backbone-rails 0.5.3.1 → 0.9.0

data/vendor/assets/javascripts/backbone.js

@@ -1,20 +1,26 @@
-//     Backbone.js 0.5.3
-//     (c) 2010 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
+//     Backbone.js 0.9.0
+//     (c) 2010-2012 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
 //     Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
 //     For all details and documentation:
-//     http://documentcloud.github.com/backbone
+//     http://backbonejs.org
 
 (function(){
 
   // Initial Setup
   // -------------
 
-  // Save a reference to the global object.
+  // Save a reference to the global object (`window` in the browser, `global`
+  // on the server).
   var root = this;
 
-  // Save the previous value of the `Backbone` variable.
+  // Save the previous value of the `Backbone` variable, so that it can be
+  // restored later on, if `noConflict` is used.
   var previousBackbone = root.Backbone;
 
+  // Create a local reference to slice/splice.
+  var slice = Array.prototype.slice;
+  var splice = Array.prototype.splice;
+
   // The top-level namespace. All public Backbone classes and modules will
   // be attached to this. Exported for both CommonJS and the browser.
   var Backbone;
@@ -25,14 +31,14 @@
   }
 
   // Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`.
-  Backbone.VERSION = '0.5.3';
+  Backbone.VERSION = '0.9.0';
 
   // Require Underscore, if we're on the server, and it's not already present.
   var _ = root._;
-  if (!_ && (typeof require !== 'undefined')) _ = require('underscore')._;
+  if (!_ && (typeof require !== 'undefined')) _ = require('underscore');
 
-  // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery or Zepto owns the `$` variable.
-  var $ = root.jQuery || root.Zepto;
+  // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery, Zepto, or Ender owns the `$` variable.
+  var $ = root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender;
 
   // Runs Backbone.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `Backbone` variable
   // to its previous owner. Returns a reference to this Backbone object.
@@ -41,9 +47,9 @@
     return this;
   };
 
-  // Turn on `emulateHTTP` to support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option will
-  // fake `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and set a
-  // `X-Http-Method-Override` header.
+  // Turn on `emulateHTTP` to support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option
+  // will fake `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and
+  // set a `X-Http-Method-Override` header.
   Backbone.emulateHTTP = false;
 
   // Turn on `emulateJSON` to support legacy servers that can't deal with direct
@@ -56,43 +62,53 @@
   // -----------------
 
   // A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with
-  // custom events. You may `bind` or `unbind` a callback function to an event;
-  // `trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in succession.
+  // custom events. You may bind with `on` or remove with `off` callback functions
+  // to an event; trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in succession.
   //
   //     var object = {};
   //     _.extend(object, Backbone.Events);
-  //     object.bind('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); });
+  //     object.on('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); });
   //     object.trigger('expand');
   //
   Backbone.Events = {
 
-    // Bind an event, specified by a string name, `ev`, to a `callback` function.
-    // Passing `"all"` will bind the callback to all events fired.
-    bind : function(ev, callback, context) {
+    // Bind an event, specified by a string name, `ev`, to a `callback`
+    // function. Passing `"all"` will bind the callback to all events fired.
+    on: function(events, callback, context) {
+      var ev;
+      events = events.split(/\s+/);
       var calls = this._callbacks || (this._callbacks = {});
-      var list  = calls[ev] || (calls[ev] = []);
-      list.push([callback, context]);
+      while (ev = events.shift()) {
+        // Create an immutable callback list, allowing traversal during
+        // modification.  The tail is an empty object that will always be used
+        // as the next node.
+        var list  = calls[ev] || (calls[ev] = {});
+        var tail = list.tail || (list.tail = list.next = {});
+        tail.callback = callback;
+        tail.context = context;
+        list.tail = tail.next = {};
+      }
       return this;
     },
 
-    // Remove one or many callbacks. If `callback` is null, removes all
-    // callbacks for the event. If `ev` is null, removes all bound callbacks
-    // for all events.
-    unbind : function(ev, callback) {
-      var calls;
-      if (!ev) {
-        this._callbacks = {};
+    // Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all callbacks
+    // with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all callbacks for the
+    // event. If `ev` is null, removes all bound callbacks for all events.
+    off: function(events, callback, context) {
+      var ev, calls, node;
+      if (!events) {
+        delete this._callbacks;
       } else if (calls = this._callbacks) {
-        if (!callback) {
-          calls[ev] = [];
-        } else {
-          var list = calls[ev];
-          if (!list) return this;
-          for (var i = 0, l = list.length; i < l; i++) {
-            if (list[i] && callback === list[i][0]) {
-              list[i] = null;
-              break;
-            }
+        events = events.split(/\s+/);
+        while (ev = events.shift()) {
+          node = calls[ev];
+          delete calls[ev];
+          if (!callback || !node) continue;
+          // Create a new list, omitting the indicated event/context pairs.
+          while ((node = node.next) && node.next) {
+            if (node.callback === callback &&
+              (!context || node.context === context)) continue;
+            this.on(ev, node.callback, node.context);
           }
         }
       }
@@ -102,21 +118,24 @@
     // Trigger an event, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are passed the
     // same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name.
     // Listening for `"all"` passes the true event name as the first argument.
-    trigger : function(eventName) {
-      var list, calls, ev, callback, args;
-      var both = 2;
+    trigger: function(events) {
+      var event, node, calls, tail, args, all, rest;
       if (!(calls = this._callbacks)) return this;
-      while (both--) {
-        ev = both ? eventName : 'all';
-        if (list = calls[ev]) {
-          for (var i = 0, l = list.length; i < l; i++) {
-            if (!(callback = list[i])) {
-              list.splice(i, 1); i--; l--;
-            } else {
-              args = both ? Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1) : arguments;
-              callback[0].apply(callback[1] || this, args);
-            }
-          }
+      all = calls['all'];
+      (events = events.split(/\s+/)).push(null);
+      // Save references to the current heads & tails.
+      while (event = events.shift()) {
+        if (all) events.push({next: all.next, tail: all.tail, event: event});
+        if (!(node = calls[event])) continue;
+        events.push({next: node.next, tail: node.tail});
+      }
+      // Traverse each list, stopping when the saved tail is reached.
+      rest = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+      while (node = events.pop()) {
+        tail = node.tail;
+        args = node.event ? [node.event].concat(rest) : rest;
+        while ((node = node.next) !== tail) {
+          node.callback.apply(node.context || this, args);
         }
       }
       return this;
@@ -124,6 +143,10 @@
 
   };
 
+  // Aliases for backwards compatibility.
+  Backbone.Events.bind   = Backbone.Events.on;
+  Backbone.Events.unbind = Backbone.Events.off;
+
   // Backbone.Model
   // --------------
 
@@ -132,269 +155,274 @@
   Backbone.Model = function(attributes, options) {
     var defaults;
     attributes || (attributes = {});
-    if (defaults = this.defaults) {
-      if (_.isFunction(defaults)) defaults = defaults.call(this);
+    if (options && options.parse) attributes = this.parse(attributes);
+    if (defaults = getValue(this, 'defaults')) {
       attributes = _.extend({}, defaults, attributes);
     }
+    if (options && options.collection) this.collection = options.collection;
     this.attributes = {};
     this._escapedAttributes = {};
     this.cid = _.uniqueId('c');
-    this.set(attributes, {silent : true});
-    this._changed = false;
+    this._changed = {};
+    if (!this.set(attributes, {silent: true})) {
+      throw new Error("Can't create an invalid model");
+    }
+    this._changed = {};
     this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
-    if (options && options.collection) this.collection = options.collection;
-    this.initialize(attributes, options);
+    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
   };
 
   // Attach all inheritable methods to the Model prototype.
   _.extend(Backbone.Model.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
 
-    // A snapshot of the model's previous attributes, taken immediately
-    // after the last `"change"` event was fired.
-    _previousAttributes : null,
-
-    // Has the item been changed since the last `"change"` event?
-    _changed : false,
-
     // The default name for the JSON `id` attribute is `"id"`. MongoDB and
     // CouchDB users may want to set this to `"_id"`.
-    idAttribute : 'id',
+    idAttribute: 'id',
 
     // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
     // initialization logic.
-    initialize : function(){},
+    initialize: function(){},
 
     // Return a copy of the model's `attributes` object.
-    toJSON : function() {
+    toJSON: function() {
       return _.clone(this.attributes);
     },
 
     // Get the value of an attribute.
-    get : function(attr) {
+    get: function(attr) {
       return this.attributes[attr];
     },
 
     // Get the HTML-escaped value of an attribute.
-    escape : function(attr) {
+    escape: function(attr) {
       var html;
       if (html = this._escapedAttributes[attr]) return html;
       var val = this.attributes[attr];
-      return this._escapedAttributes[attr] = escapeHTML(val == null ? '' : '' + val);
+      return this._escapedAttributes[attr] = _.escape(val == null ? '' : '' + val);
     },
 
     // Returns `true` if the attribute contains a value that is not null
     // or undefined.
-    has : function(attr) {
+    has: function(attr) {
       return this.attributes[attr] != null;
     },
 
-    // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"` unless you
-    // choose to silence it.
-    set : function(attrs, options) {
+    // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"` unless
+    // you choose to silence it.
+    set: function(key, value, options) {
+      var attrs, attr, val;
+      if (_.isObject(key) || key == null) {
+        attrs = key;
+        options = value;
+      } else {
+        attrs = {};
+        attrs[key] = value;
+      }
 
       // Extract attributes and options.
       options || (options = {});
       if (!attrs) return this;
-      if (attrs.attributes) attrs = attrs.attributes;
-      var now = this.attributes, escaped = this._escapedAttributes;
+      if (attrs instanceof Backbone.Model) attrs = attrs.attributes;
+      if (options.unset) for (var attr in attrs) attrs[attr] = void 0;
 
       // Run validation.
-      if (!options.silent && this.validate && !this._performValidation(attrs, options)) return false;
+      if (this.validate && !this._performValidation(attrs, options)) return false;
 
       // Check for changes of `id`.
       if (this.idAttribute in attrs) this.id = attrs[this.idAttribute];
 
-      // We're about to start triggering change events.
+      var now = this.attributes;
+      var escaped = this._escapedAttributes;
+      var prev = this._previousAttributes || {};
       var alreadyChanging = this._changing;
       this._changing = true;
 
       // Update attributes.
-      for (var attr in attrs) {
-        var val = attrs[attr];
-        if (!_.isEqual(now[attr], val)) {
-          now[attr] = val;
-          delete escaped[attr];
-          this._changed = true;
-          if (!options.silent) this.trigger('change:' + attr, this, val, options);
+      for (attr in attrs) {
+        val = attrs[attr];
+        if (!_.isEqual(now[attr], val)) delete escaped[attr];
+        options.unset ? delete now[attr] : now[attr] = val;
+        delete this._changed[attr];
+        if (!_.isEqual(prev[attr], val) || (_.has(now, attr) != _.has(prev, attr))) {
+          this._changed[attr] = val;
         }
       }
 
-      // Fire the `"change"` event, if the model has been changed.
-      if (!alreadyChanging && !options.silent && this._changed) this.change(options);
-      this._changing = false;
+      // Fire the `"change"` events, if the model has been changed.
+      if (!alreadyChanging) {
+        if (!options.silent && this.hasChanged()) this.change(options);
+        this._changing = false;
+      }
       return this;
     },
 
     // Remove an attribute from the model, firing `"change"` unless you choose
     // to silence it. `unset` is a noop if the attribute doesn't exist.
-    unset : function(attr, options) {
-      if (!(attr in this.attributes)) return this;
-      options || (options = {});
-      var value = this.attributes[attr];
-
-      // Run validation.
-      var validObj = {};
-      validObj[attr] = void 0;
-      if (!options.silent && this.validate && !this._performValidation(validObj, options)) return false;
-
-      // Remove the attribute.
-      delete this.attributes[attr];
-      delete this._escapedAttributes[attr];
-      if (attr == this.idAttribute) delete this.id;
-      this._changed = true;
-      if (!options.silent) {
-        this.trigger('change:' + attr, this, void 0, options);
-        this.change(options);
-      }
-      return this;
+    unset: function(attr, options) {
+      (options || (options = {})).unset = true;
+      return this.set(attr, null, options);
     },
 
     // Clear all attributes on the model, firing `"change"` unless you choose
     // to silence it.
-    clear : function(options) {
-      options || (options = {});
-      var attr;
-      var old = this.attributes;
-
-      // Run validation.
-      var validObj = {};
-      for (attr in old) validObj[attr] = void 0;
-      if (!options.silent && this.validate && !this._performValidation(validObj, options)) return false;
-
-      this.attributes = {};
-      this._escapedAttributes = {};
-      this._changed = true;
-      if (!options.silent) {
-        for (attr in old) {
-          this.trigger('change:' + attr, this, void 0, options);
-        }
-        this.change(options);
-      }
-      return this;
+    clear: function(options) {
+      (options || (options = {})).unset = true;
+      return this.set(_.clone(this.attributes), options);
     },
 
     // Fetch the model from the server. If the server's representation of the
     // model differs from its current attributes, they will be overriden,
     // triggering a `"change"` event.
-    fetch : function(options) {
-      options || (options = {});
+    fetch: function(options) {
+      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
       var model = this;
       var success = options.success;
       options.success = function(resp, status, xhr) {
         if (!model.set(model.parse(resp, xhr), options)) return false;
         if (success) success(model, resp);
       };
-      options.error = wrapError(options.error, model, options);
+      options.error = Backbone.wrapError(options.error, model, options);
       return (this.sync || Backbone.sync).call(this, 'read', this, options);
     },
 
     // Set a hash of model attributes, and sync the model to the server.
     // If the server returns an attributes hash that differs, the model's
     // state will be `set` again.
-    save : function(attrs, options) {
-      options || (options = {});
-      if (attrs && !this.set(attrs, options)) return false;
+    save: function(key, value, options) {
+      var attrs;
+      if (_.isObject(key) || key == null) {
+        attrs = key;
+        options = value;
+      } else {
+        attrs = {};
+        attrs[key] = value;
+      }
+
+      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+      if (attrs && !this[options.wait ? '_performValidation' : 'set'](attrs, options)) return false;
       var model = this;
       var success = options.success;
       options.success = function(resp, status, xhr) {
-        if (!model.set(model.parse(resp, xhr), options)) return false;
-        if (success) success(model, resp, xhr);
+        var serverAttrs = model.parse(resp, xhr);
+        if (options.wait) serverAttrs = _.extend(attrs || {}, serverAttrs);
+        if (!model.set(serverAttrs, options)) return false;
+        if (success) {
+          success(model, resp);
+        } else {
+          model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
+        }
       };
-      options.error = wrapError(options.error, model, options);
+      options.error = Backbone.wrapError(options.error, model, options);
       var method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : 'update';
       return (this.sync || Backbone.sync).call(this, method, this, options);
     },
 
-    // Destroy this model on the server if it was already persisted. Upon success, the model is removed
-    // from its collection, if it has one.
-    destroy : function(options) {
-      options || (options = {});
-      if (this.isNew()) return this.trigger('destroy', this, this.collection, options);
+    // Destroy this model on the server if it was already persisted.
+    // Optimistically removes the model from its collection, if it has one.
+    // If `wait: true` is passed, waits for the server to respond before removal.
+    destroy: function(options) {
+      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
       var model = this;
       var success = options.success;
-      options.success = function(resp) {
+
+      var triggerDestroy = function() {
         model.trigger('destroy', model, model.collection, options);
-        if (success) success(model, resp);
       };
-      options.error = wrapError(options.error, model, options);
-      return (this.sync || Backbone.sync).call(this, 'delete', this, options);
+
+      if (this.isNew()) return triggerDestroy();
+      options.success = function(resp) {
+        if (options.wait) triggerDestroy();
+        if (success) {
+          success(model, resp);
+        } else {
+          model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
+        }
+      };
+      options.error = Backbone.wrapError(options.error, model, options);
+      var xhr = (this.sync || Backbone.sync).call(this, 'delete', this, options);
+      if (!options.wait) triggerDestroy();
+      return xhr;
     },
 
     // Default URL for the model's representation on the server -- if you're
     // using Backbone's restful methods, override this to change the endpoint
     // that will be called.
-    url : function() {
-      var base = getUrl(this.collection) || this.urlRoot || urlError();
+    url: function() {
+      var base = getValue(this.collection, 'url') || getValue(this, 'urlRoot') || urlError();
       if (this.isNew()) return base;
       return base + (base.charAt(base.length - 1) == '/' ? '' : '/') + encodeURIComponent(this.id);
     },
 
     // **parse** converts a response into the hash of attributes to be `set` on
     // the model. The default implementation is just to pass the response along.
-    parse : function(resp, xhr) {
+    parse: function(resp, xhr) {
       return resp;
     },
 
     // Create a new model with identical attributes to this one.
-    clone : function() {
-      return new this.constructor(this);
+    clone: function() {
+      return new this.constructor(this.attributes);
     },
 
     // A model is new if it has never been saved to the server, and lacks an id.
-    isNew : function() {
+    isNew: function() {
       return this.id == null;
     },
 
-    // Call this method to manually fire a `change` event for this model.
+    // Call this method to manually fire a `"change"` event for this model and
+    // a `"change:attribute"` event for each changed attribute.
     // Calling this will cause all objects observing the model to update.
-    change : function(options) {
+    change: function(options) {
+      for (var attr in this._changed) {
+        this.trigger('change:' + attr, this, this._changed[attr], options);
+      }
       this.trigger('change', this, options);
       this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
-      this._changed = false;
+      this._changed = {};
     },
 
     // Determine if the model has changed since the last `"change"` event.
     // If you specify an attribute name, determine if that attribute has changed.
-    hasChanged : function(attr) {
-      if (attr) return this._previousAttributes[attr] != this.attributes[attr];
-      return this._changed;
+    hasChanged: function(attr) {
+      if (attr) return _.has(this._changed, attr);
+      return !_.isEmpty(this._changed);
     },
 
-    // Return an object containing all the attributes that have changed, or false
-    // if there are no changed attributes. Useful for determining what parts of a
-    // view need to be updated and/or what attributes need to be persisted to
-    // the server.
-    changedAttributes : function(now) {
-      now || (now = this.attributes);
-      var old = this._previousAttributes;
-      var changed = false;
-      for (var attr in now) {
-        if (!_.isEqual(old[attr], now[attr])) {
-          changed = changed || {};
-          changed[attr] = now[attr];
-        }
+    // Return an object containing all the attributes that have changed, or
+    // false if there are no changed attributes. Useful for determining what
+    // parts of a view need to be updated and/or what attributes need to be
+    // persisted to the server. Unset attributes will be set to undefined.
+    // You can also pass an attributes object to diff against the model,
+    // determining if there *would be* a change.
+    changedAttributes: function(diff) {
+      if (!diff) return this.hasChanged() ? _.clone(this._changed) : false;
+      var val, changed = false, old = this._previousAttributes;
+      for (var attr in diff) {
+        if (_.isEqual(old[attr], (val = diff[attr]))) continue;
+        (changed || (changed = {}))[attr] = val;
       }
       return changed;
     },
 
     // Get the previous value of an attribute, recorded at the time the last
     // `"change"` event was fired.
-    previous : function(attr) {
+    previous: function(attr) {
       if (!attr || !this._previousAttributes) return null;
       return this._previousAttributes[attr];
     },
 
     // Get all of the attributes of the model at the time of the previous
     // `"change"` event.
-    previousAttributes : function() {
+    previousAttributes: function() {
       return _.clone(this._previousAttributes);
     },
 
     // Run validation against a set of incoming attributes, returning `true`
     // if all is well. If a specific `error` callback has been passed,
     // call that instead of firing the general `"error"` event.
-    _performValidation : function(attrs, options) {
-      var error = this.validate(attrs);
+    _performValidation: function(attrs, options) {
+      var newAttrs = _.extend({}, this.attributes, attrs);
+      var error = this.validate(newAttrs, options);
       if (error) {
         if (options.error) {
           options.error(this, error, options);
@@ -417,10 +445,9 @@
   Backbone.Collection = function(models, options) {
     options || (options = {});
     if (options.comparator) this.comparator = options.comparator;
-    _.bindAll(this, '_onModelEvent', '_removeReference');
     this._reset();
-    if (models) this.reset(models, {silent: true});
     this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+    if (models) this.reset(models, {silent: true, parse: options.parse});
   };
 
   // Define the Collection's inheritable methods.
@@ -428,52 +455,92 @@
 
     // The default model for a collection is just a **Backbone.Model**.
     // This should be overridden in most cases.
-    model : Backbone.Model,
+    model: Backbone.Model,
 
     // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
     // initialization logic.
-    initialize : function(){},
+    initialize: function(){},
 
     // The JSON representation of a Collection is an array of the
     // models' attributes.
-    toJSON : function() {
+    toJSON: function() {
       return this.map(function(model){ return model.toJSON(); });
     },
 
     // Add a model, or list of models to the set. Pass **silent** to avoid
-    // firing the `added` event for every new model.
-    add : function(models, options) {
-      if (_.isArray(models)) {
-        for (var i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
-          this._add(models[i], options);
+    // firing the `add` event for every new model.
+    add: function(models, options) {
+      var i, index, length, model, cid, id, cids = {}, ids = {};
+      options || (options = {});
+      models = _.isArray(models) ? models.slice() : [models];
+
+      // Begin by turning bare objects into model references, and preventing
+      // invalid models or duplicate models from being added.
+      for (i = 0, length = models.length; i < length; i++) {
+        if (!(model = models[i] = this._prepareModel(models[i], options))) {
+          throw new Error("Can't add an invalid model to a collection");
         }
-      } else {
-        this._add(models, options);
+        if (cids[cid = model.cid] || this._byCid[cid] ||
+          (((id = model.id) != null) && (ids[id] || this._byId[id]))) {
+          throw new Error("Can't add the same model to a collection twice");
+        }
+        cids[cid] = ids[id] = model;
+      }
+
+      // Listen to added models' events, and index models for lookup by
+      // `id` and by `cid`.
+      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        (model = models[i]).on('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
+        this._byCid[model.cid] = model;
+        if (model.id != null) this._byId[model.id] = model;
+      }
+
+      // Insert models into the collection, re-sorting if needed, and triggering
+      // `add` events unless silenced.
+      this.length += length;
+      index = options.at != null ? options.at : this.models.length;
+      splice.apply(this.models, [index, 0].concat(models));
+      if (this.comparator) this.sort({silent: true});
+      if (options.silent) return this;
+      for (i = 0, length = this.models.length; i < length; i++) {
+        if (!cids[(model = this.models[i]).cid]) continue;
+        options.index = i;
+        model.trigger('add', model, this, options);
       }
       return this;
     },
 
     // Remove a model, or a list of models from the set. Pass silent to avoid
-    // firing the `removed` event for every model removed.
-    remove : function(models, options) {
-      if (_.isArray(models)) {
-        for (var i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
-          this._remove(models[i], options);
+    // firing the `remove` event for every model removed.
+    remove: function(models, options) {
+      var i, l, index, model;
+      options || (options = {});
+      models = _.isArray(models) ? models.slice() : [models];
+      for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
+        model = this.getByCid(models[i]) || this.get(models[i]);
+        if (!model) continue;
+        delete this._byId[model.id];
+        delete this._byCid[model.cid];
+        index = this.indexOf(model);
+        this.models.splice(index, 1);
+        this.length--;
+        if (!options.silent) {
+          options.index = index;
+          model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);
         }
-      } else {
-        this._remove(models, options);
+        this._removeReference(model);
       }
       return this;
     },
 
     // Get a model from the set by id.
-    get : function(id) {
+    get: function(id) {
       if (id == null) return null;
       return this._byId[id.id != null ? id.id : id];
     },
 
     // Get a model from the set by client id.
-    getByCid : function(cid) {
+    getByCid: function(cid) {
       return cid && this._byCid[cid.cid || cid];
     },
 
@@ -482,30 +549,38 @@
       return this.models[index];
     },
 
-    // Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under normal
-    // circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item is added.
-    sort : function(options) {
+    // Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under
+    // normal circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item
+    // is added.
+    sort: function(options) {
       options || (options = {});
       if (!this.comparator) throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator');
-      this.models = this.sortBy(this.comparator);
+      var boundComparator = _.bind(this.comparator, this);
+      if (this.comparator.length == 1) {
+        this.models = this.sortBy(boundComparator);
+      } else {
+        this.models.sort(boundComparator);
+      }
       if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);
       return this;
     },
 
     // Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection.
-    pluck : function(attr) {
+    pluck: function(attr) {
       return _.map(this.models, function(model){ return model.get(attr); });
     },
 
     // When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually,
     // you can reset the entire set with a new list of models, without firing
-    // any `added` or `removed` events. Fires `reset` when finished.
-    reset : function(models, options) {
+    // any `add` or `remove` events. Fires `reset` when finished.
+    reset: function(models, options) {
       models  || (models = []);
       options || (options = {});
-      this.each(this._removeReference);
+      for (var i = 0, l = this.models.length; i < l; i++) {
+        this._removeReference(this.models[i]);
+      }
       this._reset();
-      this.add(models, {silent: true});
+      this.add(models, {silent: true, parse: options.parse});
       if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);
       return this;
     },
@@ -513,30 +588,36 @@
     // Fetch the default set of models for this collection, resetting the
     // collection when they arrive. If `add: true` is passed, appends the
     // models to the collection instead of resetting.
-    fetch : function(options) {
-      options || (options = {});
+    fetch: function(options) {
+      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+      if (options.parse === undefined) options.parse = true;
       var collection = this;
       var success = options.success;
       options.success = function(resp, status, xhr) {
         collection[options.add ? 'add' : 'reset'](collection.parse(resp, xhr), options);
         if (success) success(collection, resp);
       };
-      options.error = wrapError(options.error, collection, options);
+      options.error = Backbone.wrapError(options.error, collection, options);
       return (this.sync || Backbone.sync).call(this, 'read', this, options);
     },
 
-    // Create a new instance of a model in this collection. After the model
-    // has been created on the server, it will be added to the collection.
-    // Returns the model, or 'false' if validation on a new model fails.
-    create : function(model, options) {
+    // Create a new instance of a model in this collection. Add the model to the
+    // collection immediately, unless `wait: true` is passed, in which case we
+    // wait for the server to agree.
+    create: function(model, options) {
       var coll = this;
-      options || (options = {});
+      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
       model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
       if (!model) return false;
+      if (!options.wait) coll.add(model, options);
       var success = options.success;
       options.success = function(nextModel, resp, xhr) {
-        coll.add(nextModel, options);
-        if (success) success(nextModel, resp, xhr);
+        if (options.wait) coll.add(nextModel, options);
+        if (success) {
+          success(nextModel, resp);
+        } else {
+          nextModel.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
+        }
       };
       model.save(null, options);
       return model;
@@ -544,7 +625,7 @@
 
     // **parse** converts a response into a list of models to be added to the
     // collection. The default implementation is just to pass it through.
-    parse : function(resp, xhr) {
+    parse: function(resp, xhr) {
       return resp;
     },
 
@@ -556,77 +637,42 @@
     },
 
     // Reset all internal state. Called when the collection is reset.
-    _reset : function(options) {
+    _reset: function(options) {
       this.length = 0;
       this.models = [];
       this._byId  = {};
       this._byCid = {};
     },
 
-    // Prepare a model to be added to this collection
+    // Prepare a model or hash of attributes to be added to this collection.
     _prepareModel: function(model, options) {
       if (!(model instanceof Backbone.Model)) {
         var attrs = model;
-        model = new this.model(attrs, {collection: this});
-        if (model.validate && !model._performValidation(attrs, options)) model = false;
+        options.collection = this;
+        model = new this.model(attrs, options);
+        if (model.validate && !model._performValidation(model.attributes, options)) model = false;
       } else if (!model.collection) {
         model.collection = this;
       }
       return model;
     },
 
-    // Internal implementation of adding a single model to the set, updating
-    // hash indexes for `id` and `cid` lookups.
-    // Returns the model, or 'false' if validation on a new model fails.
-    _add : function(model, options) {
-      options || (options = {});
-      model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
-      if (!model) return false;
-      var already = this.getByCid(model);
-      if (already) throw new Error(["Can't add the same model to a set twice", already.id]);
-      this._byId[model.id] = model;
-      this._byCid[model.cid] = model;
-      var index = options.at != null ? options.at :
-                  this.comparator ? this.sortedIndex(model, this.comparator) :
-                  this.length;
-      this.models.splice(index, 0, model);
-      model.bind('all', this._onModelEvent);
-      this.length++;
-      if (!options.silent) model.trigger('add', model, this, options);
-      return model;
-    },
-
-    // Internal implementation of removing a single model from the set, updating
-    // hash indexes for `id` and `cid` lookups.
-    _remove : function(model, options) {
-      options || (options = {});
-      model = this.getByCid(model) || this.get(model);
-      if (!model) return null;
-      delete this._byId[model.id];
-      delete this._byCid[model.cid];
-      this.models.splice(this.indexOf(model), 1);
-      this.length--;
-      if (!options.silent) model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);
-      this._removeReference(model);
-      return model;
-    },
-
     // Internal method to remove a model's ties to a collection.
-    _removeReference : function(model) {
+    _removeReference: function(model) {
       if (this == model.collection) {
         delete model.collection;
       }
-      model.unbind('all', this._onModelEvent);
+      model.off('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
     },
 
     // Internal method called every time a model in the set fires an event.
     // Sets need to update their indexes when models change ids. All other
     // events simply proxy through. "add" and "remove" events that originate
     // in other collections are ignored.
-    _onModelEvent : function(ev, model, collection, options) {
+    _onModelEvent: function(ev, model, collection, options) {
       if ((ev == 'add' || ev == 'remove') && collection != this) return;
       if (ev == 'destroy') {
-        this._remove(model, options);
+        this.remove(model, options);
       }
       if (model && ev === 'change:' + model.idAttribute) {
         delete this._byId[model.previous(model.idAttribute)];
@@ -638,10 +684,11 @@
   });
 
   // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection.
-  var methods = ['forEach', 'each', 'map', 'reduce', 'reduceRight', 'find', 'detect',
-    'filter', 'select', 'reject', 'every', 'all', 'some', 'any', 'include',
-    'contains', 'invoke', 'max', 'min', 'sortBy', 'sortedIndex', 'toArray', 'size',
-    'first', 'rest', 'last', 'without', 'indexOf', 'lastIndexOf', 'isEmpty', 'groupBy'];
+  var methods = ['forEach', 'each', 'map', 'reduce', 'reduceRight', 'find',
+    'detect', 'filter', 'select', 'reject', 'every', 'all', 'some', 'any',
+    'include', 'contains', 'invoke', 'max', 'min', 'sortBy', 'sortedIndex',
+    'toArray', 'size', 'first', 'initial', 'rest', 'last', 'without', 'indexOf',
+    'shuffle', 'lastIndexOf', 'isEmpty', 'groupBy'];
 
   // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`.
   _.each(methods, function(method) {
@@ -664,8 +711,8 @@
 
   // Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
   // parts of route strings.
-  var namedParam    = /:([\w\d]+)/g;
-  var splatParam    = /\*([\w\d]+)/g;
+  var namedParam    = /:\w+/g;
+  var splatParam    = /\*\w+/g;
   var escapeRegExp  = /[-[\]{}()+?.,\\^$|#\s]/g;
 
   // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.
@@ -673,7 +720,7 @@
 
     // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
     // initialization logic.
-    initialize : function(){},
+    initialize: function(){},
 
     // Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:
     //
@@ -681,25 +728,28 @@
     //       ...
     //     });
     //
-    route : function(route, name, callback) {
+    route: function(route, name, callback) {
       Backbone.history || (Backbone.history = new Backbone.History);
       if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
+      if (!callback) callback = this[name];
       Backbone.history.route(route, _.bind(function(fragment) {
         var args = this._extractParameters(route, fragment);
-        callback.apply(this, args);
+        callback && callback.apply(this, args);
         this.trigger.apply(this, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
+        Backbone.history.trigger('route', this, name, args);
       }, this));
+      return this;
     },
 
     // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
-    navigate : function(fragment, triggerRoute) {
-      Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, triggerRoute);
+    navigate: function(fragment, options) {
+      Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);
     },
 
     // Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the
     // order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general
     // routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map.
-    _bindRoutes : function() {
+    _bindRoutes: function() {
       if (!this.routes) return;
       var routes = [];
       for (var route in this.routes) {
@@ -712,16 +762,16 @@
 
     // Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching
     // against the current location hash.
-    _routeToRegExp : function(route) {
-      route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, "\\$&")
-                   .replace(namedParam, "([^\/]*)")
-                   .replace(splatParam, "(.*?)");
+    _routeToRegExp: function(route) {
+      route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&')
+                   .replace(namedParam, '([^\/]+)')
+                   .replace(splatParam, '(.*?)');
       return new RegExp('^' + route + '$');
     },
 
     // Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of
     // extracted parameters.
-    _extractParameters : function(route, fragment) {
+    _extractParameters: function(route, fragment) {
       return route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
     }
 
@@ -737,8 +787,8 @@
     _.bindAll(this, 'checkUrl');
   };
 
-  // Cached regex for cleaning hashes.
-  var hashStrip = /^#*/;
+  // Cached regex for cleaning leading hashes and slashes .
+  var routeStripper = /^[#\/]/;
 
   // Cached regex for detecting MSIE.
   var isExplorer = /msie [\w.]+/;
@@ -747,7 +797,7 @@
   var historyStarted = false;
 
   // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods.
-  _.extend(Backbone.History.prototype, {
+  _.extend(Backbone.History.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
 
     // The default interval to poll for hash changes, if necessary, is
     // twenty times a second.
@@ -755,28 +805,30 @@
 
     // Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment, either from the URL,
     // the hash, or the override.
-    getFragment : function(fragment, forcePushState) {
+    getFragment: function(fragment, forcePushState) {
       if (fragment == null) {
         if (this._hasPushState || forcePushState) {
           fragment = window.location.pathname;
           var search = window.location.search;
           if (search) fragment += search;
-          if (fragment.indexOf(this.options.root) == 0) fragment = fragment.substr(this.options.root.length);
         } else {
           fragment = window.location.hash;
         }
       }
-      return decodeURIComponent(fragment.replace(hashStrip, ''));
+      fragment = decodeURIComponent(fragment.replace(routeStripper, ''));
+      if (!fragment.indexOf(this.options.root)) fragment = fragment.substr(this.options.root.length);
+      return fragment;
     },
 
     // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
     // an existing route, and `false` otherwise.
-    start : function(options) {
+    start: function(options) {
 
       // Figure out the initial configuration. Do we need an iframe?
       // Is pushState desired ... is it available?
       if (historyStarted) throw new Error("Backbone.history has already been started");
       this.options          = _.extend({}, {root: '/'}, this.options, options);
+      this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false;
       this._wantsPushState  = !!this.options.pushState;
       this._hasPushState    = !!(this.options.pushState && window.history && window.history.pushState);
       var fragment          = this.getFragment();
@@ -791,10 +843,10 @@
       // 'onhashchange' is supported, determine how we check the URL state.
       if (this._hasPushState) {
         $(window).bind('popstate', this.checkUrl);
-      } else if ('onhashchange' in window && !oldIE) {
+      } else if (this._wantsHashChange && ('onhashchange' in window) && !oldIE) {
         $(window).bind('hashchange', this.checkUrl);
-      } else {
-        setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval);
+      } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
+        this._checkUrlInterval = setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval);
       }
 
       // Determine if we need to change the base url, for a pushState link
@@ -803,13 +855,19 @@
       historyStarted = true;
       var loc = window.location;
       var atRoot  = loc.pathname == this.options.root;
-      if (this._wantsPushState && !this._hasPushState && !atRoot) {
+
+      // If we've started off with a route from a `pushState`-enabled browser,
+      // but we're currently in a browser that doesn't support it...
+      if (this._wantsHashChange && this._wantsPushState && !this._hasPushState && !atRoot) {
         this.fragment = this.getFragment(null, true);
         window.location.replace(this.options.root + '#' + this.fragment);
         // Return immediately as browser will do redirect to new url
         return true;
+
+      // Or if we've started out with a hash-based route, but we're currently
+      // in a browser where it could be `pushState`-based instead...
       } else if (this._wantsPushState && this._hasPushState && atRoot && loc.hash) {
-        this.fragment = loc.hash.replace(hashStrip, '');
+        this.fragment = loc.hash.replace(routeStripper, '');
         window.history.replaceState({}, document.title, loc.protocol + '//' + loc.host + this.options.root + this.fragment);
       }
 
@@ -818,15 +876,23 @@
       }
     },
 
-    // Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later may
-    // override previous routes.
-    route : function(route, callback) {
-      this.handlers.unshift({route : route, callback : callback});
+    // Disable Backbone.history, perhaps temporarily. Not useful in a real app,
+    // but possibly useful for unit testing Routers.
+    stop: function() {
+      $(window).unbind('popstate', this.checkUrl).unbind('hashchange', this.checkUrl);
+      clearInterval(this._checkUrlInterval);
+      historyStarted = false;
+    },
+
+    // Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later
+    // may override previous routes.
+    route: function(route, callback) {
+      this.handlers.unshift({route: route, callback: callback});
     },
 
     // Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has,
     // calls `loadUrl`, normalizing across the hidden iframe.
-    checkUrl : function(e) {
+    checkUrl: function(e) {
       var current = this.getFragment();
       if (current == this.fragment && this.iframe) current = this.getFragment(this.iframe.location.hash);
       if (current == this.fragment || current == decodeURIComponent(this.fragment)) return false;
@@ -837,7 +903,7 @@
     // Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a
     // match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment,
     // returns `false`.
-    loadUrl : function(fragmentOverride) {
+    loadUrl: function(fragmentOverride) {
       var fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment(fragmentOverride);
       var matched = _.any(this.handlers, function(handler) {
         if (handler.route.test(fragment)) {
@@ -848,27 +914,54 @@
       return matched;
     },
 
-    // Save a fragment into the hash history. You are responsible for properly
-    // URL-encoding the fragment in advance. This does not trigger
-    // a `hashchange` event.
-    navigate : function(fragment, triggerRoute) {
-      var frag = (fragment || '').replace(hashStrip, '');
+    // Save a fragment into the hash history, or replace the URL state if the
+    // 'replace' option is passed. You are responsible for properly URL-encoding
+    // the fragment in advance.
+    //
+    // The options object can contain `trigger: true` if you wish to have the
+    // route callback be fired (not usually desirable), or `replace: true`, if
+    // you which to modify the current URL without adding an entry to the history.
+    navigate: function(fragment, options) {
+      if (!historyStarted) return false;
+      if (!options || options === true) options = {trigger: options};
+      var frag = (fragment || '').replace(routeStripper, '');
       if (this.fragment == frag || this.fragment == decodeURIComponent(frag)) return;
+
+      // If pushState is available, we use it to set the fragment as a real URL.
       if (this._hasPushState) {
-        var loc = window.location;
         if (frag.indexOf(this.options.root) != 0) frag = this.options.root + frag;
         this.fragment = frag;
-        window.history.pushState({}, document.title, loc.protocol + '//' + loc.host + frag);
-      } else {
-        window.location.hash = this.fragment = frag;
+        window.history[options.replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState']({}, document.title, frag);
+
+      // If hash changes haven't been explicitly disabled, update the hash
+      // fragment to store history.
+      } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
+        this.fragment = frag;
+        this._updateHash(window.location, frag, options.replace);
         if (this.iframe && (frag != this.getFragment(this.iframe.location.hash))) {
-          this.iframe.document.open().close();
-          this.iframe.location.hash = frag;
+          // Opening and closing the iframe tricks IE7 and earlier to push a history entry on hash-tag change.
+          // When replace is true, we don't want this.
+          if(!options.replace) this.iframe.document.open().close();
+          this._updateHash(this.iframe.location, frag, options.replace);
         }
+
+      // If you've told us that you explicitly don't want fallback hashchange-
+      // based history, then `navigate` becomes a page refresh.
+      } else {
+        window.location.assign(this.options.root + fragment);
       }
-      if (triggerRoute) this.loadUrl(fragment);
-    }
+      if (options.trigger) this.loadUrl(fragment);
+    },
 
+    // Update the hash location, either replacing the current entry, or adding
+    // a new one to the browser history.
+    _updateHash: function(location, fragment, replace) {
+      if (replace) {
+        location.replace(location.toString().replace(/(javascript:|#).*$/, '') + '#' + fragment);
+      } else {
+        location.hash = fragment;
+      }
+    }
   });
 
   // Backbone.View
@@ -880,15 +973,8 @@
     this.cid = _.uniqueId('view');
     this._configure(options || {});
     this._ensureElement();
-    this.delegateEvents();
     this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
-  };
-
-  // Element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the current view.
-  // This should be prefered to global lookups, if you're dealing with
-  // a specific view.
-  var selectorDelegate = function(selector) {
-    return $(selector, this.el);
+    this.delegateEvents();
   };
 
   // Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`.
@@ -901,26 +987,29 @@
   _.extend(Backbone.View.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
 
     // The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`.
-    tagName : 'div',
+    tagName: 'div',
 
-    // Attach the `selectorDelegate` function as the `$` property.
-    $       : selectorDelegate,
+    // jQuery delegate for element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the
+    // current view. This should be prefered to global lookups where possible.
+    $: function(selector) {
+      return this.$el.find(selector);
+    },
 
     // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
     // initialization logic.
-    initialize : function(){},
+    initialize: function(){},
 
     // **render** is the core function that your view should override, in order
     // to populate its element (`this.el`), with the appropriate HTML. The
     // convention is for **render** to always return `this`.
-    render : function() {
+    render: function() {
       return this;
     },
 
     // Remove this view from the DOM. Note that the view isn't present in the
     // DOM by default, so calling this method may be a no-op.
-    remove : function() {
-      $(this.el).remove();
+    remove: function() {
+      this.$el.remove();
       return this;
     },
 
@@ -929,20 +1018,29 @@
     //
     //     var el = this.make('li', {'class': 'row'}, this.model.escape('title'));
     //
-    make : function(tagName, attributes, content) {
+    make: function(tagName, attributes, content) {
       var el = document.createElement(tagName);
       if (attributes) $(el).attr(attributes);
       if (content) $(el).html(content);
       return el;
     },
 
-    // Set callbacks, where `this.callbacks` is a hash of
+    // Change the view's element (`this.el` property), including event
+    // re-delegation.
+    setElement: function(element, delegate) {
+      this.$el = $(element);
+      this.el = this.$el[0];
+      if (delegate !== false) this.delegateEvents();
+    },
+
+    // Set callbacks, where `this.events` is a hash of
     //
     // *{"event selector": "callback"}*
     //
     //     {
     //       'mousedown .title':  'edit',
     //       'click .button':     'save'
+    //       'click .open':       function(e) { ... }
     //     }
     //
     // pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly.
@@ -950,29 +1048,36 @@
     // Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`.
     // This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`, `blur`, and
     // not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
-    delegateEvents : function(events) {
-      if (!(events || (events = this.events))) return;
-      if (_.isFunction(events)) events = events.call(this);
-      $(this.el).unbind('.delegateEvents' + this.cid);
+    delegateEvents: function(events) {
+      if (!(events || (events = getValue(this, 'events')))) return;
+      this.undelegateEvents();
       for (var key in events) {
-        var method = this[events[key]];
+        var method = events[key];
+        if (!_.isFunction(method)) method = this[events[key]];
         if (!method) throw new Error('Event "' + events[key] + '" does not exist');
         var match = key.match(eventSplitter);
         var eventName = match[1], selector = match[2];
         method = _.bind(method, this);
         eventName += '.delegateEvents' + this.cid;
         if (selector === '') {
-          $(this.el).bind(eventName, method);
+          this.$el.bind(eventName, method);
         } else {
-          $(this.el).delegate(selector, eventName, method);
+          this.$el.delegate(selector, eventName, method);
         }
       }
     },
 
+    // Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view with `delegateEvents`.
+    // You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple
+    // Backbone views attached to the same DOM element.
+    undelegateEvents: function() {
+      this.$el.unbind('.delegateEvents' + this.cid);
+    },
+
     // Performs the initial configuration of a View with a set of options.
     // Keys with special meaning *(model, collection, id, className)*, are
     // attached directly to the view.
-    _configure : function(options) {
+    _configure: function(options) {
       if (this.options) options = _.extend({}, this.options, options);
       for (var i = 0, l = viewOptions.length; i < l; i++) {
         var attr = viewOptions[i];
@@ -984,15 +1089,15 @@
     // Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into.
     // If `this.el` is a string, pass it through `$()`, take the first
     // matching element, and re-assign it to `el`. Otherwise, create
-    // an element from the `id`, `className` and `tagName` proeprties.
-    _ensureElement : function() {
+    // an element from the `id`, `className` and `tagName` properties.
+    _ensureElement: function() {
       if (!this.el) {
-        var attrs = this.attributes || {};
+        var attrs = getValue(this, 'attributes') || {};
         if (this.id) attrs.id = this.id;
         if (this.className) attrs['class'] = this.className;
-        this.el = this.make(this.tagName, attrs);
-      } else if (_.isString(this.el)) {
-        this.el = $(this.el).get(0);
+        this.setElement(this.make(this.tagName, attrs), false);
+      } else {
+        this.setElement(this.el, false);
       }
     }
 
@@ -1009,20 +1114,20 @@
   Backbone.Model.extend = Backbone.Collection.extend =
     Backbone.Router.extend = Backbone.View.extend = extend;
 
+  // Backbone.sync
+  // -------------
+
   // Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation.
   var methodMap = {
     'create': 'POST',
     'update': 'PUT',
     'delete': 'DELETE',
-    'read'  : 'GET'
+    'read':   'GET'
   };
 
-  // Backbone.sync
-  // -------------
-
   // Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists
   // models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the
-  // model in question. By default, uses makes a RESTful Ajax request
+  // model in question. By default, makes a RESTful Ajax request
   // to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be:
   //
   // * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request.
@@ -1031,26 +1136,23 @@
   //
   // Turn on `Backbone.emulateHTTP` in order to send `PUT` and `DELETE` requests
   // as `POST`, with a `_method` parameter containing the true HTTP method,
-  // as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead of
-  // `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`.
+  // as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`
+  // instead of `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`.
   // Useful when interfacing with server-side languages like **PHP** that make
   // it difficult to read the body of `PUT` requests.
   Backbone.sync = function(method, model, options) {
     var type = methodMap[method];
 
     // Default JSON-request options.
-    var params = _.extend({
-      type:         type,
-      dataType:     'json'
-    }, options);
+    var params = {type: type, dataType: 'json'};
 
     // Ensure that we have a URL.
-    if (!params.url) {
-      params.url = getUrl(model) || urlError();
+    if (!options.url) {
+      params.url = getValue(model, 'url') || urlError();
     }
 
     // Ensure that we have the appropriate request data.
-    if (!params.data && model && (method == 'create' || method == 'update')) {
+    if (!options.data && model && (method == 'create' || method == 'update')) {
       params.contentType = 'application/json';
       params.data = JSON.stringify(model.toJSON());
     }
@@ -1058,7 +1160,7 @@
     // For older servers, emulate JSON by encoding the request into an HTML-form.
     if (Backbone.emulateJSON) {
       params.contentType = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';
-      params.data        = params.data ? {model : params.data} : {};
+      params.data = params.data ? {model: params.data} : {};
     }
 
     // For older servers, emulate HTTP by mimicking the HTTP method with `_method`
@@ -1078,8 +1180,20 @@
       params.processData = false;
     }
 
-    // Make the request.
-    return $.ajax(params);
+    // Make the request, allowing the user to override any Ajax options.
+    return $.ajax(_.extend(params, options));
+  };
+
+  // Wrap an optional error callback with a fallback error event.
+  Backbone.wrapError = function(onError, originalModel, options) {
+    return function(model, resp) {
+      var resp = model === originalModel ? resp : model;
+      if (onError) {
+        onError(model, resp, options);
+      } else {
+        originalModel.trigger('error', model, resp, options);
+      }
+    };
   };
 
   // Helpers
@@ -1096,11 +1210,11 @@
 
     // The constructor function for the new subclass is either defined by you
     // (the "constructor" property in your `extend` definition), or defaulted
-    // by us to simply call `super()`.
+    // by us to simply call the parent's constructor.
     if (protoProps && protoProps.hasOwnProperty('constructor')) {
       child = protoProps.constructor;
     } else {
-      child = function(){ return parent.apply(this, arguments); };
+      child = function(){ parent.apply(this, arguments); };
     }
 
     // Inherit class (static) properties from parent.
@@ -1127,11 +1241,11 @@
     return child;
   };
 
-  // Helper function to get a URL from a Model or Collection as a property
+  // Helper function to get a value from a Backbone object as a property
   // or as a function.
-  var getUrl = function(object) {
-    if (!(object && object.url)) return null;
-    return _.isFunction(object.url) ? object.url() : object.url;
+  var getValue = function(object, prop) {
+    if (!(object && object[prop])) return null;
+    return _.isFunction(object[prop]) ? object[prop]() : object[prop];
   };
 
   // Throw an error when a URL is needed, and none is supplied.
@@ -1139,20 +1253,4 @@
     throw new Error('A "url" property or function must be specified');
   };
 
-  // Wrap an optional error callback with a fallback error event.
-  var wrapError = function(onError, model, options) {
-    return function(resp) {
-      if (onError) {
-        onError(model, resp, options);
-      } else {
-        model.trigger('error', model, resp, options);
-      }
-    };
-  };
-
-  // Helper function to escape a string for HTML rendering.
-  var escapeHTML = function(string) {
-    return string.replace(/&(?!\w+;|#\d+;|#x[\da-f]+;)/gi, '&amp;').replace(/</g, '&lt;').replace(/>/g, '&gt;').replace(/"/g, '&quot;').replace(/'/g, '&#x27;').replace(/\//g,'&#x2F;');
-  };
-
-}).call(this);
+}).call(this);