          sql =~ /where/i ? " AND " : "WHERE "
+        end
+
+        def create_extension_module(association_id, extension)
+          extension_module_name = "#{self.to_s}#{association_id.to_s.camelize}AssociationExtension"
+
+          silence_warnings do
+            Object.const_set(extension_module_name, Module.new(&extension))
+          end
+          
+          extension_module_name.constantize
+        end
+
+        class JoinDependency # :nodoc:
+          attr_reader :joins, :reflections, :table_aliases
+
+          def initialize(base, associations, joins)
+            @joins                 = [JoinBase.new(base, joins)]
+            @associations          = associations
+            @reflections           = []
+            @base_records_hash     = {}
+            @base_records_in_order = []
+            @table_aliases         = Hash.new { |aliases, table| aliases[table] = 0 }
+            @table_aliases[base.table_name] = 1
+            build(associations)
+          end
+
+          def join_associations
+            @joins[1..-1].to_a
+          end
+
+          def join_base
+            @joins[0]
+          end
+
+          def instantiate(rows)
+            rows.each_with_index do |row, i|
+              primary_id = join_base.record_id(row)
+              unless @base_records_hash[primary_id]
+                @base_records_in_order << (@base_records_hash[primary_id] = join_base.instantiate(row))
+              end
+              construct(@base_records_hash[primary_id], @associations, join_associations.dup, row)
+            end
+            return @base_records_in_order
+          end
+
+          def aliased_table_names_for(table_name)
+            joins.select{|join| join.table_name == table_name }.collect{|join| join.aliased_table_name}
+          end
+
+          protected
+            def build(associations, parent = nil)
+              parent ||= @joins.last
+              case associations
+                when Symbol, String
+                  reflection = parent.reflections[associations.to_s.intern] or
+                  raise ConfigurationError, "Association named '#{ associations }' was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?"
+                  @reflections << reflection
+                  @joins << JoinAssociation.new(reflection, self, parent)
+                when Array
+                  associations.each do |association|
+                    build(association, parent)
+                  end
+                when Hash
+                  associations.keys.sort{|a,b|a.to_s<=>b.to_s}.each do |name|
+                    build(name, parent)
+                    build(associations[name])
+                  end
+                else
+                  raise ConfigurationError, associations.inspect
+              end
+            end
+
+            def construct(parent, associations, joins, row)
+              case associations
+                when Symbol, String
+                  while (join = joins.shift).reflection.name.to_s != associations.to_s
+                    raise ConfigurationError, "Not Enough Associations" if joins.empty?
+                  end
+                  construct_association(parent, join, row)
+                when Array
+                  associations.each do |association|
+                    construct(parent, association, joins, row)
+                  end
+                when Hash
+                  associations.keys.sort{|a,b|a.to_s<=>b.to_s}.each do |name|
+                    association = construct_association(parent, joins.shift, row)
+                    construct(association, associations[name], joins, row) if association
+                  end
+                else
+                  raise ConfigurationError, associations.inspect
+              end
+            end
+
+            def construct_association(record, join, row)
+              case join.reflection.macro
+                when :has_many, :has_and_belongs_to_many
+                  collection = record.send(join.reflection.name)
+                  collection.loaded
+
+                  return nil if record.id.to_s != join.parent.record_id(row).to_s or row[join.aliased_primary_key].nil?
+                  association = join.instantiate(row)
+                  collection.target.push(association) unless collection.target.include?(association)
+                when :has_one
+                  return if record.id.to_s != join.parent.record_id(row).to_s
+                  association = join.instantiate(row) unless row[join.aliased_primary_key].nil?
+                  record.send("set_#{join.reflection.name}_target", association)
+                when :belongs_to
+                  return if record.id.to_s != join.parent.record_id(row).to_s or row[join.aliased_primary_key].nil?
+                  association = join.instantiate(row)
+                  record.send("set_#{join.reflection.name}_target", association)
+                else
+                  raise ConfigurationError, "unknown macro: #{join.reflection.macro}"
+              end
+              return association
+            end
+
+          class JoinBase # :nodoc:
+            attr_reader :active_record, :table_joins
+            delegate    :table_name, :column_names, :primary_key, :reflections, :sanitize_sql, :to => :active_record
+
+            def initialize(active_record, joins = nil)
+              @active_record = active_record
+              @cached_record = {}
+              @table_joins   = joins
+            end
+
+            def aliased_prefix
+              "t0"
+            end
+
+            def aliased_primary_key
+              "#{ aliased_prefix }_r0"
+            end
+
+            def aliased_table_name
+              active_record.table_name
+            end
+
+            def column_names_with_alias
+              unless @column_names_with_alias
+                @column_names_with_alias = []
+                ([primary_key] + (column_names - [primary_key])).each_with_index do |column_name, i|
+                  @column_names_with_alias << [column_name, "#{ aliased_prefix }_r#{ i }"]
+                end
+              end
+              return @column_names_with_alias
+            end
+
+            def extract_record(row)
+              column_names_with_alias.inject({}){|record, (cn, an)| record[cn] = row[an]; record}
+            end
+
+            def record_id(row)
+              row[aliased_primary_key]
+            end
+
+            def instantiate(row)
+              @cached_record[record_id(row)] ||= active_record.send(:instantiate, extract_record(row))
+            end
+          end
+
+          class JoinAssociation < JoinBase # :nodoc:
+            attr_reader :reflection, :parent, :aliased_table_name, :aliased_prefix, :aliased_join_table_name, :parent_table_name
+            delegate    :options, :klass, :through_reflection, :source_reflection, :to => :reflection
+
+            def initialize(reflection, join_dependency, parent = nil)
+              reflection.check_validity!
+              if reflection.options[:polymorphic]
+                raise EagerLoadPolymorphicError.new(reflection)
+              end
+
+              super(reflection.klass)
+              @parent             = parent
+              @reflection         = reflection
+              @aliased_prefix     = "t#{ join_dependency.joins.size }"
+              @aliased_table_name = table_name #.tr('.', '_') # start with the table name, sub out any .'s
+              @parent_table_name  = parent.active_record.table_name
+
+              if !parent.table_joins.blank? && parent.table_joins.to_s.downcase =~ %r{join(\s+\w+)?\s+#{aliased_table_name.downcase}\son}
+                join_dependency.table_aliases[aliased_table_name] += 1
+              end
+              
+              unless join_dependency.table_aliases[aliased_table_name].zero?
+                # if the table name has been used, then use an alias
+                @aliased_table_name = active_record.connection.table_alias_for "#{pluralize(reflection.name)}_#{parent_table_name}"
+                table_index = join_dependency.table_aliases[aliased_table_name]
+                join_dependency.table_aliases[aliased_table_name] += 1
+                @aliased_table_name = @aliased_table_name[0..active_record.connection.table_alias_length-3] + "_#{table_index+1}" if table_index > 0
+              else
+                join_dependency.table_aliases[aliased_table_name] += 1
+              end
+              
+              if reflection.macro == :has_and_belongs_to_many || (reflection.macro == :has_many && reflection.options[:through])
+                @aliased_join_table_name = reflection.macro == :has_and_belongs_to_many ? reflection.options[:join_table] : reflection.through_reflection.klass.table_name
+                unless join_dependency.table_aliases[aliased_join_table_name].zero?
+                  @aliased_join_table_name = active_record.connection.table_alias_for "#{pluralize(reflection.name)}_#{parent_table_name}_join"
+                  table_index = join_dependency.table_aliases[aliased_join_table_name]
+                  join_dependency.table_aliases[aliased_join_table_name] += 1
+                  @aliased_join_table_name = @aliased_join_table_name[0..active_record.connection.table_alias_length-3] + "_#{table_index+1}" if table_index > 0
+                else
+                  join_dependency.table_aliases[aliased_join_table_name] += 1
+                end
+              end
+            end
+
+            def association_join
+              join = case reflection.macro
+                when :has_and_belongs_to_many
+                  " LEFT OUTER JOIN %s ON %s.%s = %s.%s " % [
+                     table_alias_for(options[:join_table], aliased_join_table_name),
+                     aliased_join_table_name,
+                     options[:foreign_key] || reflection.active_record.to_s.foreign_key,
+                     parent.aliased_table_name, reflection.active_record.primary_key] +
+                  " LEFT OUTER JOIN %s ON %s.%s = %s.%s " % [
+                     table_name_and_alias, aliased_table_name, klass.primary_key,
+                     aliased_join_table_name, options[:association_foreign_key] || klass.to_s.foreign_key
+                     ]
+                when :has_many, :has_one
+                  case
+                    when reflection.macro == :has_many && reflection.options[:through]
+                      through_conditions = through_reflection.options[:conditions] ? "AND #{interpolate_sql(sanitize_sql(through_reflection.options[:conditions]))}" : ''
+                      
+                      jt_foreign_key = jt_as_extra = jt_source_extra = jt_sti_extra = nil 
+                      first_key = second_key = as_extra = nil 
+                      
+                      if through_reflection.options[:as] # has_many :through against a polymorphic join
+                        jt_foreign_key = through_reflection.options[:as].to_s + '_id'
+                        jt_as_extra = " AND %s.%s = %s" % [
+                          aliased_join_table_name,
+                          reflection.active_record.connection.quote_column_name(through_reflection.options[:as].to_s + '_type'),
+                          klass.quote_value(parent.active_record.base_class.name)
+                        ]
+                      else
+                        jt_foreign_key = through_reflection.primary_key_name 
+                      end
+                        
+                      case source_reflection.macro
+                      when :has_many
+                        if source_reflection.options[:as] 
+                          first_key   = "#{source_reflection.options[:as]}_id" 
+                          second_key  = options[:foreign_key] || primary_key 
+                          as_extra    = " AND %s.%s = %s" % [
+                            aliased_table_name,
+                            reflection.active_record.connection.quote_column_name("#{source_reflection.options[:as]}_type"),  
+                            klass.quote_value(source_reflection.active_record.base_class.name) 
+                          ]
+                        else
+                          first_key   = through_reflection.klass.base_class.to_s.foreign_key
+                          second_key  = options[:foreign_key] || primary_key
+                        end
+                        
+                        unless through_reflection.klass.descends_from_active_record?
+                          jt_sti_extra = " AND %s.%s = %s" % [
+                            aliased_join_table_name,
+                            reflection.active_record.connection.quote_column_name(through_reflection.active_record.inheritance_column),
+                            through_reflection.klass.quote_value(through_reflection.klass.name.demodulize)]
+                        end
+                      when :belongs_to
+                        first_key = primary_key
+                        if reflection.options[:source_type]
+                          second_key = source_reflection.association_foreign_key
+                          jt_source_extra = " AND %s.%s = %s" % [
+                            aliased_join_table_name,
+                            reflection.active_record.connection.quote_column_name(reflection.source_reflection.options[:foreign_type]),
+                            klass.quote_value(reflection.options[:source_type])
+                          ]
+                        else
+                          second_key = source_reflection.options[:foreign_key] || klass.to_s.foreign_key
+                        end
+                      end
+
+                      " LEFT OUTER JOIN %s ON (%s.%s = %s.%s%s%s%s) " % [
+                        table_alias_for(through_reflection.klass.table_name, aliased_join_table_name),
+                        parent.aliased_table_name, reflection.active_record.connection.quote_column_name(parent.primary_key),
+                        aliased_join_table_name, reflection.active_record.connection.quote_column_name(jt_foreign_key), 
+                        jt_as_extra, jt_source_extra, jt_sti_extra
+                      ] +
+                      " LEFT OUTER JOIN %s ON (%s.%s = %s.%s%s) " % [
+                        table_name_and_alias, 
+                        aliased_table_name, reflection.active_record.connection.quote_column_name(first_key),
+                        aliased_join_table_name, reflection.active_record.connection.quote_column_name(second_key),
+                        as_extra
+                      ]
+
+                    when reflection.macro == :has_many && reflection.options[:as]
+                      " LEFT OUTER JOIN %s ON %s.%s = %s.%s AND %s.%s = %s" % [
+                        table_name_and_alias,
+                        aliased_table_name, "#{reflection.options[:as]}_id",
+                        parent.aliased_table_name, parent.primary_key,
+                        aliased_table_name, "#{reflection.options[:as]}_type",
+                        klass.quote_value(parent.active_record.base_class.name)
+                      ]
+                    when reflection.macro == :has_one && reflection.options[:as]
+                      " LEFT OUTER JOIN %s ON %s.%s = %s.%s AND %s.%s = %s " % [
+                        table_name_and_alias,
+                        aliased_table_name, "#{reflection.options[:as]}_id",
+                        parent.aliased_table_name, parent.primary_key,
+                        aliased_table_name, "#{reflection.options[:as]}_type",
+                        klass.quote_value(reflection.active_record.base_class.name)
+                      ]
+                    else
+                      foreign_key = options[:foreign_key] || reflection.active_record.name.foreign_key
+                      " LEFT OUTER JOIN %s ON %s.%s = %s.%s " % [
+                        table_name_and_alias,
+                        aliased_table_name, foreign_key,
+                        parent.aliased_table_name, parent.primary_key
+                      ]
+                  end
+                when :belongs_to
+                  " LEFT OUTER JOIN %s ON %s.%s = %s.%s " % [
+                     table_name_and_alias, aliased_table_name, reflection.klass.primary_key,
+                     parent.aliased_table_name, options[:foreign_key] || klass.to_s.foreign_key
+                    ]
+                else
+                  ""
+              end || ''
+              join << %(AND %s.%s = %s ) % [
+                aliased_table_name, 
+                reflection.active_record.connection.quote_column_name(klass.inheritance_column), 
+                klass.quote_value(klass.name.demodulize)] unless klass.descends_from_active_record?
+
+              [through_reflection, reflection].each do |ref|
+                join << "AND #{interpolate_sql(sanitize_sql(ref.options[:conditions]))} " if ref && ref.options[:conditions]
+              end
+
+              join
+            end
+            
+            protected
+
+              def pluralize(table_name)
+                ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names ? table_name.to_s.pluralize : table_name
+              end
+              
+              def table_alias_for(table_name, table_alias)
+                "#{table_name} #{table_alias if table_name != table_alias}".strip
+              end
+
+              def table_name_and_alias
+                table_alias_for table_name, @aliased_table_name
+              end
+
+              def interpolate_sql(sql)
+                instance_eval("%@#{sql.gsub('@', '\@')}@") 
+              end 
+          end
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end