backbone-support 0.4.0 → 0.5.0

data/vendor/assets/javascripts/underscore.js

@@ -1,45 +1,33 @@
-// Underscore.js 1.4.4
-// ===================
+//     Underscore.js 1.7.0
+//     http://underscorejs.org
+//     (c) 2009-2014 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
+//     Underscore may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
 
-// > http://underscorejs.org
-// > (c) 2009-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
-// > Underscore may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
-
-// Baseline setup
-// --------------
 (function() {
 
-  // Establish the root object, `window` in the browser, or `global` on the server.
+  // Baseline setup
+  // --------------
+
+  // Establish the root object, `window` in the browser, or `exports` on the server.
   var root = this;
 
   // Save the previous value of the `_` variable.
   var previousUnderscore = root._;
 
-  // Establish the object that gets returned to break out of a loop iteration.
-  var breaker = {};
-
   // Save bytes in the minified (but not gzipped) version:
   var ArrayProto = Array.prototype, ObjProto = Object.prototype, FuncProto = Function.prototype;
 
   // Create quick reference variables for speed access to core prototypes.
-  var push             = ArrayProto.push,
-      slice            = ArrayProto.slice,
-      concat           = ArrayProto.concat,
-      toString         = ObjProto.toString,
-      hasOwnProperty   = ObjProto.hasOwnProperty;
+  var
+    push             = ArrayProto.push,
+    slice            = ArrayProto.slice,
+    concat           = ArrayProto.concat,
+    toString         = ObjProto.toString,
+    hasOwnProperty   = ObjProto.hasOwnProperty;
 
   // All **ECMAScript 5** native function implementations that we hope to use
   // are declared here.
   var
-    nativeForEach      = ArrayProto.forEach,
-    nativeMap          = ArrayProto.map,
-    nativeReduce       = ArrayProto.reduce,
-    nativeReduceRight  = ArrayProto.reduceRight,
-    nativeFilter       = ArrayProto.filter,
-    nativeEvery        = ArrayProto.every,
-    nativeSome         = ArrayProto.some,
-    nativeIndexOf      = ArrayProto.indexOf,
-    nativeLastIndexOf  = ArrayProto.lastIndexOf,
     nativeIsArray      = Array.isArray,
     nativeKeys         = Object.keys,
     nativeBind         = FuncProto.bind;
@@ -53,8 +41,7 @@
 
   // Export the Underscore object for **Node.js**, with
   // backwards-compatibility for the old `require()` API. If we're in
-  // the browser, add `_` as a global object via a string identifier,
-  // for Closure Compiler "advanced" mode.
+  // the browser, add `_` as a global object.
   if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
     if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
       exports = module.exports = _;
@@ -65,98 +52,125 @@
   }
 
   // Current version.
-  _.VERSION = '1.4.4';
+  _.VERSION = '1.7.0';
+
+  // Internal function that returns an efficient (for current engines) version
+  // of the passed-in callback, to be repeatedly applied in other Underscore
+  // functions.
+  var createCallback = function(func, context, argCount) {
+    if (context === void 0) return func;
+    switch (argCount == null ? 3 : argCount) {
+      case 1: return function(value) {
+        return func.call(context, value);
+      };
+      case 2: return function(value, other) {
+        return func.call(context, value, other);
+      };
+      case 3: return function(value, index, collection) {
+        return func.call(context, value, index, collection);
+      };
+      case 4: return function(accumulator, value, index, collection) {
+        return func.call(context, accumulator, value, index, collection);
+      };
+    }
+    return function() {
+      return func.apply(context, arguments);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // A mostly-internal function to generate callbacks that can be applied
+  // to each element in a collection, returning the desired result — either
+  // identity, an arbitrary callback, a property matcher, or a property accessor.
+  _.iteratee = function(value, context, argCount) {
+    if (value == null) return _.identity;
+    if (_.isFunction(value)) return createCallback(value, context, argCount);
+    if (_.isObject(value)) return _.matches(value);
+    return _.property(value);
+  };
 
   // Collection Functions
   // --------------------
 
   // The cornerstone, an `each` implementation, aka `forEach`.
-  // Handles objects with the built-in `forEach`, arrays, and raw objects.
-  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `forEach` if available.
-  var each = _.each = _.forEach = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    if (obj == null) return;
-    if (nativeForEach && obj.forEach === nativeForEach) {
-      obj.forEach(iterator, context);
-    } else if (obj.length === +obj.length) {
-      for (var i = 0, l = obj.length; i < l; i++) {
-        if (iterator.call(context, obj[i], i, obj) === breaker) return;
+  // Handles raw objects in addition to array-likes. Treats all
+  // sparse array-likes as if they were dense.
+  _.each = _.forEach = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
+    if (obj == null) return obj;
+    iteratee = createCallback(iteratee, context);
+    var i, length = obj.length;
+    if (length === +length) {
+      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        iteratee(obj[i], i, obj);
       }
     } else {
-      for (var key in obj) {
-        if (_.has(obj, key)) {
-          if (iterator.call(context, obj[key], key, obj) === breaker) return;
-        }
+      var keys = _.keys(obj);
+      for (i = 0, length = keys.length; i < length; i++) {
+        iteratee(obj[keys[i]], keys[i], obj);
       }
     }
+    return obj;
   };
 
-  // Return the results of applying the iterator to each element.
-  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `map` if available.
-  _.map = _.collect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    var results = [];
-    if (obj == null) return results;
-    if (nativeMap && obj.map === nativeMap) return obj.map(iterator, context);
-    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      results[results.length] = iterator.call(context, value, index, list);
-    });
+  // Return the results of applying the iteratee to each element.
+  _.map = _.collect = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
+    if (obj == null) return [];
+    iteratee = _.iteratee(iteratee, context);
+    var keys = obj.length !== +obj.length && _.keys(obj),
+        length = (keys || obj).length,
+        results = Array(length),
+        currentKey;
+    for (var index = 0; index < length; index++) {
+      currentKey = keys ? keys[index] : index;
+      results[index] = iteratee(obj[currentKey], currentKey, obj);
+    }
     return results;
   };
 
   var reduceError = 'Reduce of empty array with no initial value';
 
   // **Reduce** builds up a single result from a list of values, aka `inject`,
-  // or `foldl`. Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduce` if available.
-  _.reduce = _.foldl = _.inject = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
-    var initial = arguments.length > 2;
+  // or `foldl`.
+  _.reduce = _.foldl = _.inject = function(obj, iteratee, memo, context) {
     if (obj == null) obj = [];
-    if (nativeReduce && obj.reduce === nativeReduce) {
-      if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
-      return initial ? obj.reduce(iterator, memo) : obj.reduce(iterator);
+    iteratee = createCallback(iteratee, context, 4);
+    var keys = obj.length !== +obj.length && _.keys(obj),
+        length = (keys || obj).length,
+        index = 0, currentKey;
+    if (arguments.length < 3) {
+      if (!length) throw new TypeError(reduceError);
+      memo = obj[keys ? keys[index++] : index++];
+    }
+    for (; index < length; index++) {
+      currentKey = keys ? keys[index] : index;
+      memo = iteratee(memo, obj[currentKey], currentKey, obj);
     }
-    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      if (!initial) {
-        memo = value;
-        initial = true;
-      } else {
-        memo = iterator.call(context, memo, value, index, list);
-      }
-    });
-    if (!initial) throw new TypeError(reduceError);
     return memo;
   };
 
   // The right-associative version of reduce, also known as `foldr`.
-  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduceRight` if available.
-  _.reduceRight = _.foldr = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
-    var initial = arguments.length > 2;
+  _.reduceRight = _.foldr = function(obj, iteratee, memo, context) {
     if (obj == null) obj = [];
-    if (nativeReduceRight && obj.reduceRight === nativeReduceRight) {
-      if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
-      return initial ? obj.reduceRight(iterator, memo) : obj.reduceRight(iterator);
+    iteratee = createCallback(iteratee, context, 4);
+    var keys = obj.length !== + obj.length && _.keys(obj),
+        index = (keys || obj).length,
+        currentKey;
+    if (arguments.length < 3) {
+      if (!index) throw new TypeError(reduceError);
+      memo = obj[keys ? keys[--index] : --index];
     }
-    var length = obj.length;
-    if (length !== +length) {
-      var keys = _.keys(obj);
-      length = keys.length;
+    while (index--) {
+      currentKey = keys ? keys[index] : index;
+      memo = iteratee(memo, obj[currentKey], currentKey, obj);
     }
-    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      index = keys ? keys[--length] : --length;
-      if (!initial) {
-        memo = obj[index];
-        initial = true;
-      } else {
-        memo = iterator.call(context, memo, obj[index], index, list);
-      }
-    });
-    if (!initial) throw new TypeError(reduceError);
     return memo;
   };
 
   // Return the first value which passes a truth test. Aliased as `detect`.
-  _.find = _.detect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+  _.find = _.detect = function(obj, predicate, context) {
     var result;
-    any(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) {
+    predicate = _.iteratee(predicate, context);
+    _.some(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (predicate(value, index, list)) {
         result = value;
         return true;
       }
@@ -165,61 +179,58 @@
   };
 
   // Return all the elements that pass a truth test.
-  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `filter` if available.
   // Aliased as `select`.
-  _.filter = _.select = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+  _.filter = _.select = function(obj, predicate, context) {
     var results = [];
     if (obj == null) return results;
-    if (nativeFilter && obj.filter === nativeFilter) return obj.filter(iterator, context);
-    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) results[results.length] = value;
+    predicate = _.iteratee(predicate, context);
+    _.each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (predicate(value, index, list)) results.push(value);
     });
     return results;
   };
 
   // Return all the elements for which a truth test fails.
-  _.reject = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    return _.filter(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      return !iterator.call(context, value, index, list);
-    }, context);
+  _.reject = function(obj, predicate, context) {
+    return _.filter(obj, _.negate(_.iteratee(predicate)), context);
   };
 
   // Determine whether all of the elements match a truth test.
-  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `every` if available.
   // Aliased as `all`.
-  _.every = _.all = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    iterator || (iterator = _.identity);
-    var result = true;
-    if (obj == null) return result;
-    if (nativeEvery && obj.every === nativeEvery) return obj.every(iterator, context);
-    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      if (!(result = result && iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
-    });
-    return !!result;
+  _.every = _.all = function(obj, predicate, context) {
+    if (obj == null) return true;
+    predicate = _.iteratee(predicate, context);
+    var keys = obj.length !== +obj.length && _.keys(obj),
+        length = (keys || obj).length,
+        index, currentKey;
+    for (index = 0; index < length; index++) {
+      currentKey = keys ? keys[index] : index;
+      if (!predicate(obj[currentKey], currentKey, obj)) return false;
+    }
+    return true;
   };
 
   // Determine if at least one element in the object matches a truth test.
-  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `some` if available.
   // Aliased as `any`.
-  var any = _.some = _.any = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    iterator || (iterator = _.identity);
-    var result = false;
-    if (obj == null) return result;
-    if (nativeSome && obj.some === nativeSome) return obj.some(iterator, context);
-    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      if (result || (result = iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
-    });
-    return !!result;
+  _.some = _.any = function(obj, predicate, context) {
+    if (obj == null) return false;
+    predicate = _.iteratee(predicate, context);
+    var keys = obj.length !== +obj.length && _.keys(obj),
+        length = (keys || obj).length,
+        index, currentKey;
+    for (index = 0; index < length; index++) {
+      currentKey = keys ? keys[index] : index;
+      if (predicate(obj[currentKey], currentKey, obj)) return true;
+    }
+    return false;
   };
 
   // Determine if the array or object contains a given value (using `===`).
   // Aliased as `include`.
   _.contains = _.include = function(obj, target) {
     if (obj == null) return false;
-    if (nativeIndexOf && obj.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return obj.indexOf(target) != -1;
-    return any(obj, function(value) {
-      return value === target;
-    });
+    if (obj.length !== +obj.length) obj = _.values(obj);
+    return _.indexOf(obj, target) >= 0;
   };
 
   // Invoke a method (with arguments) on every item in a collection.
@@ -233,83 +244,104 @@
 
   // Convenience version of a common use case of `map`: fetching a property.
   _.pluck = function(obj, key) {
-    return _.map(obj, function(value){ return value[key]; });
+    return _.map(obj, _.property(key));
   };
 
   // Convenience version of a common use case of `filter`: selecting only objects
   // containing specific `key:value` pairs.
-  _.where = function(obj, attrs, first) {
-    if (_.isEmpty(attrs)) return first ? null : [];
-    return _[first ? 'find' : 'filter'](obj, function(value) {
-      for (var key in attrs) {
-        if (attrs[key] !== value[key]) return false;
-      }
-      return true;
-    });
+  _.where = function(obj, attrs) {
+    return _.filter(obj, _.matches(attrs));
   };
 
   // Convenience version of a common use case of `find`: getting the first object
   // containing specific `key:value` pairs.
   _.findWhere = function(obj, attrs) {
-    return _.where(obj, attrs, true);
-  };
-
-  // Return the maximum element or (element-based computation).
-  // Can't optimize arrays of integers longer than 65,535 elements.
-  // See: https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=80797
-  _.max = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj) && obj[0] === +obj[0] && obj.length < 65535) {
-      return Math.max.apply(Math, obj);
+    return _.find(obj, _.matches(attrs));
+  };
+
+  // Return the maximum element (or element-based computation).
+  _.max = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
+    var result = -Infinity, lastComputed = -Infinity,
+        value, computed;
+    if (iteratee == null && obj != null) {
+      obj = obj.length === +obj.length ? obj : _.values(obj);
+      for (var i = 0, length = obj.length; i < length; i++) {
+        value = obj[i];
+        if (value > result) {
+          result = value;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      iteratee = _.iteratee(iteratee, context);
+      _.each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+        computed = iteratee(value, index, list);
+        if (computed > lastComputed || computed === -Infinity && result === -Infinity) {
+          result = value;
+          lastComputed = computed;
+        }
+      });
     }
-    if (!iterator && _.isEmpty(obj)) return -Infinity;
-    var result = {computed : -Infinity, value: -Infinity};
-    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
-      computed >= result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
-    });
-    return result.value;
+    return result;
   };
 
   // Return the minimum element (or element-based computation).
-  _.min = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj) && obj[0] === +obj[0] && obj.length < 65535) {
-      return Math.min.apply(Math, obj);
+  _.min = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
+    var result = Infinity, lastComputed = Infinity,
+        value, computed;
+    if (iteratee == null && obj != null) {
+      obj = obj.length === +obj.length ? obj : _.values(obj);
+      for (var i = 0, length = obj.length; i < length; i++) {
+        value = obj[i];
+        if (value < result) {
+          result = value;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      iteratee = _.iteratee(iteratee, context);
+      _.each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+        computed = iteratee(value, index, list);
+        if (computed < lastComputed || computed === Infinity && result === Infinity) {
+          result = value;
+          lastComputed = computed;
+        }
+      });
     }
-    if (!iterator && _.isEmpty(obj)) return Infinity;
-    var result = {computed : Infinity, value: Infinity};
-    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
-      computed < result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
-    });
-    return result.value;
+    return result;
   };
 
-  // Shuffle an array.
+  // Shuffle a collection, using the modern version of the
+  // [Fisher-Yates shuffle](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher–Yates_shuffle).
   _.shuffle = function(obj) {
-    var rand;
-    var index = 0;
-    var shuffled = [];
-    each(obj, function(value) {
-      rand = _.random(index++);
-      shuffled[index - 1] = shuffled[rand];
-      shuffled[rand] = value;
-    });
+    var set = obj && obj.length === +obj.length ? obj : _.values(obj);
+    var length = set.length;
+    var shuffled = Array(length);
+    for (var index = 0, rand; index < length; index++) {
+      rand = _.random(0, index);
+      if (rand !== index) shuffled[index] = shuffled[rand];
+      shuffled[rand] = set[index];
+    }
     return shuffled;
   };
 
-  // An internal function to generate lookup iterators.
-  var lookupIterator = function(value) {
-    return _.isFunction(value) ? value : function(obj){ return obj[value]; };
+  // Sample **n** random values from a collection.
+  // If **n** is not specified, returns a single random element.
+  // The internal `guard` argument allows it to work with `map`.
+  _.sample = function(obj, n, guard) {
+    if (n == null || guard) {
+      if (obj.length !== +obj.length) obj = _.values(obj);
+      return obj[_.random(obj.length - 1)];
+    }
+    return _.shuffle(obj).slice(0, Math.max(0, n));
   };
 
-  // Sort the object's values by a criterion produced by an iterator.
-  _.sortBy = function(obj, value, context) {
-    var iterator = lookupIterator(value);
+  // Sort the object's values by a criterion produced by an iteratee.
+  _.sortBy = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
+    iteratee = _.iteratee(iteratee, context);
     return _.pluck(_.map(obj, function(value, index, list) {
       return {
-        value : value,
-        index : index,
-        criteria : iterator.call(context, value, index, list)
+        value: value,
+        index: index,
+        criteria: iteratee(value, index, list)
       };
     }).sort(function(left, right) {
       var a = left.criteria;
@@ -318,53 +350,56 @@
         if (a > b || a === void 0) return 1;
         if (a < b || b === void 0) return -1;
       }
-      return left.index < right.index ? -1 : 1;
+      return left.index - right.index;
     }), 'value');
   };
 
   // An internal function used for aggregate "group by" operations.
-  var group = function(obj, value, context, behavior) {
-    var result = {};
-    var iterator = lookupIterator(value || _.identity);
-    each(obj, function(value, index) {
-      var key = iterator.call(context, value, index, obj);
-      behavior(result, key, value);
-    });
-    return result;
+  var group = function(behavior) {
+    return function(obj, iteratee, context) {
+      var result = {};
+      iteratee = _.iteratee(iteratee, context);
+      _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
+        var key = iteratee(value, index, obj);
+        behavior(result, value, key);
+      });
+      return result;
+    };
   };
 
   // Groups the object's values by a criterion. Pass either a string attribute
   // to group by, or a function that returns the criterion.
-  _.groupBy = function(obj, value, context) {
-    return group(obj, value, context, function(result, key, value) {
-      (_.has(result, key) ? result[key] : (result[key] = [])).push(value);
-    });
-  };
+  _.groupBy = group(function(result, value, key) {
+    if (_.has(result, key)) result[key].push(value); else result[key] = [value];
+  });
+
+  // Indexes the object's values by a criterion, similar to `groupBy`, but for
+  // when you know that your index values will be unique.
+  _.indexBy = group(function(result, value, key) {
+    result[key] = value;
+  });
 
   // Counts instances of an object that group by a certain criterion. Pass
   // either a string attribute to count by, or a function that returns the
   // criterion.
-  _.countBy = function(obj, value, context) {
-    return group(obj, value, context, function(result, key) {
-      if (!_.has(result, key)) result[key] = 0;
-      result[key]++;
-    });
-  };
+  _.countBy = group(function(result, value, key) {
+    if (_.has(result, key)) result[key]++; else result[key] = 1;
+  });
 
   // Use a comparator function to figure out the smallest index at which
   // an object should be inserted so as to maintain order. Uses binary search.
-  _.sortedIndex = function(array, obj, iterator, context) {
-    iterator = iterator == null ? _.identity : lookupIterator(iterator);
-    var value = iterator.call(context, obj);
+  _.sortedIndex = function(array, obj, iteratee, context) {
+    iteratee = _.iteratee(iteratee, context, 1);
+    var value = iteratee(obj);
     var low = 0, high = array.length;
     while (low < high) {
-      var mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
-      iterator.call(context, array[mid]) < value ? low = mid + 1 : high = mid;
+      var mid = low + high >>> 1;
+      if (iteratee(array[mid]) < value) low = mid + 1; else high = mid;
     }
     return low;
   };
 
-  // Safely convert anything iterable into a real, live array.
+  // Safely create a real, live array from anything iterable.
   _.toArray = function(obj) {
     if (!obj) return [];
     if (_.isArray(obj)) return slice.call(obj);
@@ -375,7 +410,18 @@
   // Return the number of elements in an object.
   _.size = function(obj) {
     if (obj == null) return 0;
-    return (obj.length === +obj.length) ? obj.length : _.keys(obj).length;
+    return obj.length === +obj.length ? obj.length : _.keys(obj).length;
+  };
+
+  // Split a collection into two arrays: one whose elements all satisfy the given
+  // predicate, and one whose elements all do not satisfy the predicate.
+  _.partition = function(obj, predicate, context) {
+    predicate = _.iteratee(predicate, context);
+    var pass = [], fail = [];
+    _.each(obj, function(value, key, obj) {
+      (predicate(value, key, obj) ? pass : fail).push(value);
+    });
+    return [pass, fail];
   };
 
   // Array Functions
@@ -386,7 +432,9 @@
   // allows it to work with `_.map`.
   _.first = _.head = _.take = function(array, n, guard) {
     if (array == null) return void 0;
-    return (n != null) && !guard ? slice.call(array, 0, n) : array[0];
+    if (n == null || guard) return array[0];
+    if (n < 0) return [];
+    return slice.call(array, 0, n);
   };
 
   // Returns everything but the last entry of the array. Especially useful on
@@ -394,18 +442,15 @@
   // the array, excluding the last N. The **guard** check allows it to work with
   // `_.map`.
   _.initial = function(array, n, guard) {
-    return slice.call(array, 0, array.length - ((n == null) || guard ? 1 : n));
+    return slice.call(array, 0, Math.max(0, array.length - (n == null || guard ? 1 : n)));
   };
 
   // Get the last element of an array. Passing **n** will return the last N
   // values in the array. The **guard** check allows it to work with `_.map`.
   _.last = function(array, n, guard) {
     if (array == null) return void 0;
-    if ((n != null) && !guard) {
-      return slice.call(array, Math.max(array.length - n, 0));
-    } else {
-      return array[array.length - 1];
-    }
+    if (n == null || guard) return array[array.length - 1];
+    return slice.call(array, Math.max(array.length - n, 0));
   };
 
   // Returns everything but the first entry of the array. Aliased as `tail` and `drop`.
@@ -413,7 +458,7 @@
   // the rest N values in the array. The **guard**
   // check allows it to work with `_.map`.
   _.rest = _.tail = _.drop = function(array, n, guard) {
-    return slice.call(array, (n == null) || guard ? 1 : n);
+    return slice.call(array, n == null || guard ? 1 : n);
   };
 
   // Trim out all falsy values from an array.
@@ -422,20 +467,26 @@
   };
 
   // Internal implementation of a recursive `flatten` function.
-  var flatten = function(input, shallow, output) {
-    each(input, function(value) {
-      if (_.isArray(value)) {
-        shallow ? push.apply(output, value) : flatten(value, shallow, output);
+  var flatten = function(input, shallow, strict, output) {
+    if (shallow && _.every(input, _.isArray)) {
+      return concat.apply(output, input);
+    }
+    for (var i = 0, length = input.length; i < length; i++) {
+      var value = input[i];
+      if (!_.isArray(value) && !_.isArguments(value)) {
+        if (!strict) output.push(value);
+      } else if (shallow) {
+        push.apply(output, value);
       } else {
-        output.push(value);
+        flatten(value, shallow, strict, output);
       }
-    });
+    }
     return output;
   };
 
-  // Return a completely flattened version of an array.
+  // Flatten out an array, either recursively (by default), or just one level.
   _.flatten = function(array, shallow) {
-    return flatten(array, shallow, []);
+    return flatten(array, shallow, false, []);
   };
 
   // Return a version of the array that does not contain the specified value(s).
@@ -446,56 +497,74 @@
   // Produce a duplicate-free version of the array. If the array has already
   // been sorted, you have the option of using a faster algorithm.
   // Aliased as `unique`.
-  _.uniq = _.unique = function(array, isSorted, iterator, context) {
-    if (_.isFunction(isSorted)) {
-      context = iterator;
-      iterator = isSorted;
+  _.uniq = _.unique = function(array, isSorted, iteratee, context) {
+    if (array == null) return [];
+    if (!_.isBoolean(isSorted)) {
+      context = iteratee;
+      iteratee = isSorted;
       isSorted = false;
     }
-    var initial = iterator ? _.map(array, iterator, context) : array;
-    var results = [];
+    if (iteratee != null) iteratee = _.iteratee(iteratee, context);
+    var result = [];
     var seen = [];
-    each(initial, function(value, index) {
-      if (isSorted ? (!index || seen[seen.length - 1] !== value) : !_.contains(seen, value)) {
-        seen.push(value);
-        results.push(array[index]);
+    for (var i = 0, length = array.length; i < length; i++) {
+      var value = array[i];
+      if (isSorted) {
+        if (!i || seen !== value) result.push(value);
+        seen = value;
+      } else if (iteratee) {
+        var computed = iteratee(value, i, array);
+        if (_.indexOf(seen, computed) < 0) {
+          seen.push(computed);
+          result.push(value);
+        }
+      } else if (_.indexOf(result, value) < 0) {
+        result.push(value);
       }
-    });
-    return results;
+    }
+    return result;
   };
 
   // Produce an array that contains the union: each distinct element from all of
   // the passed-in arrays.
   _.union = function() {
-    return _.uniq(concat.apply(ArrayProto, arguments));
+    return _.uniq(flatten(arguments, true, true, []));
   };
 
   // Produce an array that contains every item shared between all the
   // passed-in arrays.
   _.intersection = function(array) {
-    var rest = slice.call(arguments, 1);
-    return _.filter(_.uniq(array), function(item) {
-      return _.every(rest, function(other) {
-        return _.indexOf(other, item) >= 0;
-      });
-    });
+    if (array == null) return [];
+    var result = [];
+    var argsLength = arguments.length;
+    for (var i = 0, length = array.length; i < length; i++) {
+      var item = array[i];
+      if (_.contains(result, item)) continue;
+      for (var j = 1; j < argsLength; j++) {
+        if (!_.contains(arguments[j], item)) break;
+      }
+      if (j === argsLength) result.push(item);
+    }
+    return result;
   };
 
   // Take the difference between one array and a number of other arrays.
   // Only the elements present in just the first array will remain.
   _.difference = function(array) {
-    var rest = concat.apply(ArrayProto, slice.call(arguments, 1));
-    return _.filter(array, function(value){ return !_.contains(rest, value); });
+    var rest = flatten(slice.call(arguments, 1), true, true, []);
+    return _.filter(array, function(value){
+      return !_.contains(rest, value);
+    });
   };
 
   // Zip together multiple lists into a single array -- elements that share
   // an index go together.
-  _.zip = function() {
-    var args = slice.call(arguments);
-    var length = _.max(_.pluck(args, 'length'));
-    var results = new Array(length);
+  _.zip = function(array) {
+    if (array == null) return [];
+    var length = _.max(arguments, 'length').length;
+    var results = Array(length);
     for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-      results[i] = _.pluck(args, "" + i);
+      results[i] = _.pluck(arguments, i);
     }
     return results;
   };
@@ -506,7 +575,7 @@
   _.object = function(list, values) {
     if (list == null) return {};
     var result = {};
-    for (var i = 0, l = list.length; i < l; i++) {
+    for (var i = 0, length = list.length; i < length; i++) {
       if (values) {
         result[list[i]] = values[i];
       } else {
@@ -516,37 +585,32 @@
     return result;
   };
 
-  // If the browser doesn't supply us with indexOf (I'm looking at you, **MSIE**),
-  // we need this function. Return the position of the first occurrence of an
-  // item in an array, or -1 if the item is not included in the array.
-  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `indexOf` if available.
+  // Return the position of the first occurrence of an item in an array,
+  // or -1 if the item is not included in the array.
   // If the array is large and already in sort order, pass `true`
   // for **isSorted** to use binary search.
   _.indexOf = function(array, item, isSorted) {
     if (array == null) return -1;
-    var i = 0, l = array.length;
+    var i = 0, length = array.length;
     if (isSorted) {
       if (typeof isSorted == 'number') {
-        i = (isSorted < 0 ? Math.max(0, l + isSorted) : isSorted);
+        i = isSorted < 0 ? Math.max(0, length + isSorted) : isSorted;
       } else {
         i = _.sortedIndex(array, item);
         return array[i] === item ? i : -1;
       }
     }
-    if (nativeIndexOf && array.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return array.indexOf(item, isSorted);
-    for (; i < l; i++) if (array[i] === item) return i;
+    for (; i < length; i++) if (array[i] === item) return i;
     return -1;
   };
 
-  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `lastIndexOf` if available.
   _.lastIndexOf = function(array, item, from) {
     if (array == null) return -1;
-    var hasIndex = from != null;
-    if (nativeLastIndexOf && array.lastIndexOf === nativeLastIndexOf) {
-      return hasIndex ? array.lastIndexOf(item, from) : array.lastIndexOf(item);
+    var idx = array.length;
+    if (typeof from == 'number') {
+      idx = from < 0 ? idx + from + 1 : Math.min(idx, from + 1);
     }
-    var i = (hasIndex ? from : array.length);
-    while (i--) if (array[i] === item) return i;
+    while (--idx >= 0) if (array[idx] === item) return idx;
     return -1;
   };
 
@@ -558,15 +622,13 @@
       stop = start || 0;
       start = 0;
     }
-    step = arguments[2] || 1;
+    step = step || 1;
 
-    var len = Math.max(Math.ceil((stop - start) / step), 0);
-    var idx = 0;
-    var range = new Array(len);
+    var length = Math.max(Math.ceil((stop - start) / step), 0);
+    var range = Array(length);
 
-    while(idx < len) {
-      range[idx++] = start;
-      start += step;
+    for (var idx = 0; idx < length; idx++, start += step) {
+      range[idx] = start;
     }
 
     return range;
@@ -575,50 +637,77 @@
   // Function (ahem) Functions
   // ------------------
 
+  // Reusable constructor function for prototype setting.
+  var Ctor = function(){};
+
   // Create a function bound to a given object (assigning `this`, and arguments,
   // optionally). Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Function.bind` if
   // available.
   _.bind = function(func, context) {
-    if (func.bind === nativeBind && nativeBind) return nativeBind.apply(func, slice.call(arguments, 1));
-    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
-    return function() {
-      return func.apply(context, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
+    var args, bound;
+    if (nativeBind && func.bind === nativeBind) return nativeBind.apply(func, slice.call(arguments, 1));
+    if (!_.isFunction(func)) throw new TypeError('Bind must be called on a function');
+    args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+    bound = function() {
+      if (!(this instanceof bound)) return func.apply(context, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
+      Ctor.prototype = func.prototype;
+      var self = new Ctor;
+      Ctor.prototype = null;
+      var result = func.apply(self, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
+      if (_.isObject(result)) return result;
+      return self;
     };
+    return bound;
   };
 
   // Partially apply a function by creating a version that has had some of its
-  // arguments pre-filled, without changing its dynamic `this` context.
+  // arguments pre-filled, without changing its dynamic `this` context. _ acts
+  // as a placeholder, allowing any combination of arguments to be pre-filled.
   _.partial = function(func) {
-    var args = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+    var boundArgs = slice.call(arguments, 1);
     return function() {
-      return func.apply(this, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
+      var position = 0;
+      var args = boundArgs.slice();
+      for (var i = 0, length = args.length; i < length; i++) {
+        if (args[i] === _) args[i] = arguments[position++];
+      }
+      while (position < arguments.length) args.push(arguments[position++]);
+      return func.apply(this, args);
     };
   };
 
-  // Bind all of an object's methods to that object. Useful for ensuring that
-  // all callbacks defined on an object belong to it.
+  // Bind a number of an object's methods to that object. Remaining arguments
+  // are the method names to be bound. Useful for ensuring that all callbacks
+  // defined on an object belong to it.
   _.bindAll = function(obj) {
-    var funcs = slice.call(arguments, 1);
-    if (funcs.length === 0) funcs = _.functions(obj);
-    each(funcs, function(f) { obj[f] = _.bind(obj[f], obj); });
+    var i, length = arguments.length, key;
+    if (length <= 1) throw new Error('bindAll must be passed function names');
+    for (i = 1; i < length; i++) {
+      key = arguments[i];
+      obj[key] = _.bind(obj[key], obj);
+    }
     return obj;
   };
 
   // Memoize an expensive function by storing its results.
   _.memoize = function(func, hasher) {
-    var memo = {};
-    hasher || (hasher = _.identity);
-    return function() {
-      var key = hasher.apply(this, arguments);
-      return _.has(memo, key) ? memo[key] : (memo[key] = func.apply(this, arguments));
+    var memoize = function(key) {
+      var cache = memoize.cache;
+      var address = hasher ? hasher.apply(this, arguments) : key;
+      if (!_.has(cache, address)) cache[address] = func.apply(this, arguments);
+      return cache[address];
     };
+    memoize.cache = {};
+    return memoize;
   };
 
   // Delays a function for the given number of milliseconds, and then calls
   // it with the arguments supplied.
   _.delay = function(func, wait) {
     var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
-    return setTimeout(function(){ return func.apply(null, args); }, wait);
+    return setTimeout(function(){
+      return func.apply(null, args);
+    }, wait);
   };
 
   // Defers a function, scheduling it to run after the current call stack has
@@ -628,26 +717,34 @@
   };
 
   // Returns a function, that, when invoked, will only be triggered at most once
-  // during a given window of time.
-  _.throttle = function(func, wait) {
-    var context, args, timeout, result;
+  // during a given window of time. Normally, the throttled function will run
+  // as much as it can, without ever going more than once per `wait` duration;
+  // but if you'd like to disable the execution on the leading edge, pass
+  // `{leading: false}`. To disable execution on the trailing edge, ditto.
+  _.throttle = function(func, wait, options) {
+    var context, args, result;
+    var timeout = null;
     var previous = 0;
+    if (!options) options = {};
     var later = function() {
-      previous = new Date;
+      previous = options.leading === false ? 0 : _.now();
       timeout = null;
       result = func.apply(context, args);
+      if (!timeout) context = args = null;
     };
     return function() {
-      var now = new Date;
+      var now = _.now();
+      if (!previous && options.leading === false) previous = now;
       var remaining = wait - (now - previous);
       context = this;
       args = arguments;
-      if (remaining <= 0) {
+      if (remaining <= 0 || remaining > wait) {
         clearTimeout(timeout);
         timeout = null;
         previous = now;
         result = func.apply(context, args);
-      } else if (!timeout) {
+        if (!timeout) context = args = null;
+      } else if (!timeout && options.trailing !== false) {
         timeout = setTimeout(later, remaining);
       }
       return result;
@@ -659,31 +756,34 @@
   // N milliseconds. If `immediate` is passed, trigger the function on the
   // leading edge, instead of the trailing.
   _.debounce = function(func, wait, immediate) {
-    var timeout, result;
-    return function() {
-      var context = this, args = arguments;
-      var later = function() {
+    var timeout, args, context, timestamp, result;
+
+    var later = function() {
+      var last = _.now() - timestamp;
+
+      if (last < wait && last > 0) {
+        timeout = setTimeout(later, wait - last);
+      } else {
         timeout = null;
-        if (!immediate) result = func.apply(context, args);
-      };
-      var callNow = immediate && !timeout;
-      clearTimeout(timeout);
-      timeout = setTimeout(later, wait);
-      if (callNow) result = func.apply(context, args);
-      return result;
+        if (!immediate) {
+          result = func.apply(context, args);
+          if (!timeout) context = args = null;
+        }
+      }
     };
-  };
 
-  // Returns a function that will be executed at most one time, no matter how
-  // often you call it. Useful for lazy initialization.
-  _.once = function(func) {
-    var ran = false, memo;
     return function() {
-      if (ran) return memo;
-      ran = true;
-      memo = func.apply(this, arguments);
-      func = null;
-      return memo;
+      context = this;
+      args = arguments;
+      timestamp = _.now();
+      var callNow = immediate && !timeout;
+      if (!timeout) timeout = setTimeout(later, wait);
+      if (callNow) {
+        result = func.apply(context, args);
+        context = args = null;
+      }
+
+      return result;
     };
   };
 
@@ -691,29 +791,31 @@
   // allowing you to adjust arguments, run code before and after, and
   // conditionally execute the original function.
   _.wrap = function(func, wrapper) {
+    return _.partial(wrapper, func);
+  };
+
+  // Returns a negated version of the passed-in predicate.
+  _.negate = function(predicate) {
     return function() {
-      var args = [func];
-      push.apply(args, arguments);
-      return wrapper.apply(this, args);
+      return !predicate.apply(this, arguments);
     };
   };
 
   // Returns a function that is the composition of a list of functions, each
   // consuming the return value of the function that follows.
   _.compose = function() {
-    var funcs = arguments;
+    var args = arguments;
+    var start = args.length - 1;
     return function() {
-      var args = arguments;
-      for (var i = funcs.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-        args = [funcs[i].apply(this, args)];
-      }
-      return args[0];
+      var i = start;
+      var result = args[start].apply(this, arguments);
+      while (i--) result = args[i].call(this, result);
+      return result;
     };
   };
 
   // Returns a function that will only be executed after being called N times.
   _.after = function(times, func) {
-    if (times <= 0) return func();
     return function() {
       if (--times < 1) {
         return func.apply(this, arguments);
@@ -721,36 +823,65 @@
     };
   };
 
+  // Returns a function that will only be executed before being called N times.
+  _.before = function(times, func) {
+    var memo;
+    return function() {
+      if (--times > 0) {
+        memo = func.apply(this, arguments);
+      } else {
+        func = null;
+      }
+      return memo;
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function that will be executed at most one time, no matter how
+  // often you call it. Useful for lazy initialization.
+  _.once = _.partial(_.before, 2);
+
   // Object Functions
   // ----------------
 
   // Retrieve the names of an object's properties.
   // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Object.keys`
-  _.keys = nativeKeys || function(obj) {
-    if (obj !== Object(obj)) throw new TypeError('Invalid object');
+  _.keys = function(obj) {
+    if (!_.isObject(obj)) return [];
+    if (nativeKeys) return nativeKeys(obj);
     var keys = [];
-    for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) keys[keys.length] = key;
+    for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) keys.push(key);
     return keys;
   };
 
   // Retrieve the values of an object's properties.
   _.values = function(obj) {
-    var values = [];
-    for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) values.push(obj[key]);
+    var keys = _.keys(obj);
+    var length = keys.length;
+    var values = Array(length);
+    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+      values[i] = obj[keys[i]];
+    }
     return values;
   };
 
   // Convert an object into a list of `[key, value]` pairs.
   _.pairs = function(obj) {
-    var pairs = [];
-    for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) pairs.push([key, obj[key]]);
+    var keys = _.keys(obj);
+    var length = keys.length;
+    var pairs = Array(length);
+    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+      pairs[i] = [keys[i], obj[keys[i]]];
+    }
     return pairs;
   };
 
   // Invert the keys and values of an object. The values must be serializable.
   _.invert = function(obj) {
     var result = {};
-    for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) result[obj[key]] = key;
+    var keys = _.keys(obj);
+    for (var i = 0, length = keys.length; i < length; i++) {
+      result[obj[keys[i]]] = keys[i];
+    }
     return result;
   };
 
@@ -766,45 +897,62 @@
 
   // Extend a given object with all the properties in passed-in object(s).
   _.extend = function(obj) {
-    each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
-      if (source) {
-        for (var prop in source) {
-          obj[prop] = source[prop];
+    if (!_.isObject(obj)) return obj;
+    var source, prop;
+    for (var i = 1, length = arguments.length; i < length; i++) {
+      source = arguments[i];
+      for (prop in source) {
+        if (hasOwnProperty.call(source, prop)) {
+            obj[prop] = source[prop];
         }
       }
-    });
+    }
     return obj;
   };
 
   // Return a copy of the object only containing the whitelisted properties.
-  _.pick = function(obj) {
-    var copy = {};
-    var keys = concat.apply(ArrayProto, slice.call(arguments, 1));
-    each(keys, function(key) {
-      if (key in obj) copy[key] = obj[key];
-    });
-    return copy;
+  _.pick = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
+    var result = {}, key;
+    if (obj == null) return result;
+    if (_.isFunction(iteratee)) {
+      iteratee = createCallback(iteratee, context);
+      for (key in obj) {
+        var value = obj[key];
+        if (iteratee(value, key, obj)) result[key] = value;
+      }
+    } else {
+      var keys = concat.apply([], slice.call(arguments, 1));
+      obj = new Object(obj);
+      for (var i = 0, length = keys.length; i < length; i++) {
+        key = keys[i];
+        if (key in obj) result[key] = obj[key];
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
   };
 
    // Return a copy of the object without the blacklisted properties.
-  _.omit = function(obj) {
-    var copy = {};
-    var keys = concat.apply(ArrayProto, slice.call(arguments, 1));
-    for (var key in obj) {
-      if (!_.contains(keys, key)) copy[key] = obj[key];
+  _.omit = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
+    if (_.isFunction(iteratee)) {
+      iteratee = _.negate(iteratee);
+    } else {
+      var keys = _.map(concat.apply([], slice.call(arguments, 1)), String);
+      iteratee = function(value, key) {
+        return !_.contains(keys, key);
+      };
     }
-    return copy;
+    return _.pick(obj, iteratee, context);
   };
 
   // Fill in a given object with default properties.
   _.defaults = function(obj) {
-    each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
-      if (source) {
-        for (var prop in source) {
-          if (obj[prop] == null) obj[prop] = source[prop];
-        }
+    if (!_.isObject(obj)) return obj;
+    for (var i = 1, length = arguments.length; i < length; i++) {
+      var source = arguments[i];
+      for (var prop in source) {
+        if (obj[prop] === void 0) obj[prop] = source[prop];
       }
-    });
+    }
     return obj;
   };
 
@@ -825,8 +973,8 @@
   // Internal recursive comparison function for `isEqual`.
   var eq = function(a, b, aStack, bStack) {
     // Identical objects are equal. `0 === -0`, but they aren't identical.
-    // See the Harmony `egal` proposal: http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:egal.
-    if (a === b) return a !== 0 || 1 / a == 1 / b;
+    // See the [Harmony `egal` proposal](http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:egal).
+    if (a === b) return a !== 0 || 1 / a === 1 / b;
     // A strict comparison is necessary because `null == undefined`.
     if (a == null || b == null) return a === b;
     // Unwrap any wrapped objects.
@@ -834,29 +982,27 @@
     if (b instanceof _) b = b._wrapped;
     // Compare `[[Class]]` names.
     var className = toString.call(a);
-    if (className != toString.call(b)) return false;
+    if (className !== toString.call(b)) return false;
     switch (className) {
-      // Strings, numbers, dates, and booleans are compared by value.
+      // Strings, numbers, regular expressions, dates, and booleans are compared by value.
+      case '[object RegExp]':
+      // RegExps are coerced to strings for comparison (Note: '' + /a/i === '/a/i')
       case '[object String]':
         // Primitives and their corresponding object wrappers are equivalent; thus, `"5"` is
         // equivalent to `new String("5")`.
-        return a == String(b);
+        return '' + a === '' + b;
       case '[object Number]':
-        // `NaN`s are equivalent, but non-reflexive. An `egal` comparison is performed for
-        // other numeric values.
-        return a != +a ? b != +b : (a == 0 ? 1 / a == 1 / b : a == +b);
+        // `NaN`s are equivalent, but non-reflexive.
+        // Object(NaN) is equivalent to NaN
+        if (+a !== +a) return +b !== +b;
+        // An `egal` comparison is performed for other numeric values.
+        return +a === 0 ? 1 / +a === 1 / b : +a === +b;
       case '[object Date]':
       case '[object Boolean]':
         // Coerce dates and booleans to numeric primitive values. Dates are compared by their
         // millisecond representations. Note that invalid dates with millisecond representations
         // of `NaN` are not equivalent.
-        return +a == +b;
-      // RegExps are compared by their source patterns and flags.
-      case '[object RegExp]':
-        return a.source == b.source &&
-               a.global == b.global &&
-               a.multiline == b.multiline &&
-               a.ignoreCase == b.ignoreCase;
+        return +a === +b;
     }
     if (typeof a != 'object' || typeof b != 'object') return false;
     // Assume equality for cyclic structures. The algorithm for detecting cyclic
@@ -865,17 +1011,29 @@
     while (length--) {
       // Linear search. Performance is inversely proportional to the number of
       // unique nested structures.
-      if (aStack[length] == a) return bStack[length] == b;
+      if (aStack[length] === a) return bStack[length] === b;
+    }
+    // Objects with different constructors are not equivalent, but `Object`s
+    // from different frames are.
+    var aCtor = a.constructor, bCtor = b.constructor;
+    if (
+      aCtor !== bCtor &&
+      // Handle Object.create(x) cases
+      'constructor' in a && 'constructor' in b &&
+      !(_.isFunction(aCtor) && aCtor instanceof aCtor &&
+        _.isFunction(bCtor) && bCtor instanceof bCtor)
+    ) {
+      return false;
     }
     // Add the first object to the stack of traversed objects.
     aStack.push(a);
     bStack.push(b);
-    var size = 0, result = true;
+    var size, result;
     // Recursively compare objects and arrays.
-    if (className == '[object Array]') {
+    if (className === '[object Array]') {
       // Compare array lengths to determine if a deep comparison is necessary.
       size = a.length;
-      result = size == b.length;
+      result = size === b.length;
       if (result) {
         // Deep compare the contents, ignoring non-numeric properties.
         while (size--) {
@@ -883,28 +1041,17 @@
         }
       }
     } else {
-      // Objects with different constructors are not equivalent, but `Object`s
-      // from different frames are.
-      var aCtor = a.constructor, bCtor = b.constructor;
-      if (aCtor !== bCtor && !(_.isFunction(aCtor) && (aCtor instanceof aCtor) &&
-                               _.isFunction(bCtor) && (bCtor instanceof bCtor))) {
-        return false;
-      }
       // Deep compare objects.
-      for (var key in a) {
-        if (_.has(a, key)) {
-          // Count the expected number of properties.
-          size++;
-          // Deep compare each member.
-          if (!(result = _.has(b, key) && eq(a[key], b[key], aStack, bStack))) break;
-        }
-      }
-      // Ensure that both objects contain the same number of properties.
+      var keys = _.keys(a), key;
+      size = keys.length;
+      // Ensure that both objects contain the same number of properties before comparing deep equality.
+      result = _.keys(b).length === size;
       if (result) {
-        for (key in b) {
-          if (_.has(b, key) && !(size--)) break;
+        while (size--) {
+          // Deep compare each member
+          key = keys[size];
+          if (!(result = _.has(b, key) && eq(a[key], b[key], aStack, bStack))) break;
         }
-        result = !size;
       }
     }
     // Remove the first object from the stack of traversed objects.
@@ -922,7 +1069,7 @@
   // An "empty" object has no enumerable own-properties.
   _.isEmpty = function(obj) {
     if (obj == null) return true;
-    if (_.isArray(obj) || _.isString(obj)) return obj.length === 0;
+    if (_.isArray(obj) || _.isString(obj) || _.isArguments(obj)) return obj.length === 0;
     for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) return false;
     return true;
   };
@@ -935,18 +1082,19 @@
   // Is a given value an array?
   // Delegates to ECMA5's native Array.isArray
   _.isArray = nativeIsArray || function(obj) {
-    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Array]';
+    return toString.call(obj) === '[object Array]';
   };
 
   // Is a given variable an object?
   _.isObject = function(obj) {
-    return obj === Object(obj);
+    var type = typeof obj;
+    return type === 'function' || type === 'object' && !!obj;
   };
 
   // Add some isType methods: isArguments, isFunction, isString, isNumber, isDate, isRegExp.
-  each(['Arguments', 'Function', 'String', 'Number', 'Date', 'RegExp'], function(name) {
+  _.each(['Arguments', 'Function', 'String', 'Number', 'Date', 'RegExp'], function(name) {
     _['is' + name] = function(obj) {
-      return toString.call(obj) == '[object ' + name + ']';
+      return toString.call(obj) === '[object ' + name + ']';
     };
   });
 
@@ -954,14 +1102,14 @@
   // there isn't any inspectable "Arguments" type.
   if (!_.isArguments(arguments)) {
     _.isArguments = function(obj) {
-      return !!(obj && _.has(obj, 'callee'));
+      return _.has(obj, 'callee');
     };
   }
 
-  // Optimize `isFunction` if appropriate.
-  if (typeof (/./) !== 'function') {
+  // Optimize `isFunction` if appropriate. Work around an IE 11 bug.
+  if (typeof /./ !== 'function') {
     _.isFunction = function(obj) {
-      return typeof obj === 'function';
+      return typeof obj == 'function' || false;
     };
   }
 
@@ -972,12 +1120,12 @@
 
   // Is the given value `NaN`? (NaN is the only number which does not equal itself).
   _.isNaN = function(obj) {
-    return _.isNumber(obj) && obj != +obj;
+    return _.isNumber(obj) && obj !== +obj;
   };
 
   // Is a given value a boolean?
   _.isBoolean = function(obj) {
-    return obj === true || obj === false || toString.call(obj) == '[object Boolean]';
+    return obj === true || obj === false || toString.call(obj) === '[object Boolean]';
   };
 
   // Is a given value equal to null?
@@ -993,7 +1141,7 @@
   // Shortcut function for checking if an object has a given property directly
   // on itself (in other words, not on a prototype).
   _.has = function(obj, key) {
-    return hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key);
+    return obj != null && hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key);
   };
 
   // Utility Functions
@@ -1006,15 +1154,45 @@
     return this;
   };
 
-  // Keep the identity function around for default iterators.
+  // Keep the identity function around for default iteratees.
   _.identity = function(value) {
     return value;
   };
 
+  // Predicate-generating functions. Often useful outside of Underscore.
+  _.constant = function(value) {
+    return function() {
+      return value;
+    };
+  };
+
+  _.noop = function(){};
+
+  _.property = function(key) {
+    return function(obj) {
+      return obj[key];
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a predicate for checking whether an object has a given set of `key:value` pairs.
+  _.matches = function(attrs) {
+    var pairs = _.pairs(attrs), length = pairs.length;
+    return function(obj) {
+      if (obj == null) return !length;
+      obj = new Object(obj);
+      for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        var pair = pairs[i], key = pair[0];
+        if (pair[1] !== obj[key] || !(key in obj)) return false;
+      }
+      return true;
+    };
+  };
+
   // Run a function **n** times.
-  _.times = function(n, iterator, context) {
-    var accum = Array(n);
-    for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) accum[i] = iterator.call(context, i);
+  _.times = function(n, iteratee, context) {
+    var accum = Array(Math.max(0, n));
+    iteratee = createCallback(iteratee, context, 1);
+    for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) accum[i] = iteratee(i);
     return accum;
   };
 
@@ -1027,53 +1205,45 @@
     return min + Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1));
   };
 
-  // List of HTML entities for escaping.
-  var entityMap = {
-    escape: {
-      '&': '&amp;',
-      '<': '&lt;',
-      '>': '&gt;',
-      '"': '&quot;',
-      "'": '&#x27;',
-      '/': '&#x2F;'
-    }
+  // A (possibly faster) way to get the current timestamp as an integer.
+  _.now = Date.now || function() {
+    return new Date().getTime();
   };
-  entityMap.unescape = _.invert(entityMap.escape);
 
-  // Regexes containing the keys and values listed immediately above.
-  var entityRegexes = {
-    escape:   new RegExp('[' + _.keys(entityMap.escape).join('') + ']', 'g'),
-    unescape: new RegExp('(' + _.keys(entityMap.unescape).join('|') + ')', 'g')
+   // List of HTML entities for escaping.
+  var escapeMap = {
+    '&': '&amp;',
+    '<': '&lt;',
+    '>': '&gt;',
+    '"': '&quot;',
+    "'": '&#x27;',
+    '`': '&#x60;'
   };
+  var unescapeMap = _.invert(escapeMap);
 
   // Functions for escaping and unescaping strings to/from HTML interpolation.
-  _.each(['escape', 'unescape'], function(method) {
-    _[method] = function(string) {
-      if (string == null) return '';
-      return ('' + string).replace(entityRegexes[method], function(match) {
-        return entityMap[method][match];
-      });
+  var createEscaper = function(map) {
+    var escaper = function(match) {
+      return map[match];
     };
-  });
+    // Regexes for identifying a key that needs to be escaped
+    var source = '(?:' + _.keys(map).join('|') + ')';
+    var testRegexp = RegExp(source);
+    var replaceRegexp = RegExp(source, 'g');
+    return function(string) {
+      string = string == null ? '' : '' + string;
+      return testRegexp.test(string) ? string.replace(replaceRegexp, escaper) : string;
+    };
+  };
+  _.escape = createEscaper(escapeMap);
+  _.unescape = createEscaper(unescapeMap);
 
-  // If the value of the named property is a function then invoke it;
-  // otherwise, return it.
+  // If the value of the named `property` is a function then invoke it with the
+  // `object` as context; otherwise, return it.
   _.result = function(object, property) {
-    if (object == null) return null;
+    if (object == null) return void 0;
     var value = object[property];
-    return _.isFunction(value) ? value.call(object) : value;
-  };
-
-  // Add your own custom functions to the Underscore object.
-  _.mixin = function(obj) {
-    each(_.functions(obj), function(name){
-      var func = _[name] = obj[name];
-      _.prototype[name] = function() {
-        var args = [this._wrapped];
-        push.apply(args, arguments);
-        return result.call(this, func.apply(_, args));
-      };
-    });
+    return _.isFunction(value) ? object[property]() : value;
   };
 
   // Generate a unique integer id (unique within the entire client session).
@@ -1104,22 +1274,26 @@
     '\\':     '\\',
     '\r':     'r',
     '\n':     'n',
-    '\t':     't',
     '\u2028': 'u2028',
     '\u2029': 'u2029'
   };
 
-  var escaper = /\\|'|\r|\n|\t|\u2028|\u2029/g;
+  var escaper = /\\|'|\r|\n|\u2028|\u2029/g;
+
+  var escapeChar = function(match) {
+    return '\\' + escapes[match];
+  };
 
   // JavaScript micro-templating, similar to John Resig's implementation.
   // Underscore templating handles arbitrary delimiters, preserves whitespace,
   // and correctly escapes quotes within interpolated code.
-  _.template = function(text, data, settings) {
-    var render;
+  // NB: `oldSettings` only exists for backwards compatibility.
+  _.template = function(text, settings, oldSettings) {
+    if (!settings && oldSettings) settings = oldSettings;
     settings = _.defaults({}, settings, _.templateSettings);
 
     // Combine delimiters into one regular expression via alternation.
-    var matcher = new RegExp([
+    var matcher = RegExp([
       (settings.escape || noMatch).source,
       (settings.interpolate || noMatch).source,
       (settings.evaluate || noMatch).source
@@ -1129,19 +1303,18 @@
     var index = 0;
     var source = "__p+='";
     text.replace(matcher, function(match, escape, interpolate, evaluate, offset) {
-      source += text.slice(index, offset)
-        .replace(escaper, function(match) { return '\\' + escapes[match]; });
+      source += text.slice(index, offset).replace(escaper, escapeChar);
+      index = offset + match.length;
 
       if (escape) {
         source += "'+\n((__t=(" + escape + "))==null?'':_.escape(__t))+\n'";
-      }
-      if (interpolate) {
+      } else if (interpolate) {
         source += "'+\n((__t=(" + interpolate + "))==null?'':__t)+\n'";
-      }
-      if (evaluate) {
+      } else if (evaluate) {
         source += "';\n" + evaluate + "\n__p+='";
       }
-      index = offset + match.length;
+
+      // Adobe VMs need the match returned to produce the correct offest.
       return match;
     });
     source += "';\n";
@@ -1151,29 +1324,31 @@
 
     source = "var __t,__p='',__j=Array.prototype.join," +
       "print=function(){__p+=__j.call(arguments,'');};\n" +
-      source + "return __p;\n";
+      source + 'return __p;\n';
 
     try {
-      render = new Function(settings.variable || 'obj', '_', source);
+      var render = new Function(settings.variable || 'obj', '_', source);
     } catch (e) {
       e.source = source;
       throw e;
     }
 
-    if (data) return render(data, _);
     var template = function(data) {
       return render.call(this, data, _);
     };
 
-    // Provide the compiled function source as a convenience for precompilation.
-    template.source = 'function(' + (settings.variable || 'obj') + '){\n' + source + '}';
+    // Provide the compiled source as a convenience for precompilation.
+    var argument = settings.variable || 'obj';
+    template.source = 'function(' + argument + '){\n' + source + '}';
 
     return template;
   };
 
-  // Add a "chain" function, which will delegate to the wrapper.
+  // Add a "chain" function. Start chaining a wrapped Underscore object.
   _.chain = function(obj) {
-    return _(obj).chain();
+    var instance = _(obj);
+    instance._chain = true;
+    return instance;
   };
 
   // OOP
@@ -1187,41 +1362,55 @@
     return this._chain ? _(obj).chain() : obj;
   };
 
+  // Add your own custom functions to the Underscore object.
+  _.mixin = function(obj) {
+    _.each(_.functions(obj), function(name) {
+      var func = _[name] = obj[name];
+      _.prototype[name] = function() {
+        var args = [this._wrapped];
+        push.apply(args, arguments);
+        return result.call(this, func.apply(_, args));
+      };
+    });
+  };
+
   // Add all of the Underscore functions to the wrapper object.
   _.mixin(_);
 
   // Add all mutator Array functions to the wrapper.
-  each(['pop', 'push', 'reverse', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'unshift'], function(name) {
+  _.each(['pop', 'push', 'reverse', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'unshift'], function(name) {
     var method = ArrayProto[name];
     _.prototype[name] = function() {
       var obj = this._wrapped;
       method.apply(obj, arguments);
-      if ((name == 'shift' || name == 'splice') && obj.length === 0) delete obj[0];
+      if ((name === 'shift' || name === 'splice') && obj.length === 0) delete obj[0];
       return result.call(this, obj);
     };
   });
 
   // Add all accessor Array functions to the wrapper.
-  each(['concat', 'join', 'slice'], function(name) {
+  _.each(['concat', 'join', 'slice'], function(name) {
     var method = ArrayProto[name];
     _.prototype[name] = function() {
       return result.call(this, method.apply(this._wrapped, arguments));
     };
   });
 
-  _.extend(_.prototype, {
-
-    // Start chaining a wrapped Underscore object.
-    chain: function() {
-      this._chain = true;
-      return this;
-    },
-
-    // Extracts the result from a wrapped and chained object.
-    value: function() {
-      return this._wrapped;
-    }
-
-  });
-
-}).call(this);
+  // Extracts the result from a wrapped and chained object.
+  _.prototype.value = function() {
+    return this._wrapped;
+  };
+
+  // AMD registration happens at the end for compatibility with AMD loaders
+  // that may not enforce next-turn semantics on modules. Even though general
+  // practice for AMD registration is to be anonymous, underscore registers
+  // as a named module because, like jQuery, it is a base library that is
+  // popular enough to be bundled in a third party lib, but not be part of
+  // an AMD load request. Those cases could generate an error when an
+  // anonymous define() is called outside of a loader request.
+  if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
+    define('underscore', [], function() {
+      return _;
+    });
+  }
+}.call(this));