astronoby 0.6.0 → 0.8.0

data/lib/astronoby/nutation.rb

@@ -2,72 +2,265 @@
 
 module Astronoby
   class Nutation
-    # Source:
-    #  Title: Practical Astronomy with your Calculator or Spreadsheet
-    #  Authors: Peter Duffett-Smith and Jonathan Zwart
-    #  Edition: Cambridge University Press
-    #  Chapter: 35 - Nutation
+    # IAU 2000B model corrections (in microarcseconds)
+    IAU2000B_DPSI_CORRECTION = -0.000135e7
+    IAU2000B_DEPS_CORRECTION = 0.000388e7
 
-    def initialize(epoch)
-      @epoch = epoch
-    end
+    # Nutation terms from IAU 2000B model:
+    # 77 most significant terms from the IAU 2000A model
+    # 0..4: fundamental argument coefficients
+    # 5..7: longitude coefficients
+    # 8..10: obliquity coefficients
+    NUTATION_TERMS = [
+      [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, -172064161, -174666, 33386, 92052331, 9086, 15377],
+      [0, 0, 2, -2, 2, -13170906, -1675, -13696, 5730336, -3015, -4587],
+      [0, 0, 2, 0, 2, -2276413, -234, 2796, 978459, -485, 1374],
+      [0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2074554, 207, -698, -897492, 470, -291],
+      [0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1475877, -3633, 11817, 73871, -184, -1924],
+      [0, 1, 2, -2, 2, -516821, 1226, -524, 224386, -677, -174],
+      [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 711159, 73, -872, -6750, 0, 358],
+      [0, 0, 2, 0, 1, -387298, -367, 380, 200728, 18, 318],
+      [1, 0, 2, 0, 2, -301461, -36, 816, 129025, -63, 367],
+      [0, -1, 2, -2, 2, 215829, -494, 111, -95929, 299, 132],
+      [0, 0, 2, -2, 1, 128227, 137, 181, -68982, -9, 39],
+      [-1, 0, 2, 0, 2, 123457, 11, 19, -53311, 32, -4],
+      [-1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 156994, 10, -168, -1235, 0, 82],
+      [1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 63110, 63, 27, -33228, 0, -9],
+      [-1, 0, 0, 0, 1, -57976, -63, -189, 31429, 0, -75],
+      [-1, 0, 2, 2, 2, -59641, -11, 149, 25543, -11, 66],
+      [1, 0, 2, 0, 1, -51613, -42, 129, 26366, 0, 78],
+      [-2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 45893, 50, 31, -24236, -10, 20],
+      [0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 63384, 11, -150, -1220, 0, 29],
+      [0, 0, 2, 2, 2, -38571, -1, 158, 16452, -11, 68],
+      [0, -2, 2, -2, 2, 32481, 0, 0, -13870, 0, 0],
+      [-2, 0, 0, 2, 0, -47722, 0, -18, 477, 0, -25],
+      [2, 0, 2, 0, 2, -31046, -1, 131, 13238, -11, 59],
+      [1, 0, 2, -2, 2, 28593, 0, -1, -12338, 10, -3],
+      [-1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 20441, 21, 10, -10758, 0, -3],
+      [2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29243, 0, -74, -609, 0, 13],
+      [0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 25887, 0, -66, -550, 0, 11],
+      [0, 1, 0, 0, 1, -14053, -25, 79, 8551, -2, -45],
+      [-1, 0, 0, 2, 1, 15164, 10, 11, -8001, 0, -1],
+      [0, 2, 2, -2, 2, -15794, 72, -16, 6850, -42, -5],
+      [0, 0, -2, 2, 0, 21783, 0, 13, -167, 0, 13],
+      [1, 0, 0, -2, 1, -12873, -10, -37, 6953, 0, -14],
+      [0, -1, 0, 0, 1, -12654, 11, 63, 6415, 0, 26],
+      [-1, 0, 2, 2, 1, -10204, 0, 25, 5222, 0, 15],
+      [0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 16707, -85, -10, 168, -1, 10],
+      [1, 0, 2, 2, 2, -7691, 0, 44, 3268, 0, 19],
+      [-2, 0, 2, 0, 0, -11024, 0, -14, 104, 0, 2],
+      [0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 7566, -21, -11, -3250, 0, -5],
+      [0, 0, 2, 2, 1, -6637, -11, 25, 3353, 0, 14],
+      [0, -1, 2, 0, 2, -7141, 21, 8, 3070, 0, 4],
+      [0, 0, 0, 2, 1, -6302, -11, 2, 3272, 0, 4],
+      [1, 0, 2, -2, 1, 5800, 10, 2, -3045, 0, -1],
+      [2, 0, 2, -2, 2, 6443, 0, -7, -2768, 0, -4],
+      [-2, 0, 0, 2, 1, -5774, -11, -15, 3041, 0, -5],
+      [2, 0, 2, 0, 1, -5350, 0, 21, 2695, 0, 12],
+      [0, -1, 2, -2, 1, -4752, -11, -3, 2719, 0, -3],
+      [0, 0, 0, -2, 1, -4940, -11, -21, 2720, 0, -9],
+      [-1, -1, 0, 2, 0, 7350, 0, -8, -51, 0, 4],
+      [2, 0, 0, -2, 1, 4065, 0, 6, -2206, 0, 1],
+      [1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 6579, 0, -24, -199, 0, 2],
+      [0, 1, 2, -2, 1, 3579, 0, 5, -1900, 0, 1],
+      [1, -1, 0, 0, 0, 4725, 0, -6, -41, 0, 3],
+      [-2, 0, 2, 0, 2, -3075, 0, -2, 1313, 0, -1],
+      [3, 0, 2, 0, 2, -2904, 0, 15, 1233, 0, 7],
+      [0, -1, 0, 2, 0, 4348, 0, -10, -81, 0, 2],
+      [1, -1, 2, 0, 2, -2878, 0, 8, 1232, 0, 4],
+      [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, -4230, 0, 5, -20, 0, -2],
+      [-1, -1, 2, 2, 2, -2819, 0, 7, 1207, 0, 3],
+      [-1, 0, 2, 0, 0, -4056, 0, 5, 40, 0, -2],
+      [0, -1, 2, 2, 2, -2647, 0, 11, 1129, 0, 5],
+      [-2, 0, 0, 0, 1, -2294, 0, -10, 1266, 0, -4],
+      [1, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2481, 0, -7, -1062, 0, -3],
+      [2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2179, 0, -2, -1129, 0, -2],
+      [-1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 3276, 0, 1, -9, 0, 0],
+      [1, 1, 0, 0, 0, -3389, 0, 5, 35, 0, -2],
+      [1, 0, 2, 0, 0, 3339, 0, -13, -107, 0, 1],
+      [-1, 0, 2, -2, 1, -1987, 0, -6, 1073, 0, -2],
+      [1, 0, 0, 0, 2, -1981, 0, 0, 854, 0, 0],
+      [-1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 4026, 0, -353, -553, 0, -139],
+      [0, 0, 2, 1, 2, 1660, 0, -5, -710, 0, -2],
+      [-1, 0, 2, 4, 2, -1521, 0, 9, 647, 0, 4],
+      [-1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1314, 0, 0, -700, 0, 0],
+      [0, -2, 2, -2, 1, -1283, 0, 0, 672, 0, 0],
+      [1, 0, 2, 2, 1, -1331, 0, 8, 663, 0, 4],
+      [-2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 1383, 0, -2, -594, 0, -2],
+      [-1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1405, 0, 4, -610, 0, 2],
+      [1, 1, 2, -2, 2, 1290, 0, 0, -556, 0, 0]
+    ]
 
-    def self.for_ecliptic_longitude(epoch:)
-      new(epoch).for_ecliptic_longitude
+    # @param instant [Astronoby::Instant] The time instant
+    # @return [Matrix] The nutation matrix
+    def self.matrix_for(instant)
+      new(instant: instant).matrix
     end
 
-    def self.for_obliquity_of_the_ecliptic(epoch:)
-      new(epoch).for_obliquity_of_the_ecliptic
+    # @param instant [Astronoby::Instant] The time instant
+    def initialize(instant:)
+      @instant = instant
     end
 
-    def for_ecliptic_longitude
-      Angle.from_dms(
-        0,
-        0,
-        (
-          -17.2 * moon_ascending_node_longitude.sin -
-          1.3 * Math.sin(2 * sun_mean_longitude.radians)
-        )
+    # @return [Matrix] The nutation matrix
+    def matrix
+      mean_obliquity = MeanObliquity.at(@instant)
+      true_obliquity = mean_obliquity + nutation_in_obliquity
+      build_nutation_matrix(
+        mean_obliquity: mean_obliquity,
+        true_obliquity: true_obliquity,
+        psi: nutation_in_longitude
       )
     end
 
-    def for_obliquity_of_the_ecliptic
-      Angle.from_dms(
-        0,
-        0,
-        (
-          9.2 * moon_ascending_node_longitude.cos +
-          0.5 * Math.cos(2 * sun_mean_longitude.radians)
-        )
-      )
+    # @return [Astronoby::Angle] Nutation angle in longitude
+    def nutation_in_longitude
+      iau2000b_angles.first
+    end
+
+    # @return [Astronoby::Angle] Nutation angle in obliquity
+    def nutation_in_obliquity
+      iau2000b_angles.last
     end
 
     private
 
+    def cache_key
+      @_cache_key ||= CacheKey.generate(:nutation, @instant)
+    end
+
+    def cache
+      Astronoby.cache
+    end
+
+    def iau2000a
+      a = fundamental_arguments
+
+      dpsi = 0.0
+      deps = 0.0
+
+      NUTATION_TERMS.each do |term|
+        # Extract the fundamental argument coefficients
+        arg_coef = term[0..4]
+
+        # Calculate the argument
+        arg = Util::Maths.dot_product(arg_coef, a.map(&:radians))
+
+        sin_arg = Math.sin(arg)
+        cos_arg = Math.cos(arg)
+
+        # Extract longitude coefficients
+        long_coef = term[5..7]
+
+        # Extract obliquity coefficients
+        obl_coef = term[8..10]
+
+        # Update dpsi using longitude coefficients
+        dpsi += long_coef[0] * sin_arg
+        dpsi += long_coef[1] * sin_arg * julian_centuries
+        dpsi += long_coef[2] * cos_arg
+
+        # Update deps using obliquity coefficients
+        deps += obl_coef[0] * cos_arg
+        deps += obl_coef[1] * cos_arg * julian_centuries
+        deps += obl_coef[2] * sin_arg
+      end
+
+      [dpsi, deps] # in microarcseconds
+    end
+
+    def iau2000b
+      dpsi, deps = iau2000a
+
+      # Apply corrections for IAU 2000B model
+      dpsi += IAU2000B_DPSI_CORRECTION
+      deps += IAU2000B_DEPS_CORRECTION
+
+      [dpsi, deps]
+    end
+
+    def iau2000b_angles
+      cache.fetch(cache_key) do
+        dpsi, deps = iau2000b
+        dpsi = Angle.from_degree_arcseconds(dpsi / 1e7)
+        deps = Angle.from_degree_arcseconds(deps / 1e7)
+
+        [dpsi, deps]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def build_nutation_matrix(mean_obliquity:, true_obliquity:, psi:)
+      cobm = mean_obliquity.cos
+      sobm = mean_obliquity.sin
+      cobt = true_obliquity.cos
+      sobt = true_obliquity.sin
+      cpsi = psi.cos
+      spsi = psi.sin
+
+      Matrix[
+        [cpsi, -spsi * cobm, -spsi * sobm],
+        [
+          spsi * cobt,
+          cpsi * cobm * cobt + sobm * sobt,
+          cpsi * sobm * cobt - cobm * sobt
+        ],
+        [
+          spsi * sobt,
+          cpsi * cobm * sobt - sobm * cobt,
+          cpsi * sobm * sobt + cobm * cobt
+        ]
+      ]
+    end
+
     def julian_centuries
-      (@epoch - Epoch::J1900) / Constants::DAYS_PER_JULIAN_CENTURY
+      @julian_centuries ||=
+        (@instant.tt - JulianDate::J2000) / Constants::DAYS_PER_JULIAN_CENTURY
     end
 
-    def sun_mean_longitude
-      Angle.from_degrees(
-        (279.6967 + Constants::DEGREES_PER_CIRCLE * (centuries_a - centuries_a.to_i)) %
-          Constants::DEGREES_PER_CIRCLE
+    # IAU 2006/2000A formula for the mean anomaly of the Moon
+    def mean_anomaly_moon
+      Angle.from_degree_arcseconds(
+        485868.249036 + 1717915923.2178 * julian_centuries
       )
     end
 
-    def moon_ascending_node_longitude
-      Angle.from_degrees(
-        (259.1833 - Constants::DEGREES_PER_CIRCLE * (centuries_b - centuries_b.to_i)) %
-          Constants::DEGREES_PER_CIRCLE
+    # IAU 2006/2000A formula for the mean anomaly of the Sun
+    def mean_anomaly_sun
+      Angle.from_degree_arcseconds(
+        1287104.79305 + 129596581.0481 * julian_centuries
       )
     end
 
-    def centuries_a
-      100.002136 * julian_centuries
+    # IAU 2006/2000A formula for the mean argument of latitude of the Moon
+    def mean_argument_latitude_moon
+      Angle.from_degree_arcseconds(
+        335779.526232 + 1739527262.8478 * julian_centuries
+      )
+    end
+
+    # IAU 2006/2000A formula for the mean elongation of the Moon from the Sun
+    def mean_elongation_moon_sun
+      Angle.from_degree_arcseconds(
+        1072260.70369 + 1602961601.2090 * julian_centuries
+      )
     end
 
-    def centuries_b
-      5.372617 * julian_centuries
+    # IAU 2006/2000A formula for the mean longitude of the ascending node of the
+    # Moon
+    def longitude_ascending_node_moon
+      Angle.from_degree_arcseconds(
+        450160.398036 - 6962890.5431 * julian_centuries
+      )
+    end
+
+    def fundamental_arguments
+      l = mean_anomaly_moon
+      lp = mean_anomaly_sun
+      f = mean_argument_latitude_moon
+      d = mean_elongation_moon_sun
+      omega = longitude_ascending_node_moon
+
+      [l, lp, f, d, omega]
     end
   end
 end

data/lib/astronoby/observer.rb

@@ -42,6 +42,45 @@ module Astronoby
       @pressure = pressure || compute_pressure
     end
 
+    def geocentric_position
+      n = earth_prime_vertical_radius_of_curvature
+      x = (n + @elevation.m) * @latitude.cos * @longitude.cos
+      y = (n + @elevation.m) * @latitude.cos * @longitude.sin
+      z = (n * (1 - Constants::WGS84_ECCENTICITY_SQUARED) + @elevation.m) *
+        @latitude.sin
+      Distance.vector_from_meters([x, y, z])
+    end
+
+    def geocentric_velocity
+      r = projected_radius
+      vx = -Constants::EARTH_ANGULAR_VELOCITY_RAD_PER_S * r * @longitude.sin
+      vy = Constants::EARTH_ANGULAR_VELOCITY_RAD_PER_S * r * @longitude.cos
+      vz = 0.0
+      Velocity.vector_from_mps([vx, vy, vz])
+    end
+
+    def earth_fixed_rotation_matrix_for(instant)
+      dpsi = Nutation.new(instant: instant).nutation_in_longitude
+
+      mean_obliquity = MeanObliquity.at(instant)
+
+      gast = Angle.from_radians(
+        Angle.from_hours(instant.gmst).radians +
+          dpsi.radians * mean_obliquity.cos
+      )
+
+      earth_rotation_matrix = Matrix[
+        [gast.cos, -gast.sin, 0],
+        [gast.sin, gast.cos, 0],
+        [0, 0, 1]
+      ]
+
+      nutation_matrix = Nutation.matrix_for(instant)
+      precession_matrix = Precession.matrix_for(instant)
+
+      earth_rotation_matrix * nutation_matrix * precession_matrix
+    end
+
     def ==(other)
       return false unless other.is_a?(self.class)
 
@@ -84,5 +123,21 @@ module Astronoby
 
       Math.exp(-term1 / term2)
     end
+
+    def earth_prime_vertical_radius_of_curvature
+      Constants::WGS84_EARTH_EQUATORIAL_RADIUS_IN_METERS./(
+        Math.sqrt(
+          1 -
+            Constants::WGS84_ECCENTICITY_SQUARED * @latitude.sin * @latitude.sin
+        )
+      )
+    end
+
+    def projected_radius
+      Math.sqrt(
+        geocentric_position.x.m * geocentric_position.x.m +
+          geocentric_position.y.m * geocentric_position.y.m
+      )
+    end
   end
 end

data/lib/astronoby/precession.rb

@@ -1,16 +1,76 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require "matrix"
-
 module Astronoby
   class Precession
-    def self.for_equatorial_coordinates(coordinates:, epoch:)
-      new(coordinates, epoch).precess
+    def self.matrix_for(instant)
+      new(instant: instant).matrix
+    end
+
+    def initialize(instant:)
+      @instant = instant
+    end
+
+    def matrix
+      # Source:
+      #  IAU resolution in 2006 in favor of the P03 astronomical model
+      #  https://syrte.obspm.fr/iau2006/aa03_412_P03.pdf
+      # P(t) = R3(χA) R1(−ωA) R3(−ψA) R1(ϵ0)
+
+      cache.fetch(cache_key) do
+        # Precession in right ascension
+        psi_a = ((((
+            -0.0000000951 * t +
+            +0.000132851) * t +
+            -0.00114045) * t +
+            -1.0790069) * t +
+            +5038.481507) * t
+
+        # Precession in declination
+        omega_a = ((((
+          +0.0000003337 * t +
+          -0.000000467) * t +
+          -0.00772503) * t +
+          +0.0512623) * t +
+          -0.025754) * t +
+          eps0
+
+        # Precession of the ecliptic
+        chi_a = ((((
+          -0.0000000560 * t +
+          +0.000170663) * t +
+          -0.00121197) * t +
+          -2.3814292) * t +
+          +10.556403) * t
+
+        psi_a = Angle.from_degree_arcseconds(psi_a)
+        omega_a = Angle.from_degree_arcseconds(omega_a)
+        chi_a = Angle.from_degree_arcseconds(chi_a)
+
+        r3_psi = rotation_z(-psi_a)
+        r1_omega = rotation_x(-omega_a)
+        r3_chi = rotation_z(chi_a)
+        r1_eps0 = rotation_x(MeanObliquity.obliquity_of_reference)
+
+        r3_chi * r1_omega * r3_psi * r1_eps0
+      end
     end
 
-    def initialize(coordinates, epoch)
-      @coordinates = coordinates
-      @epoch = epoch
+    def rotation_x(angle)
+      c, s = angle.cos, angle.sin
+      Matrix[
+        [1, 0, 0],
+        [0, c, s],
+        [0, -s, c]
+      ]
+    end
+
+    def rotation_z(angle)
+      c, s = angle.cos, angle.sin
+      Matrix[
+        [c, s, 0],
+        [-s, c, 0],
+        [0, 0, 1]
+      ]
     end
 
     # Source:
@@ -18,14 +78,19 @@ module Astronoby
     #  Authors: Peter Duffett-Smith and Jonathan Zwart
     #  Edition: Cambridge University Press
     #  Chapter: 34 - Precession
-    def precess
-      matrix_a = matrix_for_epoch(@coordinates.epoch)
-      matrix_b = matrix_for_epoch(@epoch).transpose
+
+    def self.for_equatorial_coordinates(coordinates:, epoch:)
+      precess(coordinates, epoch)
+    end
+
+    def self.precess(coordinates, epoch)
+      matrix_a = matrix_for_epoch(coordinates.epoch)
+      matrix_b = matrix_for_epoch(epoch).transpose
 
       vector = Vector[
-        @coordinates.right_ascension.cos * @coordinates.declination.cos,
-        @coordinates.right_ascension.sin * @coordinates.declination.cos,
-        @coordinates.declination.sin
+        coordinates.right_ascension.cos * coordinates.declination.cos,
+        coordinates.right_ascension.sin * coordinates.declination.cos,
+        coordinates.declination.sin
       ]
 
       s = matrix_a * vector
@@ -38,14 +103,12 @@ module Astronoby
           Angle.atan(w[1] / w[0])
         ),
         declination: Angle.asin(w[2]),
-        epoch: @epoch
+        epoch: epoch
       )
     end
 
-    private
-
-    def matrix_for_epoch(epoch)
-      t = (epoch - Epoch::DEFAULT_EPOCH) / Constants::DAYS_PER_JULIAN_CENTURY
+    def self.matrix_for_epoch(epoch)
+      t = (epoch - JulianDate::DEFAULT_EPOCH) / Constants::DAYS_PER_JULIAN_CENTURY
 
       zeta = Angle.from_degrees(
         0.6406161 * t + 0.0000839 * t * t + 0.000005 * t * t * t
@@ -82,5 +145,26 @@ module Astronoby
         ]
       ]
     end
+
+    private
+
+    def cache_key
+      @_cache_key ||= CacheKey.generate(:precession, @instant)
+    end
+
+    def cache
+      Astronoby.cache
+    end
+
+    def t
+      @t ||= Rational(
+        @instant.tdb - JulianDate::DEFAULT_EPOCH,
+        Constants::DAYS_PER_JULIAN_CENTURY
+      )
+    end
+
+    def eps0
+      @eps0 ||= MeanObliquity.obliquity_of_reference_in_arcseconds
+    end
   end
 end

data/lib/astronoby/reference_frame.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Astronoby
+  class ReferenceFrame
+    attr_reader :position,
+      :velocity,
+      :instant,
+      :center_identifier,
+      :target_body
+
+    def initialize(
+      position:,
+      velocity:,
+      instant:,
+      center_identifier:,
+      target_body:
+    )
+      @position = position
+      @velocity = velocity
+      @instant = instant
+      @center_identifier = center_identifier
+      @target_body = target_body
+    end
+
+    def equatorial
+      @equatorial ||= begin
+        return Coordinates::Equatorial.zero if distance.zero?
+
+        Coordinates::Equatorial.from_position_vector(@position)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def ecliptic
+      @ecliptic ||= begin
+        return Coordinates::Ecliptic.zero if distance.zero?
+
+        j2000 = Instant.from_terrestrial_time(JulianDate::J2000)
+        equatorial.to_ecliptic(instant: j2000)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def distance
+      @distance ||= begin
+        return Distance.zero if @position.zero?
+
+        @position.magnitude
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/astronoby/reference_frames/apparent.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Astronoby
+  class Apparent < ReferenceFrame
+    def self.build_from_astrometric(
+      instant:,
+      target_astrometric:,
+      earth_geometric:,
+      target_body:
+    )
+      position = target_astrometric.position
+      velocity = target_astrometric.velocity
+      precession_matrix = Precession.matrix_for(instant)
+      nutation_matrix = Nutation.matrix_for(instant)
+
+      corrected_position = Distance.vector_from_meters(
+        precession_matrix * nutation_matrix * position.map(&:m)
+      )
+      corrected_position = Aberration.new(
+        astrometric_position: corrected_position,
+        observer_velocity: earth_geometric.velocity
+      ).corrected_position
+      # In theory, here we should also apply light deflection. However, so far
+      # the deflection algorithm hasn't shown any significant changes to the
+      # apparent position. Therefore, for now, we are saving some computation
+      # time by not applying it, and we will investigate if the algorithm is
+      # correct or if the deflection is indeed negligible.
+
+      corrected_velocity = Velocity.vector_from_mps(
+        precession_matrix * nutation_matrix * velocity.map(&:mps)
+      )
+
+      new(
+        position: corrected_position,
+        velocity: corrected_velocity,
+        instant: instant,
+        center_identifier: SolarSystemBody::EARTH,
+        target_body: target_body
+      )
+    end
+
+    def ecliptic
+      @ecliptic ||= begin
+        return Coordinates::Ecliptic.zero if distance.zero?
+
+        equatorial.to_ecliptic(instant: @instant)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def angular_diameter
+      @angular_radius ||= begin
+        return Angle.zero if @position.zero?
+
+        Angle.from_radians(
+          Math.atan(@target_body.class::EQUATORIAL_RADIUS.m / distance.m) * 2
+        )
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/astronoby/reference_frames/astrometric.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Astronoby
+  class Astrometric < ReferenceFrame
+    def self.build_from_geometric(
+      instant:,
+      earth_geometric:,
+      light_time_corrected_position:,
+      light_time_corrected_velocity:,
+      target_body:
+    )
+      new(
+        position: light_time_corrected_position - earth_geometric.position,
+        velocity: light_time_corrected_velocity - earth_geometric.velocity,
+        instant: instant,
+        center_identifier: SolarSystemBody::EARTH,
+        target_body: target_body
+      )
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/astronoby/reference_frames/geometric.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Astronoby
+  class Geometric < ReferenceFrame
+    def initialize(
+      position:,
+      velocity:,
+      instant:,
+      target_body:
+    )
+      super(
+        position: position,
+        velocity: velocity,
+        instant: instant,
+        center_identifier: SolarSystemBody::SOLAR_SYSTEM_BARYCENTER,
+        target_body: target_body
+      )
+    end
+  end
+end