avro 1.9.2 → 1.11.0

checksums.yaml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ---
-SHA1:
-  metadata.gz: 5cff0cff918530cc4b15352758c668a08cb78aa0
-  data.tar.gz: 2e67c0829395100b1f98b58956057d35968e453b
+SHA256:
+  metadata.gz: d08fa062d2fbd82eeb60d63bf9259103206ec27da4da2b46e1d5e406a182901f
+  data.tar.gz: 6445d1ef065286d08b4dbd325b2613fbe975cb303835cdf036429bea6ac94650
 SHA512:
-  metadata.gz: fbb6b03c4b320ca6be7db6114367e1e93b711d4e9b3c903b54ca56c32197d2d6aae5bc48b5ff0fffc6204139a715e8bb786c14286235dc01456002738c0f49a6
-  data.tar.gz: a9cde162a3f19c3c8a873e8ced87970aa4e963d9c0ec5ea8b8cd110c8bef90013e94c31f3274448003bc9c3857b4ff357ddb80af4cc7a168a211a384557195fa
+  metadata.gz: 37e345d05baecef377495cb440dc108b1347638b0feb4cdc2d62807f307e62c4ed384e231d605fd672061b6411b9e226296e24670800cce22a0fc09f0bd09a54
+  data.tar.gz: dd48ba91caaf404b90d10e497b297122b3bd9d074ffe8dc44e5f10d582d54759572771dac086b37ab6f0f4766a4d1483c3f29342ff4eb9671c741876552475d7

data/Manifest

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-CHANGELOG
 LICENSE
 NOTICE
 Manifest
@@ -6,6 +5,7 @@ Rakefile
 avro.gemspec
 interop/test_interop.rb
 lib/avro.rb
+lib/avro/VERSION.txt
 lib/avro/data_file.rb
 lib/avro/io.rb
 lib/avro/ipc.rb

data/NOTICE

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 Apache Avro
-Copyright 2010-2015 The Apache Software Foundation
+Copyright 2010-2021 The Apache Software Foundation
 
 This product includes software developed at
 The Apache Software Foundation (https://www.apache.org/).

data/Rakefile

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 # or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 # distributed with this work for additional information
@@ -14,22 +15,20 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-require 'rubygems'
-require 'echoe'
-VERSION = File.open('../../share/VERSION.txt').read.sub('-SNAPSHOT', '.pre1').chomp
-Echoe.new('avro', VERSION) do |p|
-  p.author = "Apache Software Foundation"
-  p.email = "dev@avro.apache.org"
-  p.summary = "Apache Avro for Ruby"
-  p.description = "Avro is a data serialization and RPC format"
-  p.url = "https://avro.apache.org/"
-  p.runtime_dependencies = %w[multi_json]
-  p.licenses = ["Apache License 2.0 (Apache-2.0)"]
+require "bundler/gem_tasks"
+require 'rake/testtask'
+
+Rake::TestTask.new(:interop) do |t|
+  t.pattern = 'interop/test*.rb'
 end
 
-t = Rake::TestTask.new(:interop)
-t.pattern = 'interop/test*.rb'
+Rake::TestTask.new(:test) do |t|
+  t.libs << "test"
+  t.pattern = 'test/test_*.rb'
+  t.verbose = true
+end
 
+desc "Generate data for interop tests"
 task :generate_interop do
   $:.unshift(HERE + '/lib')
   $:.unshift(HERE + '/test')
@@ -38,27 +37,19 @@ task :generate_interop do
 
   schema = Avro::Schema.parse(File.read(SCHEMAS + '/interop.avsc'))
   r = RandomData.new(schema, ENV['SEED'])
-  f = File.open(BUILD + '/interop/data/ruby.avro', 'w')
-  writer = Avro::DataFile::Writer.new(f, Avro::IO::DatumWriter.new(schema), schema)
-  begin
-    writer << r.next
-    writer << r.next
-  ensure
-    writer.close
-  end
-
-  Avro::DataFile.open(BUILD + '/interop/data/ruby_deflate.avro', 'w', schema.to_s, :deflate) do |writer|
-    20.times { writer << r.next }
+  Avro::DataFile.codecs.each do |name, codec|
+    next unless codec
+    filename = name == 'null' ? 'ruby.avro' : "ruby_#{name}.avro"
+    path = File.join(BUILD, 'interop/data', filename)
+    Avro::DataFile.open(path, 'w', schema.to_s, name) do |writer|
+      writer << r.next
+    end
   end
 end
 
-
 HERE = File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__))
 SHARE = HERE + '/../../share'
 SCHEMAS = SHARE + '/test/schemas'
 BUILD = HERE + '/../../build'
 
-task :dist => [:gem] do
-  mkdir_p "../../dist/ruby"
-  cp "pkg/avro-#{VERSION}.gem", "../../dist/ruby"
-end
+task default: :test

data/avro.gemspec

@@ -1,35 +1,42 @@
-# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
-# stub: avro 1.9.2 ruby lib
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
 
 Gem::Specification.new do |s|
-  s.name = "avro".freeze
-  s.version = "1.9.2"
+  s.name = "avro"
+  s.version = File.read("lib/avro/VERSION.txt")
+  s.authors = ["Apache Software Foundation"]
+  s.email = "dev@avro.apache.org"
 
-  s.required_rubygems_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 1.2".freeze) if s.respond_to? :required_rubygems_version=
-  s.require_paths = ["lib".freeze]
-  s.authors = ["Apache Software Foundation".freeze]
-  s.date = "2020-02-07"
-  s.description = "Avro is a data serialization and RPC format".freeze
-  s.email = "dev@avro.apache.org".freeze
-  s.extra_rdoc_files = ["CHANGELOG".freeze, "LICENSE".freeze, "lib/avro.rb".freeze, "lib/avro/data_file.rb".freeze, "lib/avro/io.rb".freeze, "lib/avro/ipc.rb".freeze, "lib/avro/logical_types.rb".freeze, "lib/avro/protocol.rb".freeze, "lib/avro/schema.rb".freeze, "lib/avro/schema_compatibility.rb".freeze, "lib/avro/schema_normalization.rb".freeze, "lib/avro/schema_validator.rb".freeze]
-  s.files = ["CHANGELOG".freeze, "LICENSE".freeze, "Manifest".freeze, "NOTICE".freeze, "Rakefile".freeze, "avro.gemspec".freeze, "interop/test_interop.rb".freeze, "lib/avro.rb".freeze, "lib/avro/data_file.rb".freeze, "lib/avro/io.rb".freeze, "lib/avro/ipc.rb".freeze, "lib/avro/logical_types.rb".freeze, "lib/avro/protocol.rb".freeze, "lib/avro/schema.rb".freeze, "lib/avro/schema_compatibility.rb".freeze, "lib/avro/schema_normalization.rb".freeze, "lib/avro/schema_validator.rb".freeze, "test/case_finder.rb".freeze, "test/random_data.rb".freeze, "test/sample_ipc_client.rb".freeze, "test/sample_ipc_http_client.rb".freeze, "test/sample_ipc_http_server.rb".freeze, "test/sample_ipc_server.rb".freeze, "test/test_datafile.rb".freeze, "test/test_fingerprints.rb".freeze, "test/test_help.rb".freeze, "test/test_io.rb".freeze, "test/test_logical_types.rb".freeze, "test/test_protocol.rb".freeze, "test/test_schema.rb".freeze, "test/test_schema_compatibility.rb".freeze, "test/test_schema_normalization.rb".freeze, "test/test_schema_validator.rb".freeze, "test/test_socket_transport.rb".freeze, "test/tool.rb".freeze]
-  s.homepage = "https://avro.apache.org/".freeze
-  s.licenses = ["Apache License 2.0 (Apache-2.0)".freeze]
-  s.rdoc_options = ["--line-numbers".freeze, "--title".freeze, "Avro".freeze]
-  s.rubyforge_project = "avro".freeze
-  s.rubygems_version = "2.5.2.1".freeze
-  s.summary = "Apache Avro for Ruby".freeze
-  s.test_files = ["test/test_schema.rb".freeze, "test/test_socket_transport.rb".freeze, "test/test_io.rb".freeze, "test/test_logical_types.rb".freeze, "test/test_help.rb".freeze, "test/test_datafile.rb".freeze, "test/test_protocol.rb".freeze, "test/test_schema_validator.rb".freeze, "test/test_schema_compatibility.rb".freeze, "test/test_schema_normalization.rb".freeze, "test/test_fingerprints.rb".freeze]
+  s.summary = "Apache Avro for Ruby"
+  s.description = "Avro is a data serialization and RPC format"
+  s.homepage = "https://avro.apache.org/"
+  s.license = "Apache-2.0"
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.6"
 
-  if s.respond_to? :specification_version then
-    s.specification_version = 4
+  s.metadata["homepage_uri"] = s.homepage
+  s.metadata["bug_tracker_uri"] = "https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/AVRO"
+  s.metadata["source_code_uri"] = "https://github.com/apache/avro"
+  s.metadata["documentation_uri"] = "https://avro.apache.org/docs/#{s.version}/"
 
-    if Gem::Version.new(Gem::VERSION) >= Gem::Version.new('1.2.0') then
-      s.add_runtime_dependency(%q<multi_json>.freeze, [">= 0"])
-    else
-      s.add_dependency(%q<multi_json>.freeze, [">= 0"])
-    end
-  else
-    s.add_dependency(%q<multi_json>.freeze, [">= 0"])
-  end
+  files = File.read("Manifest").split("\n")
+  s.files = files.reject { |f| f.start_with?("test/") }
+  s.rdoc_options = ["--line-numbers", "--title", "Avro"]
+  s.test_files = files.select { |f| f.start_with?("test/") }
+  s.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  s.add_dependency("multi_json", "~> 1.0")
 end

data/interop/test_interop.rb

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 # or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 # distributed with this work for additional information
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ require 'rubygems'
 require 'test/unit'
 require 'avro'
 
-CODECS_TO_VALIDATE = ['deflate']  # The 'null' codec is implicitly included
+CODECS_TO_VALIDATE = ['deflate', 'snappy', 'zstandard'].freeze  # The 'null' codec is implicitly included
 
 class TestInterop < Test::Unit::TestCase
   HERE = File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__))
@@ -27,12 +28,14 @@ class TestInterop < Test::Unit::TestCase
   SCHEMAS = SHARE + '/test/schemas'
 
   files = Dir[HERE + '/../../../build/interop/data/*.avro'].select do |fn|
-    sep, codec = File.basename(fn, 'avro').rpartition('_')[1, 2]
+    sep, codec = File.basename(fn, '.avro').rpartition('_')[1, 2]
     sep.empty? || CODECS_TO_VALIDATE.include?(codec)
   end
+  puts "The following files will be tested:"
+  puts files
 
   files.each do |fn|
-    define_method("test_read_#{File.basename(fn, 'avro')}") do
+    define_method("test_read_#{File.basename(fn, '.avro')}") do
       projection = Avro::Schema.parse(File.read(SCHEMAS+'/interop.avsc'))
 
       File.open(fn) do |f|

data/lib/avro/VERSION.txt

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1.11.0

data/lib/avro/data_file.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 # or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 # distributed with this work for additional information
@@ -5,9 +6,9 @@
 # to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 # "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 # with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
-# 
+#
 # https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-# 
+#
 # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ module Avro
     SYNC_SIZE = 16
     SYNC_INTERVAL = 4000 * SYNC_SIZE
     META_SCHEMA = Schema.parse('{"type": "map", "values": "bytes"}')
-    VALID_ENCODINGS = ['binary'] # not used yet
+    VALID_ENCODINGS = ['binary'].freeze # not used yet
 
     class DataFileError < AvroError; end
 
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ module Avro
         @encoder = IO::BinaryEncoder.new(@writer)
         @datum_writer = datum_writer
         @meta = meta
-        @buffer_writer = StringIO.new('', 'w')
+        @buffer_writer = StringIO.new(+'', 'w')
         @buffer_writer.set_encoding('BINARY') if @buffer_writer.respond_to?(:set_encoding)
         @buffer_encoder = IO::BinaryEncoder.new(@buffer_writer)
         @block_count = 0
@@ -372,9 +373,32 @@ module Avro
       end
     end
 
+    class ZstandardCodec
+      def codec_name; 'zstandard'; end
+
+      def decompress(data)
+        load_zstandard!
+        Zstd.decompress(data)
+      end
+
+      def compress(data)
+        load_zstandard!
+        Zstd.compress(data)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def load_zstandard!
+        require 'zstd-ruby' unless defined?(Zstd)
+      rescue LoadError
+        raise LoadError, "Zstandard compression is not available, please install the `zstd-ruby` gem."
+      end
+    end
+
     DataFile.register_codec NullCodec
     DataFile.register_codec DeflateCodec
     DataFile.register_codec SnappyCodec
+    DataFile.register_codec ZstandardCodec
 
     # TODO this constant won't be updated if you register another codec.
     # Deprecated in favor of Avro::DataFile::codecs

data/lib/avro/io.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 # or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 # distributed with this work for additional information
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ module Avro
         # The float is converted into a 32-bit integer using a method
         # equivalent to Java's floatToIntBits and then encoded in
         # little-endian format.
-        read_and_unpack(4, 'e'.freeze)
+        read_and_unpack(4, 'e')
       end
 
       def read_double
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ module Avro
         # The double is converted into a 64-bit integer using a method
         # equivalent to Java's doubleToLongBits and then encoded in
         # little-endian format.
-        read_and_unpack(8, 'E'.freeze)
+        read_and_unpack(8, 'E')
       end
 
       def read_bytes
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ module Avro
         # A string is encoded as a long followed by that many bytes of
         # UTF-8 encoded character data.
         read_bytes.tap do |string|
-          string.force_encoding('UTF-8'.freeze) if string.respond_to? :force_encoding
+          string.force_encoding('UTF-8') if string.respond_to? :force_encoding
         end
       end
 
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ module Avro
       end
 
       # null is written as zero bytes
-      def write_null(datum)
+      def write_null(_datum)
         nil
       end
 
@@ -205,7 +206,7 @@ module Avro
       # equivalent to Java's floatToIntBits and then encoded in
       # little-endian format.
       def write_float(datum)
-        @writer.write([datum].pack('e'.freeze))
+        @writer.write([datum].pack('e'))
       end
 
       # A double is written as 8 bytes.
@@ -213,7 +214,7 @@ module Avro
       # equivalent to Java's doubleToLongBits and then encoded in
       # little-endian format.
       def write_double(datum)
-        @writer.write([datum].pack('E'.freeze))
+        @writer.write([datum].pack('E'))
       end
 
       # Bytes are encoded as a long followed by that many bytes of data.
@@ -225,7 +226,7 @@ module Avro
       # A string is encoded as a long followed by that many bytes of
       # UTF-8 encoded character data
       def write_string(datum)
-        datum = datum.encode('utf-8'.freeze) if datum.respond_to? :encode
+        datum = datum.encode('utf-8') if datum.respond_to? :encode
         write_bytes(datum)
       end
 
@@ -292,7 +293,7 @@ module Avro
         readers_schema.type_adapter.decode(datum)
       end
 
-      def read_fixed(writers_schema, readers_schema, decoder)
+      def read_fixed(writers_schema, _readers_schema, decoder)
         decoder.read(writers_schema.size)
       end
 
@@ -300,12 +301,12 @@ module Avro
         index_of_symbol = decoder.read_int
         read_symbol = writers_schema.symbols[index_of_symbol]
 
-        # TODO(jmhodges): figure out what unset means for resolution
-        # schema resolution
-        unless readers_schema.symbols.include?(read_symbol)
-          # 'unset' here
+        if !readers_schema.symbols.include?(read_symbol) && readers_schema.default
+          read_symbol = readers_schema.default
         end
 
+        # This implementation deviates from the spec by always returning
+        # a symbol.
         read_symbol
       end
 
@@ -359,26 +360,28 @@ module Avro
         readers_fields_hash = readers_schema.fields_hash
         read_record = {}
         writers_schema.fields.each do |field|
-          if readers_field = readers_fields_hash[field.name]
+          readers_field = readers_fields_hash[field.name]
+          if readers_field
             field_val = read_data(field.type, readers_field.type, decoder)
             read_record[field.name] = field_val
+          elsif readers_schema.fields_by_alias.key?(field.name)
+            readers_field = readers_schema.fields_by_alias[field.name]
+            field_val = read_data(field.type, readers_field.type, decoder)
+            read_record[readers_field.name] = field_val
           else
             skip_data(field.type, decoder)
           end
         end
 
         # fill in the default values
-        if readers_fields_hash.size > read_record.size
-          writers_fields_hash = writers_schema.fields_hash
-          readers_fields_hash.each do |field_name, field|
-            unless writers_fields_hash.has_key? field_name
-              if field.default?
-                field_val = read_default_value(field.type, field.default)
-                read_record[field.name] = field_val
-              else
-                raise AvroError, "Missing data for #{field.type} with no default"
-              end
-            end
+        readers_fields_hash.each do |field_name, field|
+          next if read_record.key?(field_name)
+
+          if field.default?
+            field_val = read_default_value(field.type, field.default)
+            read_record[field.name] = field_val
+          else
+            raise AvroError, "Missing data for #{field.type} with no default"
           end
         end
 
@@ -390,13 +393,11 @@ module Avro
         case field_schema.type_sym
         when :null
           return nil
-        when :boolean
-          return default_value
         when :int, :long
           return Integer(default_value)
         when :float, :double
           return Float(default_value)
-        when :enum, :fixed, :string, :bytes
+        when :boolean, :enum, :fixed, :string, :bytes
           return default_value
         when :array
           read_array = []
@@ -468,7 +469,7 @@ module Avro
         decoder.skip(writers_schema.size)
       end
 
-      def skip_enum(writers_schema, decoder)
+      def skip_enum(_writers_schema, decoder)
         decoder.skip_int
       end
 
@@ -508,6 +509,8 @@ module Avro
 
     # DatumWriter for generic ruby objects
     class DatumWriter
+      VALIDATION_OPTIONS = { recursive: false, encoded: true }.freeze
+
       attr_accessor :writers_schema
       def initialize(writers_schema=nil)
         @writers_schema = writers_schema
@@ -520,7 +523,7 @@ module Avro
       def write_data(writers_schema, logical_datum, encoder)
         datum = writers_schema.type_adapter.encode(logical_datum)
 
-        unless Schema.validate(writers_schema, datum, { recursive: false, encoded: true })
+        unless Schema.validate(writers_schema, datum, VALIDATION_OPTIONS)
           raise AvroTypeError.new(writers_schema, datum)
         end
 
@@ -545,7 +548,7 @@ module Avro
         end
       end
 
-      def write_fixed(writers_schema, datum, encoder)
+      def write_fixed(_writers_schema, datum, encoder)
         encoder.write(datum)
       end
 
@@ -578,12 +581,15 @@ module Avro
       end
 
       def write_union(writers_schema, datum, encoder)
-        index_of_schema = -1
-        found = writers_schema.schemas.
-          find{|e| index_of_schema += 1; found = Schema.validate(e, datum) }
-        unless found  # Because find_index doesn't exist in 1.8.6
+        index_of_schema = writers_schema.schemas.find_index do |schema|
+          # Optimize away expensive validation calls for the common null type
+          schema.type_sym == :null ? datum.nil? : Schema.validate(schema, datum)
+        end
+
+        unless index_of_schema
           raise AvroTypeError.new(writers_schema, datum)
         end
+
         encoder.write_long(index_of_schema)
         write_data(writers_schema.schemas[index_of_schema], datum, encoder)
       end
@@ -591,7 +597,7 @@ module Avro
       def write_record(writers_schema, datum, encoder)
         raise AvroTypeError.new(writers_schema, datum) unless datum.is_a?(Hash)
         writers_schema.fields.each do |field|
-          write_data(field.type, datum[field.name], encoder)
+          write_data(field.type, datum.key?(field.name) ? datum[field.name] : datum[field.name.to_sym], encoder)
         end
       end
     end # DatumWriter

data/lib/avro/ipc.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 # Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 # or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 # distributed with this work for additional information
@@ -63,8 +64,11 @@ module Avro::IPC
   SYSTEM_ERROR_SCHEMA = Avro::Schema.parse('["string"]')
 
   # protocol cache
+  # rubocop:disable Style/MutableConstant
   REMOTE_HASHES = {}
   REMOTE_PROTOCOLS = {}
+  # rubocop:enable Style/MutableConstant
+
 
   BUFFER_HEADER_LENGTH = 4
   BUFFER_SIZE = 8192
@@ -100,7 +104,7 @@ module Avro::IPC
     def request(message_name, request_datum)
       # Writes a request message and reads a response or error message.
       # build handshake and call request
-      buffer_writer = StringIO.new(''.force_encoding('BINARY'))
+      buffer_writer = StringIO.new(String.new('', encoding: 'BINARY'))
       buffer_encoder = Avro::IO::BinaryEncoder.new(buffer_writer)
       write_handshake_request(buffer_encoder)
       write_call_request(message_name, request_datum, buffer_encoder)
@@ -244,7 +248,7 @@ module Avro::IPC
     # a response or error. Compare to 'handle()' in Thrift.
     def respond(call_request, transport=nil)
       buffer_decoder = Avro::IO::BinaryDecoder.new(StringIO.new(call_request))
-      buffer_writer = StringIO.new(''.force_encoding('BINARY'))
+      buffer_writer = StringIO.new(String.new('', encoding: 'BINARY'))
       buffer_encoder = Avro::IO::BinaryEncoder.new(buffer_writer)
       error = nil
       response_metadata = {}
@@ -278,7 +282,7 @@ module Avro::IPC
           response = call(local_message, request)
         rescue AvroRemoteError => e
           error = e
-        rescue Exception => e
+        rescue Exception => e # rubocop:disable Lint/RescueException
           error = AvroRemoteError.new(e.to_s)
         end
 
@@ -350,7 +354,7 @@ module Avro::IPC
       remote_protocol
     end
 
-    def call(local_message, request)
+    def call(_local_message, _request)
       # Actual work done by server: cf. handler in thrift.
       raise NotImplementedError
     end
@@ -394,7 +398,7 @@ module Avro::IPC
     def read_framed_message
       message = []
       loop do
-        buffer = StringIO.new(''.force_encoding('BINARY'))
+        buffer = StringIO.new(String.new('', encoding: 'BINARY'))
         buffer_length = read_buffer_length
         if buffer_length == 0
           return message.join
@@ -506,7 +510,7 @@ module Avro::IPC
     def read_framed_message
       message = []
       loop do
-        buffer = ''.force_encoding('BINARY')
+        buffer = String.new('', encoding: 'BINARY')
         buffer_size = read_buffer_size
 
         return message.join if buffer_size == 0
@@ -542,7 +546,7 @@ module Avro::IPC
     end
 
     def transceive(message)
-      writer = FramedWriter.new(StringIO.new(''.force_encoding('BINARY')))
+      writer = FramedWriter.new(StringIO.new(String.new('', encoding: 'BINARY')))
       writer.write_framed_message(message)
       resp = @conn.post('/', writer.to_s, {'Content-Type' => 'avro/binary'})
       FramedReader.new(StringIO.new(resp.body)).read_framed_message