aspose_pdf_cloud 20.7.0 → 21.9.0

data/test_data/TexExample.tex

@@ -1,305 +1,305 @@
-%% Introduction to latex facilities.
-%% Sat 31 Dec 2005
-%% Stephen Eglen.
-
-%% Text following a percent sign (%) until the end of line is treated
-%% as a comment.
-
-\documentclass{article}
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%% This section is called the preamble, where we can specify which
-%% latex packages we required.  Most (but not of all) of the packages
-%% below should be fairly standard in most latex documents.  The
-%% exception is xspace and the new \latex command, which you probably
-%% do not need.
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-%% Better math support:
-\usepackage{amsmath}
-
-%% Bibliography style:
-\usepackage{mathptmx}           % Use the Times font.
-\usepackage{graphicx}           % Needed for including graphics.
-\usepackage{url}                % Facility for activating URLs.
-
-%% Set the paper size to be A4, with a 2cm margin 
-%% all around the page.
-\usepackage[a4paper,margin=2cm]{geometry}
-
-%% Natbib is a popular style for formatting references.
-\usepackage{natbib}
-%% bibpunct sets the punctuation used for formatting citations.
-\bibpunct{(}{)}{;}{a}{,}{,}
-
-%% textcomp provides extra control sequences for accessing text symbols:
-\usepackage{textcomp}
-\newcommand*{\micro}{\textmu}
-%% Here, we define the \micro command to print a text "mu".
-%% "\newcommand" returns an error if "\micro" is already defined.
-
-%% This is an example of a new macro that I've created to save me
-%% having to type \LaTeX each time.  The xspace command provides space
-%% after the word LaTeX where appropriate.
-\usepackage{xspace}
-\providecommand*{\latex}{\LaTeX\xspace}
-%% "\providecommand" does nothing if "\latex" is already defined.
-
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%% Start of the document.
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-\begin{document}
-
-\author{Stephen J. Eglen\\
-  Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics\\
-  University of Cambridge\\
-  Wilberforce Road\\
-  Cambridge CB3 0WA  U.K.}
-\date{\today}
-\title{A short example of how to use \latex for scientific reports}
-\maketitle
-
-\begin{abstract}
-  The purpose of this short document is to provide a brief overview of
-  the facilities that \latex offers for formatting scientific reports.
-  Furthermore, the source files for regenerating this report are
-  freely available so that users can easily start writing their own
-  reports using \latex.
-\end{abstract}
-
-\section{Introduction}
-
-\latex is a typesetting program; given an input file with formatting
-instructions (e.g intro.tex), the program will create your document in
-one of several formats (DVI, Postscript or PDF).  It is therefore not
-a WYSIWYG word processor.  \latex is known as a logical markup
-language, similar for example to HTML, so that you describe a piece of
-text as a ``section heading'' rather than saying that it should be
-formatted in a certain way.  It has excellent facilities for
-typesetting mathematics, and handles large documents (such as theses)
-well.  The aim of this document is not to provide an overview of
-\latex, since many other guides have already been written (see
-Section~\ref{sec:summary}).  Instead, it has been written primarily to
-provide simple workable examples that you can cut and paste to help
-you get started with \latex.  The examples have been selected to be
-those most likely to be useful when writing a scientific report.  This
-document is best read by comparing the source code with the resulting
-output.
-
-\section{Running \latex}
-
-The files to accompany this paper are at:
-\url{http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/eglen/texintro}.  Get the
-following files and put them into a new directory.
-
-\begin{enumerate}
-\item \url{intro.tex}: the main \latex document.
-\item \url{example.bib}: a short bibliography.
-\item \url{sigmoid.ps}: example postscript image.
-\item \url{sigmoid.pdf}: example PDF image.
-\end{enumerate}
-
-Change directory to where you stored the files and type the
-following (ignoring comments placed after \#\#):
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-latex intro                     ## Run latex 1st time.
-bibtex intro                    ## Extract required references
-latex intro                     ## Run latex 2nd to resolve references.
-latex intro                     ## Probably need to run latex a 3rd time.
-xdvi intro                      ## View the DVI (device independent) file.
-dvips -o intro.ps intro         ## Create a postscript file for printing.
-\end{verbatim}
-
-You will notice that you run latex several times here; this is so that
-references can be resolved, and references can be extracted from your
-bibtex file.  After running latex, you will be told if you need to run
-it again to resolve references.  After a while, you will get the idea
-of how many times you need to run latex to resolve all your
-references.
-
-If instead you would like to generate PDF files (see
-Section~\ref{sec:graphics} for a discussion of file formats for
-included images), you can try the following shorter sequence:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-pdflatex intro
-bibtex intro
-pdflatex intro
-pdflatex intro
-xpdf intro.pdf                  ## View the resulting PDF
-\end{verbatim}
-
-Whether you prefer to generate DVI or PDF is up to you.  The xdvi
-viewer has some nice features, such as it can reload your document
-easily and has a ``magnifying glass'' that is activated by the mouse.
-On the other hand, xpdf will display the document more accurately as 
-it will be printed.
-
-\section{Tables}
-
-Tables are relatively straightforward to generate.  Note that tables
-and figures are not always placed exactly where you wish, as
-they can \textit{float} to other parts of the document.  Rather than
-trying to battle with \latex as to where they are placed, concentrate
-first on getting the right content and let \latex worry about the
-positioning.  Instead, use labels to your tables to refer to them.
-See Table~\ref{tab:simple} and Table~\ref{tab:pars} for examples.
-
-\begin{table}
-  \centering
-  \begin{tabular}{ccc}
-    year & min temp (\textdegree C) & max temp (\textdegree C)\\ 
-    \hline
-    1970 & $-5$ & 35\\
-    1975 & $-7$ & 29\\
-    1980 & $-3$ & 30\\
-    1985 & $-2$ & 32\\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \caption{Fictional minimal and maximal temperatures recorded in
-    Cambridge over several years.}
-  \label{tab:simple}
-\end{table}
-%% Why are the negative numbers above enclosed in math mode?
-%% Hint: consider the difference between "-" in text and in math.
-
-\begin{table}[htbp]
-  \centering
-  \begin{tabular}{lccc}\\ \hline
-              & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$\phi$ (\micro m)}
-              & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$\alpha$}
-              & $\delta_{12}$ (\micro m)\\ \hline
-    W81S1\\
-    $h_{11}(u)$  & 67.94 & 7.81\\
-    $h_{22}(u)$  & 66.27 & 5.40\\
-    $h_{12}(u)$  &       &     &18\\
-    \hline
-    M623\\
-    $h_{11}(u)$  &112.79 &  3.05\\
-    $h_{22}(u)$  & 65.46 &  8.11\\
-    $h_{12}(u)$  &       &      &20\\
-        \hline
-  \end{tabular}
-  \caption{Summary of parameter estimates for the univariate
-    functions $h_{11}(u)$, $h_{22}(u)$ and the bivariate function
-    $h_{12}(u)$.  For the univariate fits, $\alpha$ and $\phi$ are 
-    least-square estimates (assuming $\delta$ was fixed at 15 \micro m).
-    The final column gives the
-    maximum likelihood estimate of $\delta_{12}$ assuming that the
-    interaction between types is simple inhibition.
-    \label{tab:pars}}
-\end{table}
-
-
-\section{Bibliography management}
-
-Scientific reports normally require a section where your references
-are listed.  Bibtex is an excellent system for maintaining references,
-especially for large documents.  Each reference needs a unique key;
-you can then refer to the reference in your \latex document by using
-this key within a cite command.
-
-Take care when formatting your references, especially when it comes to
-writing authors names and the case of letters in journal titles.  In
-our examples, the files are found in \url{example.bib}.  As an example
-of a citation, see \citep{ihaka1996} or \citep{ihaka1996,venables1999}.
-
-Bibtex is flexible enough to format your references in a wide number
-of different styles to suit your needs.  In this file I have used the
-``natbib'' package, which is suitable for the natural sciences.
-Depending on the type of cite command you get (and the package that
-you use for citations), you can get different styles of citation.  See
-Table~\ref{tab:cite} for some examples.
-
-\begin{table}
-  \centering
-  \begin{tabular}{ll}
-    \hline
-    command & result\\ \hline
-    \verb+\citep{ihaka1996}+ & \citep{ihaka1996}\\
-    \verb+\citet{ihaka1996}+ & \citet{ihaka1996}\\
-    \verb+\citep[see][p. 300]{ihaka1996}+ &
-    \citep[see][p. 300]{ihaka1996}
-    \\
-    \verb+\citeauthor{ihaka1996}+ & \citeauthor{ihaka1996}
-    \\
-    \verb+\citeyear{ihaka1996}+ & \citeyear{ihaka1996}
-    \\
-    \hline
-  \end{tabular}
-  \caption{Examples of different citation commands available in the
-    natbib package.}
-  \label{tab:cite}
-\end{table}
-
-
-\section{Graphics}
-\label{sec:graphics}
-
-\latex can include images in one of several format, depending on
-whether you use latex (postscript format required) or pdflatex (either
-jpeg, png or pdf required).  Figures can be included either at their
-natural size, or you can specify e.g. the figure width.
-Figure~\ref{fig:example} shows an example image which intentionally
-looks slightly different depending on whether you compile the document
-with latex or pdflatex.  Note that in this example the suffix of the
-image file is not included so that this document compiles under both
-latex and pdflatex.
-
-\begin{figure}
-  \centering
-  \includegraphics[width=6cm]{sigmoid}
-  \caption{Example of a sigmoidal curve generated by the R programming
-    environment.  The title above the curve indicates whether you have
-  included the postscript or the pdf version of the figure.}
-  \label{fig:example}
-\end{figure}
-
-\section{Mathematics}
-
-\latex can format mathematics with ease, either in line, such as 
-$x \times y$, or on separate lines, such as:
-\[ x^2 +y^2 = z^2 \]
-
-If you are writing several lines of equations, you can use statements
-like the following:
-
-\begin{align}
-  b(t) & = s(t) - \int_{0}^{T} a(t') \cdot i(T-t') dt'
-  \\
-  a(t) & = \int_{0}^{T} b(t) \cdot e(T-t') dt' \label{eq:am}
-  \\
-  g(t) & = b(t) \ast e(t) \nonumber
-\end{align}
-
-By using labels on certain equations, we can refer to equations by
-number, such as equation~(\ref{eq:am}).
-
-\section{Summary}
-\label{sec:summary}
-This short guide should give you a flavour of what can be done with
-\latex.  It is by no means complete, or supposed to be
-self-explanatory.  It is, however, hopefully enough to get you
-started!  Try experimenting by editing the source file and then
-recompiling this document.  As mentioned earlier, there are many
-guides for latex.  Two that I can recommend are
-\url{http://www.andy-roberts.net/misc/latex/index.html} and 
-`` The (Not So) Short Introduction to LaTeX2e''
-(\url{http://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/lshort.pdf}).
-
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%% Finally we specify the format required for our references and the
-%% name of the bibtex file where our references should be taken from.
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-\bibliographystyle{plainnat}
-\bibliography{example}
-
-\end{document}
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%% The end.
+%% Introduction to latex facilities.
+%% Sat 31 Dec 2005
+%% Stephen Eglen.
+
+%% Text following a percent sign (%) until the end of line is treated
+%% as a comment.
+
+\documentclass{article}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% This section is called the preamble, where we can specify which
+%% latex packages we required.  Most (but not of all) of the packages
+%% below should be fairly standard in most latex documents.  The
+%% exception is xspace and the new \latex command, which you probably
+%% do not need.
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+%% Better math support:
+\usepackage{amsmath}
+
+%% Bibliography style:
+\usepackage{mathptmx}           % Use the Times font.
+\usepackage{graphicx}           % Needed for including graphics.
+\usepackage{url}                % Facility for activating URLs.
+
+%% Set the paper size to be A4, with a 2cm margin 
+%% all around the page.
+\usepackage[a4paper,margin=2cm]{geometry}
+
+%% Natbib is a popular style for formatting references.
+\usepackage{natbib}
+%% bibpunct sets the punctuation used for formatting citations.
+\bibpunct{(}{)}{;}{a}{,}{,}
+
+%% textcomp provides extra control sequences for accessing text symbols:
+\usepackage{textcomp}
+\newcommand*{\micro}{\textmu}
+%% Here, we define the \micro command to print a text "mu".
+%% "\newcommand" returns an error if "\micro" is already defined.
+
+%% This is an example of a new macro that I've created to save me
+%% having to type \LaTeX each time.  The xspace command provides space
+%% after the word LaTeX where appropriate.
+\usepackage{xspace}
+\providecommand*{\latex}{\LaTeX\xspace}
+%% "\providecommand" does nothing if "\latex" is already defined.
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% Start of the document.
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\author{Stephen J. Eglen\\
+  Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics\\
+  University of Cambridge\\
+  Wilberforce Road\\
+  Cambridge CB3 0WA  U.K.}
+\date{\today}
+\title{A short example of how to use \latex for scientific reports}
+\maketitle
+
+\begin{abstract}
+  The purpose of this short document is to provide a brief overview of
+  the facilities that \latex offers for formatting scientific reports.
+  Furthermore, the source files for regenerating this report are
+  freely available so that users can easily start writing their own
+  reports using \latex.
+\end{abstract}
+
+\section{Introduction}
+
+\latex is a typesetting program; given an input file with formatting
+instructions (e.g intro.tex), the program will create your document in
+one of several formats (DVI, Postscript or PDF).  It is therefore not
+a WYSIWYG word processor.  \latex is known as a logical markup
+language, similar for example to HTML, so that you describe a piece of
+text as a ``section heading'' rather than saying that it should be
+formatted in a certain way.  It has excellent facilities for
+typesetting mathematics, and handles large documents (such as theses)
+well.  The aim of this document is not to provide an overview of
+\latex, since many other guides have already been written (see
+Section~\ref{sec:summary}).  Instead, it has been written primarily to
+provide simple workable examples that you can cut and paste to help
+you get started with \latex.  The examples have been selected to be
+those most likely to be useful when writing a scientific report.  This
+document is best read by comparing the source code with the resulting
+output.
+
+\section{Running \latex}
+
+The files to accompany this paper are at:
+\url{http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/eglen/texintro}.  Get the
+following files and put them into a new directory.
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item \url{intro.tex}: the main \latex document.
+\item \url{example.bib}: a short bibliography.
+\item \url{sigmoid.ps}: example postscript image.
+\item \url{sigmoid.pdf}: example PDF image.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+Change directory to where you stored the files and type the
+following (ignoring comments placed after \#\#):
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+latex intro                     ## Run latex 1st time.
+bibtex intro                    ## Extract required references
+latex intro                     ## Run latex 2nd to resolve references.
+latex intro                     ## Probably need to run latex a 3rd time.
+xdvi intro                      ## View the DVI (device independent) file.
+dvips -o intro.ps intro         ## Create a postscript file for printing.
+\end{verbatim}
+
+You will notice that you run latex several times here; this is so that
+references can be resolved, and references can be extracted from your
+bibtex file.  After running latex, you will be told if you need to run
+it again to resolve references.  After a while, you will get the idea
+of how many times you need to run latex to resolve all your
+references.
+
+If instead you would like to generate PDF files (see
+Section~\ref{sec:graphics} for a discussion of file formats for
+included images), you can try the following shorter sequence:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+pdflatex intro
+bibtex intro
+pdflatex intro
+pdflatex intro
+xpdf intro.pdf                  ## View the resulting PDF
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Whether you prefer to generate DVI or PDF is up to you.  The xdvi
+viewer has some nice features, such as it can reload your document
+easily and has a ``magnifying glass'' that is activated by the mouse.
+On the other hand, xpdf will display the document more accurately as 
+it will be printed.
+
+\section{Tables}
+
+Tables are relatively straightforward to generate.  Note that tables
+and figures are not always placed exactly where you wish, as
+they can \textit{float} to other parts of the document.  Rather than
+trying to battle with \latex as to where they are placed, concentrate
+first on getting the right content and let \latex worry about the
+positioning.  Instead, use labels to your tables to refer to them.
+See Table~\ref{tab:simple} and Table~\ref{tab:pars} for examples.
+
+\begin{table}
+  \centering
+  \begin{tabular}{ccc}
+    year & min temp (\textdegree C) & max temp (\textdegree C)\\ 
+    \hline
+    1970 & $-5$ & 35\\
+    1975 & $-7$ & 29\\
+    1980 & $-3$ & 30\\
+    1985 & $-2$ & 32\\
+  \end{tabular}
+  \caption{Fictional minimal and maximal temperatures recorded in
+    Cambridge over several years.}
+  \label{tab:simple}
+\end{table}
+%% Why are the negative numbers above enclosed in math mode?
+%% Hint: consider the difference between "-" in text and in math.
+
+\begin{table}[htbp]
+  \centering
+  \begin{tabular}{lccc}\\ \hline
+              & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$\phi$ (\micro m)}
+              & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$\alpha$}
+              & $\delta_{12}$ (\micro m)\\ \hline
+    W81S1\\
+    $h_{11}(u)$  & 67.94 & 7.81\\
+    $h_{22}(u)$  & 66.27 & 5.40\\
+    $h_{12}(u)$  &       &     &18\\
+    \hline
+    M623\\
+    $h_{11}(u)$  &112.79 &  3.05\\
+    $h_{22}(u)$  & 65.46 &  8.11\\
+    $h_{12}(u)$  &       &      &20\\
+        \hline
+  \end{tabular}
+  \caption{Summary of parameter estimates for the univariate
+    functions $h_{11}(u)$, $h_{22}(u)$ and the bivariate function
+    $h_{12}(u)$.  For the univariate fits, $\alpha$ and $\phi$ are 
+    least-square estimates (assuming $\delta$ was fixed at 15 \micro m).
+    The final column gives the
+    maximum likelihood estimate of $\delta_{12}$ assuming that the
+    interaction between types is simple inhibition.
+    \label{tab:pars}}
+\end{table}
+
+
+\section{Bibliography management}
+
+Scientific reports normally require a section where your references
+are listed.  Bibtex is an excellent system for maintaining references,
+especially for large documents.  Each reference needs a unique key;
+you can then refer to the reference in your \latex document by using
+this key within a cite command.
+
+Take care when formatting your references, especially when it comes to
+writing authors names and the case of letters in journal titles.  In
+our examples, the files are found in \url{example.bib}.  As an example
+of a citation, see \citep{ihaka1996} or \citep{ihaka1996,venables1999}.
+
+Bibtex is flexible enough to format your references in a wide number
+of different styles to suit your needs.  In this file I have used the
+``natbib'' package, which is suitable for the natural sciences.
+Depending on the type of cite command you get (and the package that
+you use for citations), you can get different styles of citation.  See
+Table~\ref{tab:cite} for some examples.
+
+\begin{table}
+  \centering
+  \begin{tabular}{ll}
+    \hline
+    command & result\\ \hline
+    \verb+\citep{ihaka1996}+ & \citep{ihaka1996}\\
+    \verb+\citet{ihaka1996}+ & \citet{ihaka1996}\\
+    \verb+\citep[see][p. 300]{ihaka1996}+ &
+    \citep[see][p. 300]{ihaka1996}
+    \\
+    \verb+\citeauthor{ihaka1996}+ & \citeauthor{ihaka1996}
+    \\
+    \verb+\citeyear{ihaka1996}+ & \citeyear{ihaka1996}
+    \\
+    \hline
+  \end{tabular}
+  \caption{Examples of different citation commands available in the
+    natbib package.}
+  \label{tab:cite}
+\end{table}
+
+
+\section{Graphics}
+\label{sec:graphics}
+
+\latex can include images in one of several format, depending on
+whether you use latex (postscript format required) or pdflatex (either
+jpeg, png or pdf required).  Figures can be included either at their
+natural size, or you can specify e.g. the figure width.
+Figure~\ref{fig:example} shows an example image which intentionally
+looks slightly different depending on whether you compile the document
+with latex or pdflatex.  Note that in this example the suffix of the
+image file is not included so that this document compiles under both
+latex and pdflatex.
+
+\begin{figure}
+  \centering
+  \includegraphics[width=6cm]{sigmoid}
+  \caption{Example of a sigmoidal curve generated by the R programming
+    environment.  The title above the curve indicates whether you have
+  included the postscript or the pdf version of the figure.}
+  \label{fig:example}
+\end{figure}
+
+\section{Mathematics}
+
+\latex can format mathematics with ease, either in line, such as 
+$x \times y$, or on separate lines, such as:
+\[ x^2 +y^2 = z^2 \]
+
+If you are writing several lines of equations, you can use statements
+like the following:
+
+\begin{align}
+  b(t) & = s(t) - \int_{0}^{T} a(t') \cdot i(T-t') dt'
+  \\
+  a(t) & = \int_{0}^{T} b(t) \cdot e(T-t') dt' \label{eq:am}
+  \\
+  g(t) & = b(t) \ast e(t) \nonumber
+\end{align}
+
+By using labels on certain equations, we can refer to equations by
+number, such as equation~(\ref{eq:am}).
+
+\section{Summary}
+\label{sec:summary}
+This short guide should give you a flavour of what can be done with
+\latex.  It is by no means complete, or supposed to be
+self-explanatory.  It is, however, hopefully enough to get you
+started!  Try experimenting by editing the source file and then
+recompiling this document.  As mentioned earlier, there are many
+guides for latex.  Two that I can recommend are
+\url{http://www.andy-roberts.net/misc/latex/index.html} and 
+`` The (Not So) Short Introduction to LaTeX2e''
+(\url{http://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/lshort.pdf}).
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% Finally we specify the format required for our references and the
+%% name of the bibtex file where our references should be taken from.
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\bibliographystyle{plainnat}
+\bibliography{example}
+
+\end{document}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% The end.
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%