awesome-grpc-that-works 0.12.1

data/src/ruby/ext/grpc/rb_call.c

@@ -0,0 +1,915 @@
+/*
+ *
+ * Copyright 2015-2016, Google Inc.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+ * met:
+ *
+ *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+ * in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+ * distribution.
+ *     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+ * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+ * this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+ * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+ * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+ * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+ * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+ * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "rb_call.h"
+
+#include <ruby/ruby.h>
+
+#include <grpc/grpc.h>
+#include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
+
+#include "rb_byte_buffer.h"
+#include "rb_call_credentials.h"
+#include "rb_completion_queue.h"
+#include "rb_grpc.h"
+
+/* grpc_rb_cCall is the Call class whose instances proxy grpc_call. */
+static VALUE grpc_rb_cCall;
+
+/* grpc_rb_eCallError is the ruby class of the exception thrown during call
+   operations; */
+VALUE grpc_rb_eCallError = Qnil;
+
+/* grpc_rb_eOutOfTime is the ruby class of the exception thrown to indicate
+   a timeout. */
+static VALUE grpc_rb_eOutOfTime = Qnil;
+
+/* grpc_rb_sBatchResult is struct class used to hold the results of a batch
+ * call. */
+static VALUE grpc_rb_sBatchResult;
+
+/* grpc_rb_cMdAry is the MetadataArray class whose instances proxy
+ * grpc_metadata_array. */
+static VALUE grpc_rb_cMdAry;
+
+/* id_cq is the name of the hidden ivar that preserves a reference to a
+ * completion queue */
+static ID id_cq;
+
+/* id_flags is the name of the hidden ivar that preserves the value of
+ * the flags used to create metadata from a Hash */
+static ID id_flags;
+
+/* id_input_md is the name of the hidden ivar that preserves the hash used to
+ * create metadata, so that references to the strings it contains last as long
+ * as the call the metadata is added to. */
+static ID id_input_md;
+
+/* id_metadata is name of the attribute used to access the metadata hash
+ * received by the call and subsequently saved on it. */
+static ID id_metadata;
+
+/* id_status is name of the attribute used to access the status object
+ * received by the call and subsequently saved on it. */
+static ID id_status;
+
+/* id_write_flag is name of the attribute used to access the write_flag
+ * saved on the call. */
+static ID id_write_flag;
+
+/* sym_* are the symbol for attributes of grpc_rb_sBatchResult. */
+static VALUE sym_send_message;
+static VALUE sym_send_metadata;
+static VALUE sym_send_close;
+static VALUE sym_send_status;
+static VALUE sym_message;
+static VALUE sym_status;
+static VALUE sym_cancelled;
+
+/* hash_all_calls is a hash of Call address -> reference count that is used to
+ * track the creation and destruction of rb_call instances.
+ */
+static VALUE hash_all_calls;
+
+/* Destroys a Call. */
+static void grpc_rb_call_destroy(void *p) {
+  grpc_call *call = NULL;
+  VALUE ref_count = Qnil;
+  if (p == NULL) {
+    return;
+  };
+  call = (grpc_call *)p;
+
+  ref_count = rb_hash_aref(hash_all_calls, OFFT2NUM((VALUE)call));
+  if (ref_count == Qnil) {
+    return; /* No longer in the hash, so already deleted */
+  } else if (NUM2UINT(ref_count) == 1) {
+    rb_hash_delete(hash_all_calls, OFFT2NUM((VALUE)call));
+    grpc_call_destroy(call);
+  } else {
+    rb_hash_aset(hash_all_calls, OFFT2NUM((VALUE)call),
+                 UINT2NUM(NUM2UINT(ref_count) - 1));
+  }
+}
+
+static size_t md_ary_datasize(const void *p) {
+  const grpc_metadata_array *const ary = (grpc_metadata_array *)p;
+  size_t i, datasize = sizeof(grpc_metadata_array);
+  for (i = 0; i < ary->count; ++i) {
+    const grpc_metadata *const md = &ary->metadata[i];
+    datasize += strlen(md->key);
+    datasize += md->value_length;
+  }
+  datasize += ary->capacity * sizeof(grpc_metadata);
+  return datasize;
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t grpc_rb_md_ary_data_type = {
+    "grpc_metadata_array",
+    {GRPC_RB_GC_NOT_MARKED, GRPC_RB_GC_DONT_FREE, md_ary_datasize,
+     {NULL, NULL}},
+    NULL,
+    NULL,
+#ifdef RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+    /* it is unsafe to specify RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY because
+     * grpc_rb_call_destroy
+     * touches a hash object.
+     * TODO(yugui) Directly use st_table and call the free function earlier?
+     */
+    0,
+#endif
+};
+
+/* Describes grpc_call struct for RTypedData */
+static const rb_data_type_t grpc_call_data_type = {
+    "grpc_call",
+    {GRPC_RB_GC_NOT_MARKED, grpc_rb_call_destroy, GRPC_RB_MEMSIZE_UNAVAILABLE,
+     {NULL, NULL}},
+    NULL,
+    NULL,
+#ifdef RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+    /* it is unsafe to specify RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY because
+     * grpc_rb_call_destroy
+     * touches a hash object.
+     * TODO(yugui) Directly use st_table and call the free function earlier?
+     */
+    0,
+#endif
+};
+
+/* Error code details is a hash containing text strings describing errors */
+VALUE rb_error_code_details;
+
+/* Obtains the error detail string for given error code */
+const char *grpc_call_error_detail_of(grpc_call_error err) {
+  VALUE detail_ref = rb_hash_aref(rb_error_code_details, UINT2NUM(err));
+  const char *detail = "unknown error code!";
+  if (detail_ref != Qnil) {
+    detail = StringValueCStr(detail_ref);
+  }
+  return detail;
+}
+
+/* Called by clients to cancel an RPC on the server.
+   Can be called multiple times, from any thread. */
+static VALUE grpc_rb_call_cancel(VALUE self) {
+  grpc_call *call = NULL;
+  grpc_call_error err;
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, grpc_call, &grpc_call_data_type, call);
+  err = grpc_call_cancel(call, NULL);
+  if (err != GRPC_CALL_OK) {
+    rb_raise(grpc_rb_eCallError, "cancel failed: %s (code=%d)",
+             grpc_call_error_detail_of(err), err);
+  }
+
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+/* Called to obtain the peer that this call is connected to. */
+static VALUE grpc_rb_call_get_peer(VALUE self) {
+  VALUE res = Qnil;
+  grpc_call *call = NULL;
+  char *peer = NULL;
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, grpc_call, &grpc_call_data_type, call);
+  peer = grpc_call_get_peer(call);
+  res = rb_str_new2(peer);
+  gpr_free(peer);
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+/*
+  call-seq:
+  status = call.status
+
+  Gets the status object saved the call.  */
+static VALUE grpc_rb_call_get_status(VALUE self) {
+  return rb_ivar_get(self, id_status);
+}
+
+/*
+  call-seq:
+  call.status = status
+
+  Saves a status object on the call.  */
+static VALUE grpc_rb_call_set_status(VALUE self, VALUE status) {
+  if (!NIL_P(status) && rb_obj_class(status) != grpc_rb_sStatus) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "bad status: got:<%s> want: <Struct::Status>",
+             rb_obj_classname(status));
+    return Qnil;
+  }
+
+  return rb_ivar_set(self, id_status, status);
+}
+
+/*
+  call-seq:
+  metadata = call.metadata
+
+  Gets the metadata object saved the call.  */
+static VALUE grpc_rb_call_get_metadata(VALUE self) {
+  return rb_ivar_get(self, id_metadata);
+}
+
+/*
+  call-seq:
+  call.metadata = metadata
+
+  Saves the metadata hash on the call.  */
+static VALUE grpc_rb_call_set_metadata(VALUE self, VALUE metadata) {
+  if (!NIL_P(metadata) && TYPE(metadata) != T_HASH) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "bad metadata: got:<%s> want: <Hash>",
+             rb_obj_classname(metadata));
+    return Qnil;
+  }
+
+  return rb_ivar_set(self, id_metadata, metadata);
+}
+
+/*
+  call-seq:
+  write_flag = call.write_flag
+
+  Gets the write_flag value saved the call.  */
+static VALUE grpc_rb_call_get_write_flag(VALUE self) {
+  return rb_ivar_get(self, id_write_flag);
+}
+
+/*
+  call-seq:
+  call.write_flag = write_flag
+
+  Saves the write_flag on the call.  */
+static VALUE grpc_rb_call_set_write_flag(VALUE self, VALUE write_flag) {
+  if (!NIL_P(write_flag) && TYPE(write_flag) != T_FIXNUM) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "bad write_flag: got:<%s> want: <Fixnum>",
+             rb_obj_classname(write_flag));
+    return Qnil;
+  }
+
+  return rb_ivar_set(self, id_write_flag, write_flag);
+}
+
+/*
+  call-seq:
+  call.set_credentials call_credentials
+
+  Sets credentials on a call */
+static VALUE grpc_rb_call_set_credentials(VALUE self, VALUE credentials) {
+  grpc_call *call = NULL;
+  grpc_call_credentials *creds;
+  grpc_call_error err;
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, grpc_call, &grpc_call_data_type, call);
+  creds = grpc_rb_get_wrapped_call_credentials(credentials);
+  err = grpc_call_set_credentials(call, creds);
+  if (err != GRPC_CALL_OK) {
+    rb_raise(grpc_rb_eCallError,
+             "grpc_call_set_credentials failed with %s (code=%d)",
+             grpc_call_error_detail_of(err), err);
+  }
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+/* grpc_rb_md_ary_fill_hash_cb is the hash iteration callback used
+   to fill grpc_metadata_array.
+
+   it's capacity should have been computed via a prior call to
+   grpc_rb_md_ary_fill_hash_cb
+*/
+static int grpc_rb_md_ary_fill_hash_cb(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE md_ary_obj) {
+  grpc_metadata_array *md_ary = NULL;
+  long array_length;
+  long i;
+  char *key_str;
+  size_t key_len;
+  char *value_str;
+  size_t value_len;
+
+  if (TYPE(key) == T_SYMBOL) {
+    key_str = (char *)rb_id2name(SYM2ID(key));
+    key_len = strlen(key_str);
+  } else { /* StringValueCStr does all other type exclusions for us */
+    key_str = StringValueCStr(key);
+    key_len = RSTRING_LEN(key);
+  }
+
+  if (!grpc_header_key_is_legal(key_str, key_len)) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+             "'%s' is an invalid header key, must match [a-z0-9-_.]+",
+             key_str);
+    return ST_STOP;
+  }
+
+  /* Construct a metadata object from key and value and add it */
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(md_ary_obj, grpc_metadata_array,
+                       &grpc_rb_md_ary_data_type, md_ary);
+
+  if (TYPE(val) == T_ARRAY) {
+    array_length = RARRAY_LEN(val);
+    /* If the value is an array, add capacity for each value in the array */
+    for (i = 0; i < array_length; i++) {
+      value_str = RSTRING_PTR(rb_ary_entry(val, i));
+      value_len = RSTRING_LEN(rb_ary_entry(val, i));
+      if (!grpc_is_binary_header(key_str, key_len) &&
+          !grpc_header_nonbin_value_is_legal(value_str, value_len)) {
+        // The value has invalid characters
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+                 "Header value '%s' has invalid characters", value_str);
+        return ST_STOP;
+      }
+      md_ary->metadata[md_ary->count].key = key_str;
+      md_ary->metadata[md_ary->count].value = value_str;
+      md_ary->metadata[md_ary->count].value_length = value_len;
+      md_ary->count += 1;
+    }
+  } else {
+    value_str = RSTRING_PTR(val);
+    value_len = RSTRING_LEN(val);
+    if (!grpc_is_binary_header(key_str, key_len) &&
+        !grpc_header_nonbin_value_is_legal(value_str, value_len)) {
+      // The value has invalid characters
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+               "Header value '%s' has invalid characters", value_str);
+      return ST_STOP;
+    }
+    md_ary->metadata[md_ary->count].key = key_str;
+    md_ary->metadata[md_ary->count].value = value_str;
+    md_ary->metadata[md_ary->count].value_length = value_len;
+    md_ary->count += 1;
+  }
+
+  return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+/* grpc_rb_md_ary_capacity_hash_cb is the hash iteration callback used
+   to pre-compute the capacity a grpc_metadata_array.
+*/
+static int grpc_rb_md_ary_capacity_hash_cb(VALUE key, VALUE val,
+                                           VALUE md_ary_obj) {
+  grpc_metadata_array *md_ary = NULL;
+
+  (void)key;
+
+  /* Construct a metadata object from key and value and add it */
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(md_ary_obj, grpc_metadata_array,
+                       &grpc_rb_md_ary_data_type, md_ary);
+
+  if (TYPE(val) == T_ARRAY) {
+    /* If the value is an array, add capacity for each value in the array */
+    md_ary->capacity += RARRAY_LEN(val);
+  } else {
+    md_ary->capacity += 1;
+  }
+  return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+/* grpc_rb_md_ary_convert converts a ruby metadata hash into
+   a grpc_metadata_array.
+*/
+void grpc_rb_md_ary_convert(VALUE md_ary_hash,
+                                   grpc_metadata_array *md_ary) {
+  VALUE md_ary_obj = Qnil;
+  if (md_ary_hash == Qnil) {
+    return; /* Do nothing if the expected has value is nil */
+  }
+  if (TYPE(md_ary_hash) != T_HASH) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "md_ary_convert: got <%s>, want <Hash>",
+             rb_obj_classname(md_ary_hash));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  /* Initialize the array, compute it's capacity, then fill it. */
+  grpc_metadata_array_init(md_ary);
+  md_ary_obj =
+      TypedData_Wrap_Struct(grpc_rb_cMdAry, &grpc_rb_md_ary_data_type, md_ary);
+  rb_hash_foreach(md_ary_hash, grpc_rb_md_ary_capacity_hash_cb, md_ary_obj);
+  md_ary->metadata = gpr_malloc(md_ary->capacity * sizeof(grpc_metadata));
+  rb_hash_foreach(md_ary_hash, grpc_rb_md_ary_fill_hash_cb, md_ary_obj);
+}
+
+/* Converts a metadata array to a hash. */
+VALUE grpc_rb_md_ary_to_h(grpc_metadata_array *md_ary) {
+  VALUE key = Qnil;
+  VALUE new_ary = Qnil;
+  VALUE value = Qnil;
+  VALUE result = rb_hash_new();
+  size_t i;
+
+  for (i = 0; i < md_ary->count; i++) {
+    key = rb_str_new2(md_ary->metadata[i].key);
+    value = rb_hash_aref(result, key);
+    if (value == Qnil) {
+      value = rb_str_new(md_ary->metadata[i].value,
+                         md_ary->metadata[i].value_length);
+      rb_hash_aset(result, key, value);
+    } else if (TYPE(value) == T_ARRAY) {
+      /* Add the string to the returned array */
+      rb_ary_push(value, rb_str_new(md_ary->metadata[i].value,
+                                    md_ary->metadata[i].value_length));
+    } else {
+      /* Add the current value with this key and the new one to an array */
+      new_ary = rb_ary_new();
+      rb_ary_push(new_ary, value);
+      rb_ary_push(new_ary, rb_str_new(md_ary->metadata[i].value,
+                                      md_ary->metadata[i].value_length));
+      rb_hash_aset(result, key, new_ary);
+    }
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+/* grpc_rb_call_check_op_keys_hash_cb is a hash iteration func that checks
+   each key of an ops hash is valid.
+*/
+static int grpc_rb_call_check_op_keys_hash_cb(VALUE key, VALUE val,
+                                              VALUE ops_ary) {
+  (void)val;
+  /* Update the capacity; the value is an array, add capacity for each value in
+   * the array */
+  if (TYPE(key) != T_FIXNUM) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid operation : got <%s>, want <Fixnum>",
+             rb_obj_classname(key));
+    return ST_STOP;
+  }
+  switch (NUM2INT(key)) {
+    case GRPC_OP_SEND_INITIAL_METADATA:
+    case GRPC_OP_SEND_MESSAGE:
+    case GRPC_OP_SEND_CLOSE_FROM_CLIENT:
+    case GRPC_OP_SEND_STATUS_FROM_SERVER:
+    case GRPC_OP_RECV_INITIAL_METADATA:
+    case GRPC_OP_RECV_MESSAGE:
+    case GRPC_OP_RECV_STATUS_ON_CLIENT:
+    case GRPC_OP_RECV_CLOSE_ON_SERVER:
+      rb_ary_push(ops_ary, key);
+      return ST_CONTINUE;
+    default:
+      rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid operation : bad value %d", NUM2INT(key));
+  };
+  return ST_STOP;
+}
+
+/* grpc_rb_op_update_status_from_server adds the values in a ruby status
+   struct to the 'send_status_from_server' portion of an op.
+*/
+static void grpc_rb_op_update_status_from_server(grpc_op *op,
+                                                 grpc_metadata_array *md_ary,
+                                                 VALUE status) {
+  VALUE code = rb_struct_aref(status, sym_code);
+  VALUE details = rb_struct_aref(status, sym_details);
+  VALUE metadata_hash = rb_struct_aref(status, sym_metadata);
+
+  /* TODO: add check to ensure status is the correct struct type */
+  if (TYPE(code) != T_FIXNUM) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid code : got <%s>, want <Fixnum>",
+             rb_obj_classname(code));
+    return;
+  }
+  if (TYPE(details) != T_STRING) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid details : got <%s>, want <String>",
+             rb_obj_classname(code));
+    return;
+  }
+  op->data.send_status_from_server.status = NUM2INT(code);
+  op->data.send_status_from_server.status_details = StringValueCStr(details);
+  grpc_rb_md_ary_convert(metadata_hash, md_ary);
+  op->data.send_status_from_server.trailing_metadata_count = md_ary->count;
+  op->data.send_status_from_server.trailing_metadata = md_ary->metadata;
+}
+
+/* run_batch_stack holds various values used by the
+ * grpc_rb_call_run_batch function */
+typedef struct run_batch_stack {
+  /* The batch ops */
+  grpc_op ops[8]; /* 8 is the maximum number of operations */
+  size_t op_num;  /* tracks the last added operation */
+
+  /* Data being sent */
+  grpc_metadata_array send_metadata;
+  grpc_metadata_array send_trailing_metadata;
+
+  /* Data being received */
+  grpc_byte_buffer *recv_message;
+  grpc_metadata_array recv_metadata;
+  grpc_metadata_array recv_trailing_metadata;
+  int recv_cancelled;
+  grpc_status_code recv_status;
+  char *recv_status_details;
+  size_t recv_status_details_capacity;
+  uint write_flag;
+} run_batch_stack;
+
+/* grpc_run_batch_stack_init ensures the run_batch_stack is properly
+ * initialized */
+static void grpc_run_batch_stack_init(run_batch_stack *st, uint write_flag) {
+  MEMZERO(st, run_batch_stack, 1);
+  grpc_metadata_array_init(&st->send_metadata);
+  grpc_metadata_array_init(&st->send_trailing_metadata);
+  grpc_metadata_array_init(&st->recv_metadata);
+  grpc_metadata_array_init(&st->recv_trailing_metadata);
+  st->op_num = 0;
+  st->write_flag = write_flag;
+}
+
+/* grpc_run_batch_stack_cleanup ensures the run_batch_stack is properly
+ * cleaned up */
+static void grpc_run_batch_stack_cleanup(run_batch_stack *st) {
+  size_t i = 0;
+
+  grpc_metadata_array_destroy(&st->send_metadata);
+  grpc_metadata_array_destroy(&st->send_trailing_metadata);
+  grpc_metadata_array_destroy(&st->recv_metadata);
+  grpc_metadata_array_destroy(&st->recv_trailing_metadata);
+
+  if (st->recv_status_details != NULL) {
+    gpr_free(st->recv_status_details);
+  }
+
+  grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(st->recv_message);
+
+  for (i = 0; i < st->op_num; i++) {
+    if (st->ops[i].op == GRPC_OP_SEND_MESSAGE) {
+      grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(st->ops[i].data.send_message);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/* grpc_run_batch_stack_fill_ops fills the run_batch_stack ops array from
+ * ops_hash */
+static void grpc_run_batch_stack_fill_ops(run_batch_stack *st, VALUE ops_hash) {
+  VALUE this_op = Qnil;
+  VALUE this_value = Qnil;
+  VALUE ops_ary = rb_ary_new();
+  size_t i = 0;
+
+  /* Create a ruby array with just the operation keys */
+  rb_hash_foreach(ops_hash, grpc_rb_call_check_op_keys_hash_cb, ops_ary);
+
+  /* Fill the ops array */
+  for (i = 0; i < (size_t)RARRAY_LEN(ops_ary); i++) {
+    this_op = rb_ary_entry(ops_ary, i);
+    this_value = rb_hash_aref(ops_hash, this_op);
+    st->ops[st->op_num].flags = 0;
+    switch (NUM2INT(this_op)) {
+      case GRPC_OP_SEND_INITIAL_METADATA:
+        /* N.B. later there is no need to explicitly delete the metadata keys
+         * and values, they are references to data in ruby objects. */
+        grpc_rb_md_ary_convert(this_value, &st->send_metadata);
+        st->ops[st->op_num].data.send_initial_metadata.count =
+            st->send_metadata.count;
+        st->ops[st->op_num].data.send_initial_metadata.metadata =
+            st->send_metadata.metadata;
+        break;
+      case GRPC_OP_SEND_MESSAGE:
+        st->ops[st->op_num].data.send_message = grpc_rb_s_to_byte_buffer(
+            RSTRING_PTR(this_value), RSTRING_LEN(this_value));
+        st->ops[st->op_num].flags = st->write_flag;
+        break;
+      case GRPC_OP_SEND_CLOSE_FROM_CLIENT:
+        break;
+      case GRPC_OP_SEND_STATUS_FROM_SERVER:
+        /* N.B. later there is no need to explicitly delete the metadata keys
+         * and values, they are references to data in ruby objects. */
+        grpc_rb_op_update_status_from_server(
+            &st->ops[st->op_num], &st->send_trailing_metadata, this_value);
+        break;
+      case GRPC_OP_RECV_INITIAL_METADATA:
+        st->ops[st->op_num].data.recv_initial_metadata = &st->recv_metadata;
+        break;
+      case GRPC_OP_RECV_MESSAGE:
+        st->ops[st->op_num].data.recv_message = &st->recv_message;
+        break;
+      case GRPC_OP_RECV_STATUS_ON_CLIENT:
+        st->ops[st->op_num].data.recv_status_on_client.trailing_metadata =
+            &st->recv_trailing_metadata;
+        st->ops[st->op_num].data.recv_status_on_client.status =
+            &st->recv_status;
+        st->ops[st->op_num].data.recv_status_on_client.status_details =
+            &st->recv_status_details;
+        st->ops[st->op_num].data.recv_status_on_client.status_details_capacity =
+            &st->recv_status_details_capacity;
+        break;
+      case GRPC_OP_RECV_CLOSE_ON_SERVER:
+        st->ops[st->op_num].data.recv_close_on_server.cancelled =
+            &st->recv_cancelled;
+        break;
+      default:
+        grpc_run_batch_stack_cleanup(st);
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid operation : bad value %d",
+                 NUM2INT(this_op));
+    };
+    st->ops[st->op_num].op = (grpc_op_type)NUM2INT(this_op);
+    st->ops[st->op_num].reserved = NULL;
+    st->op_num++;
+  }
+}
+
+/* grpc_run_batch_stack_build_result fills constructs a ruby BatchResult struct
+   after the results have run */
+static VALUE grpc_run_batch_stack_build_result(run_batch_stack *st) {
+  size_t i = 0;
+  VALUE result = rb_struct_new(grpc_rb_sBatchResult, Qnil, Qnil, Qnil, Qnil,
+                               Qnil, Qnil, Qnil, Qnil, NULL);
+  for (i = 0; i < st->op_num; i++) {
+    switch (st->ops[i].op) {
+      case GRPC_OP_SEND_INITIAL_METADATA:
+        rb_struct_aset(result, sym_send_metadata, Qtrue);
+        break;
+      case GRPC_OP_SEND_MESSAGE:
+        rb_struct_aset(result, sym_send_message, Qtrue);
+        break;
+      case GRPC_OP_SEND_CLOSE_FROM_CLIENT:
+        rb_struct_aset(result, sym_send_close, Qtrue);
+        break;
+      case GRPC_OP_SEND_STATUS_FROM_SERVER:
+        rb_struct_aset(result, sym_send_status, Qtrue);
+        break;
+      case GRPC_OP_RECV_INITIAL_METADATA:
+        rb_struct_aset(result, sym_metadata,
+                       grpc_rb_md_ary_to_h(&st->recv_metadata));
+      case GRPC_OP_RECV_MESSAGE:
+        rb_struct_aset(result, sym_message,
+                       grpc_rb_byte_buffer_to_s(st->recv_message));
+        break;
+      case GRPC_OP_RECV_STATUS_ON_CLIENT:
+        rb_struct_aset(
+            result, sym_status,
+            rb_struct_new(grpc_rb_sStatus, UINT2NUM(st->recv_status),
+                          (st->recv_status_details == NULL
+                               ? Qnil
+                               : rb_str_new2(st->recv_status_details)),
+                          grpc_rb_md_ary_to_h(&st->recv_trailing_metadata),
+                          NULL));
+        break;
+      case GRPC_OP_RECV_CLOSE_ON_SERVER:
+        rb_struct_aset(result, sym_send_close, Qtrue);
+        break;
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+/* call-seq:
+   cq = CompletionQueue.new
+   ops = {
+     GRPC::Core::CallOps::SEND_INITIAL_METADATA => <op_value>,
+     GRPC::Core::CallOps::SEND_MESSAGE => <op_value>,
+     ...
+   }
+   tag = Object.new
+   timeout = 10
+   call.start_batch(cqueue, tag, timeout, ops)
+
+   Start a batch of operations defined in the array ops; when complete, post a
+   completion of type 'tag' to the completion queue bound to the call.
+
+   Also waits for the batch to complete, until timeout is reached.
+   The order of ops specified in the batch has no significance.
+   Only one operation of each type can be active at once in any given
+   batch */
+static VALUE grpc_rb_call_run_batch(VALUE self, VALUE cqueue, VALUE tag,
+                                    VALUE timeout, VALUE ops_hash) {
+  run_batch_stack st;
+  grpc_call *call = NULL;
+  grpc_event ev;
+  grpc_call_error err;
+  VALUE result = Qnil;
+  VALUE rb_write_flag = rb_ivar_get(self, id_write_flag);
+  uint write_flag = 0;
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, grpc_call, &grpc_call_data_type, call);
+
+  /* Validate the ops args, adding them to a ruby array */
+  if (TYPE(ops_hash) != T_HASH) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "call#run_batch: ops hash should be a hash");
+    return Qnil;
+  }
+  if (rb_write_flag != Qnil) {
+    write_flag = NUM2UINT(rb_write_flag);
+  }
+  grpc_run_batch_stack_init(&st, write_flag);
+  grpc_run_batch_stack_fill_ops(&st, ops_hash);
+
+  /* call grpc_call_start_batch, then wait for it to complete using
+   * pluck_event */
+  err = grpc_call_start_batch(call, st.ops, st.op_num, ROBJECT(tag), NULL);
+  if (err != GRPC_CALL_OK) {
+    grpc_run_batch_stack_cleanup(&st);
+    rb_raise(grpc_rb_eCallError,
+             "grpc_call_start_batch failed with %s (code=%d)",
+             grpc_call_error_detail_of(err), err);
+    return Qnil;
+  }
+  ev = grpc_rb_completion_queue_pluck_event(cqueue, tag, timeout);
+  if (ev.type == GRPC_QUEUE_TIMEOUT) {
+    grpc_run_batch_stack_cleanup(&st);
+    rb_raise(grpc_rb_eOutOfTime, "grpc_call_start_batch timed out");
+    return Qnil;
+  }
+
+  /* Build and return the BatchResult struct result,
+     if there is an error, it's reflected in the status */
+  result = grpc_run_batch_stack_build_result(&st);
+  grpc_run_batch_stack_cleanup(&st);
+  return result;
+}
+
+static void Init_grpc_write_flags() {
+  /* Constants representing the write flags in grpc.h */
+  VALUE grpc_rb_mWriteFlags =
+      rb_define_module_under(grpc_rb_mGrpcCore, "WriteFlags");
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mWriteFlags, "BUFFER_HINT",
+                  UINT2NUM(GRPC_WRITE_BUFFER_HINT));
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mWriteFlags, "NO_COMPRESS",
+                  UINT2NUM(GRPC_WRITE_NO_COMPRESS));
+}
+
+static void Init_grpc_error_codes() {
+  /* Constants representing the error codes of grpc_call_error in grpc.h */
+  VALUE grpc_rb_mRpcErrors =
+      rb_define_module_under(grpc_rb_mGrpcCore, "RpcErrors");
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mRpcErrors, "OK", UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_OK));
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mRpcErrors, "ERROR", UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_ERROR));
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mRpcErrors, "NOT_ON_SERVER",
+                  UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_ERROR_NOT_ON_SERVER));
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mRpcErrors, "NOT_ON_CLIENT",
+                  UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_ERROR_NOT_ON_CLIENT));
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mRpcErrors, "ALREADY_ACCEPTED",
+                  UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_ERROR_ALREADY_ACCEPTED));
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mRpcErrors, "ALREADY_INVOKED",
+                  UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_ERROR_ALREADY_INVOKED));
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mRpcErrors, "NOT_INVOKED",
+                  UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_ERROR_NOT_INVOKED));
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mRpcErrors, "ALREADY_FINISHED",
+                  UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_ERROR_ALREADY_FINISHED));
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mRpcErrors, "TOO_MANY_OPERATIONS",
+                  UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_ERROR_TOO_MANY_OPERATIONS));
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mRpcErrors, "INVALID_FLAGS",
+                  UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_ERROR_INVALID_FLAGS));
+
+  /* Add the detail strings to a Hash */
+  rb_error_code_details = rb_hash_new();
+  rb_hash_aset(rb_error_code_details, UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_OK),
+               rb_str_new2("ok"));
+  rb_hash_aset(rb_error_code_details, UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_ERROR),
+               rb_str_new2("unknown error"));
+  rb_hash_aset(rb_error_code_details, UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_ERROR_NOT_ON_SERVER),
+               rb_str_new2("not available on a server"));
+  rb_hash_aset(rb_error_code_details, UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_ERROR_NOT_ON_CLIENT),
+               rb_str_new2("not available on a client"));
+  rb_hash_aset(rb_error_code_details,
+               UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_ERROR_ALREADY_ACCEPTED),
+               rb_str_new2("call is already accepted"));
+  rb_hash_aset(rb_error_code_details, UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_ERROR_ALREADY_INVOKED),
+               rb_str_new2("call is already invoked"));
+  rb_hash_aset(rb_error_code_details, UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_ERROR_NOT_INVOKED),
+               rb_str_new2("call is not yet invoked"));
+  rb_hash_aset(rb_error_code_details,
+               UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_ERROR_ALREADY_FINISHED),
+               rb_str_new2("call is already finished"));
+  rb_hash_aset(rb_error_code_details,
+               UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_ERROR_TOO_MANY_OPERATIONS),
+               rb_str_new2("outstanding read or write present"));
+  rb_hash_aset(rb_error_code_details, UINT2NUM(GRPC_CALL_ERROR_INVALID_FLAGS),
+               rb_str_new2("a bad flag was given"));
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mRpcErrors, "ErrorMessages", rb_error_code_details);
+  rb_obj_freeze(rb_error_code_details);
+}
+
+static void Init_grpc_op_codes() {
+  /* Constants representing operation type codes in grpc.h */
+  VALUE grpc_rb_mCallOps = rb_define_module_under(grpc_rb_mGrpcCore, "CallOps");
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mCallOps, "SEND_INITIAL_METADATA",
+                  UINT2NUM(GRPC_OP_SEND_INITIAL_METADATA));
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mCallOps, "SEND_MESSAGE",
+                  UINT2NUM(GRPC_OP_SEND_MESSAGE));
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mCallOps, "SEND_CLOSE_FROM_CLIENT",
+                  UINT2NUM(GRPC_OP_SEND_CLOSE_FROM_CLIENT));
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mCallOps, "SEND_STATUS_FROM_SERVER",
+                  UINT2NUM(GRPC_OP_SEND_STATUS_FROM_SERVER));
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mCallOps, "RECV_INITIAL_METADATA",
+                  UINT2NUM(GRPC_OP_RECV_INITIAL_METADATA));
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mCallOps, "RECV_MESSAGE",
+                  UINT2NUM(GRPC_OP_RECV_MESSAGE));
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mCallOps, "RECV_STATUS_ON_CLIENT",
+                  UINT2NUM(GRPC_OP_RECV_STATUS_ON_CLIENT));
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_mCallOps, "RECV_CLOSE_ON_SERVER",
+                  UINT2NUM(GRPC_OP_RECV_CLOSE_ON_SERVER));
+}
+
+void Init_grpc_call() {
+  /* CallError inherits from Exception to signal that it is non-recoverable */
+  grpc_rb_eCallError =
+      rb_define_class_under(grpc_rb_mGrpcCore, "CallError", rb_eException);
+  grpc_rb_eOutOfTime =
+      rb_define_class_under(grpc_rb_mGrpcCore, "OutOfTime", rb_eException);
+  grpc_rb_cCall = rb_define_class_under(grpc_rb_mGrpcCore, "Call", rb_cObject);
+  grpc_rb_cMdAry =
+      rb_define_class_under(grpc_rb_mGrpcCore, "MetadataArray", rb_cObject);
+
+  /* Prevent allocation or inialization of the Call class */
+  rb_define_alloc_func(grpc_rb_cCall, grpc_rb_cannot_alloc);
+  rb_define_method(grpc_rb_cCall, "initialize", grpc_rb_cannot_init, 0);
+  rb_define_method(grpc_rb_cCall, "initialize_copy", grpc_rb_cannot_init_copy,
+                   1);
+
+  /* Add ruby analogues of the Call methods. */
+  rb_define_method(grpc_rb_cCall, "run_batch", grpc_rb_call_run_batch, 4);
+  rb_define_method(grpc_rb_cCall, "cancel", grpc_rb_call_cancel, 0);
+  rb_define_method(grpc_rb_cCall, "peer", grpc_rb_call_get_peer, 0);
+  rb_define_method(grpc_rb_cCall, "status", grpc_rb_call_get_status, 0);
+  rb_define_method(grpc_rb_cCall, "status=", grpc_rb_call_set_status, 1);
+  rb_define_method(grpc_rb_cCall, "metadata", grpc_rb_call_get_metadata, 0);
+  rb_define_method(grpc_rb_cCall, "metadata=", grpc_rb_call_set_metadata, 1);
+  rb_define_method(grpc_rb_cCall, "write_flag", grpc_rb_call_get_write_flag, 0);
+  rb_define_method(grpc_rb_cCall, "write_flag=", grpc_rb_call_set_write_flag,
+                   1);
+  rb_define_method(grpc_rb_cCall, "set_credentials!",
+                   grpc_rb_call_set_credentials, 1);
+
+  /* Ids used to support call attributes */
+  id_metadata = rb_intern("metadata");
+  id_status = rb_intern("status");
+  id_write_flag = rb_intern("write_flag");
+
+  /* Ids used by the c wrapping internals. */
+  id_cq = rb_intern("__cq");
+  id_flags = rb_intern("__flags");
+  id_input_md = rb_intern("__input_md");
+
+  /* Ids used in constructing the batch result. */
+  sym_send_message = ID2SYM(rb_intern("send_message"));
+  sym_send_metadata = ID2SYM(rb_intern("send_metadata"));
+  sym_send_close = ID2SYM(rb_intern("send_close"));
+  sym_send_status = ID2SYM(rb_intern("send_status"));
+  sym_message = ID2SYM(rb_intern("message"));
+  sym_status = ID2SYM(rb_intern("status"));
+  sym_cancelled = ID2SYM(rb_intern("cancelled"));
+
+  /* The Struct used to return the run_batch result. */
+  grpc_rb_sBatchResult = rb_struct_define(
+      "BatchResult", "send_message", "send_metadata", "send_close",
+      "send_status", "message", "metadata", "status", "cancelled", NULL);
+
+  /* The hash for reference counting calls, to ensure they can't be destroyed
+   * more than once */
+  hash_all_calls = rb_hash_new();
+  rb_define_const(grpc_rb_cCall, "INTERNAL_ALL_CALLs", hash_all_calls);
+
+  Init_grpc_error_codes();
+  Init_grpc_op_codes();
+  Init_grpc_write_flags();
+}
+
+/* Gets the call from the ruby object */
+grpc_call *grpc_rb_get_wrapped_call(VALUE v) {
+  grpc_call *c = NULL;
+  TypedData_Get_Struct(v, grpc_call, &grpc_call_data_type, c);
+  return c;
+}
+
+/* Obtains the wrapped object for a given call */
+VALUE grpc_rb_wrap_call(grpc_call *c) {
+  VALUE obj = Qnil;
+  if (c == NULL) {
+    return Qnil;
+  }
+  obj = rb_hash_aref(hash_all_calls, OFFT2NUM((VALUE)c));
+  if (obj == Qnil) { /* Not in the hash add it */
+    rb_hash_aset(hash_all_calls, OFFT2NUM((VALUE)c), UINT2NUM(1));
+  } else {
+    rb_hash_aset(hash_all_calls, OFFT2NUM((VALUE)c),
+                 UINT2NUM(NUM2UINT(obj) + 1));
+  }
+  return TypedData_Wrap_Struct(grpc_rb_cCall, &grpc_call_data_type, c);
+}