astronoby 0.7.0 → 0.9.0

data/docs/deep_sky_bodies.md

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+# Deep-sky Bodies
+
+Deep-sky objects represent celestial object that are not part of the Solar
+System, like stars, nebulae, clusters, galaxies. They are not affected by any
+body of the Solar System.
+
+Because we know billions of there objects, it is impossible for Astronoby to
+store a comprehensive catalogue. Therefore, it is up to the developer to build
+the object they need, based on equatorial coordinates from official catalogues
+at J2000 epoch. The [SIMBAD Astronomical Database] is an example of database
+where such coordinates can be found.
+
+Astronoby makes the difference between the body and the position.
+`Astronoby::DeepSkyObject` represent the body in itself, defined by fixed
+coordinates. It can also be support proper motion parameters, also given from
+official catalogues, which provides a bit more precision.
+
+```rb
+vega_j2000 = Astronoby::Coordinates::Equatorial.new(
+  right_ascension: Astronoby::Angle.from_hms(18, 36, 56.33635),
+  declination: Astronoby::Angle.from_dms(38, 47, 1.2802),
+  epoch: Astronoby::JulianDate::J2000
+)
+
+vega = Astronoby::DeepSkyObject.new(equatorial_coordinates: vega_j2000)
+
+vega_with_proper_motion = Astronoby::DeepSkyObject.new(
+  equatorial_coordinates: vega_j2000,
+  proper_motion_ra: Astronoby::AngularVelocity
+    .from_milliarcseconds_per_year(200.94),
+  proper_motion_dec: Astronoby::AngularVelocity
+    .from_milliarcseconds_per_year(286.23),
+  parallax: Astronoby::Angle.from_degree_arcseconds(130.23 / 1000.0),
+  radial_velocity: Astronoby::Velocity.from_kilometers_per_second(-13.5)
+)
+```
+
+From a `DeepSkyObject` instance, it is possible to instantiate the position
+of the body at a given instant. If given the optional `ephem` parameter,
+precision will increase as some astronomical corrections will be
+applied.
+
+A `DeepSkyPosition` object exposes `astrometric`, `apparent` and `topocentric`
+reference frames.
+
+```rb
+time = Time.utc(2025, 10, 1)
+instant = Astronoby::Instant.from_time(time)
+
+ephem = Astronoby::Ephem.load("inpop19a.bsp")
+
+vega
+  .at(instant)
+  .apparent
+  .equatorial
+  .right_ascension
+  .str(:hms)
+# => "18h 37m 48.2804s"
+
+vega_with_proper_motion
+  .at(instant, ephem: ephem)
+  .apparent
+  .equatorial
+  .right_ascension
+  .str(:hms)
+# => "18h 37m 48.7215s"
+```
+
+You can learn more about [ephemerides] and [reference frames].
+
+A deep-sky body object can also be used in calculators.
+
+```rb
+observer = Astronoby::Observer.new(
+  latitude: Astronoby::Angle.from_degrees(51.5072),
+  longitude: Astronoby::Angle.from_degrees(-0.1276)
+)
+date = Date.new(2025, 10, 1)
+
+body = Astronoby::DeepSkyObject.new(
+  equatorial_coordinates: Astronoby::Coordinates::Equatorial.new(
+    right_ascension: Astronoby::Angle.from_hms(6, 45, 8.917),
+    declination: Astronoby::Angle.from_dms(-16, 42, 58.02)
+  )
+)
+
+calculator = Astronoby::RiseTransitSetCalculator.new(
+  body: body,
+  observer: observer,
+  ephem: ephem
+)
+
+event = calculator.event_on(date)
+
+event.rising_time
+# => 2025-10-01 01:31:25 UTC
+```
+
+[ephemerides]: ephem.md
+[reference frames]: reference_frames.md
+[SIMBAD Astronomical Database]: https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/

data/docs/ephem.md

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+# `Ephem`
+
+`Astronoby` depends on the gem [`ephem`] which provides a Ruby interface for
+<abbr title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</abbr> SPICE binary kernels.
+
+These kernels are extremely precise ephemerides produced by the JPL and are the
+foundation of the data provided by Astronoby. The [IMCCE] also produces
+kernels in the same format for their
+<abbr title="Intégrateur numérique planétaire de l'Observatoire de Paris">INPOP</abbr>
+model.
+
+## Download an ephemeris
+
+To download an ephemeris, you can either do it manually or use `ephem` by
+providing the filename.
+
+### Manually
+
+Ephemerides are available for download from:
+* the JPL public FTP interface: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/eph/planets/bsp/
+* the INPOP releases page of the IMCCE: https://www.imcce.fr/inpop
+
+You can download any `.bsp` file. For the moment, Astronoby only supports the
+planets of the Solar System, and the Sun and the Moon, so you need to
+download a _Development Ephemeris_, which starts with `de` (i.e. `de421.bsp`),
+or any of the INPOP ephemeris files (i.e. `inpop19a.bsp`).
+
+### With `Ephem`
+
+If you already know the ephemeris you want to use, you can use `Ephem` to
+download and store it for you:
+
+```rb
+Astronoby::Ephem.download(name: "de421.bsp", target: "tmp/de421.bsp")
+```
+
+## Load an ephemeris
+
+To compute the position of a Solar System body, you need to provide an ephemeris
+to extract the data from. You can use `Astronoby::Ephem` to load the file you
+downloaded.
+
+```rb
+ephem = Astronoby::Ephem.load("tmp/de421.bsp")
+```
+
+## How to choose the right ephemeris?
+
+JPL produces many different kernels over the years, with different accuracy and
+ranges of supported years. Here are some that we recommend to begin with:
+- `de421.bsp`: from 1900 to 2050, 17 MB
+- `de440s.bsp`: from 1849 to 2150, 32 MB
+- `inpop19a.bsp`: from 1900 to 2100, 22 MB
+
+## How to limit weight and increase speed?
+
+The `Ephem` library offers a <abbr title="Command-Line Interface">CLI</abbr> to
+produce excerpt ephemerides in order to limit the range of dates or bodies.
+
+Here is an example to produce an excerpt ephemeris for the year 2025:
+
+```
+ruby-ephem excerpt 2024-12-31 2026-01-01 de440s.bsp de440s_2025_excerpt.bsp
+```
+
+You can also specify which bodies of the Solar System (or "targets") you want to
+include:
+
+```
+ruby-ephem excerpt --targets 10,399 2024-12-31 2026-01-01 inpop19a.bsp inpop19a_2025_sun_earth.bsp
+```
+
+You may want to check how bodies are handled between JPL DE and IMCCE INPOP. For
+example, the excerpt file from a JPL DE kernel needs to include targets `3` and
+`399` for the Earth, while the excerpt file from a IMCCE INPOP kernel only needs
+the target `399`.
+
+[`ephem`]: https://github.com/rhannequin/ruby-ephem
+[IMCCE]: https://www.imcce.fr
+
+## See also
+- [Solar System Bodies](solar_system_bodies.md) - for using ephemeris data
+- [Reference Frames](reference_frames.md) - for coordinate calculations
+- [Observer](observer.md) - for location-based calculations
+- [Configuration](configuration.md) - for performance tuning

data/docs/equinoxes_solstices_times.md

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+# Equinoxes and Solstice Times
+
+The equinox and solstice are two precise events that each happen twice a year.
+
+The equinox is the time when the Sun appears directly above the equator, the
+solstice is the time when the Sun reaches its most northerly or southerly
+excursion relative to the celestial equator on the celestial sphere.
+
+Astronoby enables you to compute the time for each of these four events.
+
+```rb
+ephem = Astronoby::Ephem.load("inpop19a.bsp")
+
+Astronoby::EquinoxSolstice.march_equinox(2025, ephem)
+# => 2025-03-20 09:01:29 UTC
+
+Astronoby::EquinoxSolstice.june_solstice(2025, ephem)
+# => 2025-06-21 02:42:19 UTC
+
+Astronoby::EquinoxSolstice.september_equinox(2025, ephem)
+# => 2025-09-22 18:19:22 UTC
+
+Astronoby::EquinoxSolstice.december_solstice(2025, ephem)
+# => 2025-12-21 15:03:03 UTC
+```
+
+## See also
+- [Twilight Times](twilight_times.md) - for seasonal sun events
+- [Moon Phases](moon_phases.md) - for lunar events
+- [Ephemerides](ephem.md) - for data sources
+- [Instant](instant.md) - for time handling

data/docs/glossary.md

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+# Glossary
+
+This glossary defines key astronomical and technical terms used throughout the Astronoby documentation.
+
+## Astronomical Terms
+
+### **Aberration**
+The apparent displacement of a celestial object due to the finite speed of light and the motion of the observer. In Astronoby, this is automatically corrected in apparent reference frames.
+
+### **Altitude**
+The angular distance of a celestial object above the observer's local horizon, measured in degrees from 0° (horizon) to 90° (zenith).
+
+### **Apparent Position**
+The position of a celestial object as it appears in the sky, corrected for light-time, aberration, and other effects. This is what you actually see when looking through a telescope.
+
+### **Arc Second**
+A unit of angular measurement equal to 1/3600th of a degree. Often used to describe the precision of astronomical calculations.
+
+### **Azimuth**
+The angular distance around the horizon from north, measured clockwise in degrees. North is 0°, east is 90°, south is 180°, and west is 270°.
+
+### **Barycentre**
+The centre of mass of a system of bodies. In the Solar System, this is the point around which all planets orbit, which is usually close to but not exactly at the Sun's centre.
+
+### **Celestial Equator**
+The projection of Earth's equator onto the celestial sphere. It's the reference plane for equatorial coordinates.
+
+### **Celestial Sphere**
+An imaginary sphere surrounding Earth, on which all celestial objects appear to be located. Used as a reference system for astronomical coordinates.
+
+### **Constellation**
+A region of the sky containing a group of stars that form a recognizable pattern. Astronoby can determine which constellation a celestial body appears to be in.
+
+### **Declination**
+The angular distance north or south of the celestial equator, measured in degrees. Positive values are north, negative values are south.
+
+### **Ecliptic**
+The apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere throughout the year. It's the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun.
+
+### **Ephemeris**
+A table or file containing the calculated positions of celestial objects at specific times. Astronoby uses ephemeris files from JPL and IMCCE for high-precision calculations.
+
+### **Equinox**
+The two times each year when the Sun crosses the celestial equator, making day and night approximately equal in length. The March (vernal) and September (autumnal) equinoxes.
+
+### **Geocentric**
+As seen from the centre of Earth. Geocentric coordinates are useful for calculations but don't account for an observer's specific location.
+
+### **Horizon**
+The apparent boundary between Earth and sky as seen by an observer. The local horizon depends on the observer's location and elevation.
+
+### **Illuminated Fraction**
+The portion of a celestial body's disk that appears illuminated as seen from Earth. For the Moon, this varies from 0 (new moon) to 1 (full moon).
+
+### **Julian Date**
+A continuous count of days since January 1, 4713 BCE. Used in astronomy for precise time measurements and calculations.
+
+### **Light-Time Correction**
+The adjustment made to account for the time it takes light to travel from a celestial object to Earth. Important for accurate position calculations.
+
+### **Magnitude**
+A measure of a celestial object's brightness. Lower numbers indicate brighter objects (e.g., -4 is brighter than +2). Apparent magnitude is as seen from Earth, absolute magnitude is intrinsic brightness.
+
+### **Meridian**
+An imaginary line passing through the observer's zenith and the north and south celestial poles. Objects transit (cross) the meridian when they reach their highest point in the sky.
+
+### **Nutation**
+Small periodic variations in the orientation of Earth's rotation axis, caused by gravitational forces from the Sun and Moon.
+
+### **Obliquity**
+The angle between Earth's equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane. Currently about 23.4° and slowly decreasing.
+
+### **Parallax**
+The apparent shift in position of a nearby object when viewed from different locations. Important for calculating distances to nearby stars.
+
+### **Phase Angle**
+The angle between the Sun, a celestial object, and Earth. For planets, this determines how much of the disk is illuminated.
+
+### **Precession**
+The slow, continuous change in the orientation of Earth's rotation axis, causing the positions of the equinoxes to shift over time.
+
+### **Refraction**
+The bending of light as it passes through Earth's atmosphere, causing celestial objects to appear slightly higher in the sky than they actually are.
+
+### **Right Ascension**
+The angular distance eastward along the celestial equator from the vernal equinox, measured in hours (0-24h) or degrees (0-360°).
+
+### **Solstice**
+The two times each year when the Sun reaches its northernmost (June) or southernmost (December) position relative to the celestial equator.
+
+### **Topocentric**
+As seen from a specific location on Earth's surface. Topocentric positions account for the observer's latitude, longitude, and elevation.
+
+### **Transit**
+The moment when a celestial object crosses the observer's meridian, reaching its highest point in the sky for that day.
+
+### **Twilight**
+The period before sunrise and after sunset when the sky is partially illuminated by scattered sunlight. Civil, nautical, and astronomical twilight have different definitions based on the Sun's position below the horizon.
+
+### **Zenith**
+The point directly above an observer on Earth, at an altitude of 90°.
+
+## Technical Terms
+
+### **API (Application Programming Interface)**
+The set of methods and classes that programmers use to interact with the Astronoby library.
+
+### **Cache**
+A temporary storage system that stores frequently used calculation results to improve performance.
+
+### **Coordinate System**
+A system for specifying the position of objects in space. Astronoby supports equatorial, ecliptic, and horizontal coordinate systems.
+
+### **Ephemeris File**
+A binary file (usually with .bsp extension) containing orbital data for Solar System bodies. These files are produced by JPL and IMCCE.
+
+### **Floating-Point Precision**
+The accuracy of decimal number calculations. Higher precision values in Astronoby provide more accurate results but may be slower.
+
+### **Reference Frame**
+A coordinate system used to specify positions. Astronoby provides geometric, astrometric, mean of date, apparent, and topocentric reference frames.
+
+### **SPICE**
+A NASA toolkit for computing positions and orientations of Solar System bodies. Astronoby uses SPICE binary kernels (.bsp files) for ephemeris data.
+
+### **UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)**
+The primary time standard used worldwide. All astronomical calculations in Astronoby are based on UTC.
+
+## Units and Measurements
+
+### **Angular Units**
+- **Degree (°)**: 1/360th of a circle
+- **Arc Minute (′)**: 1/60th of a degree
+- **Arc Second (″)**: 1/60th of an arc minute
+- **Hour (h)**: 15 degrees (used for right ascension)
+- **Radian**: 180/π degrees (≈57.3°)
+
+### **Distance Units**
+- **Astronomical Unit (AU)**: The average distance between Earth and Sun (≈149.6 million km)
+- **Kilometre (km)**: Standard metric unit for distances
+- **Metre (m)**: Standard metric unit for elevations
+
+### **Time Units**
+- **Julian Day**: Continuous day count since 4713 BCE
+- **Terrestrial Time (TT)**: Astronomical time scale used for calculations
+- **UTC**: Coordinated Universal Time, the standard for civil time
+
+## See also
+- [Quick Start Guide](README.md) - for getting started
+- [Coordinates](coordinates.md) - for coordinate systems
+- [Reference Frames](reference_frames.md) - for position calculations
+- [Angles](angles.md) - for angular measurements

data/docs/instant.md

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+# `Instant`
+
+Time in astronomy is usually a slightly different concept than in everyday
+life. Today, the vast majority of people use the [Gregorian calendar] and a time
+based on <abbr title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</abbr>. This timescale is
+convenient for matching what we experience on Earth, but it is not static, it
+includes leap days, leap seconds.
+
+Also, most of us live in areas where the local legal time is not UTC, so we
+have to deal with time zones that are arbitrary and constantly changing.
+
+Astronomical calculations need a stable, uniform and linear time scale, free
+from the irregularities in the rotation of Earth and the irregularly fluctuating
+mean solar time.
+
+Astronoby handles this situation by implementing an `Astronoby::Instant` class,
+used in most calculations instead of `Time`.
+
+`Astronoby::Instant` is a value object that stores an instant in time on Earth
+in [Terrestrial Time], an astronomical time standard defined by the
+International Astronomical Union, as a [Julian Date].
+
+From this instant in <abbr title="Terrestrial Time">TT</abbr>, other time
+standards can be expressed, such as the
+<abbr title="International Atomic Time">TAI</abbr> or the
+<abbr title="Barycentric Dynamic Time">TDB</abbr>.
+
+## Initialization
+
+An `Astronoby::Instant` object can be instantiated from:
+* Terrestrial time (`Numeric`): `.from_terrestrial_time`
+* Ruby `Time` object: `.from_time`
+* UTC Julian date (`Numeric`): `.from_utc_julian_date`
+
+```rb
+Astronoby::Instant.from_terrestrial_time(2460796)
+# => Represents UTC time 2025-04-30 11:58:51
+
+Astronoby::Instant.from_time(Time.utc(2025, 5, 1))
+# => Represents terrestrial time Julian Date 2460796.500798611
+
+Astronoby::Instant.from_utc_julian_date(2460796)
+# => Represents UTC time 2025-04-30 12:00:00
+# => Represents terrestrial time Julian Date 2460796.000798611
+```
+
+## Time standards
+
+From the same instant, it is possible to extract different time standards.
+
+* Gregorian `Date`
+
+```rb
+instant = Astronoby::Instant.from_terrestrial_time(2460796)
+
+instant.to_date
+# => #<Date: 2025-04-30 ((2460796j,0s,0n),+0s,2299161j)>
+```
+
+* UTC `DateTime`
+
+```rb
+instant = Astronoby::Instant.from_terrestrial_time(2460796)
+
+instant.to_datetime
+# => #<DateTime: 2025-04-30T11:58:51+00:00 ((2460796j,43131s,12159n),+0s,2299161j)>
+```
+
+* UTC `Time`
+
+```rb
+instant = Astronoby::Instant.from_terrestrial_time(2460796)
+
+instant.to_datetime
+# => 2025-04-30 11:58:51.000012159 UTC
+```
+
+* Greenwich Sidereal Time
+
+```rb
+instant = Astronoby::Instant.from_terrestrial_time(2460796)
+
+instant.gmst
+# => 2.5597425440141457
+```
+
+* International Atomic Time
+
+```rb
+instant = Astronoby::Instant.from_terrestrial_time(2460796)
+
+instant.tai.to_f
+# => 2460795.9996275003
+```
+
+* UTC offset (difference with UTC in days)
+
+```rb
+instant = Astronoby::Instant.from_terrestrial_time(2460796)
+
+instant.utc_offset.to_f
+# => 0.0007986109703819444
+```
+
+* Barycentric Dynamic Time
+
+```rb
+# This is not handled for now, and returns TT
+
+instant = Astronoby::Instant.from_terrestrial_time(2460796)
+
+instant.tdb
+# => 2460796
+```
+
+## Value Equality
+
+As a value object, it is possible to compare different instants.
+
+```rb
+instant1 = Astronoby::Instant.from_terrestrial_time(2460796)
+instant2 = Astronoby::Instant.from_terrestrial_time(2460797)
+
+instant1.diff(instant2)
+# => -1
+
+instant1 < instant2
+# => true
+```
+
+[Gregorian calendar]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar
+[Terrestrial Time]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_Time
+[Julian Date]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day
+
+## See also
+- [Ephemerides](ephem.md) - for time-based calculations
+- [Solar System Bodies](solar_system_bodies.md) - for object positions
+- [Reference Frames](reference_frames.md) - for coordinate systems
+- [Configuration](configuration.md) - for performance settings

data/docs/moon_phases.md

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+# Moon Phases
+
+Astronoby lets you compute the current Moon phase, or when the major ones
+happen.
+
+## Current Moon phase
+
+`Astronoby::Moon` provides two pieces of information about the current Moon phase: the
+illuminated fraction and the phase fraction.
+
+### `#illuminated_fraction`
+
+As mentioned in the name, this method provides the illuminated fraction of the
+Moon. It will not give precise information about the "age" of the Moon as the
+same illumination happens twice in the same lunar month.
+
+```rb
+ephem = Astronoby::Ephem.load("inpop19a.bsp")
+time = Time.utc(2025, 5, 1)
+instant = Astronoby::Instant.from_time(time)
+
+moon = Astronoby::Moon.new(ephem: ephem, instant: instant)
+
+moon.illuminated_fraction.round(2)
+# => 0.15
+# 15% of the Moon is illuminated as seen from Earth
+```
+
+### `#current_phase_fraction`
+
+This method is more convenient for a user interested in how far we are into the
+lunar month as it returns a fraction from 0 to 1 between two new Moons.
+
+```rb
+ephem = Astronoby::Ephem.load("inpop19a.bsp")
+
+time = Time.utc(2025, 5, 1)
+instant = Astronoby::Instant.from_time(time)
+moon = Astronoby::Moon.new(ephem: ephem, instant: instant)
+
+moon.current_phase_fraction.round(2)
+# => 0.11
+
+time = Time.utc(2025, 5, 15)
+instant = Astronoby::Instant.from_time(time)
+moon = Astronoby::Moon.new(ephem: ephem, instant: instant)
+
+moon.current_phase_fraction.round(2)
+# => 0.59
+```
+
+## Major Moon phases in the month
+
+If you are interested to know when the major Moon phases will happen during a
+civil month, you can use `Astronoby::Events::MoonPhases` and its class method
+`::phases_for` with the key arguments `year` and `month`, both `Integer`.
+
+It returns an array of `Astronoby::MoonPhase` objects, which each expose a
+`phase` (`Symbol`) and a `time` (`Time`).
+
+Please note that because a lunar month is around 29 days, some months will have
+the same phase twice.
+
+```rb
+phases = Astronoby::Events::MoonPhases.phases_for(year: 2024, month: 5)
+
+phases.each { puts "#{_1.phase}: #{_1.time}" }
+# last_quarter: 2024-05-01 11:27:15 UTC
+# new_moon: 2024-05-08 03:21:56 UTC
+# first_quarter: 2024-05-15 11:48:02 UTC
+# full_moon: 2024-05-23 13:53:12 UTC
+# last_quarter: 2024-05-30 17:12:43 UTC
+```
+
+## See also
+- [Twilight Times](twilight_times.md) - for sun-related events
+- [Rise, Transit and Set Times](rise_transit_set_times.md) - for moon events
+- [Solar System Bodies](solar_system_bodies.md) - for moon object details
+- [Ephemerides](ephem.md) - for data sources

data/docs/observer.md

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+# Observer
+
+`Astronoby::Observer` is the representation of an observer on Earth. Most of the
+events computed by Astronoby are location and date based.
+
+## Initialization
+
+The two required key arguments to instantiate an observer are:
+* `latitude` (`Astronoby::Angle`): the angle from the equator to the observer,
+  from 90° to -90°, with positive angles for the Northern Hemisphere.
+* `longitude` (`Astronoby::Angle`): the angle from the Greenwich meridian to the
+  observer, from 180° to -180°, with positive angles eastward of the Greenwich
+  meridian.
+
+Latitude and longitude are defined according to the [World Geodetic System].
+In other words, they are the same as those used for the [GPS].
+
+It is also possible to give the following optional key arguments:
+* `elevation` (`Astronoby::Distance`): the distance above or below the average
+  sea level
+* `utc_offset`: local time difference with UTC. Check the [timezone specifiers]
+  for the format.
+
+```rb
+# Location: Alhambra, Spain
+
+observer = Astronoby::Observer.new(
+  latitude: Astronoby::Angle.from_degrees(37.176),
+  longitude: Astronoby::Angle.from_degrees(-3.588),
+  elevation: Astronoby::Distance.from_meters(792)
+)
+```
+
+You can learn more about angles on the [Angles page].
+
+## Value equality
+
+`Astronoby::Observer` is a value object, which means it implements value
+equality.
+
+```rb
+observer1 = Astronoby::Observer.new(
+  latitude: Astronoby::Angle.from_degrees(90),
+  longitude: Astronoby::Angle.from_degrees(180)
+)
+
+observer2 = Astronoby::Observer.new(
+  latitude: Astronoby::Angle.from_hours(6),
+  longitude: Astronoby::Angle.from_hours(12)
+)
+
+observer1 == observer2
+# => true
+```
+
+[World Geodetic System]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Geodetic_System
+[GPS]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS
+[timezone specifiers]: https://ruby-doc.org/3.4.1/Time.html#class-Time-label-Timezone+Specifiers
+[Angles page]: angles.md
+
+## See also
+- [Angles](angles.md) - for working with latitude and longitude
+- [Coordinates](coordinates.md) - for understanding position systems
+- [Reference Frames](reference_frames.md) - for topocentric calculations
+- [Solar System Bodies](solar_system_bodies.md) - for observing objects