atmospheris 0.5.1

data/README.adoc

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+= Atmospheris for Ruby (ISO Standard Atmosphere / ICAO Standard Atmosphere (ISA))
+
+== Purpose
+
+This repository provides Ruby code for calculating values defined in the
+following standards:
+
+* International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) from ISO 2533:1975,
+  ISO 2533:1975/ADD 1:1985 and ISO 2533:1975/ADD 2:1997
+* https://store.icao.int/en/manual-of-the-icao-standard-atmosphere-extended-to-80-kilometres-262500-feet-doc-7488[ICAO Standard Atmosphere (ICAO Doc 7488/3, 1994)]
+
+Which are technically identical standards but different in presentation and
+units (the ICAO document includes `ft` in addition to `m`).
+
+This library serves as a reference implementation for the values defined in
+ISO CD 2533:2025.
+
+
+== Usage
+
+=== General
+
+This library contains code for two separate, but related, purposes.
+
+* Calculating atmospheric properties at different altitudes. The algorithms
+  are based on ISO 2533.
+
+* Generating tables of atmospheric properties at different altitudes. This library
+is used to data tables provided by the full ISO 2533 series:
+
+** ISO 2533:1975
+** ISO 2533:1975/ADD 1:1985
+** ISO 2533:1975/ADD 2:1997
+** ISO CD 2533:2025
+
+For the typical user who wishes to calculate atmospheric properties, there
+is no need to worry about how the tables work.
+
+To calculate atmospheric properties, either use the formulas directly or use the
+`Atmospheris::Export::AltitudeAttrs` class to bulk obtain the values needed.
+
+
+=== Prerequisites
+
+Include the `atmospheris` gem in your Gemfile:
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+gem 'atmospheris'
+----
+
+Then use `require` in code:
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+require 'atmospheris'
+----
+
+
+=== Atmospheric attributes by altitude
+
+The `Atmospheris::Export::AltitudeAttrs` class provides a way to obtain the
+atmospheric properties at a particular given altitude, geopotential or
+geometric.
+
+The resulting object can also be easily serialized, courtesy of the
+https://github.com/lutaml/lutaml-model[`lutaml-model`] library.
+
+Syntax:
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+require 'atmospheris'
+
+Atmospheris::Export::AltitudeAttrs.new.set_altitude(
+  value: {altitude-value} <1>
+  type: {altitude-type} <2>
+  unit: {altitude-unit} <3>,
+  precision: {precision-mode} <4>
+)
+----
+<1> Value of the altitude desired. Integer.
+<2> Type of altitude. Symbol. One of `:geometric`, `:geopotential`.
+<3> Unit of the altitude. Symbol. One of `:meters`, `:feet`.
+<4> Precision mode. Symbol. One of `:normal`, `:high`, `:reduced`. Default is `:normal`.
+
+Each attribute of the `AltitudeAttrs` object is wrapped in a defined
+data class which is associated with a https://www.unitsml.org/[UnitsML] unit.
+
+Behavior of the precision mode:
+
+`:reduced`:: (default) Uses Isa::NormalPrecision for calculations with signficant digits
+rounding according to the original ISO 2533 specification.
+
+`:normal`:: Uses Isa::NormalPrecision for calculations without value modification.
+
+`:high`:: Uses Isa::HighPrecision for calculations without value modifications. This mode uses BigDecimal.
+
+Depending on the type of the value, it is in one of the following classes:
+
+* Integer. Class: `UnitValueInteger`
+* Float. Class: `UnitValueFloat`
+
+The `AltitudeAttrs` object provides the following attributes:
+
+All attributes are represented as collections (arrays) to support multiple units:
+
+`geometric_altitudes`:: Array of geometric altitude values. Units: m, ft.
+`geopotential_altitudes`:: Array of geopotential altitude values. Units: m, ft.
+`temperatures`:: Array of temperature values. Units: K, degC.
+`pressures`:: Array of pressure values. Units: mbar, mm_Hg.
+`densities`:: Array of density values. Units: kg*m^-3.
+`accelerations`:: Array of acceleration values. Units: m*s^-2.
+`ppns`:: Array of pressure ratio values (unitless).
+`rhorhons`:: Array of density ratio values (unitless).
+`sqrt_rhorhons`:: Array of sqrt of density ratio values (unitless).
+`speeds_of_sound`:: Array of speed of sound values. Units: m*s^-1.
+`dynamic_viscosities`:: Array of dynamic viscosity values. Units: Pa*s.
+`kinematic_viscosities`:: Array of kinematic viscosity values. Units: m^2*s^-1.
+`thermal_conductivities`:: Array of thermal conductivity values. Units: W*m^-1*K^-1.
+`pressure_scale_heights`:: Array of pressure scale height values. Units: m.
+`specific_weights`:: Array of specific weight values. Units: N*m^-3.
+`air_number_densities`:: Array of air number density values. Units: m^-3.
+`mean_speeds`:: Array of mean speed values. Units: m*s^-1.
+`frequencies`:: Array of frequency values. Units: s^-1.
+`mean_free_paths`:: Array of mean free path values. Units: m.
+
+Each attribute value is wrapped in `UnitValueFloat` or `UnitValueInteger` with UnitsML unit metadata.
+
+[example]
+====
+[source,ruby]
+----
+require 'atmospheris'
+attrs = Atmospheris::Export::AltitudeAttrs.new.set_altitude(
+  value: -2000,
+  type: :geopotential,
+  unit: :meters
+)
+
+# Access collection values
+attrs.geometric_altitudes[0].value  #=> -1999 (meters)
+attrs.geometric_altitudes[1].value  #=> -6560 (feet)
+attrs.geopotential_altitudes[0].value #=> -2000 (meters)
+attrs.geopotential_altitudes[1].value #=> -6562 (feet)
+attrs.temperatures[0].value           #=> 301.15 (Kelvin)
+attrs.temperatures[1].value           #=> 28.0 (Celsius)
+attrs.pressures[0].value             #=> 1277.74 (mbar)
+attrs.pressures[1].value             #=> 958.382 (mm_Hg)
+----
+====
+
+The object can be serialized into YAML or XML.
+
+.AltitudeAttrs in YAML
+[example]
+====
+[source,ruby]
+----
+attrs = Atmospheris::Export::AltitudeAttrs.new.set_altitude(
+  value: -2000,
+  type: :geopotential,
+  unit: :meters
+)
+
+attrs.to_yaml
+----
+
+[source,yaml]
+----
+geometric-altitude:
+- value: -1999
+  unitsml: m
+  type: integer
+- value: -6560
+  unitsml: ft
+  type: integer
+geopotential-altitude:
+- value: -2000
+  unitsml: m
+  type: integer
+- value: -6562
+  unitsml: ft
+  type: integer
+temperature:
+- value: 301.15
+  unitsml: K
+  type: float
+- value: 28.0
+  unitsml: degC
+  type: float
+pressure:
+- value: 1277.74
+  unitsml: mbar
+  type: float
+- value: 958.382
+  unitsml: mm_Hg
+  type: float
+density:
+- value: 1.47808
+  unitsml: kg*m^-3
+  type: float
+acceleration:
+- value: 9.8128
+  unitsml: m*s^-2
+  type: float
+ppn:
+- value: 1.26103
+  type: float
+rhorhon:
+- value: 1.20659
+  type: float
+sqrt-rhorhon:
+- value: 1.09845
+  type: float
+speed-of-sound:
+- value: 347.886
+  unitsml: m*s^-1
+  type: float
+dynamic-viscosity:
+- value: 1.8514e-05
+  unitsml: Pa*s
+  type: float
+kinematic-viscosity:
+- value: 1.2526e-05
+  unitsml: m^2*s^-1
+  type: float
+thermal-conductivity:
+- value: 0.026359
+  unitsml: W*m^-1*K^-1
+  type: float
+pressure-scale-height:
+- value: 8809.5
+  unitsml: m
+  type: float
+specific-weight:
+- value: 14.504
+  unitsml: N*m^-3
+  type: float
+air-number-density:
+- value: 3.0734e+25
+  unitsml: m^-3
+  type: float
+mean-speed:
+- value: 469.18
+  unitsml: m*s^-1
+  type: float
+frequency:
+- value: 8535100000.0
+  unitsml: s^-1
+  type: float
+mean-free-path:
+- value: 5.4971e-08
+  unitsml: m
+  type: float
+precision: reduced
+----
+====
+
+.AltitudeAttrs in XML
+[example]
+====
+[source,ruby]
+----
+attrs = Atmospheris::Export::AltitudeAttrs.new.set_altitude(
+  value: -2000,
+  type: :geopotential,
+  unit: :meters,
+  precision: :normal
+)
+
+attrs.to_xml
+----
+
+[source,xml]
+----
+<atmosphere-attributes xmlns="urn:iso:std:iso:2533:tech:xsd">
+  <geometric-altitude unitsml="m" type="integer">-1999</geometric-altitude>
+  <geometric-altitude unitsml="ft" type="integer">-6560</geometric-altitude>
+  <geopotential-altitude unitsml="m" type="integer">-2000</geopotential-altitude>
+  <geopotential-altitude unitsml="ft" type="integer">-6562</geopotential-altitude>
+  <temperature unitsml="K" type="float">301.15</temperature>
+  <temperature unitsml="degC" type="float">28.0</temperature>
+  <pressure unitsml="mbar" type="float">1277.74</pressure>
+  <pressure unitsml="mm_Hg" type="float">958.38</pressure>
+  <density unitsml="kg*m^-3" type="float">1.47808</density>
+  <acceleration unitsml="m*s^-2" type="float">9.81282</acceleration>
+  <ppn type="float">1.26103</ppn>
+  <rhorhon type="float">1.20659</rhorhon>
+  <sqrt-rhorhon type="float">1.09845</sqrt-rhorhon>
+  <speed-of-sound unitsml="m*s^-1" type="float">347.886</speed-of-sound>
+  <dynamic-viscosity unitsml="Pa*s" type="float">1.8514e-05</dynamic-viscosity>
+  <kinematic-viscosity unitsml="m^2*s^-1" type="float">1.2526e-05</kinematic-viscosity>
+  <thermal-conductivity unitsml="W*m^-1*K^-1" type="float">0.026359</thermal-conductivity>
+  <pressure-scale-height unitsml="m" type="float">8809.5</pressure-scale-height>
+  <specific-weight unitsml="N*m^-3" type="float">14.504</specific-weight>
+  <air-number-density unitsml="m^-3" type="float">3.0734e+25</air-number-density>
+  <mean-speed unitsml="m*s^-1" type="float">469.18</mean-speed>
+  <frequency unitsml="s^-1" type="float">8535100000.0</frequency>
+  <mean-free-path unitsml="m" type="float">5.4971e-08</mean-free-path>
+  <precision>normal</precision>
+</atmosphere-attributes>
+----
+====
+
+
+=== Altitude by pressure
+
+The `Atmospheris::Export::PressureAttrs` class provides a way to obtain the
+altitude at a given pressure value (mbar, mmhg).
+
+Syntax:
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+require 'atmospheris'
+
+Atmospheris::Export::PressureAttrs.new.set_pressure(
+  value: {pressure-value}, <1>
+  unit: {pressure-unit}, <2>
+  precision: {precision-mode} <3>
+)
+----
+<1> Value of the pressure desired. Float.
+<2> Unit of the pressure. Symbol. One of `:mbar`, `:mmhg`.
+
+NOTE: The `set_pressure` method does not yet support high-precision mode.
+
+Behavior of the precision mode:
+
+`:reduced`:: (default) Uses Isa::NormalPrecision for calculations with signficant digits
+rounding according to the original ISO 2533/ADD 2 specification.
+
+`:normal`:: Uses Isa::NormalPrecision for calculations without value modification.
+
+`:high`:: Uses Isa::HighPrecision for calculations without value modifications. This mode uses BigDecimal.
+
+Each attribute of the `PressureAttrs` object is wrapped in a defined
+data class which is associated with a https://www.unitsml.org/[UnitsML] unit.
+
+Depending on the type of the value, it is in one of the following classes:
+
+* Integer. Class: `UnitValueInteger`
+* Float. Class: `UnitValueFloat`
+
+The `PressureAttrs` object provides the following attributes:
+
+All attributes are represented as collections (arrays) to support multiple units:
+
+`pressures`:: Array of pressure values. Units: mbar, mm_Hg.
+`geometric_altitudes`:: Array of geometric altitude values. Units: m, ft.
+`geopotential_altitudes`:: Array of geopotential altitude values. Units: m, ft.
+
+[example]
+====
+[source,ruby]
+----
+attrs = Atmospheris::Export::PressureAttrs.new.set_pressure(
+  value: 5.0,
+  unit: :mbar
+)
+
+# Access collection values
+attrs.pressures[0].value           #=> 5.0 (mbar)
+attrs.pressures[1].value           #=> 3.7503084135 (mm_Hg)
+attrs.geopotential_altitudes[0].value #=> 35776.5 (meters)
+attrs.geopotential_altitudes[1].value #=> 117377.0 (feet)
+attrs.geometric_altitudes[0].value #=> 35979.0 (meters)
+attrs.geometric_altitudes[1].value #=> 118041.0 (feet)
+----
+====
+
+The object can be serialized into YAML or XML.
+
+.PressureAttrs in YAML
+[example]
+====
+[source,ruby]
+----
+attrs = Atmospheris::Export::PressureAttrs.new.set_pressure(
+  value: 5.0,
+  unit: :mbar
+)
+
+attrs.to_yaml
+----
+
+[source,yaml]
+----
+pressure:
+- value: 5.0
+  unitsml: mbar
+  type: float
+- value: 3.7503084135
+  unitsml: mm_Hg
+  type: float
+geopotential-altitude:
+- value: 35776.5
+  unitsml: m
+  type: float
+- value: 117377.0
+  unitsml: ft
+  type: float
+geometric-altitude:
+- value: 35979.0
+  unitsml: m
+  type: float
+- value: 118041.0
+  unitsml: ft
+  type: float
+----
+====
+
+.PressureAttrs in XML
+[example]
+====
+[source,ruby]
+----
+attrs = Atmospheris::Export::PressureAttrs.new.set_pressure(
+  value: 5.0,
+  unit: :mbar
+)
+
+attrs.to_xml
+----
+
+[source,xml]
+----
+<hypsometrical-attributes xmlns="urn:iso:std:iso:2533:tech:xsd">
+  <pressure unitsml="mbar" type="float">5.0</pressure>
+  <pressure unitsml="mm_Hg" type="float">3.7503084135</pressure>
+  <geometric-altitude unitsml="m" type="float">35979.0</geometric-altitude>
+  <geometric-altitude unitsml="ft" type="float">118041.0</geometric-altitude>
+  <geopotential-altitude unitsml="m" type="float">35776.5</geopotential-altitude>
+  <geopotential-altitude unitsml="ft" type="float">117377.0</geopotential-altitude>
+</hypsometrical-attributes>
+----
+====
+
+=== Algorithms
+
+==== General
+
+For users who wish to access the algorithms directly, the
+`Atmospheris::Isa::Algorithms` class provides a set of methods for calculating
+atmospheric properties at different altitudes.
+
+ISO 2533 specifies a number of formulas for the calculation of atmospheric
+properties at different altitudes.
+
+These algorithms are implemented in the `Atmospheris::Isa::Algorithms` class.
+
+There are two ways to use the `Atmospheris::Isa::Algorithms` class:
+
+* as a singleton class, using one of the precision modes (see below)
+* as a class instance
+
+[example]
+====
+[source,ruby]
+----
+require 'atmospheris'
+# Singleton class
+instance = Atmospheris::Isa::NormalPrecision.instance.instance
+instance.geometric_altitude_from_geopotential(100).to_f
+=> 100.00157315171192
+
+# Class instance
+instance = Atmospheris::Isa::Algorithms.new(precision: :high)
+instance.geometric_altitude_from_geopotential(100).to_f
+=> 100.00157315171192
+----
+====
+
+
+==== Formulas and calculations
+
+The `Algorithms` class supports the following methods for calculating
+atmospheric properties.
+
+Syntax:
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+require 'atmospheris'
+instance = Atmospheris::Isa::Algorithms.new.{method_name} <1>
+----
+<1> `method_name` is one of the methods listed below.
+
+The available methods are:
+
+Converting between geometric and geopotential altitudes:
+
+* `geometric_altitude_from_geopotential(geopotential_altitude)`
+* `geopotential_altitude_from_geometric(geometric_altitude)`
+
+Obtaining the temperature value from an altitude:
+
+* `temperature_at_layer_from_geopotential(geopotential_altitude)` (Kelvin)
+* `temperature_at_layer_celcius(geopotential_altitude)` (Celcius)
+
+Obtaining the pressure value from an altitude:
+
+* `pressure_from_geopotential_mbar(geopotential_altitude)` (mbar/hPa)
+* `pressure_from_geopotential_mmhg(geopotential_altitude)` (mmHg)
+
+Obtaining other atmospheric properties from an altitude:
+
+* `density_from_geopotential(geopotential_altitude)`
+* `gravity_at_geopotential(geopotential_altitude)`
+* `p_p_n_from_geopotential(geopotential_altitude)`
+* `rho_rho_n_from_geopotential(geopotential_altitude)`
+* `root_rho_rho_n_from_geopotential(geopotential_altitude)`
+* `speed_of_sound_from_geopotential(geopotential_altitude)`
+* `dynamic_viscosity_from_geopotential(geopotential_altitude)`
+* `kinematic_viscosity_from_geopotential(geopotential_altitude)`
+* `thermal_conductivity_from_geopotential(geopotential_altitude)`
+* `pressure_scale_height_from_geopotential(geopotential_altitude)`
+* `specific_weight_from_geopotential(geopotential_altitude)`
+* `air_number_density_from_geopotential(geopotential_altitude)`
+* `mean_air_particle_speed_from_geopotential(geopotential_altitude)`
+* `air_particle_collision_frequency_from_geopotential(geopotential_altitude)`
+* `mean_free_path_of_air_particles_from_geopotential(geopotential_altitude)`
+
+Obtaining thermal conductivity from temperature:
+
+* `thermal_conductivity_from_temp(temp)`
+
+Obtaining geopotential altitude from a given pressure:
+
+* `geopotential_altitude_from_pressure_mbar(mbar)`
+* `geopotential_altitude_from_pressure_mmhg(mmhg)`
+
+
+==== Precision modes
+
+There are two precision modes available for calculations.
+
+High precision mode::
+Uses more accurate constants and number calculations through Ruby's BigDecimal
+to provide results with higher precision. Suitable for applications where the
+utmost accuracy is required.
+
+Normal precision mode (default)::
+Uses standard constants and number calculations to provide results with
+sufficient accuracy for most applications.
+
+To use the high precision mode, you can either:
+
+* use the `Atmospheris::Isa::HighPrecision` class
+* use the `Atmospheris::Isa::Algorithms` class then call the `set_precision(:high)` method
+
+[example]
+====
+[source,ruby]
+----
+require 'atmospheris'
+
+# High precision mode
+high_precision_instance = Atmospheris::Isa::HighPrecision.instance
+
+speed_h = Atmospheris::Isa::HighPrecision.instance.speed_of_sound_from_temp(100)
+=> 0.200467958523516054299360531511514627125051490111885121917578012786288944852326625441743718038552367514555018117e3
+
+speed_h.class
+=> BigDecimal
+
+# Normal precision mode (default)
+normal_precision_instance = Atmospheris::Isa::NormalPrecision.instance.instance
+
+speed_n = Atmospheris::Isa::NormalPrecision.instance.instance.speed_of_sound_from_temp(100)
+=> 200.46795852351607
+
+speed_n.class
+=> Float
+----
+====
+
+
+
+
+== Generating ISO 2533 tables
+
+=== ISO 2533:1975
+
+All tables in the 1975 edition are arranged in these steps in meters:
+
+.ISO 2533:1975 table range: step 50 from -2k, 100 from 32k, 200 from 51k to 80k
+----
+(-2000..31999).step(50) +
+(32000..50999).step(100) +
+(51000..80000).step(200)
+----
+
+Tables 5 to 7 all have height information as collections (arrays) with
+UnitsML unit metadata:
+
+* `geometric-altitude` (collection: m, ft)
+* `geopotential-altitude` (collection: m, ft)
+
+All YAML tables generated contain these two keys which group altitude values
+as the ISO 2533 tables are rendered in both types of altitudes:
+
+* `by-geopotential-altitude`
+* `by-geometric-altitude`
+
+==== Table 5
+
+Title:
+"_Temperature (T and t), Pressure (p), Density (p) and Acceleration of free fall
+(g) in terms of geometric altitude (h) and geopotential altitude (H)_"
+
+Provides the following values in addition to geopotential and geometric height:
+
+* `temperature` (collection: K, degC)
+* `pressure` (collection: mbar, mm_Hg)
+* `density`
+* `acceleration`
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331975.table_5         #=> Lutaml::Model
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331975.table_5.to_yaml #=> YAML
+----
+
+==== Table 6
+
+Title:
+"_Relations of p'pn, p/pn and bar(p/pn), Speed of sound (a), Dynamic viscosity
+(p), Kinematic viscosity (v) and Thermal conductivity (lambda) in terms of
+geometric altitude (h), and geopotential altitude (H)_"
+
+Provides the following values in addition to geopotential and geometric height:
+
+* `ppn`
+* `rhorhon`
+* `sqrt-rhorhon`
+* `speed-of-sound`
+* `dynamic-viscosity`
+* `kinematic-viscosity`
+* `thermal-conductivity`
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331975.table_6         #=> Lutaml::Model
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331975.table_6.to_yaml #=> YAML
+----
+
+==== Table 7
+
+Title:
+"_Pressure scale height (H_p) Specific weight (gamma), Air number density (n),
+Mean air-particle speed (v), Air-particle collision frequency (omega) and Mean
+free path of air particles (l) in terms of geometric altitude (h) and
+geopotential altitude (H)_"
+
+* `pressure-scale-height`
+* `specific-weight`
+* `air-number-density`
+* `mean-speed`
+* `frequency`
+* `mean-free-path`
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331975.table_7         #=> Lutaml::Model
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331975.table_7.to_yaml #=> YAML
+----
+
+
+=== ISO 2533 ADD 1:1985
+
+Addendum 1 adds "Hypsometrical tables".
+
+==== Table 1 (hPa)
+
+Title:
+"_Geopotential altitude as a function of barometric pressure
+for 5 <= p < 20 hPa at intervals of 0.01 hPa_"
+
+For the range of `(5.0..19.99).step(0.01)` in hPa.
+
+Provides:
+
+* `pressure` (collection: mbar, mm_Hg)
+* `geopotential-altitude`
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331985.table_1         #=> Lutaml::Model
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331985.table_1.to_yaml #=> YAML
+----
+
+==== Table 2 (hPa)
+
+Title:
+"_Geopotential altitude as a function of barometric pressure
+for 20 <= p < 1200 hPa at intervals of 0.1 hPa_"
+
+Same as Table 1 but for the range of `(20.0..1199.9).step(0.1)` in hPa.
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331985.table_2         #=> Lutaml::Model
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331985.table_2.to_yaml #=> YAML
+----
+
+==== Table 3 (mmHg)
+
+Title:
+"_Geopotential altitude as a function of barometric pressure for 4 <= p < 10
+mmHg at intervals of 0.01 mmHg_"
+
+Same as Table 1 but for the range of `(4.0..9.99).step(0.01)` and results in mmhg.
+
+Provides:
+
+* `pressure` (collection: mbar, mm_Hg)
+* `geopotential-altitude`
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331985.table_3         #=> Lutaml::Model
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331985.table_3.to_yaml #=> YAML
+----
+
+==== Table 4 (mmHg)
+
+Title:
+"_Geopotential altitude as a function of barometric pressure for 10 <= p < 900
+mmHg at intervals of 0.1 mmHg_"
+
+Same as Table 3 but for the range of `(10.0..899.9).step(0.1)` and results in mmhg.
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331985.table_4         #=> Lutaml::Model
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331985.table_4.to_yaml #=> YAML
+----
+
+==== Table 5 (hPa) and Table 6 (mmHg)
+
+The difference is Table 5 is in hPa while Table 6 is in mmHg.
+
+Title:
+"_Barometric pressure, in hectopascals, as a function of geopotential altitude
+for -1000 <= H < +4600 m at intervals of 1m_"
+
+Provides:
+
+* `geopotential-altitude`
+* `pressure` (collection: mbar, mm_Hg)
+
+Range of `(-1000..4599).step(1)`.
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331985.table_56         #=> Lutaml::Model
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331985.table_56.to_yaml #=> YAML
+----
+
+=== ISO 2533 ADD 2:1997
+
+Addendum 2 is exactly like ISO 2533:1975 with the tables but extended the tables:
+
+* 1975's range is -2km to 80km. 1997 provides -5km to 2km (yes -2km to 2km overlaps...)
+* 1975 tables only provide H and h in meters. 1997 adds a lookup table of H and h in feet.
+
+.ISO 2533 ADD 2:1997 Tables 1 to 3 have height range in meters
+----
+(-5000..2000).step(50)
+----
+
+.ISO 2533 ADD 2:1997 Tables 4 to 6 have height range in feet
+----
+(-16500..-13999).step(250) +
+(-14000..104999).step(200) +
+(105000..262500).step(500)
+----
+
+
+==== Table 1 (-5km to 2km)
+
+Title:
+"_Temperature (T and t), pressure (p), density (p) and acceleration of free fall
+(g) in terms of geometric altitude (h) and geopotential altitude (H) --
+Altitudes in metres_"
+
+Exactly same as ISO 2533:1975 Table 5, but with a different height range.
+
+In addition, pressure at mmHg is no longer produced, but the implementation
+still provides it for completeness.
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331997.table_1         #=> Lutaml::Model
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331997.table_1.to_yaml #=> YAML
+----
+
+==== Table 2 (-5km to 2km)
+
+Title:
+"_Relations of p'pn, p/pn and bar(p/pn), Speed of sound (a), Dynamic viscosity
+(p), Kinematic viscosity (v) and Thermal conductivity (lambda) in terms of
+geometric altitude (h), and geopotential altitude (H) -- Altitudes in metres_"
+
+Exactly same as ISO 2533:1975 Table 6, but with a different height range.
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331997.table_2         #=> Lutaml::Model
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331997.table_2.to_yaml #=> YAML
+----
+
+==== Table 3 (-5km to 2km)
+
+Title:
+"_Pressure scale height (H_p) Specific weight (gamma), Air number density (n),
+Mean air-particle speed (v), Air-particle collision frequency (omega) and Mean
+free path of air particles (l) in terms of geometric altitude (h) and
+geopotential altitude (H) -- Altitudes in metres_"
+
+Exactly same as ISO 2533:1975 Table 7, but with a different height range.
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331997.table_3         #=> Lutaml::Model
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331997.table_3.to_yaml #=> YAML
+----
+
+==== Table 4 (-16.5kft to 262.5kft)
+
+Title:
+"_Temperature (T and t), pressure (p), density (p) and acceleration of free fall
+(g) in terms of geometric altitude (h) and geopotential altitude (H) --
+Altitudes in feet_"
+
+Exactly same as ISO 2533:1975 Table 5, but in feet and different range.
+
+Pressure at mmHg is not produced, but the implementation still provides it
+for completeness.
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331997.table_4         #=> Lutaml::Model
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331997.table_4.to_yaml #=> YAML
+----
+
+==== Table 5 (-16.5kft to 262.5kft)
+
+Title:
+"_Relations of p'pn, p/pn and bar(p/pn), Speed of sound (a), Dynamic viscosity
+(p), Kinematic viscosity (v) and Thermal conductivity (lambda) in terms of
+geometric altitude (h), and geopotential altitude (H) -- Altitudes in feet_"
+
+Exactly same as ISO 2533:1975 Table 6, but in feet and different range.
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331997.table_5         #=> Lutaml::Model
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331997.table_5.to_yaml #=> YAML
+----
+
+==== Table 6 (-16.5kft to 262.5kft)
+
+Title:
+"_Pressure scale height (H_p) Specific weight (gamma), Air number density (n),
+Mean air-particle speed (v), Air-particle collision frequency (omega) and Mean
+free path of air particles (l) in terms of geometric altitude (h) and
+geopotential altitude (H) -- Altitudes in feet_"
+
+Exactly same as ISO 2533:1975 Table 7, but in feet and different range.
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331997.table_6         #=> Lutaml::Model
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25331997.table_6.to_yaml #=> YAML
+----
+
+
+=== ISO 2533:2025
+
+==== General
+
+ISO 2533 is now being revised targeting a 2025 publication, which will be 50
+years since the last edition (1975) and 28 years since it was last updated
+(1997).
+
+It is currently in the CD stage (Committee Draft) and is expected to be published in 2025.
+
+* ISO NP 2533:2024. approved in 2024.
+* ISO WD 2533:2024. launched: 2024-11-22, closed: 2025-02-17.
+* ISO CD 2533:2024. pending.
+
+ISO 2533:2025 covers all content in the previously published Addenda, including:
+
+* Standard atmosphere values from altitude -5km to 80km (geometric and geopotential)
++
+NOTE: The 1975 edition provided values from -2km to 80km (even though it said 32km in the title).
++
+NOTE: The 1997 ADD 2 provided values from -5km to 2km.
+
+* Standard atmosphere values from altitude -16,500ft to 262,500ft (geometric and geopotential)
++
+NOTE: The 1997 ADD 2 provided these values.
+
+* Hypsometrical tables (altitude as a function of barometric pressure) (geometric and geopotential; hPa/mbar)
++
+NOTE: The 1985 ADD 1 provided these hypsometrical tables in hPa/mbar and mmHg.
+In the 2024 edition only hPa/mbar is provided.
+
+This document will also align to the values provided in
+https://store.icao.int/en/manual-of-the-icao-standard-atmosphere-extended-to-80-kilometres-262500-feet-doc-7488[ICAO Doc 7488/3].
+
+All YAML tables generated contain these two keys which group altitude values
+as the ISO 2533 tables are rendered in both types of altitudes:
+
+* `by-geopotential-altitude`
+* `by-geometric-altitude`
+
+The `Iso25332025` class provides the following methods to generate tables:
+
+`table_atmosphere_meters`:: Atmosphere attributes by altitude (m). Grouped by
+`by-geopotential-altitude` and `by-geometric-altitude`. Each entry underneath is
+an `AltitudeAttrs` object. The altitude interval values follow these steps:
++
+.Step 50 from -5k, 100 from 32k, 200 from 51k to 80k.
+----
+(-5000..31950).step(50) +
+(32000..50900).step(100) +
+(51000..80000).step(200)
+----
+
+`table_atmosphere_feet`:: Atmosphere attributes by altitude (ft). Grouped by
+`by-geopotential-altitude` and `by-geometric-altitude`. Each entry underneath is
+an `AltitudeAttrs` object. The altitude interval values follow these steps:
++
+.Step 250 from -16500, 200 from -14000, 500 from 105000 to 262500
+----
+(-16500..-13750).step(250) +
+(-14000..104800).step(200) +
+(105000..262500).step(500)
+----
+
+`table_hypsometrical_altitude`:: Atmosphere attributes by altitude (m). This is
+the same as `table_atmosphere_meters` except with a modified step.
++
+.Step 1 from -1000 to 4599
+----
+(-1000..4599).step(1)
+----
+
+`table_hypsometrical_mbar`:: Hypsometrical table by pressure (mbar). This is a
+table that provides altitude values per unit of pressure. Each entry underneath
+is a `PressureAttrs` object. It follows this step schedule:
++
+.Step 0.01 from 5 to 20, 0.1 from 20 to 1770.9
+----
+(5.0..19.99).step(0.01) +
+(20.0..1770.9).step(0.1)
+----
+
+.Generating the ISO 2533:2025 tables
+[example]
+====
+[source,ruby]
+----
+# Defaults to precision mode `:reduced`
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25332025.table_atmosphere_meters #=> Lutaml::Model
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25332025.table_atmosphere_meters.to_yaml #=> YAML
+
+# To use precision mode `:high`
+x = Atmospheris::Export::Iso25332025.table_atmosphere_meters(precision: :high)
+x.to_yaml #=> YAML
+----
+====
+
+The above table methods are used as the data sources for the data tables in ISO 2533:2025:
+
+* `table_atmosphere_meters`: Table 5 (meters), Table 6 (meters), Table 7
+(meters). This data table is split into 3 tables for readability reasons.
+
+* `table_atmosphere_feet`: Table 8 (feet), Table 9 (feet), Table 10 (feet).
+Similarly, this data table is split into 3 tables for readability reasons.
+
+* `table_hypsometrical_altitude`: Table 11 (mbar).
+
+* `table_hypsometrical_mbar`: Table 12 (geopotential), Table 13 (geometric).
+
+
+==== Table 5 (meters)
+
+NOTE: This corresponds to ISO 2533:1975 Table 5 combined with ISO 2533:1975/ADD
+1:1997 Table 1.
+
+Title:
+"_Temperature (T and t), Pressure (p), Density (p) and Acceleration of free fall
+(g) in terms of geometric altitude (h) and geopotential altitude (H)_"
+
+This table is a subset of the `table_atmosphere_meters` method.
+
+==== Table 6 (meters)
+
+NOTE: This corresponds to ISO 2533:1975 Table 6 combined with ISO 2533:1975/ADD
+1:1997 Table 2.
+
+Title:
+"_Relations of p'pn, p/pn and bar(p/pn), Speed of sound (a), Dynamic viscosity
+(p), Kinematic viscosity (v) and Thermal conductivity (lambda) in terms of
+geometric altitude (h), and geopotential altitude (H)_"
+
+This table is a subset of the `table_atmosphere_meters` method.
+
+==== Table 7 (meters)
+
+NOTE: This corresponds to ISO 2533:1975 Table 7 combined with ISO 2533:1975/ADD
+1:1997 Table 3.
+
+Title:
+"_Pressure scale height (H_p) Specific weight (gamma), Air number density (n),
+Mean air-particle speed (v), Air-particle collision frequency (omega) and Mean
+free path of air particles (l) in terms of geometric altitude (h) and
+geopotential altitude (H)_"
+
+This table is a subset of the `table_atmosphere_meters` method.
+
+==== Table 8 (-16.5kft to 262.5kft)
+
+NOTE: This corresponds to ISO 2533:1975/ADD 2:1997 Table 4.
+
+Title:
+"_Temperature (T and t), pressure (p), density (p) and acceleration of free fall
+(g) in terms of geometric altitude (h) and geopotential altitude (H) --
+Altitudes in feet_"
+
+Exactly same as ISO 2533:1975 Table 5, but in feet and different range.
+
+Pressure at mmHg is not produced, but the implementation still provides it
+for completeness.
+
+This table is a subset of the `table_atmosphere_feet` method.
+
+==== Table 9 (-16.5kft to 262.5kft)
+
+NOTE: This corresponds to ISO 2533:1975/ADD 2:1997 Table 5.
+
+Title:
+"_Relations of p'pn, p/pn and bar(p/pn), Speed of sound (a), Dynamic viscosity
+(p), Kinematic viscosity (v) and Thermal conductivity (lambda) in terms of
+geometric altitude (h), and geopotential altitude (H) -- Altitudes in feet_"
+
+Exactly same as ISO 2533:1975 Table 6, but in feet and different range.
+
+This table is a subset of the `table_atmosphere_feet` method.
+
+==== Table 10 (-16.5kft to 262.5kft)
+
+NOTE: This corresponds to ISO 2533:1975/ADD 2:1997 Table 6.
+
+Title:
+"_Pressure scale height (H_p) Specific weight (gamma), Air number density (n),
+Mean air-particle speed (v), Air-particle collision frequency (omega) and Mean
+free path of air particles (l) in terms of geometric altitude (h) and
+geopotential altitude (H) -- Altitudes in feet_"
+
+Exactly same as ISO 2533:1975 Table 7, but in feet and different range.
+
+This table is a subset of the `table_atmosphere_feet` method.
+
+
+==== Table 11 (mbar)
+
+NOTE: This corresponds to ISO 2533:1975/ADD 1:1985 Table 1 combined with Table 2.
+
+Title:
+"_Geometric and geopotential altitude as a function of barometric pressure
+for 5 <= p < 20 hPa at intervals of 0.01 hPa and
+20 <= p < 1200 hPa at intervals of 0.1 hPa__"
+
+For the range of `(5.0..19.99).step(0.01) + (20.0..1199.9).step(0.1)` in hPa.
+
+Provides:
+
+* `pressure` (collection: mbar, mm_Hg)
+* `geopotential-altitude` (collection: m, ft)
+* `geometric-altitude` (collection: m, ft)
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+# Defaults to precision mode `:reduced`
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25332025.table_hypsometrical_mbar         #=> Lutaml::Model
+Atmospheris::Export::Iso25332025.table_hypsometrical_mbar.to_yaml #=> YAML
+
+# To use precision mode `:high`
+x = Atmospheris::Export::Iso25332025.table_hypsometrical_mbar(precision: :high)
+x.to_yaml #=> YAML
+----
+
+
+==== Table 12 (geopotential altitude, m)
+
+NOTE: This corresponds to ISO 2533:1975/ADD 1:1985 Table 5 but in geopotential altitude.
+
+Title:
+"_Barometric pressure, in hectopascals, as a function of geopotential altitude
+for -1000 <= H < +4600 m at intervals of 1m_"
+
+This table is a subset of the `table_atmosphere_meters` method.
+
+
+==== Table 13 (geometric altitude, m)
+
+NOTE: This corresponds to ISO 2533:1975/ADD 1:1985 Table 5, in geometric altitude.
+
+Title:
+"_Barometric pressure, in hectopascals, as a function of geometric altitude
+for -1000 <= H < +4600 m at intervals of 1m_"
+
+This table is a subset of the `table_atmosphere_meters` method.
+
+== XML Schema
+
+An XSD schema for the XML serialization format is provided at
+`schema/atmospheris.xsd`.
+
+The schema uses the XML namespace `urn:iso:std:iso:2533:tech:xsd` following
+the RFC 5141 pattern for ISO technical XML schema resources. All elements
+are namespace-qualified (`elementFormDefault="qualified"`).
+
+The schema defines the following root elements:
+
+`atmospheris`:: Polymorphic root element. Two variants:
++
+--
+* **Hypsometrical table**: contains `<hypsometrical-attributes>` records
+  (pressure → altitude lookup).
+* **ISO 2533:2025 table**: contains `<by-geometric-altitude>` and
+  `<by-geopotential-altitude>` sections, each with
+  `<atmospheris-attributes>` records.
+--
++
+[example]
+====
+[source,xml]
+----
+<!-- Hypsometrical table variant -->
+<atmospheris xmlns="urn:iso:std:iso:2533:tech:xsd">
+  <hypsometrical-attributes>
+    <pressure unitsml="mbar" type="float">1013.25</pressure>
+    <pressure unitsml="mm_Hg" type="float">760.0</pressure>
+    <geometric-altitude unitsml="m" type="float">0.0</geometric-altitude>
+    <geometric-altitude unitsml="ft" type="float">0.0</geometric-altitude>
+    <geopotential-altitude unitsml="m" type="float">0.0</geopotential-altitude>
+    <geopotential-altitude unitsml="ft" type="float">0.0</geopotential-altitude>
+  </hypsometrical-attributes>
+</atmospheris>
+
+<!-- ISO 2533:2025 table variant -->
+<atmospheris xmlns="urn:iso:std:iso:2533:tech:xsd">
+  <by-geometric-altitude>
+    <atmospheris-attributes>...</atmospheric-attributes>
+  </by-geometric-altitude>
+  <by-geopotential-altitude>
+    <atmospheris-attributes>...</atmospheric-attributes>
+  </by-geopotential-altitude>
+</atmospheris>
+----
+====
+
+`atmosphere-attributes`:: Full atmospheric property record (ISO 2533:2025).
+Contains all altitude, temperature, pressure, density, and derived properties.
+
+`hypsometrical-attributes`:: Pressure-to-altitude record. Contains pressure
+and altitude values.
+
+`attributes-group`:: Wrapper for a collection of `<atmospheris-attributes>`.
+
+All value elements share a common pattern:
+
+* Text content: the numeric value
+* `unitsml` attribute (optional): the UnitsML unit identifier (e.g., `m`,
+  `ft`, `K`, `mbar`)
+* `type` attribute (required): either `"float"` or `"integer"`
+
+[source,xml]
+----
+<temperature unitsml="K" type="float">288.15</temperature>
+<geometric-altitude unitsml="m" type="integer">5000</geometric-altitude>
+<ppn type="float">0.53338</ppn>  <!-- dimensionless, no unitsml -->
+----
+
+
+== Testing
+
+=== General
+
+[source,sh]
+----
+$ bundle exec rake
+----
+
+=== Re-generate fixture tables
+
+The `spec/fixtures/iso*` directories contains YAML files that are used to
+generate the ISO 2533 tables.
+
+To re-generate the tables, run:
+
+[source,sh]
+----
+$ bundle exec rake clean generate
+----
+
+These tasks are defined in the `Rakefile`.
+
+=== Algorithms
+
+Tests are encoded in `spec/fixtures/tests.yml` in the following format:
+
+[source,yaml]
+----
+- H: -2000.0
+  h: -1999.0
+  TK: 301.15
+  TC: 28.0
+  p_mbar: 1277.74
+  p_mmhg: 958.382
+  rho: 1.47808
+  g: 9.8128
+  p_p_n: 1.26103
+  rho_rho_n: 1.20659
+  root_rho_rho_n: 1.09845
+  a: 347.886
+  mu: 1.8514e-05
+  v: 1.2526e-05
+  lambda: 0.026359
+  H_p: 8809.5
+  gamma: 14.504
+  n: 3.0734e+25
+  v_bar: 469.18
+  omega: 8535100000.0
+  l: 549710000.0
+----
+
+Each of these values are associated with a cell in the tables of the source
+documents.
+
+The only defining value in a tests is `H` (geopotential altitude).
+It is used to generate all the other values.
+
+
+== Copyright and license
+
+Copyright Ribose. Licensed under the 3-clause BSD license.