asciidoctor-pdf 1.5.0.alpha.16 → 1.5.0

data/lib/asciidoctor/pdf/converter.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,4489 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative 'formatted_text'
+require_relative 'index_catalog'
+require_relative 'pdfmark'
+require_relative 'roman_numeral'
+
+autoload :StringIO, 'stringio'
+autoload :Tempfile, 'tempfile'
+
+module Asciidoctor
+  module PDF
+    class Converter < ::Prawn::Document
+      include ::Asciidoctor::Converter
+      include ::Asciidoctor::Logging
+      include ::Asciidoctor::Writer
+      include ::Asciidoctor::Prawn::Extensions
+
+      register_for 'pdf'
+
+      attr_reader :allow_uri_read
+
+      attr_reader :cache_uri
+
+      attr_reader :theme
+
+      attr_reader :text_decoration_width
+
+      # NOTE require_library doesn't support require_relative and we don't modify the load path for this gem
+      CodeRayRequirePath = ::File.join __dir__, 'ext/prawn/coderay_encoder'
+      RougeRequirePath = ::File.join __dir__, 'ext/rouge'
+      PygmentsRequirePath = ::File.join __dir__, 'ext/pygments'
+      OptimizerRequirePath = ::File.join __dir__, 'optimizer'
+
+      AsciidoctorVersion = ::Gem::Version.create ::Asciidoctor::VERSION
+      AdmonitionIcons = {
+        caution: { name: 'fas-fire', stroke_color: 'BF3400', size: 24 },
+        important: { name: 'fas-exclamation-circle', stroke_color: 'BF0000', size: 24 },
+        note: { name: 'fas-info-circle', stroke_color: '19407C', size: 24 },
+        tip: { name: 'far-lightbulb', stroke_color: '111111', size: 24 },
+        warning: { name: 'fas-exclamation-triangle', stroke_color: 'BF6900', size: 24 },
+      }
+      TextAlignmentNames = %w(justify left center right)
+      TextAlignmentRoles = %w(text-justify text-left text-center text-right)
+      TextDecorationStyleTable = { 'underline' => :underline, 'line-through' => :strikethrough }
+      FontKerningTable = { 'normal' => true, 'none' => false }
+      BlockAlignmentNames = %w(left center right)
+      AlignmentTable = { '<' => :left, '=' => :center, '>' => :right }
+      ColumnPositions = [:left, :center, :right]
+      PageLayouts = [:portrait, :landscape]
+      (PageModes = {
+        'fullscreen' => [:FullScreen, :UseOutlines],
+        'fullscreen none' => [:FullScreen, :UseNone],
+        'fullscreen outline' => [:FullScreen, :UseOutlines],
+        'fullscreen thumbs' => [:FullScreen, :UseThumbs],
+        'none' => :UseNone,
+        'outline' => :UseOutlines,
+        'thumbs' => :UseThumbs,
+      }).default = :UseOutlines
+      PageSides = [:recto, :verso]
+      (PDFVersions = { '1.3' => 1.3, '1.4' => 1.4, '1.5' => 1.5, '1.6' => 1.6, '1.7' => 1.7 }).default = 1.4
+      AuthorAttributeNames = %w(author authorinitials firstname middlename lastname email)
+      LF = ?\n
+      DoubleLF = LF * 2
+      TAB = ?\t
+      InnerIndent = LF + ' '
+      # a no-break space is used to replace a leading space to prevent Prawn from trimming indentation
+      # a leading zero-width space can't be used as it gets dropped when calculating the line width
+      GuardedIndent = ?\u00a0
+      GuardedInnerIndent = LF + GuardedIndent
+      TabRx = /\t/
+      TabIndentRx = /^\t+/
+      NoBreakSpace = ?\u00a0
+      ZeroWidthSpace = ?\u200b
+      DummyText = ?\u0000
+      DotLeaderTextDefault = '. '
+      EmDash = ?\u2014
+      RightPointer = ?\u25ba
+      LowercaseGreekA = ?\u03b1
+      Bullets = {
+        disc: ?\u2022,
+        circle: ?\u25e6,
+        square: ?\u25aa,
+        none: '',
+      }
+      # NOTE Default theme font uses ballot boxes from FontAwesome
+      BallotBox = {
+        checked: ?\u2611,
+        unchecked: ?\u2610,
+      }
+      ConumSets = {
+        'circled' => (?\u2460..?\u2473).to_a,
+        'filled' => (?\u2776..?\u277f).to_a + (?\u24eb..?\u24f4).to_a,
+      }
+      SimpleAttributeRefRx = /(?<!\\)\{\w+(?:[\-]\w+)*\}/
+      MeasurementRxt = '\\d+(?:\\.\\d+)?(?:in|cm|mm|p[txc])?'
+      MeasurementPartsRx = /^(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)(in|mm|cm|p[txc])?$/
+      PageSizeRx = /^(?:\[(#{MeasurementRxt}), ?(#{MeasurementRxt})\]|(#{MeasurementRxt})(?: x |x)(#{MeasurementRxt})|\S+)$/
+      CalloutExtractRx = /(?:(?:\/\/|#|--|;;) ?)?(\\)?<!?(|--)(\d+|\.)\2> ?(?=(?:\\?<!?\2(?:\d+|\.)\2>)*$)/
+      ImageAttributeValueRx = /^image:{1,2}(.*?)\[(.*?)\]$/
+      StopPunctRx = /[.!?;:]$/
+      UriBreakCharsRx = /(?:\/|\?|&amp;|#)(?!$)/
+      UriBreakCharRepl = %(\\&#{ZeroWidthSpace})
+      UriSchemeBoundaryRx = /(?<=:\/\/)/
+      LineScanRx = /\n|.+/
+      BlankLineRx = /\n{2,}/
+      CjkLineBreakRx = /(?=[\u3000\u30a0-\u30ff\u3040-\u309f\p{Han}\uff00-\uffef])/
+      WhitespaceChars = ' ' + TAB + LF
+      ValueSeparatorRx = /;|,/
+      HexColorRx = /^#[a-fA-F0-9]{6}$/
+      SourceHighlighters = %w(coderay pygments rouge).to_set
+      ViewportWidth = ::Module.new
+      (TitleStyles = {
+        'toc' => [:numbered_title],
+        'basic' => [:title],
+      }).default = [:numbered_title, formal: true]
+
+      def initialize backend, opts
+        super
+        basebackend 'html'
+        filetype 'pdf'
+        htmlsyntax 'html'
+        outfilesuffix '.pdf'
+        if (doc = opts[:document])
+          # NOTE enabling data-uri forces Asciidoctor Diagram to produce absolute image paths
+          doc.attributes['data-uri'] = ((doc.instance_variable_get :@attribute_overrides) || {})['data-uri'] = ''
+        end
+        @capabilities = {
+          special_sectnums: AsciidoctorVersion >= (::Gem::Version.create '1.5.7'),
+          syntax_highlighter: AsciidoctorVersion >= (::Gem::Version.create '2.0.0'),
+        }
+        @initial_instance_variables = [:@initial_instance_variables] + instance_variables
+      end
+
+      def convert node, name = nil, _opts = {}
+        method_name = %(convert_#{name ||= node.node_name})
+        if respond_to? method_name
+          result = send method_name, node
+        else
+          # TODO: delegate to convert_method_missing
+          logger.warn %(conversion missing in backend #{@backend} for #{name}) unless scratch?
+        end
+        # NOTE: inline nodes generate pseudo-HTML strings; the remainder write directly to PDF object
+        ::Asciidoctor::Inline === node ? result : self
+      end
+
+      def traverse node, opts = {}
+        # NOTE converter instance in scratch document gets duplicated; must be rewired to this one
+        if self == (prev_converter = node.document.converter)
+          prev_converter = nil
+        else
+          node.document.instance_variable_set :@converter, self
+        end
+        if node.blocks?
+          node.content
+        elsif node.content_model != :compound && (string = node.content)
+          # TODO: this content could be cached on repeat invocations!
+          layout_prose string, (opts.merge hyphenate: true)
+        end
+        node.document.instance_variable_set :@converter, prev_converter if prev_converter
+      end
+
+      def convert_document doc
+        init_pdf doc
+        # set default value for pagenums if not otherwise set
+        doc.attributes['pagenums'] = '' unless (doc.attribute_locked? 'pagenums') || ((doc.instance_variable_get :@attributes_modified).include? 'pagenums')
+        if (idx_sect = doc.sections.find {|candidate| candidate.sectname == 'index' }) && idx_sect.numbered
+          idx_sect.numbered = false
+        end unless @capabilities[:special_sectnums]
+        #assign_missing_section_ids doc
+
+        # promote anonymous preface (defined using preamble block) to preface section
+        # FIXME: this should be done in core
+        if doc.doctype == 'book' && (blk0 = doc.blocks[0]) && blk0.context == :preamble && blk0.title? &&
+            !blk0.title.nil_or_empty? && blk0.blocks[0].style != 'abstract' && (blk1 = doc.blocks[1]) && blk1.context == :section
+          preface = Section.new doc, blk1.level, false, attributes: { 1 => 'preface', 'style' => 'preface' }
+          preface.special = true
+          preface.sectname = 'preface'
+          preface.title = blk0.instance_variable_get :@title
+          # QUESTION should ID be generated from raw or converted title? core is not clear about this
+          preface.id = preface.generate_id
+          preface.blocks.replace blk0.blocks.map {|b| (b.parent = preface) && b }
+          doc.blocks[0] = preface
+          blk0 = blk1 = preface = nil # rubocop:disable Lint/UselessAssignment
+        end
+
+        on_page_create(&(method :init_page))
+
+        marked_page_number = page_number
+        # NOTE: a new page will already be started (page_number = 2) if the front cover image is a PDF
+        layout_cover_page doc, :front
+        has_front_cover = page_number > marked_page_number
+
+        if (use_title_page = doc.doctype == 'book' || (doc.attr? 'title-page'))
+          layout_title_page doc
+          has_title_page = page_number == (has_front_cover ? 2 : 1)
+        end
+
+        @page_margin_by_side[:cover] = @page_margin_by_side[:recto] if @media == 'prepress' && page_number == 0
+
+        # NOTE: font must be set before content is written to the main or scratch document
+        start_new_page unless page.empty?
+        font @theme.base_font_family, size: @root_font_size, style: (@theme.base_font_style || :normal).to_sym
+
+        unless use_title_page
+          body_start_page_number = page_number
+          theme_font :heading, level: 1 do
+            layout_heading doc.doctitle, align: (@theme.heading_h1_align || :center).to_sym, level: 1
+          end if doc.header? && !doc.notitle
+        end
+
+        num_front_matter_pages = toc_page_nums = toc_num_levels = nil
+
+        indent_section do
+          toc_num_levels = (doc.attr 'toclevels', 2).to_i
+          if (insert_toc = (doc.attr? 'toc') && !(doc.attr? 'toc-placement', 'macro') && doc.sections?)
+            start_new_page if @ppbook && verso_page?
+            allocate_toc doc, toc_num_levels, @y, use_title_page
+          else
+            @toc_extent = nil
+          end
+
+          start_new_page if @ppbook && verso_page?
+
+          if use_title_page
+            zero_page_offset = has_front_cover ? 1 : 0
+            first_page_offset = has_title_page ? zero_page_offset.next : zero_page_offset
+            body_offset = (body_start_page_number = page_number) - 1
+            if Integer === (running_content_start_at = @theme.running_content_start_at || 'body')
+              running_content_body_offset = body_offset + [running_content_start_at.pred, 1].max
+              running_content_start_at = 'body'
+            else
+              running_content_body_offset = body_offset
+              running_content_start_at = 'toc' if running_content_start_at == 'title' && !has_title_page
+              running_content_start_at = 'body' if running_content_start_at == 'toc' && !insert_toc
+            end
+            if Integer === (page_numbering_start_at = @theme.page_numbering_start_at || 'body')
+              page_numbering_body_offset = body_offset + [page_numbering_start_at.pred, 1].max
+              page_numbering_start_at = 'body'
+            else
+              page_numbering_body_offset = body_offset
+              page_numbering_start_at = 'toc' if page_numbering_start_at == 'title' && !has_title_page
+              page_numbering_start_at = 'body' if page_numbering_start_at == 'toc' && !insert_toc
+            end
+            front_matter_sig = [running_content_start_at, page_numbering_start_at]
+            # table values are number of pages to skip before starting running content and page numbering, respectively
+            num_front_matter_pages = {
+              %w(title title) => [zero_page_offset, zero_page_offset],
+              %w(title toc) => [zero_page_offset, first_page_offset],
+              %w(title body) => [zero_page_offset, page_numbering_body_offset],
+              %w(toc title) => [first_page_offset, zero_page_offset],
+              %w(toc toc) => [first_page_offset, first_page_offset],
+              %w(toc body) => [first_page_offset, page_numbering_body_offset],
+              %w(body title) => [running_content_body_offset, zero_page_offset],
+              %w(body toc) => [running_content_body_offset, first_page_offset],
+            }[front_matter_sig] || [running_content_body_offset, page_numbering_body_offset]
+          else
+            num_front_matter_pages = [body_start_page_number - 1] * 2
+          end
+
+          @index.start_page_number = num_front_matter_pages[1] + 1
+          doc.set_attr 'pdf-anchor', (doc_anchor = derive_anchor_from_id doc.id, 'top')
+          add_dest_for_block doc, doc_anchor
+
+          convert_section generate_manname_section doc if doc.doctype == 'manpage' && (doc.attr? 'manpurpose')
+
+          traverse doc
+
+          # NOTE: for a book, these are leftover footnotes; for an article this is everything
+          outdent_section { layout_footnotes doc }
+
+          # NOTE: delete orphaned page (a page was created but there was no additional content)
+          # QUESTION should we delete page if document is empty? (leaving no pages?)
+          if page_count > 1
+            go_to_page page_count unless last_page?
+            delete_page if page.empty?
+          end
+
+          toc_page_nums = @toc_extent ? (layout_toc doc, toc_num_levels, @toc_extent[:page_nums].first, @toc_extent[:start_y], num_front_matter_pages[1]) : []
+        end
+
+        unless page_count < body_start_page_number
+          layout_running_content :header, doc, skip: num_front_matter_pages, body_start_page_number: body_start_page_number unless doc.noheader || @theme.header_height.to_f == 0
+          layout_running_content :footer, doc, skip: num_front_matter_pages, body_start_page_number: body_start_page_number unless doc.nofooter || @theme.footer_height.to_f == 0
+        end
+
+        add_outline doc, (doc.attr 'outlinelevels', toc_num_levels), toc_page_nums, num_front_matter_pages[1], has_front_cover
+        if !state.pages.empty? && (initial_zoom = @theme.page_initial_zoom)
+          case initial_zoom.to_sym
+          when :Fit
+            catalog.data[:OpenAction] = dest_fit state.pages[0]
+          when :FitV
+            catalog.data[:OpenAction] = dest_fit_vertically 0, state.pages[0]
+          when :FitH
+            catalog.data[:OpenAction] = dest_fit_horizontally page_height, state.pages[0]
+          end
+        end
+        catalog.data[:ViewerPreferences] = { DisplayDocTitle: true }
+
+        stamp_foreground_image doc, has_front_cover
+        layout_cover_page doc, :back
+        clean_up_tmp_files
+        nil
+      end
+
+      # NOTE: embedded only makes sense if perhaps we are building
+      # on an existing Prawn::Document instance; for now, just treat
+      # it the same as a full document.
+      alias convert_embedded convert_document
+
+      def init_pdf doc
+        (instance_variables - @initial_instance_variables).each {|ivar| remove_instance_variable ivar } if state
+        pdf_opts = build_pdf_options doc, (theme = load_theme doc)
+        # QUESTION should page options be preserved? (otherwise, not readily available)
+        #@page_opts = { size: pdf_opts[:page_size], layout: pdf_opts[:page_layout] }
+        ((::Prawn::Document.instance_method :initialize).bind self).call pdf_opts
+        renderer.min_version (@pdf_version = PDFVersions[doc.attr 'pdf-version'])
+        @page_margin_by_side = { recto: page_margin, verso: page_margin, cover: page_margin }
+        if (@media = doc.attr 'media', 'screen') == 'prepress'
+          @ppbook = doc.doctype == 'book'
+          page_margin_recto = @page_margin_by_side[:recto]
+          if (page_margin_outer = theme.page_margin_outer)
+            page_margin_recto[1] = @page_margin_by_side[:verso][3] = page_margin_outer
+          end
+          if (page_margin_inner = theme.page_margin_inner)
+            page_margin_recto[3] = @page_margin_by_side[:verso][1] = page_margin_inner
+          end
+          # NOTE: prepare scratch document to use page margin from recto side (which has same width as verso side)
+          set_page_margin page_margin_recto unless page_margin_recto == page_margin
+        else
+          @ppbook = nil
+        end
+        # QUESTION should ThemeLoader handle registering fonts instead?
+        register_fonts theme.font_catalog, (doc.attr 'pdf-fontsdir', 'GEM_FONTS_DIR')
+        default_kerning theme.base_font_kerning != 'none'
+        @fallback_fonts = [*theme.font_fallbacks]
+        @allow_uri_read = doc.attr? 'allow-uri-read'
+        @cache_uri = doc.attr? 'cache-uri'
+        @tmp_files = {}
+        if (bg_image = resolve_background_image doc, theme, 'page-background-image') && bg_image[0]
+          @page_bg_image = { verso: bg_image, recto: bg_image }
+        else
+          @page_bg_image = { verso: nil, recto: nil }
+        end
+        if (bg_image = resolve_background_image doc, theme, 'page-background-image-verso')
+          @page_bg_image[:verso] = bg_image[0] && bg_image
+        end
+        if (bg_image = resolve_background_image doc, theme, 'page-background-image-recto')
+          @page_bg_image[:recto] = bg_image[0] && bg_image
+        end
+        @page_bg_color = resolve_theme_color :page_background_color, 'FFFFFF'
+        @root_font_size = theme.base_font_size || 12
+        @font_color = theme.base_font_color || '000000'
+        @text_decoration_width = theme.base_text_decoration_width
+        @base_align = (align = doc.attr 'text-align') && (TextAlignmentNames.include? align) ? align : theme.base_align
+        @cjk_line_breaks = doc.attr? 'scripts', 'cjk'
+        if (hyphen_lang = doc.attr 'hyphens') &&
+            ((defined? ::Text::Hyphen::VERSION) || !(Helpers.require_library 'text/hyphen', 'text-hyphen', :warn).nil?)
+          hyphen_lang = doc.attr 'lang' if hyphen_lang.empty?
+          hyphen_lang = 'en_us' if hyphen_lang.nil_or_empty? || hyphen_lang == 'en'
+          hyphen_lang = (hyphen_lang.tr '-', '_').downcase
+          @hyphenator = ::Text::Hyphen.new language: hyphen_lang
+        end
+        @text_transform = nil
+        @list_numerals = []
+        @list_bullets = []
+        @footnotes = []
+        @conum_glyphs = ConumSets[@theme.conum_glyphs || 'circled'] || (@theme.conum_glyphs.split ',').map {|r|
+          from, to = r.rstrip.split '-', 2
+          to ? ((get_char from)..(get_char to)).to_a : [(get_char from)]
+        }.flatten
+        @section_indent = (val = @theme.section_indent) && (inflate_indent val)
+        @toc_max_pagenum_digits = (doc.attr 'toc-max-pagenum-digits', 3).to_i
+        @index = IndexCatalog.new
+        # NOTE: we have to init Pdfmark class here while we have reference to the doc
+        @pdfmark = (doc.attr? 'pdfmark') ? (Pdfmark.new doc) : nil
+        @optimize = doc.attr 'optimize'
+        init_scratch_prototype
+        self
+      end
+
+      def load_theme doc
+        @theme ||= begin # rubocop:disable Naming/MemoizedInstanceVariableName
+          if (theme = doc.options[:pdf_theme])
+            @themesdir = ::File.expand_path theme.__dir__ || (doc.attr 'pdf-themesdir') || (doc.attr 'pdf-stylesdir') || ::Dir.pwd
+          elsif (theme_name = (doc.attr 'pdf-theme') || (doc.attr 'pdf-style'))
+            theme = ThemeLoader.load_theme theme_name, (user_themesdir = (doc.attr 'pdf-themesdir') || (doc.attr 'pdf-stylesdir'))
+            @themesdir = theme.__dir__
+          else
+            @themesdir = (theme = ThemeLoader.load_theme).__dir__
+          end
+          theme
+        rescue
+          if user_themesdir
+            message = %(could not locate or load the pdf theme `#{theme_name}' in #{user_themesdir})
+          else
+            message = %(could not locate or load the built-in pdf theme `#{theme_name}')
+          end
+          message += %( because of #{$!.class} #{$!.message}) unless ::SystemCallError === $!
+          logger.error %(#{message}; reverting to default theme)
+          @themesdir = (theme = ThemeLoader.load_theme).__dir__
+          theme
+        end
+      end
+
+      def build_pdf_options doc, theme
+        case (page_margin = (doc.attr 'pdf-page-margin') || theme.page_margin)
+        when ::Array
+          page_margin = page_margin.slice 0, 4 if page_margin.length > 4
+          page_margin = page_margin.map {|v| ::Numeric === v ? v : (str_to_pt v.to_s) }
+        when ::Numeric
+          page_margin = [page_margin]
+        when ::String
+          if page_margin.empty?
+            page_margin = nil
+          elsif (page_margin.start_with? '[') && (page_margin.end_with? ']')
+            if (page_margin = (page_margin.slice 1, page_margin.length - 2).rstrip).empty?
+              page_margin = [0]
+            else
+              if (page_margin = page_margin.split ',', -1).length > 4
+                page_margin = page_margin.slice 0, 4
+              end
+              page_margin = page_margin.map {|v| str_to_pt v.rstrip }
+            end
+          else
+            page_margin = [(str_to_pt page_margin)]
+          end
+        else
+          page_margin = nil
+        end
+
+        if (doc.attr? 'pdf-page-size') && PageSizeRx =~ (doc.attr 'pdf-page-size')
+          # e.g, [8.5in, 11in]
+          if $1
+            page_size = [$1, $2]
+          # e.g, 8.5in x 11in
+          elsif $3
+            page_size = [$3, $4]
+          # e.g, A4
+          else
+            page_size = $&
+          end
+        else
+          page_size = theme.page_size
+        end
+
+        case page_size
+        when ::String
+          # TODO: extract helper method to check for named page size
+          page_size = page_size.upcase
+          page_size = nil unless ::PDF::Core::PageGeometry::SIZES.key? page_size
+        when ::Array
+          page_size = (page_size.slice 0, 2).fill(0..1) {|i| page_size[i] || 0 } unless page_size.size == 2
+          page_size = page_size.map do |dim|
+            if ::Numeric === dim
+              # dimension cannot be less than 0
+              dim > 0 ? dim : break
+            elsif ::String === dim && MeasurementPartsRx =~ dim
+              # NOTE: truncate to max precision retained by PDF::Core
+              (to_pt $1.to_f, $2).truncate 4
+            else
+              break
+            end
+          end
+        else
+          page_size = nil
+        end
+
+        if (page_layout = (doc.attr 'pdf-page-layout') || theme.page_layout).nil_or_empty? ||
+            !PageLayouts.include?(page_layout = page_layout.to_sym)
+          page_layout = nil
+        end
+
+        {
+          margin: (page_margin || 36),
+          page_size: (page_size || 'A4'),
+          page_layout: (page_layout || :portrait),
+          info: (build_pdf_info doc),
+          compress: (doc.attr? 'compress'),
+          skip_page_creation: true,
+          text_formatter: (FormattedText::Formatter.new theme: theme),
+        }
+      end
+
+      # FIXME: Pdfmark should use the PDF info result
+      def build_pdf_info doc
+        info = {}
+        # FIXME: use sanitize: :plain_text once available
+        if (doctitle = doc.header? ? doc.doctitle : (doc.attr 'untitled-label'))
+          info[:Title] = (sanitize doctitle).as_pdf
+        end
+        info[:Author] = (doc.attr 'authors').as_pdf if doc.attr? 'authors'
+        info[:Subject] = (doc.attr 'subject').as_pdf if doc.attr? 'subject'
+        info[:Keywords] = (doc.attr 'keywords').as_pdf if doc.attr? 'keywords'
+        info[:Producer] = (doc.attr 'publisher').as_pdf if doc.attr? 'publisher'
+        if doc.attr? 'reproducible'
+          info[:Creator] = 'Asciidoctor PDF, based on Prawn'.as_pdf
+          info[:Producer] ||= (info[:Author] || info[:Creator])
+        else
+          info[:Creator] = %(Asciidoctor PDF #{::Asciidoctor::PDF::VERSION}, based on Prawn #{::Prawn::VERSION}).as_pdf
+          info[:Producer] ||= (info[:Author] || info[:Creator])
+          # NOTE: since we don't track the creation date of the input file, we map the ModDate header to the last modified
+          # date of the input document and the CreationDate header to the date the PDF was produced by the converter.
+          info[:ModDate] = (::Time.parse doc.attr 'docdatetime') rescue (now ||= ::Time.now)
+          info[:CreationDate] = (::Time.parse doc.attr 'localdatetime') rescue (now || ::Time.now)
+        end
+        info
+      end
+
+      # NOTE: init_page is called within a float context
+      # NOTE: init_page is not called for imported pages, front and back cover pages, and other image pages
+      def init_page *_args
+        # NOTE: we assume in prepress that physical page number reflects page side
+        if @media == 'prepress' &&
+            (next_page_margin = @page_margin_by_side[page_number == 1 ? :cover : page_side]) != page_margin
+          set_page_margin next_page_margin
+        end
+        if @page_bg_color && @page_bg_color != 'FFFFFF'
+          tare = true
+          fill_absolute_bounds @page_bg_color
+        end
+        if (bg_image = @page_bg_image[page_side])
+          tare = true
+          # NOTE: float is necessary since prawn-svg may mess with cursor position
+          float { canvas { image bg_image[0], ({ position: :center, vposition: :center }.merge bg_image[1]) } }
+        end
+        page.tare_content_stream if tare
+      end
+
+      def convert_section sect, _opts = {}
+        if sect.sectname == 'abstract'
+          # HACK: cheat a bit to hide this section from TOC; TOC should filter these sections
+          sect.context = :open
+          return convert_abstract sect
+        end
+
+        type = nil
+        title = sect.numbered_title formal: true
+        sep = (sect.attr 'separator', nil, false) || (sect.document.attr 'title-separator') || ''
+        if !sep.empty? && title.include?(sep = %(#{sep} ))
+          title, _, subtitle = title.rpartition sep
+          title = %(#{title}\n<em class="subtitle">#{subtitle}</em>)
+        end
+        theme_font :heading, level: (hlevel = sect.level + 1) do
+          align = (@theme[%(heading_h#{hlevel}_align)] || @theme.heading_align || @base_align).to_sym
+          if sect.part_or_chapter?
+            if sect.chapter?
+              type = :chapter
+              if @theme.heading_chapter_break_before == 'auto'
+                start_new_chapter sect if @theme.heading_part_break_after == 'always' && sect == sect.parent.sections[0]
+              else
+                start_new_chapter sect
+              end
+            else
+              type = :part
+              start_new_part sect unless @theme.heading_part_break_before == 'auto'
+            end
+          end
+          unless at_page_top?
+            # FIXME: this height doesn't account for impact of text transform or inline formatting
+            heading_height =
+              (height_of_typeset_text title, line_height: (@theme[%(heading_h#{hlevel}_line_height)] || @theme.heading_line_height)) +
+              (@theme[%(heading_h#{hlevel}_margin_top)] || @theme.heading_margin_top || 0) +
+              (@theme[%(heading_h#{hlevel}_margin_bottom)] || @theme.heading_margin_bottom || 0)
+            heading_height += (@theme.heading_min_height_after || 0) if sect.blocks?
+            start_new_page unless cursor > heading_height
+          end
+          # QUESTION should we store pdf-page-start, pdf-anchor & pdf-destination in internal map?
+          sect.set_attr 'pdf-page-start', (start_pgnum = page_number)
+          # QUESTION should we just assign the section this generated id?
+          # NOTE: section must have pdf-anchor in order to be listed in the TOC
+          sect.set_attr 'pdf-anchor', (sect_anchor = derive_anchor_from_id sect.id, %(#{start_pgnum}-#{y.ceil}))
+          add_dest_for_block sect, sect_anchor
+          if type == :part
+            layout_part_title sect, title, align: align, level: hlevel
+          elsif type == :chapter
+            layout_chapter_title sect, title, align: align, level: hlevel
+          else
+            layout_heading title, align: align, level: hlevel, outdent: true
+          end
+        end
+
+        if sect.sectname == 'index'
+          outdent_section { convert_index_section sect }
+        else
+          traverse sect
+        end
+        outdent_section { layout_footnotes sect } if type == :chapter
+        sect.set_attr 'pdf-page-end', page_number
+      end
+
+      def indent_section
+        if (values = @section_indent)
+          indent(values[0], values[1]) { yield }
+        else
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+
+      def outdent_section enabled = true
+        if enabled && (values = @section_indent)
+          indent(-values[0], -values[1]) { yield }
+        else
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+
+      # QUESTION if a footnote ref appears in a separate chapter, should the footnote def be duplicated?
+      def layout_footnotes node
+        return if (fns = (doc = node.document).footnotes - @footnotes).empty?
+        theme_margin :footnotes, :top
+        theme_font :footnotes do
+          (title = doc.attr 'footnotes-title') && (layout_caption title, category: :footnotes)
+          item_spacing = @theme.footnotes_item_spacing || 0
+          fns.each do |fn|
+            layout_prose %(<a id="_footnotedef_#{index = fn.index}">#{DummyText}</a>[<a anchor="_footnoteref_#{index}">#{index}</a>] #{fn.text}), margin_bottom: item_spacing, hyphenate: true
+          end
+          @footnotes += fns
+        end
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def convert_floating_title node
+        add_dest_for_block node if node.id
+        hlevel = node.level.next
+        unless (align = resolve_alignment_from_role node.roles)
+          align = (@theme[%(heading_h#{hlevel}_align)] || @theme.heading_align || @base_align).to_sym
+        end
+        # QUESTION should we decouple styles from section titles?
+        theme_font :heading, level: hlevel do
+          layout_heading node.title, align: align, level: hlevel, outdent: (node.parent.context == :section)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_abstract node
+        add_dest_for_block node if node.id
+        outdent_section do
+          pad_box @theme.abstract_padding do
+            theme_font :abstract_title do
+              layout_prose node.title, align: (@theme.abstract_title_align || @base_align).to_sym, margin_top: (@theme.heading_margin_top || 0), margin_bottom: (@theme.heading_margin_bottom || 0), line_height: @theme.heading_line_height
+            end if node.title?
+            theme_font :abstract do
+              prose_opts = { line_height: @theme.abstract_line_height, align: (@theme.abstract_align || @base_align).to_sym, hyphenate: true }
+              if (text_indent = @theme.prose_text_indent || 0) > 0
+                prose_opts[:indent_paragraphs] = text_indent
+              end
+              # FIXME: control more first_line_options using theme
+              if (line1_font_style = @theme.abstract_first_line_font_style) && line1_font_style.to_sym != font_style
+                prose_opts[:first_line_options] = { styles: [font_style, line1_font_style.to_sym] }
+              end
+              # FIXME: make this cleaner!!
+              if node.blocks?
+                node.blocks.each do |child|
+                  # FIXME: is playback necessary here?
+                  child.document.playback_attributes child.attributes
+                  if child.context == :paragraph
+                    layout_prose child.content, ((align = resolve_alignment_from_role child.roles) ? (prose_opts.merge align: align) : prose_opts.dup)
+                    prose_opts.delete :first_line_options
+                  else
+                    # FIXME: this could do strange things if the wrong kind of content shows up
+                    traverse child
+                  end
+                end
+              elsif node.content_model != :compound && (string = node.content)
+                if (align = resolve_alignment_from_role node.roles)
+                  prose_opts[:align] = align
+                end
+                layout_prose string, prose_opts
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          # QUESTION should we be adding margin below the abstract??
+          #theme_margin :block, :bottom
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_preamble node
+        # FIXME: core should not be promoting paragraph to preamble if there are no sections
+        if node.blocks? && (first_block = node.blocks[0]).context == :paragraph && node.document.sections?
+          first_block.add_role 'lead' unless first_block.role?
+        end
+        traverse node
+      end
+
+      def convert_paragraph node
+        add_dest_for_block node if node.id
+        prose_opts = { margin_bottom: 0, hyphenate: true }
+        lead = (roles = node.roles).include? 'lead'
+        if (align = resolve_alignment_from_role roles)
+          prose_opts[:align] = align
+        end
+
+        if (text_indent = @theme.prose_text_indent || 0) > 0
+          prose_opts[:indent_paragraphs] = text_indent
+        end
+
+        # TODO: check if we're within one line of the bottom of the page
+        # and advance to the next page if so (similar to logic for section titles)
+        layout_caption node.title if node.title?
+
+        if lead
+          theme_font :lead do
+            layout_prose node.content, prose_opts
+          end
+        else
+          layout_prose node.content, prose_opts
+        end
+
+        if (margin_inner_val = @theme.prose_margin_inner) &&
+            (next_block = (siblings = node.parent.blocks)[(siblings.index node) + 1]) && next_block.context == :paragraph
+          margin_bottom margin_inner_val
+        else
+          margin_bottom @theme.prose_margin_bottom
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_admonition node
+        add_dest_for_block node if node.id
+        theme_margin :block, :top
+        type = node.attr 'name'
+        label_align = (@theme.admonition_label_align || :center).to_sym
+        # TODO: allow vertical_align to be a number
+        if (label_valign = (@theme.admonition_label_vertical_align || :middle).to_sym) == :middle
+          label_valign = :center
+        end
+        if (label_min_width = @theme.admonition_label_min_width)
+          label_min_width = label_min_width.to_f
+        end
+        icons = ((doc = node.document).attr? 'icons') ? (doc.attr 'icons') : nil
+        if (data_uri_enabled = doc.attr? 'data-uri')
+          doc.remove_attr 'data-uri'
+        end
+        if icons == 'font' && !(node.attr? 'icon', nil, false)
+          label_text = type.to_sym
+          icon_data = admonition_icon_data label_text
+          label_width = label_min_width || ((icon_size = icon_data[:size] || 24) * 1.5)
+        # NOTE: icon_uri will consider icon attribute on node first, then type
+        # QUESTION should we use resolve_image_path here?
+        elsif icons && (icon_path = node.icon_uri type) &&
+            (icon_path = node.normalize_system_path icon_path, nil, nil, target_name: 'admonition icon') &&
+            (::File.readable? icon_path)
+          icons = true
+          # TODO: introduce @theme.admonition_image_width? or use size key from admonition_icon_<name>?
+          label_width = label_min_width || 36.0
+        else
+          if icons
+            icons = nil
+            logger.warn %(admonition icon not found or not readable: #{icon_path}) unless scratch?
+          end
+          label_text = node.caption
+          theme_font :admonition_label do
+            theme_font %(admonition_label_#{type}) do
+              label_text = transform_text label_text, @text_transform if @text_transform
+              label_width = rendered_width_of_string label_text
+              label_width = label_min_width if label_min_width && label_min_width > label_width
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        doc.set_attr 'data-uri', '' if data_uri_enabled
+        unless ::Array === (cpad = @theme.admonition_padding)
+          cpad = ::Array.new 4, cpad
+        end
+        unless ::Array === (lpad = @theme.admonition_label_padding || cpad)
+          lpad = ::Array.new 4, lpad
+        end
+        # FIXME: this shift stuff is a real hack until we have proper margin collapsing
+        shift_base = @theme.prose_margin_bottom
+        shift_top = shift_base / 3.0
+        shift_bottom = (shift_base * 2) / 3.0
+        keep_together do |box_height = nil|
+          push_scratch doc if scratch?
+          theme_fill_and_stroke_block :admonition, box_height if box_height
+          pad_box [0, cpad[1], 0, lpad[3]] do
+            if box_height
+              label_height = [box_height, cursor].min
+              if (rule_color = @theme.admonition_column_rule_color) &&
+                  (rule_width = @theme.admonition_column_rule_width || @theme.base_border_width) && rule_width > 0
+                float do
+                  rule_height = box_height
+                  while rule_height > 0
+                    rule_segment_height = [rule_height, cursor].min
+                    bounding_box [0, cursor], width: label_width + lpad[1], height: rule_segment_height do
+                      stroke_vertical_rule rule_color,
+                          at: bounds.right,
+                          line_style: (@theme.admonition_column_rule_style || :solid).to_sym,
+                          line_width: rule_width
+                    end
+                    advance_page if (rule_height -= rule_segment_height) > 0
+                  end
+                end
+              end
+              float do
+                bounding_box [0, cursor], width: label_width, height: label_height do
+                  if icons == 'font'
+                    # FIXME: we assume icon is square
+                    icon_size = fit_icon_to_bounds icon_size
+                    # NOTE: Prawn's vertical center is not reliable, so calculate it manually
+                    if label_valign == :center
+                      label_valign = :top
+                      if (vcenter_pos = (label_height - icon_size) * 0.5) > 0
+                        move_down vcenter_pos
+                      end
+                    end
+                    icon icon_data[:name],
+                        valign: label_valign,
+                        align: label_align,
+                        color: icon_data[:stroke_color],
+                        size: icon_size
+                  elsif icons
+                    if (::Asciidoctor::Image.format icon_path) == 'svg'
+                      begin
+                        svg_obj = ::Prawn::SVG::Interface.new ::File.read(icon_path, mode: 'r:UTF-8'), self,
+                            position: label_align,
+                            vposition: label_valign,
+                            width: label_width,
+                            height: label_height,
+                            fallback_font_name: fallback_svg_font_name,
+                            enable_web_requests: allow_uri_read,
+                            enable_file_requests_with_root: (::File.dirname icon_path),
+                            cache_images: cache_uri
+                        if (icon_height = (svg_size = svg_obj.document.sizing).output_height) > label_height
+                          icon_width = (svg_obj.resize height: (icon_height = label_height)).output_width
+                        else
+                          icon_width = svg_size.output_width
+                        end
+                        svg_obj.draw
+                        svg_obj.document.warnings.each do |icon_warning|
+                          logger.warn %(problem encountered in image: #{icon_path}; #{icon_warning})
+                        end unless scratch?
+                      rescue
+                        logger.warn %(could not embed admonition icon: #{icon_path}; #{$!.message}) unless scratch?
+                      end
+                    else
+                      begin
+                        image_obj, image_info = build_image_object icon_path
+                        icon_aspect_ratio = image_info.width.fdiv image_info.height
+                        # NOTE: don't scale image up if smaller than label_width
+                        icon_width = [(to_pt image_info.width, :px), label_width].min
+                        if (icon_height = icon_width * (1 / icon_aspect_ratio)) > label_height
+                          icon_width *= label_height / icon_height
+                          icon_height = label_height # rubocop:disable Lint/UselessAssignment
+                        end
+                        embed_image image_obj, image_info, width: icon_width, position: label_align, vposition: label_valign
+                      rescue
+                        # QUESTION should we show the label in this case?
+                        logger.warn %(could not embed admonition icon: #{icon_path}; #{$!.message}) unless scratch?
+                      end
+                    end
+                  else
+                    # IMPORTANT the label must fit in the alotted space or it shows up on another page!
+                    # QUESTION anyway to prevent text overflow in the case it doesn't fit?
+                    theme_font :admonition_label do
+                      theme_font %(admonition_label_#{type}) do
+                        # NOTE: Prawn's vertical center is not reliable, so calculate it manually
+                        if label_valign == :center
+                          label_valign = :top
+                          if (vcenter_pos = (label_height - (height_of_typeset_text label_text, line_height: 1)) * 0.5) > 0
+                            move_down vcenter_pos
+                          end
+                        end
+                        @text_transform = nil # already applied to label
+                        layout_prose label_text,
+                            align: label_align,
+                            valign: label_valign,
+                            line_height: 1,
+                            margin: 0,
+                            inline_format: false
+                      end
+                    end
+                  end
+                end
+              end
+            end
+            pad_box [cpad[0], 0, cpad[2], label_width + lpad[1] + cpad[3]] do
+              move_down shift_top
+              layout_caption node.title, category: :admonition if node.title?
+              theme_font :admonition do
+                traverse node
+              end
+              # FIXME: HACK compensate for margin bottom of admonition content
+              move_up shift_bottom unless at_page_top?
+            end
+          end
+          pop_scratch doc if scratch?
+        end
+        theme_margin :block, :bottom
+      end
+
+      def convert_example node
+        add_dest_for_block node if node.id
+        theme_margin :block, :top
+        caption_height = node.title? ? (layout_caption node, category: :example, dry_run: true) : 0
+        keep_together do |box_height = nil|
+          push_scratch node.document if scratch?
+          if box_height
+            theme_fill_and_stroke_block :example, box_height, caption_node: node
+          else
+            move_down caption_height
+          end
+          pad_box @theme.example_padding do
+            theme_font :example do
+              traverse node
+            end
+          end
+          pop_scratch node.document if scratch?
+        end
+        theme_margin :block, :bottom
+      end
+
+      def convert_open node
+        if node.style == 'abstract'
+          convert_abstract node
+        else
+          doc = node.document
+          keep_together_if node.option? 'unbreakable' do
+            push_scratch doc if scratch?
+            add_dest_for_block node if node.id
+            layout_caption node.title if node.title?
+            traverse node
+            pop_scratch doc if scratch?
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_quote_or_verse node
+        add_dest_for_block node if node.id
+        theme_margin :block, :top
+        category = node.context == :quote ? :blockquote : :verse
+        unless (b_left_width = @theme[%(#{category}_border_left_width)]) && b_left_width > 0
+          b_left_width = nil
+          if (b_width = @theme[%(#{category}_border_width)])
+            b_width = nil unless b_width > 0
+          end
+        end
+        keep_together do |box_height = nil|
+          push_scratch node.document if scratch?
+          theme_fill_and_stroke_block category, box_height, border_width: b_width if box_height && (b_width || @theme[%(#{category}_background_color)])
+          start_page_number = page_number
+          start_cursor = cursor
+          caption_height = node.title? ? (layout_caption node, category: category) : 0
+          pad_box @theme[%(#{category}_padding)] do
+            theme_font category do
+              if category == :blockquote
+                traverse node
+              else # verse
+                content = guard_indentation node.content
+                layout_prose content, normalize: false, align: :left, hyphenate: true
+              end
+            end
+            if node.attr? 'attribution', nil, false
+              theme_font %(#{category}_cite) do
+                layout_prose %(#{EmDash} #{[(node.attr 'attribution'), (node.attr 'citetitle', nil, false)].compact.join ', '}), align: :left, normalize: false
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          # FIXME: we want to draw graphics before content, but box_height is not reliable when spanning pages
+          # FIXME: border extends to bottom of content area if block terminates at bottom of page
+          if box_height && b_left_width
+            b_color = @theme[%(#{category}_border_color)]
+            page_spread = page_number - start_page_number + 1
+            end_cursor = cursor
+            go_to_page start_page_number
+            move_cursor_to start_cursor
+            page_spread.times do |i|
+              if i == 0
+                y_draw = cursor
+                b_height = page_spread > 1 ? y_draw : (y_draw - end_cursor)
+              else
+                bounds.move_past_bottom
+                y_draw = cursor
+                b_height = page_spread - 1 == i ? (y_draw - end_cursor) : y_draw
+              end
+              # NOTE: skip past caption if present
+              if caption_height > 0
+                if caption_height > cursor
+                  caption_height -= cursor
+                  next # keep skipping, caption is on next page
+                end
+                y_draw -= caption_height
+                b_height -= caption_height
+                caption_height = 0
+              end
+              # NOTE: b_height is 0 when block terminates at bottom of page
+              next if b_height == 0
+              bounding_box [0, y_draw], width: bounds.width, height: b_height do
+                stroke_vertical_rule b_color, line_width: b_left_width, at: b_left_width * 0.5
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          pop_scratch node.document if scratch?
+        end
+        theme_margin :block, :bottom
+      end
+
+      alias convert_quote convert_quote_or_verse
+      alias convert_verse convert_quote_or_verse
+
+      def convert_sidebar node
+        add_dest_for_block node if node.id
+        theme_margin :block, :top
+        keep_together do |box_height = nil|
+          push_scratch node.document if scratch?
+          theme_fill_and_stroke_block :sidebar, box_height if box_height
+          pad_box @theme.sidebar_padding do
+            theme_font :sidebar_title do
+              # QUESTION should we allow margins of sidebar title to be customized?
+              layout_prose node.title, align: (@theme.sidebar_title_align || @base_align).to_sym, margin_top: 0, margin_bottom: (@theme.heading_margin_bottom || 0), line_height: @theme.heading_line_height
+            end if node.title?
+            theme_font :sidebar do
+              traverse node
+            end
+          end
+          pop_scratch node.document if scratch?
+        end
+        theme_margin :block, :bottom
+      end
+
+      def convert_colist node
+        # HACK: undo the margin below previous listing or literal block
+        # TODO: allow this to be set using colist_margin_top
+        unless at_page_top?
+          if (self_idx = node.parent.blocks.index node) && self_idx > 0 &&
+              [:listing, :literal].include?(node.parent.blocks[self_idx - 1].context)
+            move_up @theme.block_margin_bottom - @theme.outline_list_item_spacing
+          end
+        end
+        add_dest_for_block node if node.id
+        @list_numerals << 1
+        #stroke_horizontal_rule @theme.caption_border_bottom_color
+        line_metrics = theme_font(:conum) { calc_line_metrics @theme.base_line_height }
+        node.items.each do |item|
+          allocate_space_for_list_item line_metrics
+          convert_colist_item item
+        end
+        @list_numerals.pop
+        # correct bottom margin of last item
+        list_margin_bottom = @theme.prose_margin_bottom
+        margin_bottom list_margin_bottom - @theme.outline_list_item_spacing
+      end
+
+      def convert_colist_item node
+        marker_width = nil
+        @list_numerals << (index = @list_numerals.pop).next
+        theme_font :conum do
+          marker_width = rendered_width_of_string %(#{marker = conum_glyph index}x)
+          float do
+            bounding_box [0, cursor], width: marker_width do
+              theme_font :conum do
+                layout_prose marker, align: :center, line_height: @theme.conum_line_height, inline_format: false, margin: 0
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        indent marker_width do
+          traverse_list_item node, :colist, margin_bottom: @theme.outline_list_item_spacing, normalize_line_height: true
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_dlist node
+        add_dest_for_block node if node.id
+
+        case (style = node.style)
+        when 'unordered', 'ordered'
+          if style == 'unordered'
+            list_style = :ulist
+            (markers = @list_bullets) << :disc
+          else
+            list_style = :olist
+            (markers = @list_numerals) << 1
+          end
+          list = List.new node.parent, list_style
+          stack_subject = node.has_role? 'stack'
+          subject_stop = node.attr 'subject-stop', (stack_subject ? nil : ':'), false
+          node.items.each do |subjects, dd|
+            subject = [*subjects].first.text
+            list_item_text = %(+++<strong>#{subject}#{(StopPunctRx.match? sanitize subject) ? '' : subject_stop}</strong>#{dd.text? ? "#{stack_subject ? '<br>' : ' '}#{dd.text}" : ''}+++)
+            list_item = ListItem.new list, list_item_text
+            dd.blocks.each {|it| list_item << it }
+            list << list_item
+          end
+          convert_outline_list list
+          markers.pop
+        when 'horizontal'
+          table_data = []
+          term_padding = desc_padding = term_line_metrics = term_inline_format = term_kerning = nil
+          max_term_width = 0
+          theme_font :description_list_term do
+            if (term_font_styles = font_styles).empty?
+              term_inline_format = true
+            else
+              term_inline_format = [inherited: { styles: term_font_styles }]
+            end
+            term_line_metrics = calc_line_metrics @theme.description_list_term_line_height || @theme.base_line_height
+            term_padding = [term_line_metrics.padding_top, 10, (@theme.prose_margin_bottom || 0) * 0.5 + term_line_metrics.padding_bottom, 10]
+            desc_padding = [0, 10, (@theme.prose_margin_bottom || 0) * 0.5, 10]
+            term_kerning = default_kerning?
+          end
+          node.items.each do |terms, desc|
+            term_text = terms.map(&:text).join ?\n
+            if (term_width = width_of term_text, inline_format: term_inline_format, kerning: term_kerning) > max_term_width
+              max_term_width = term_width
+            end
+            row_data = [{
+              text_color: @font_color,
+              kerning: term_kerning,
+              content: term_text,
+              inline_format: term_inline_format,
+              padding: term_padding,
+              leading: term_line_metrics.leading,
+              # FIXME: prawn-table doesn't have support for final_gap option
+              #final_gap: term_line_metrics.final_gap,
+              valign: :top,
+            }]
+            desc_container = Block.new desc, :open
+            desc_container << (Block.new desc_container, :paragraph, source: (desc.instance_variable_get :@text), subs: :default) if desc.text?
+            desc.blocks.each {|b| desc_container << b } if desc.block?
+            row_data << {
+              content: (::Prawn::Table::Cell::AsciiDoc.new self, content: desc_container, text_color: @font_color, padding: desc_padding, valign: :top),
+            }
+            table_data << row_data
+          end
+          max_term_width += (term_padding[1] + term_padding[3])
+          term_column_width = [max_term_width, bounds.width * 0.5].min
+          table table_data, position: :left, cell_style: { border_width: 0 }, column_widths: [term_column_width] do
+            @pdf.layout_table_caption node if node.title?
+          end
+          margin_bottom (@theme.prose_margin_bottom || 0) * 0.5
+        when 'qanda'
+          @list_numerals << '1'
+          convert_outline_list node
+          @list_numerals.pop
+        else
+          # TODO: check if we're within one line of the bottom of the page
+          # and advance to the next page if so (similar to logic for section titles)
+          layout_caption node.title, category: :description_list if node.title?
+
+          term_line_height = @theme.description_list_term_line_height || @theme.base_line_height
+          line_metrics = theme_font(:description_list_term) { calc_line_metrics term_line_height }
+          node.items.each do |terms, desc|
+            # NOTE: don't orphan the terms (keep together terms and at least one line of content)
+            allocate_space_for_list_item line_metrics, (terms.size + 1), ((@theme.description_list_term_spacing || 0) + 0.05)
+            theme_font :description_list_term do
+              if (term_font_styles = font_styles).empty?
+                term_font_styles = nil
+              end
+              terms.each do |term|
+                # QUESTION should we pass down styles in other calls to layout_prose
+                layout_prose term.text, margin_top: 0, margin_bottom: @theme.description_list_term_spacing, align: :left, line_height: term_line_height, normalize_line_height: true, styles: term_font_styles
+              end
+            end
+            indent(@theme.description_list_description_indent || 0) do
+              traverse_list_item desc, :dlist_desc, normalize_line_height: true
+            end if desc
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_olist node
+        add_dest_for_block node if node.id
+        # TODO: move list_numeral resolve to a method
+        case node.style
+        when 'arabic'
+          list_numeral = 1
+        when 'decimal'
+          list_numeral = '01'
+        when 'loweralpha'
+          list_numeral = 'a'
+        when 'upperalpha'
+          list_numeral = 'A'
+        when 'lowerroman'
+          list_numeral = RomanNumeral.new 'i'
+        when 'upperroman'
+          list_numeral = RomanNumeral.new 'I'
+        when 'lowergreek'
+          list_numeral = LowercaseGreekA
+        when 'unstyled', 'unnumbered', 'no-bullet'
+          list_numeral = nil
+        when 'none'
+          list_numeral = ''
+        else
+          list_numeral = 1
+        end
+        if list_numeral && list_numeral != '' &&
+            (start = (node.attr 'start', nil, false) || ((node.option? 'reversed') ? node.items.size : nil))
+          if (start = start.to_i) > 1
+            (start - 1).times { list_numeral = list_numeral.next }
+          elsif start < 1 && !(::String === list_numeral)
+            (start - 1).abs.times { list_numeral = list_numeral.pred }
+          end
+        end
+        @list_numerals << list_numeral
+        convert_outline_list node
+        @list_numerals.pop
+      end
+
+      def convert_ulist node
+        add_dest_for_block node if node.id
+        # TODO: move bullet_type to method on List (or helper method)
+        if node.option? 'checklist'
+          @list_bullets << :checkbox
+        else
+          if (style = node.style)
+            case style
+            when 'bibliography'
+              bullet_type = :square
+            when 'unstyled', 'no-bullet'
+              bullet_type = nil
+            else
+              candidate = style.to_sym
+              if Bullets.key? candidate
+                bullet_type = candidate
+              else
+                logger.warn %(unknown unordered list style: #{candidate}) unless scratch?
+                bullet_type = :disc
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            case node.outline_level
+            when 1
+              bullet_type = :disc
+            when 2
+              bullet_type = :circle
+            else
+              bullet_type = :square
+            end
+          end
+          @list_bullets << bullet_type
+        end
+        convert_outline_list node
+        @list_bullets.pop
+      end
+
+      def convert_outline_list node
+        # TODO: check if we're within one line of the bottom of the page
+        # and advance to the next page if so (similar to logic for section titles)
+        layout_caption node.title, category: :outline_list if node.title?
+
+        opts = {}
+        if (align = resolve_alignment_from_role node.roles)
+          opts[:align] = align
+        elsif node.style == 'bibliography'
+          opts[:align] = :left
+        elsif (align = @theme.outline_list_text_align)
+          # NOTE: theme setting only affects alignment of list text (not nested blocks)
+          opts[:align] = align.to_sym
+        end
+
+        line_metrics = calc_line_metrics @theme.base_line_height
+        complex = false
+        # ...or if we want to give all items in the list the same treatment
+        #complex = node.items.find(&:complex?) ? true : false
+        if (node.context == :ulist && !@list_bullets[-1]) || (node.context == :olist && !@list_numerals[-1])
+          if node.style == 'unstyled'
+            # unstyled takes away all indentation
+            list_indent = 0
+          elsif (list_indent = @theme.outline_list_indent || 0) > 0
+            # no-bullet aligns text with left-hand side of bullet position (as though there's no bullet)
+            list_indent = [list_indent - (rendered_width_of_string %(#{node.context == :ulist ? ?\u2022 : '1.'}x)), 0].max
+          end
+        else
+          list_indent = @theme.outline_list_indent || 0
+        end
+        indent list_indent do
+          node.items.each do |item|
+            allocate_space_for_list_item line_metrics
+            convert_outline_list_item item, node, opts
+          end
+        end
+        # NOTE: Children will provide the necessary bottom margin if last item is complex.
+        # However, don't leave gap at the bottom if list is nested in an outline list
+        unless complex || (node.nested? && node.parent.parent.outline?)
+          # correct bottom margin of last item
+          margin_bottom((@theme.prose_margin_bottom || 0) - (@theme.outline_list_item_spacing || 0))
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_outline_list_item node, list, opts = {}
+        # TODO: move this to a draw_bullet (or draw_marker) method
+        marker_style = {}
+        marker_style[:font_color] = @theme.outline_list_marker_font_color || @font_color
+        marker_style[:font_family] = font_family
+        marker_style[:font_size] = font_size
+        marker_style[:line_height] = @theme.base_line_height
+        case (list_type = list.context)
+        when :ulist
+          complex = node.complex?
+          if (marker_type = @list_bullets[-1])
+            if marker_type == :checkbox
+              # QUESTION should we remove marker indent if not a checkbox?
+              if node.attr? 'checkbox', nil, false
+                marker_type = (node.attr? 'checked', nil, false) ? :checked : :unchecked
+                marker = @theme[%(ulist_marker_#{marker_type}_content)] || BallotBox[marker_type]
+              end
+            else
+              marker = @theme[%(ulist_marker_#{marker_type}_content)] || Bullets[marker_type]
+            end
+            [:font_color, :font_family, :font_size, :line_height].each do |prop|
+              marker_style[prop] = @theme[%(ulist_marker_#{marker_type}_#{prop})] || @theme[%(ulist_marker_#{prop})] || marker_style[prop]
+            end if marker
+          end
+        when :olist
+          complex = node.complex?
+          if (index = @list_numerals.pop)
+            if index == ''
+              marker = ''
+            else
+              marker = %(#{index}.)
+              dir = (node.parent.option? 'reversed') ? :pred : :next
+              @list_numerals << (index.public_send dir)
+            end
+          end
+        when :dlist
+          # NOTE: list.style is 'qanda'
+          complex = node[1]&.complex?
+          @list_numerals << (index = @list_numerals.pop).next
+          marker = %(#{index}.)
+        else
+          complex = node.complex?
+          logger.warn %(unknown list type #{list_type.inspect}) unless scratch?
+          marker = @theme.ulist_marker_disc_content || Bullets[:disc]
+        end
+
+        if marker
+          if marker_style[:font_family] == 'fa'
+            logger.info 'deprecated fa icon set found in theme; use fas, far, or fab instead' unless scratch?
+            marker_style[:font_family] = FontAwesomeIconSets.find {|candidate| (icon_font_data candidate).yaml[candidate].value? marker } || 'fas'
+          end
+          marker_gap = rendered_width_of_char 'x'
+          font marker_style[:font_family], size: marker_style[:font_size] do
+            marker_width = rendered_width_of_string marker
+            marker_height = height_of_typeset_text marker, line_height: marker_style[:line_height], single_line: true
+            start_position = -marker_width + -marker_gap
+            float do
+              start_new_page if @media == 'prepress' && cursor < marker_height
+              flow_bounding_box start_position, width: marker_width do
+                layout_prose marker,
+                    align: :right,
+                    character_spacing: -0.5,
+                    color: marker_style[:font_color],
+                    inline_format: false,
+                    line_height: marker_style[:line_height],
+                    margin: 0,
+                    normalize: false,
+                    single_line: true
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        if complex
+          traverse_list_item node, list_type, (opts.merge normalize_line_height: true)
+        else
+          traverse_list_item node, list_type, (opts.merge margin_bottom: @theme.outline_list_item_spacing, normalize_line_height: true)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def traverse_list_item node, list_type, opts = {}
+        if list_type == :dlist # qanda
+          terms, desc = node
+          terms.each {|term| layout_prose %(<em>#{term.text}</em>), (opts.merge margin_top: 0, margin_bottom: @theme.description_list_term_spacing) }
+          if desc
+            layout_prose desc.text, (opts.merge hyphenate: true) if desc.text?
+            traverse desc
+          end
+        else
+          if (primary_text = node.text).nil_or_empty?
+            layout_prose DummyText, opts unless node.blocks?
+          else
+            layout_prose primary_text, (opts.merge hyphenate: true)
+          end
+          traverse node
+        end
+      end
+
+      def allocate_space_for_list_item line_metrics, number = 1, additional_gap = 0
+        advance_page if !at_page_top? && cursor < (line_metrics.height + line_metrics.leading + line_metrics.padding_top + additional_gap) * number
+      end
+
+      def convert_image node, opts = {}
+        node.extend ::Asciidoctor::Image unless ::Asciidoctor::Image === node
+        target, image_format = node.target_and_format
+
+        if image_format == 'gif' && !(defined? ::GMagick::Image)
+          logger.warn %(GIF image format not supported. Install the prawn-gmagick gem or convert #{target} to PNG.) unless scratch?
+          image_path = nil
+        elsif ::Base64 === target
+          image_path = target
+        elsif (image_path = resolve_image_path node, target, (opts.fetch :relative_to_imagesdir, true), image_format)
+          if image_format == 'pdf'
+            if ::File.readable? image_path
+              if (id = node.id)
+                add_dest_block = proc do
+                  node.set_attr 'pdf-destination', (node_dest = dest_top)
+                  add_dest id, node_dest
+                end
+              end
+              # NOTE: import_page automatically advances to next page afterwards
+              # QUESTION should we add destination to top of imported page?
+              if (pgnums = node.attr 'pages', nil, false)
+                (resolve_pagenums pgnums).each_with_index do |pgnum, idx|
+                  if idx == 0
+                    import_page image_path, page: pgnum, replace: page.empty?, &add_dest_block
+                  else
+                    import_page image_path, page: pgnum, replace: true
+                  end
+                end
+              else
+                import_page image_path, page: [(node.attr 'page', nil, 1).to_i, 1].max, replace: page.empty?, &add_dest_block
+              end
+            else
+              # QUESTION should we use alt text in this case?
+              logger.warn %(pdf to insert not found or not readable: #{image_path}) unless scratch?
+            end
+            return
+          elsif !(::File.readable? image_path)
+            logger.warn %(image to embed not found or not readable: #{image_path}) unless scratch?
+            image_path = nil
+          end
+        elsif image_format == 'pdf'
+          # QUESTION should we use alt text in this case?
+          return
+        end
+
+        theme_margin :block, :top unless (pinned = opts[:pinned])
+
+        return on_image_error :missing, node, target, opts unless image_path
+
+        alignment = ((node.attr 'align', nil, false) || @theme.image_align || :left).to_sym
+        # TODO: support cover (aka canvas) image layout using "canvas" (or "cover") role
+        width = resolve_explicit_width node.attributes, (available_w = bounds.width), support_vw: true, use_fallback: true, constrain_to_bounds: true
+        # TODO: add `to_pt page_width` method to ViewportWidth type
+        width = (width.to_f / 100) * page_width if ViewportWidth === width
+
+        # NOTE: if width is not set explicitly and max-width is fit-content, caption height may not be accurate
+        caption_h = node.title? ? (layout_caption node, category: :image, side: :bottom, block_align: alignment, block_width: width, max_width: @theme.image_caption_max_width, dry_run: true) : 0
+
+        align_to_page = node.option? 'align-to-page'
+
+        begin
+          rendered_w = nil
+          span_page_width_if align_to_page do
+            if image_format == 'svg'
+              if ::Base64 === image_path
+                svg_data = ::Base64.decode64 image_path
+                file_request_root = false
+              else
+                svg_data = ::File.read image_path, mode: 'r:UTF-8'
+                file_request_root = ::File.dirname image_path
+              end
+              svg_obj = ::Prawn::SVG::Interface.new svg_data, self,
+                  position: alignment,
+                  width: width,
+                  fallback_font_name: fallback_svg_font_name,
+                  enable_web_requests: allow_uri_read,
+                  enable_file_requests_with_root: file_request_root,
+                  cache_images: cache_uri
+              rendered_w = (svg_size = svg_obj.document.sizing).output_width
+              if !width && (svg_obj.document.root.attributes.key? 'width')
+                # NOTE: scale native width & height from px to pt and restrict width to available width
+                if (adjusted_w = [available_w, (to_pt rendered_w, :px)].min) != rendered_w
+                  svg_size = svg_obj.resize width: (rendered_w = adjusted_w)
+                end
+              end
+              # NOTE: shrink image so it fits within available space; group image & caption
+              if (rendered_h = svg_size.output_height) > (available_h = cursor - caption_h)
+                unless pinned || at_page_top?
+                  advance_page
+                  available_h = cursor - caption_h
+                end
+                rendered_w = (svg_obj.resize height: (rendered_h = available_h)).output_width if rendered_h > available_h
+              end
+              image_y = y
+              image_cursor = cursor
+              add_dest_for_block node if node.id
+              # NOTE: workaround to fix Prawn not adding fill and stroke commands on page that only has an image;
+              # breakage occurs when running content (stamps) are added to page
+              # seems to be resolved as of Prawn 2.2.2
+              update_colors if graphic_state.color_space.empty?
+              # NOTE: prawn-svg 0.24.0, 0.25.0, & 0.25.1 didn't restore font after call to draw (see mogest/prawn-svg#80)
+              # NOTE: cursor advances automatically
+              svg_obj.draw
+              svg_obj.document.warnings.each do |img_warning|
+                logger.warn %(problem encountered in image: #{image_path}; #{img_warning})
+              end unless scratch?
+              draw_image_border image_cursor, rendered_w, rendered_h, alignment unless node.role? && (node.has_role? 'noborder')
+              if (link = node.attr 'link', nil, false)
+                add_link_to_image link, { width: rendered_w, height: rendered_h }, position: alignment, y: image_y
+              end
+            else
+              # FIXME: this code really needs to be better organized!
+              # NOTE: use low-level API to access intrinsic dimensions; build_image_object caches image data previously loaded
+              image_obj, image_info = ::Base64 === image_path ?
+                  ::StringIO.open((::Base64.decode64 image_path), 'rb') {|fd| build_image_object fd } :
+                  ::File.open(image_path, 'rb') {|fd| build_image_object fd }
+              # NOTE: if width is not specified, scale native width & height from px to pt and restrict width to available width
+              rendered_w, rendered_h = image_info.calc_image_dimensions width: (width || [available_w, (to_pt image_info.width, :px)].min)
+              # NOTE: shrink image so it fits within available space; group image & caption
+              if rendered_h > (available_h = cursor - caption_h)
+                unless pinned || at_page_top?
+                  advance_page
+                  available_h = cursor - caption_h
+                end
+                rendered_w, rendered_h = image_info.calc_image_dimensions height: available_h if rendered_h > available_h
+              end
+              image_y = y
+              image_cursor = cursor
+              add_dest_for_block node if node.id
+              # NOTE: workaround to fix Prawn not adding fill and stroke commands on page that only has an image;
+              # breakage occurs when running content (stamps) are added to page
+              # seems to be resolved as of Prawn 2.2.2
+              update_colors if graphic_state.color_space.empty?
+              # NOTE: specify both width and height to avoid recalculation
+              embed_image image_obj, image_info, width: rendered_w, height: rendered_h, position: alignment
+              draw_image_border image_cursor, rendered_w, rendered_h, alignment unless node.role? && (node.has_role? 'noborder')
+              if (link = node.attr 'link', nil, false)
+                add_link_to_image link, { width: rendered_w, height: rendered_h }, position: alignment, y: image_y
+              end
+              # NOTE: Asciidoctor disables automatic advancement of cursor for raster images, so move cursor manually
+              move_down rendered_h if y == image_y
+            end
+          end
+          layout_caption node, category: :image, side: :bottom, block_align: alignment, block_width: rendered_w, max_width: @theme.image_caption_max_width if node.title?
+          theme_margin :block, :bottom unless pinned
+        rescue
+          on_image_error :exception, node, target, (opts.merge message: %(could not embed image: #{image_path}; #{$!.message}#{::Prawn::Errors::UnsupportedImageType === $! ? '; install prawn-gmagick gem to add support' : ''}))
+        end
+      end
+
+      def draw_image_border top, w, h, alignment
+        if (@theme.image_border_width || 0) > 0 && @theme.image_border_color
+          if (@theme.image_border_fit || 'content') == 'auto'
+            bb_width = bounds.width
+          elsif alignment == :center
+            bb_x = (bounds.width - w) * 0.5
+          elsif alignment == :right
+            bb_x = bounds.width - w
+          end
+          bounding_box [(bb_x || 0), top], width: (bb_width || w), height: h, position: alignment do
+            theme_fill_and_stroke_bounds :image, background_color: nil
+          end
+          true
+        end
+      end
+
+      def on_image_error _reason, node, target, opts = {}
+        logger.warn opts[:message] if (opts.key? :message) && !scratch?
+        alt_text_vars = { alt: (node.attr 'alt'), target: target }
+        alt_text_template = @theme.image_alt_content || '%{link}[%{alt}]%{/link} | <em>%{target}</em>'
+        if (link = node.attr 'link', nil, false)
+          alt_text_vars[:link] = %(<a href="#{link}">)
+          alt_text_vars[:'/link'] = '</a>'
+        else
+          alt_text_vars[:link] = ''
+          alt_text_vars[:'/link'] = ''
+        end
+        alt_text = alt_text_template % alt_text_vars
+        theme_font :image_alt do
+          layout_prose alt_text,
+              align: ((node.attr 'align', nil, false) || @theme.image_align).to_sym,
+              margin: 0,
+              normalize: false,
+              single_line: true
+        end
+        layout_caption node, category: :image, side: :bottom if node.title?
+        theme_margin :block, :bottom unless opts[:pinned]
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def convert_audio node
+        add_dest_for_block node if node.id
+        theme_margin :block, :top
+        audio_path = node.media_uri node.attr 'target'
+        play_symbol = (node.document.attr? 'icons', 'font') ? %(<font name="fas">#{(icon_font_data 'fas').unicode 'play'}</font>) : RightPointer
+        layout_prose %(#{play_symbol}#{NoBreakSpace}<a href="#{audio_path}">#{audio_path}</a> <em>(audio)</em>), normalize: false, margin: 0, single_line: true
+        layout_caption node, side: :bottom if node.title?
+        theme_margin :block, :bottom
+      end
+
+      def convert_video node
+        case (poster = node.attr 'poster', nil, false)
+        when 'youtube'
+          video_path = %(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=#{video_id = node.attr 'target'})
+          # see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2068344/how-do-i-get-a-youtube-video-thumbnail-from-the-youtube-api
+          poster = allow_uri_read ? %(https://img.youtube.com/vi/#{video_id}/maxresdefault.jpg) : nil
+          type = 'YouTube video'
+        when 'vimeo'
+          video_path = %(https://vimeo.com/#{video_id = node.attr 'target'})
+          if allow_uri_read
+            if cache_uri
+              Helpers.require_library 'open-uri/cached', 'open-uri-cached' unless defined? ::OpenURI::Cache
+            else
+              ::OpenURI
+            end
+            poster = ::OpenURI.open_uri %(http://vimeo.com/api/v2/video/#{video_id}.xml), 'r' do |f|
+              /<thumbnail_large>(.*?)<\/thumbnail_large>/ =~ f.read && $1
+            end
+          end
+          type = 'Vimeo video'
+        else
+          video_path = node.media_uri node.attr 'target'
+          type = 'video'
+        end
+
+        if poster.nil_or_empty?
+          add_dest_for_block node if node.id
+          theme_margin :block, :top
+          play_symbol = (node.document.attr? 'icons', 'font') ? %(<font name="fas">#{(icon_font_data 'fas').unicode 'play'}</font>) : RightPointer
+          layout_prose %(#{play_symbol}#{NoBreakSpace}<a href="#{video_path}">#{video_path}</a> <em>(#{type})</em>), normalize: false, margin: 0, single_line: true
+          layout_caption node, side: :bottom if node.title?
+          theme_margin :block, :bottom
+        else
+          original_attributes = node.attributes.dup
+          begin
+            node.update_attributes 'target' => poster, 'link' => video_path
+            #node.set_attr 'pdfwidth', '100%' unless (node.attr? 'width') || (node.attr? 'pdfwidth')
+            convert_image node
+          ensure
+            node.attributes.replace original_attributes
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # QUESTION can we avoid arranging fragments multiple times (conums & autofit) by eagerly preparing arranger?
+      def convert_listing_or_literal node
+        add_dest_for_block node if node.id
+
+        # HACK: disable built-in syntax highlighter; must be done before calling node.content!
+        if node.style == 'source' && (highlighter = @capabilities[:syntax_highlighter] ?
+            (syntax_hl = node.document.syntax_highlighter) && syntax_hl.highlight? && syntax_hl.name :
+            (highlighter = node.document.attributes['source-highlighter']) && (SourceHighlighters.include? highlighter) && highlighter)
+          case highlighter
+          when 'coderay'
+            unless defined? ::Asciidoctor::Prawn::CodeRayEncoder
+              highlighter = nil if (Helpers.require_library CodeRayRequirePath, 'coderay', :warn).nil?
+            end
+          when 'pygments'
+            unless defined? ::Pygments::Ext::BlockStyles
+              highlighter = nil if (Helpers.require_library PygmentsRequirePath, 'pygments.rb', :warn).nil?
+            end
+          when 'rouge'
+            unless defined? ::Rouge::Formatters::Prawn
+              highlighter = nil if (Helpers.require_library RougeRequirePath, 'rouge', :warn).nil?
+            end
+          end
+          prev_subs = (subs = node.subs).dup
+          # NOTE: the highlight sub is only set for coderay, rouge, and pygments atm
+          highlight_idx = subs.index :highlight
+          # NOTE: scratch? here only applies if listing block is nested inside another block
+          if !highlighter || scratch?
+            highlighter = nil
+            if highlight_idx
+              # switch the :highlight sub back to :specialcharacters
+              subs[highlight_idx] = :specialcharacters
+            else
+              prev_subs = nil
+            end
+            source_string = guard_indentation node.content
+          else
+            # NOTE: the source highlighter logic below handles the callouts and highlight subs
+            if highlight_idx
+              subs.delete_all :highlight, :callouts
+            else
+              subs.delete_all :specialcharacters, :callouts
+            end
+            # NOTE: indentation guards will be added by the source highlighter logic
+            source_string = expand_tabs node.content
+          end
+        else
+          highlighter = nil
+          source_string = guard_indentation node.content
+        end
+
+        case highlighter
+        when 'coderay'
+          source_string, conum_mapping = extract_conums source_string
+          srclang = node.attr 'language', 'text', false
+          begin
+            ::CodeRay::Scanners[(srclang = (srclang.start_with? 'html+') ? (srclang.slice 5, srclang.length).to_sym : srclang.to_sym)]
+          rescue ::ArgumentError
+            srclang = :text
+          end
+          fragments = (::CodeRay.scan source_string, srclang).to_prawn
+          source_chunks = conum_mapping ? (restore_conums fragments, conum_mapping) : fragments
+        when 'pygments'
+          style = (node.document.attr 'pygments-style') || 'pastie'
+          # QUESTION allow border color to be set by theme for highlighted block?
+          pg_block_styles = ::Pygments::Ext::BlockStyles.for style
+          bg_color_override = pg_block_styles[:background_color]
+          font_color_override = pg_block_styles[:font_color]
+          if source_string.empty?
+            source_chunks = []
+          else
+            lexer = (::Pygments::Lexer.find_by_alias node.attr 'language', 'text', false) || (::Pygments::Lexer.find_by_mimetype 'text/plain')
+            lexer_opts = { nowrap: true, noclasses: true, stripnl: false, style: style }
+            lexer_opts[:startinline] = !(node.option? 'mixed') if lexer.name == 'PHP'
+            source_string, conum_mapping = extract_conums source_string
+            # NOTE: highlight can return nil if something goes wrong; fallback to encoded source string if this happens
+            result = (lexer.highlight source_string, options: lexer_opts) || (node.apply_subs source_string, [:specialcharacters])
+            if node.attr? 'highlight', nil, false
+              if (highlight_lines = (node.method :resolve_lines_to_highlight).arity > 1 ?
+                  (node.resolve_lines_to_highlight source_string, (node.attr 'highlight')) :
+                  (node.resolve_lines_to_highlight node.attr 'highlight')).empty?
+                highlight_lines = nil
+              else
+                pg_highlight_bg_color = pg_block_styles[:highlight_background_color]
+                highlight_lines = highlight_lines.map {|linenum| [linenum, pg_highlight_bg_color] }.to_h
+              end
+            end
+            if node.attr? 'linenums'
+              linenums = (node.attr 'start', 1, false).to_i
+              @theme.code_linenum_font_color ||= '999999'
+              postprocess = true
+              wrap_ext = FormattedText::SourceWrap
+            elsif conum_mapping || highlight_lines
+              postprocess = true
+            end
+            fragments = text_formatter.format result
+            fragments = restore_conums fragments, conum_mapping, linenums, highlight_lines if postprocess
+            source_chunks = guard_indentation_in_fragments fragments
+          end
+        when 'rouge'
+          formatter = (@rouge_formatter ||= ::Rouge::Formatters::Prawn.new theme: (node.document.attr 'rouge-style'), line_gap: @theme.code_line_gap, highlight_background_color: @theme.code_highlight_background_color)
+          # QUESTION allow border color to be set by theme for highlighted block?
+          bg_color_override = formatter.background_color
+          if source_string.empty?
+            source_chunks = []
+          else
+            if node.attr? 'linenums'
+              formatter_opts = { line_numbers: true, start_line: (node.attr 'start', 1, false).to_i }
+              wrap_ext = FormattedText::SourceWrap
+            else
+              formatter_opts = {}
+            end
+            if (srclang = node.attr 'language', nil, false)
+              if srclang.include? '?'
+                if (lexer = ::Rouge::Lexer.find_fancy srclang)
+                  unless lexer.tag != 'php' || (node.option? 'mixed') || ((lexer_opts = lexer.options).key? 'start_inline')
+                    lexer = lexer.class.new lexer_opts.merge 'start_inline' => true
+                  end
+                end
+              elsif (lexer = ::Rouge::Lexer.find srclang)
+                lexer = lexer.new start_inline: true if lexer.tag == 'php' && !(node.option? 'mixed')
+              end
+            end
+            lexer ||= ::Rouge::Lexers::PlainText
+            source_string, conum_mapping = extract_conums source_string
+            if node.attr? 'highlight', nil, false
+              unless (hl_lines = (node.method :resolve_lines_to_highlight).arity > 1 ?
+                  (node.resolve_lines_to_highlight source_string, (node.attr 'highlight')) :
+                  (node.resolve_lines_to_highlight node.attr 'highlight')).empty?
+                formatter_opts[:highlight_lines] = hl_lines.map {|linenum| [linenum, true] }.to_h
+              end
+            end
+            fragments = formatter.format (lexer.lex source_string), formatter_opts
+            source_chunks = conum_mapping ? (restore_conums fragments, conum_mapping) : fragments
+          end
+        else
+          # NOTE: only format if we detect a need (callouts or inline formatting)
+          source_chunks = (XMLMarkupRx.match? source_string) ? (text_formatter.format source_string) : [text: source_string]
+        end
+
+        node.subs.replace prev_subs if prev_subs
+
+        adjusted_font_size = ((node.option? 'autofit') || (node.document.attr? 'autofit-option')) ?
+            (theme_font_size_autofit source_chunks, :code) : nil
+
+        theme_margin :block, :top
+
+        keep_together do |box_height = nil|
+          caption_height = node.title? ? (layout_caption node, category: :code) : 0
+          theme_font :code do
+            theme_fill_and_stroke_block :code, (box_height - caption_height), background_color: bg_color_override, split_from_top: false if box_height
+            pad_box @theme.code_padding do
+              ::Prawn::Text::Formatted::Box.extensions << wrap_ext if wrap_ext
+              typeset_formatted_text source_chunks, (calc_line_metrics @theme.code_line_height || @theme.base_line_height),
+                  color: (font_color_override || @theme.code_font_color || @font_color),
+                  size: adjusted_font_size
+              ::Prawn::Text::Formatted::Box.extensions.pop if wrap_ext
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        stroke_horizontal_rule @theme.caption_border_bottom_color if node.title? && @theme.caption_border_bottom_color
+
+        theme_margin :block, :bottom
+      end
+
+      alias convert_listing convert_listing_or_literal
+      alias convert_literal convert_listing_or_literal
+
+      def convert_pass node
+        node = node.dup
+        (subs = node.subs.dup).unshift :specialcharacters
+        node.instance_variable_set :@subs, subs.uniq
+        convert_listing_or_literal node
+      end
+
+      alias convert_stem convert_listing_or_literal
+
+      # Extract callout marks from string, indexed by 0-based line number
+      # Return an Array with the processed string as the first argument
+      # and the mapping of lines to conums as the second.
+      def extract_conums string
+        conum_mapping = {}
+        auto_num = 0
+        string = string.split(LF).map.with_index {|line, line_num|
+          # FIXME: we get extra spaces before numbers if more than one on a line
+          if line.include? '<'
+            line = line.gsub CalloutExtractRx do
+              # honor the escape
+              if $1 == ?\\
+                $&.sub $1, ''
+              else
+                (conum_mapping[line_num] ||= []) << ($3 == '.' ? (auto_num += 1) : $3.to_i)
+                ''
+              end
+            end
+            # NOTE use first position to store space that precedes conums
+            if (conum_mapping.key? line_num) && (line.end_with? ' ')
+              trimmed_line = line.rstrip
+              conum_mapping[line_num].unshift line.slice trimmed_line.length, line.length
+              line = trimmed_line
+            end
+          end
+          line
+        }.join LF
+        conum_mapping = nil if conum_mapping.empty?
+        [string, conum_mapping]
+      end
+
+      # Restore the conums into the Array of formatted text fragments
+      #--
+      # QUESTION can this be done more efficiently?
+      # QUESTION can we reuse arrange_fragments_by_line?
+      def restore_conums fragments, conum_mapping, linenums = nil, highlight_lines = nil
+        lines = []
+        line_num = 0
+        # reorganize the fragments into an array of lines
+        fragments.each do |fragment|
+          line = (lines[line_num] ||= [])
+          if (text = fragment[:text]) == LF
+            lines[line_num += 1] ||= []
+          elsif text.include? LF
+            text.split(LF, -1).each_with_index do |line_in_fragment, idx|
+              line = (lines[line_num += 1] ||= []) unless idx == 0
+              line << (fragment.merge text: line_in_fragment) unless line_in_fragment.empty?
+            end
+          else
+            line << fragment
+          end
+        end
+        conum_color = @theme.conum_font_color
+        last_line_num = lines.size - 1
+        if linenums
+          pad_size = (last_line_num + 1).to_s.length
+          linenum_color = @theme.code_linenum_font_color
+        end
+        # append conums to appropriate lines, then flatten to an array of fragments
+        lines.flat_map.with_index do |line, cur_line_num|
+          last_line = cur_line_num == last_line_num
+          visible_line_num = cur_line_num + (linenums || 1)
+          if highlight_lines && (highlight_bg_color = highlight_lines[visible_line_num])
+            line.unshift text: DummyText, background_color: highlight_bg_color, highlight: true, inline_block: true, extend: true, width: 0, callback: [FormattedText::TextBackgroundAndBorderRenderer]
+          end
+          line.unshift text: %(#{visible_line_num.to_s.rjust pad_size} ), linenum: visible_line_num, color: linenum_color if linenums
+          if conum_mapping && (conums = conum_mapping.delete cur_line_num)
+            line << { text: conums.shift } if ::String === conums[0]
+            conum_text = conums.map {|num| conum_glyph num }.join ' '
+            line << (conum_color ? { text: conum_text, color: conum_color } : { text: conum_text })
+          end
+          line << { text: LF } unless last_line
+          line
+        end
+      end
+
+      def conum_glyph number
+        @conum_glyphs[number - 1]
+      end
+
+      def convert_table node
+        add_dest_for_block node if node.id
+        # TODO: we could skip a lot of the logic below when num_rows == 0
+        num_rows = node.attr 'rowcount'
+        num_cols = node.columns.size
+        table_header_size = false
+        theme = @theme
+
+        tbl_bg_color = resolve_theme_color :table_background_color
+        # QUESTION should we fallback to page background color? (which is never transparent)
+        #tbl_bg_color = resolve_theme_color :table_background_color, @page_bg_color
+        # ...and if so, should we try to be helpful and use @page_bg_color for tables nested in blocks?
+        #unless tbl_bg_color
+        #  tbl_bg_color = @page_bg_color unless [:section, :document].include? node.parent.context
+        #end
+
+        # NOTE: emulate table bg color by using it as a fallback value for each element
+        head_bg_color = resolve_theme_color :table_head_background_color, tbl_bg_color
+        foot_bg_color = resolve_theme_color :table_foot_background_color, tbl_bg_color
+        body_bg_color = resolve_theme_color :table_body_background_color, tbl_bg_color
+        body_stripe_bg_color = resolve_theme_color :table_body_stripe_background_color, tbl_bg_color
+
+        base_header_cell_data = nil
+        header_cell_line_metrics = nil
+
+        table_data = []
+        theme_font :table do
+          head_rows = node.rows[:head]
+          body_rows = node.rows[:body]
+          #if (hrows = node.attr 'hrows', false, nil) && (shift_rows = hrows.to_i - head_rows.size) > 0
+          #  head_rows = head_rows.dup
+          #  body_rows = body_rows.dup
+          #  shift_rows.times { head_rows << body_rows.shift unless body_rows.empty? }
+          #end
+          theme_font :table_head do
+            table_header_size = head_rows.size
+            head_font_info = font_info
+            head_line_metrics = calc_line_metrics theme.base_line_height
+            head_cell_padding = theme.table_head_cell_padding || theme.table_cell_padding
+            head_cell_padding = ::Array === head_cell_padding && head_cell_padding.size == 4 ? head_cell_padding.dup : (inflate_padding head_cell_padding)
+            head_cell_padding[0] += head_line_metrics.padding_top
+            head_cell_padding[2] += head_line_metrics.padding_bottom
+            # QUESTION why doesn't text transform inherit from table?
+            head_transform = resolve_text_transform :table_head_text_transform, nil
+            base_cell_data = {
+              inline_format: [normalize: true],
+              background_color: head_bg_color,
+              text_color: @font_color,
+              size: head_font_info[:size],
+              font: head_font_info[:family],
+              font_style: head_font_info[:style],
+              kerning: default_kerning?,
+              padding: head_cell_padding,
+              leading: head_line_metrics.leading,
+              # TODO: patch prawn-table to pass through final_gap option
+              #final_gap: head_line_metrics.final_gap,
+            }
+            head_rows.each do |row|
+              table_data << (row.map do |cell|
+                cell_text = head_transform ? (transform_text cell.text.strip, head_transform) : cell.text.strip
+                cell_text = hyphenate_text cell_text, @hyphenator if defined? @hyphenator
+                base_cell_data.merge \
+                  content: cell_text,
+                  colspan: cell.colspan || 1,
+                  align: (cell.attr 'halign', nil, false).to_sym,
+                  valign: (val = cell.attr 'valign', nil, false) == 'middle' ? :center : val.to_sym
+              end)
+            end
+          end unless head_rows.empty?
+
+          base_cell_data = {
+            font: (body_font_info = font_info)[:family],
+            font_style: body_font_info[:style],
+            size: body_font_info[:size],
+            kerning: default_kerning?,
+            text_color: @font_color,
+          }
+          body_cell_line_metrics = calc_line_metrics theme.base_line_height
+          (body_rows + node.rows[:foot]).each do |row|
+            table_data << (row.map do |cell|
+              cell_data = base_cell_data.merge \
+                colspan: cell.colspan || 1,
+                rowspan: cell.rowspan || 1,
+                align: (cell.attr 'halign', nil, false).to_sym,
+                valign: (val = cell.attr 'valign', nil, false) == 'middle' ? :center : val.to_sym
+              cell_line_metrics = body_cell_line_metrics
+              case cell.style
+              when :emphasis
+                cell_data[:font_style] = :italic
+              when :strong
+                cell_data[:font_style] = :bold
+              when :header
+                unless base_header_cell_data
+                  theme_font :table_head do
+                    theme_font :table_header_cell do
+                      header_cell_font_info = font_info
+                      base_header_cell_data = {
+                        text_color: @font_color,
+                        font: header_cell_font_info[:family],
+                        size: header_cell_font_info[:size],
+                        font_style: header_cell_font_info[:style],
+                        text_transform: @text_transform,
+                      }
+                      header_cell_line_metrics = calc_line_metrics theme.base_line_height
+                    end
+                  end
+                  if (val = resolve_theme_color :table_header_cell_background_color, head_bg_color)
+                    base_header_cell_data[:background_color] = val
+                  end
+                end
+                cell_data.update base_header_cell_data
+                cell_transform = cell_data.delete :text_transform
+                cell_line_metrics = header_cell_line_metrics
+              when :monospaced
+                cell_data.delete :font_style
+                theme_font :literal do
+                  mono_cell_font_info = font_info
+                  cell_data[:font] = mono_cell_font_info[:family]
+                  cell_data[:size] = mono_cell_font_info[:size]
+                  cell_data[:text_color] = @font_color
+                  cell_line_metrics = calc_line_metrics theme.base_line_height
+                end
+              when :literal
+                # NOTE: we want the raw AsciiDoc in this case
+                cell_data[:content] = guard_indentation cell.instance_variable_get :@text
+                # NOTE: the absence of the inline_format option implies it's disabled
+                cell_data.delete :font_style
+                # QUESTION should we use literal_font_*, code_font_*, or introduce another category?
+                theme_font :code do
+                  literal_cell_font_info = font_info
+                  cell_data[:font] = literal_cell_font_info[:family]
+                  cell_data[:size] = literal_cell_font_info[:size]
+                  cell_data[:text_color] = @font_color
+                  cell_line_metrics = calc_line_metrics theme.base_line_height
+                end
+              when :verse
+                cell_data[:content] = guard_indentation cell.text
+                cell_data[:inline_format] = true
+                cell_data.delete :font_style
+              when :asciidoc
+                cell_data.delete :kerning
+                cell_data.delete :font_style
+                cell_line_metrics = nil
+                asciidoc_cell = ::Prawn::Table::Cell::AsciiDoc.new self,
+                    (cell_data.merge content: cell.inner_document, font_style: (val = theme.table_font_style) ? val.to_sym : nil, padding: theme.table_cell_padding)
+                cell_data = { content: asciidoc_cell }
+              end
+              if cell_line_metrics
+                cell_padding = ::Array === (cell_padding = theme.table_cell_padding) && cell_padding.size == 4 ?
+                  cell_padding.dup : (inflate_padding cell_padding)
+                cell_padding[0] += cell_line_metrics.padding_top
+                cell_padding[2] += cell_line_metrics.padding_bottom
+                cell_data[:leading] = cell_line_metrics.leading
+                # TODO: patch prawn-table to pass through final_gap option
+                #cell_data[:final_gap] = cell_line_metrics.final_gap
+                cell_data[:padding] = cell_padding
+              end
+              unless cell_data.key? :content
+                cell_text = cell.text.strip
+                cell_text = transform_text cell_text if cell_transform
+                cell_text = hyphenate_text cell_text, @hyphenator if defined? @hyphenator
+                cell_text = cell_text.gsub CjkLineBreakRx, ZeroWidthSpace if @cjk_line_breaks
+                if cell_text.include? LF
+                  # NOTE: effectively the same as calling cell.content (should we use that instead?)
+                  # FIXME: hard breaks not quite the same result as separate paragraphs; need custom cell impl here
+                  cell_data[:content] = (cell_text.split BlankLineRx).map {|l| l.tr_s WhitespaceChars, ' ' }.join DoubleLF
+                  cell_data[:inline_format] = true
+                else
+                  cell_data[:content] = cell_text
+                  cell_data[:inline_format] = [normalize: true]
+                end
+              end
+              if node.document.attr? 'cellbgcolor'
+                if (cell_bg_color = node.document.attr 'cellbgcolor') == 'transparent'
+                  cell_data[:background_color] = body_bg_color
+                elsif (cell_bg_color.start_with? '#') && (HexColorRx.match? cell_bg_color)
+                  cell_data[:background_color] = cell_bg_color.slice 1, cell_bg_color.length
+                end
+              end
+              cell_data
+            end)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # NOTE: Prawn aborts if table data is empty, so ensure there's at least one row
+        if table_data.empty?
+          logger.warn message_with_context 'no rows found in table', source_location: node.source_location
+          table_data << ::Array.new([node.columns.size, 1].max) { { content: '' } }
+        end
+
+        border_width = {}
+        table_border_color = theme.table_border_color || theme.table_grid_color || theme.base_border_color
+        table_border_style = (theme.table_border_style || :solid).to_sym
+        table_border_width = theme.table_border_width
+        if table_header_size
+          head_border_bottom_color = theme.table_head_border_bottom_color || table_border_color
+          head_border_bottom_style = (theme.table_head_border_bottom_style || table_border_style).to_sym
+          head_border_bottom_width = theme.table_head_border_bottom_width || table_border_width
+        end
+        [:top, :bottom, :left, :right].each {|edge| border_width[edge] = table_border_width }
+        table_grid_color = theme.table_grid_color || table_border_color
+        table_grid_style = (theme.table_grid_style || table_border_style).to_sym
+        table_grid_width = theme.table_grid_width || theme.table_border_width
+        [:cols, :rows].each {|edge| border_width[edge] = table_grid_width }
+
+        case (grid = node.attr 'grid', 'all', 'table-grid')
+        when 'all'
+          # keep inner borders
+        when 'cols'
+          border_width[:rows] = 0
+        when 'rows'
+          border_width[:cols] = 0
+        else # none
+          border_width[:rows] = border_width[:cols] = 0
+        end
+
+        case (frame = node.attr 'frame', 'all', 'table-frame')
+        when 'all'
+          # keep outer borders
+        when 'topbot', 'ends'
+          border_width[:left] = border_width[:right] = 0
+        when 'sides'
+          border_width[:top] = border_width[:bottom] = 0
+        else # none
+          border_width[:top] = border_width[:right] = border_width[:bottom] = border_width[:left] = 0
+        end
+
+        if node.option? 'autowidth'
+          table_width = (node.attr? 'width', nil, false) ? bounds.width * ((node.attr 'tablepcwidth') / 100.0) :
+              (((node.has_role? 'stretch') || (node.has_role? 'spread')) ? bounds.width : nil)
+          column_widths = []
+        else
+          table_width = bounds.width * ((node.attr 'tablepcwidth') / 100.0)
+          column_widths = node.columns.map {|col| ((col.attr 'colpcwidth') * table_width) / 100.0 }
+          # NOTE: until Asciidoctor 1.5.4, colpcwidth values didn't always add up to 100%; use last column to compensate
+          unless column_widths.empty? || (width_delta = table_width - column_widths.sum) == 0
+            column_widths[-1] += width_delta
+          end
+        end
+
+        if ((alignment = node.attr 'align', nil, false) && (BlockAlignmentNames.include? alignment)) ||
+            (alignment = (node.roles & BlockAlignmentNames)[-1])
+          alignment = alignment.to_sym
+        else
+          alignment = (theme.table_align || :left).to_sym
+        end
+
+        caption_side = (theme.table_caption_side || :top).to_sym
+        caption_max_width = theme.table_caption_max_width || 'fit-content'
+
+        table_settings = {
+          header: table_header_size,
+          # NOTE: position is handled by this method
+          position: :left,
+          cell_style: {
+            # NOTE: the border color and style of the outer frame is set later
+            border_color: table_grid_color,
+            border_lines: [table_grid_style],
+            # NOTE: the border width is set later
+            border_width: 0,
+          },
+          width: table_width,
+          column_widths: column_widths,
+        }
+
+        # QUESTION should we support nth; should we support sequence of roles?
+        case node.attr 'stripes', nil, 'table-stripes'
+        when 'all'
+          table_settings[:row_colors] = [body_stripe_bg_color]
+        when 'even'
+          table_settings[:row_colors] = [body_bg_color, body_stripe_bg_color]
+        when 'odd'
+          table_settings[:row_colors] = [body_stripe_bg_color, body_bg_color]
+        else # none
+          table_settings[:row_colors] = [body_bg_color]
+        end
+
+        theme_margin :block, :top
+
+        left_padding = right_padding = nil
+        table table_data, table_settings do
+          # NOTE: call width to capture resolved table width
+          table_width = width
+          @pdf.layout_table_caption node, alignment, table_width, caption_max_width if node.title? && caption_side == :top
+          # NOTE align using padding instead of bounding_box as prawn-table does
+          # using a bounding_box across pages mangles the margin box of subsequent pages
+          if alignment != :left && table_width != (this_bounds = @pdf.bounds).width
+            if alignment == :center
+              left_padding = right_padding = (this_bounds.width - width) * 0.5
+              this_bounds.add_left_padding left_padding
+              this_bounds.add_right_padding right_padding
+            else # :right
+              left_padding = this_bounds.width - width
+              this_bounds.add_left_padding left_padding
+            end
+          end
+          if grid == 'none' && frame == 'none'
+            rows(table_header_size).tap do |r|
+              r.border_bottom_color = head_border_bottom_color
+              r.border_bottom_line = head_border_bottom_style
+              r.border_bottom_width = head_border_bottom_width
+            end if table_header_size
+          else
+            # apply the grid setting first across all cells
+            cells.border_width = [border_width[:rows], border_width[:cols], border_width[:rows], border_width[:cols]]
+
+            if table_header_size
+              rows(table_header_size - 1).tap do |r|
+                r.border_bottom_color = head_border_bottom_color
+                r.border_bottom_line = head_border_bottom_style
+                r.border_bottom_width = head_border_bottom_width
+              end
+              rows(table_header_size).tap do |r|
+                r.border_top_color = head_border_bottom_color
+                r.border_top_line = head_border_bottom_style
+                r.border_top_width = head_border_bottom_width
+              end if num_rows > table_header_size
+            end
+
+            # top edge of table
+            rows(0).tap do |r|
+              r.border_top_color, r.border_top_line, r.border_top_width = table_border_color, table_border_style, border_width[:top]
+            end
+            # right edge of table
+            columns(num_cols - 1).tap do |r|
+              r.border_right_color, r.border_right_line, r.border_right_width = table_border_color, table_border_style, border_width[:right]
+            end
+            # bottom edge of table
+            rows(num_rows - 1).tap do |r|
+              r.border_bottom_color, r.border_bottom_line, r.border_bottom_width = table_border_color, table_border_style, border_width[:bottom]
+            end
+            # left edge of table
+            columns(0).tap do |r|
+              r.border_left_color, r.border_left_line, r.border_left_width = table_border_color, table_border_style, border_width[:left]
+            end
+          end
+
+          # QUESTION should cell padding be configurable for foot row cells?
+          unless node.rows[:foot].empty?
+            foot_row = row num_rows.pred
+            foot_row.background_color = foot_bg_color
+            # FIXME: find a way to do this when defining the cells
+            foot_row.text_color = theme.table_foot_font_color if theme.table_foot_font_color
+            foot_row.size = theme.table_foot_font_size if theme.table_foot_font_size
+            foot_row.font = theme.table_foot_font_family if theme.table_foot_font_family
+            foot_row.font_style = theme.table_foot_font_style.to_sym if theme.table_foot_font_style
+            # HACK: we should do this transformation when creating the cell
+            #if (foot_transform = resolve_text_transform :table_foot_text_transform, nil)
+            #  foot_row.each {|c| c.content = (transform_text c.content, foot_transform) if c.content }
+            #end
+          end
+        end
+        if left_padding
+          bounds.subtract_left_padding left_padding
+          bounds.subtract_right_padding right_padding if right_padding
+        end
+        layout_table_caption node, alignment, table_width, caption_max_width, caption_side if node.title? && caption_side == :bottom
+        theme_margin :block, :bottom
+      end
+
+      def convert_thematic_break _node
+        theme_margin :thematic_break, :top
+        stroke_horizontal_rule @theme.thematic_break_border_color, line_width: @theme.thematic_break_border_width, line_style: @theme.thematic_break_border_style.to_sym
+        theme_margin :thematic_break, :bottom
+      end
+
+      # deprecated
+      alias convert_horizontal_rule convert_thematic_break
+
+      def convert_toc node
+        if ((doc = node.document).attr? 'toc-placement', 'macro') && doc.sections?
+          if (is_book = doc.doctype == 'book')
+            start_new_page unless at_page_top?
+            start_new_page if @ppbook && verso_page? && !(node.option? 'nonfacing')
+          end
+          add_dest_for_block node, (derive_anchor_from_id node.id, 'toc')
+          allocate_toc doc, (doc.attr 'toclevels', 2).to_i, @y, (is_book || (doc.attr? 'title-page'))
+        end
+        nil
+      end
+
+      # NOTE to insert sequential page breaks, you must put {nbsp} between page breaks
+      def convert_page_break node
+        if (page_layout = node.attr 'page-layout').nil_or_empty?
+          unless node.role? && (page_layout = (node.roles.map(&:to_sym) & PageLayouts)[-1])
+            page_layout = nil
+          end
+        elsif !PageLayouts.include?(page_layout = page_layout.to_sym)
+          page_layout = nil
+        end
+
+        if at_page_top?
+          if page_layout && page_layout != page.layout && page.empty?
+            delete_page
+            advance_page layout: page_layout
+          end
+        elsif page_layout
+          advance_page layout: page_layout
+        else
+          advance_page
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_index_section _node
+        unless @index.empty?
+          space_needed_for_category = @theme.description_list_term_spacing + (2 * (height_of_typeset_text 'A'))
+          column_box [0, cursor], columns: 2, width: bounds.width, reflow_margins: true do
+            @index.categories.each do |category|
+              # NOTE cursor method always returns 0 inside column_box; breaks reference_bounds.move_past_bottom
+              bounds.move_past_bottom if space_needed_for_category > y - reference_bounds.absolute_bottom
+              layout_prose category.name,
+                  align: :left,
+                  inline_format: false,
+                  margin_top: 0,
+                  margin_bottom: @theme.description_list_term_spacing,
+                  style: @theme.description_list_term_font_style.to_sym
+              category.terms.each do |term|
+                convert_index_list_item term
+              end
+              if @theme.prose_margin_bottom > y - reference_bounds.absolute_bottom
+                bounds.move_past_bottom
+              else
+                move_down @theme.prose_margin_bottom
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def convert_index_list_item term
+        text = escape_xml term.name
+        unless term.container?
+          if @media == 'screen'
+            pagenums = term.dests.map {|dest| %(<a anchor="#{dest[:anchor]}">#{dest[:page]}</a>) }
+          else
+            pagenums = consolidate_ranges term.dests.uniq {|dest| dest[:page] }.map {|dest| dest[:page].to_s }
+          end
+          text = %(#{text}, #{pagenums.join ', '})
+        end
+        subterm_indent = @theme.description_list_description_indent
+        layout_prose text, align: :left, margin: 0, normalize_line_height: true, hanging_indent: subterm_indent * 2
+        indent subterm_indent do
+          term.subterms.each do |subterm|
+            convert_index_list_item subterm
+          end
+        end unless term.leaf?
+      end
+
+      def convert_inline_anchor node
+        doc = node.document
+        target = node.target
+        case node.type
+        when :link
+          attrs = []
+          #attrs << %( id="#{node.id}") if node.id
+          if (role = node.role)
+            attrs << %( class="#{role}")
+          end
+          #attrs << %( title="#{node.attr 'title'}") if node.attr? 'title'
+          attrs << %( target="#{node.attr 'window'}") if node.attr? 'window', nil, false
+          if (@media ||= doc.attr 'media', 'screen') != 'screen' && (target.start_with? 'mailto:') && (doc.attr? 'hide-uri-scheme')
+            bare_target = target.slice 7, target.length
+            node.add_role 'bare' if (text = node.text) == bare_target
+          else
+            bare_target = target
+            text = node.text
+          end
+          if (role = node.attr 'role', nil, false) && (role == 'bare' || ((role.split ' ').include? 'bare'))
+            # QUESTION should we insert breakable chars into URI when building fragment instead?
+            %(<a href="#{target}"#{attrs.join}>#{breakable_uri text}</a>)
+          # NOTE @media may not be initialized if method is called before convert phase
+          elsif @media != 'screen' || (doc.attr? 'show-link-uri')
+            # QUESTION should we insert breakable chars into URI when building fragment instead?
+            # TODO: allow style of printed link to be controlled by theme
+            %(<a href="#{target}"#{attrs.join}>#{text}</a> [<font size="0.85em">#{breakable_uri bare_target}</font>&#93;)
+          else
+            %(<a href="#{target}"#{attrs.join}>#{text}</a>)
+          end
+        when :xref
+          # NOTE non-nil path indicates this is an inter-document xref that's not included in current document
+          if (path = node.attributes['path'])
+            # NOTE we don't use local as that doesn't work on the web
+            # NOTE for the fragment to work in most viewers, it must be #page=<N> <= document this!
+            %(<a href="#{target}">#{node.text || path}</a>)
+          elsif (refid = node.attributes['refid'])
+            unless (text = node.text)
+              if (refs = doc.catalog[:refs])
+                if ::Asciidoctor::AbstractNode === (ref = refs[refid])
+                  text = ref.xreftext node.attr 'xrefstyle', nil, true
+                end
+              else
+                # Asciidoctor < 1.5.6
+                text = doc.catalog[:ids][refid]
+              end
+            end
+            %(<a anchor="#{derive_anchor_from_id refid}">#{text || "[#{refid}]"}</a>).gsub ']', '&#93;'
+          else
+            %(<a anchor="#{doc.attr 'pdf-anchor'}">#{node.text || '[^top&#93;'}</a>)
+          end
+        when :ref
+          # NOTE destination is created inside callback registered by FormattedTextTransform#build_fragment
+          # NOTE id is used instead of target starting in Asciidoctor 2.0.0
+          %(<a id="#{target || node.id}">#{DummyText}</a>)
+        when :bibref
+          # NOTE destination is created inside callback registered by FormattedTextTransform#build_fragment
+          # NOTE technically node.text should be node.reftext, but subs have already been applied to text
+          # NOTE reftext is no longer enclosed in [] starting in Asciidoctor 2.0.0
+          # NOTE id is used instead of target starting in Asciidoctor 2.0.0
+          if (reftext = node.reftext)
+            reftext = %([#{reftext}]) unless reftext.start_with? '['
+          else
+            reftext = %([#{target || node.id}])
+          end
+          %(<a id="#{target || node.id}">#{DummyText}</a>#{reftext})
+        else
+          logger.warn %(unknown anchor type: #{node.type.inspect}) unless scratch?
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_inline_break node
+        %(#{node.text}<br>)
+      end
+
+      def convert_inline_button node
+        %(<button>#{(@theme.button_content || '%s').sub '%s', node.text}</button>)
+      end
+
+      def convert_inline_callout node
+        if (conum_color = @theme.conum_font_color)
+          # NOTE CMYK value gets flattened here, but is restored by formatted text parser
+          %(<color rgb="#{conum_color}">#{conum_glyph node.text.to_i}</color>)
+        else
+          conum_glyph node.text.to_i
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_inline_footnote node
+        if (index = node.attr 'index') && (node.document.footnotes.find {|fn| fn.index == index })
+          anchor = node.type == :xref ? '' : %(<a id="_footnoteref_#{index}">#{DummyText}</a>)
+          %(#{anchor}<sup>[<a anchor="_footnotedef_#{index}">#{index}</a>]</sup>)
+        elsif node.type == :xref
+          # NOTE footnote reference not found
+          %( <color rgb="FF0000">[#{node.text}]</color>)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_inline_icon node
+        if node.document.attr? 'icons', 'font'
+          if (icon_name = node.target).include? '@'
+            icon_name, icon_set = icon_name.split '@', 2
+            explicit_icon_set = true
+          elsif (icon_set = node.attr 'set', nil, false)
+            explicit_icon_set = true
+          else
+            icon_set = node.document.attr 'icon-set', 'fa'
+          end
+          if icon_set == 'fa' || !(IconSets.include? icon_set)
+            icon_set = 'fa'
+            # legacy name from Font Awesome < 5
+            if (remapped_icon_name = resolve_legacy_icon_name icon_name)
+              requested_icon_name = icon_name
+              icon_set, icon_name = remapped_icon_name.split '-', 2
+              glyph = (icon_font_data icon_set).unicode icon_name
+              logger.info { %(#{requested_icon_name} icon found in deprecated fa icon set; using #{icon_name} from #{icon_set} icon set instead) } unless scratch?
+            # new name in Font Awesome >= 5 (but document is configured to use fa icon set)
+            else
+              font_data = nil
+              if (resolved_icon_set = FontAwesomeIconSets.find {|candidate| (font_data = icon_font_data candidate).unicode icon_name rescue nil })
+                icon_set = resolved_icon_set
+                glyph = font_data.unicode icon_name
+                logger.info { %(#{icon_name} icon not found in deprecated fa icon set; using match found in #{resolved_icon_set} icon set instead) } unless scratch?
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            glyph = (icon_font_data icon_set).unicode icon_name rescue nil
+          end
+          unless glyph || explicit_icon_set || !icon_name.start_with?(*IconSetPrefixes)
+            icon_set, icon_name = icon_name.split '-', 2
+            glyph = (icon_font_data icon_set).unicode icon_name rescue nil
+          end
+          if glyph
+            if node.attr? 'size', nil, false
+              case (size = node.attr 'size')
+              when 'lg'
+                size_attr = ' size="1.333em"'
+              when 'fw'
+                size_attr = ' width="1em"'
+              else
+                size_attr = %( size="#{size.sub 'x', 'em'}")
+              end
+            else
+              size_attr = ''
+            end
+            class_attr = node.role? ? %( class="#{node.role}") : ''
+            # TODO: support rotate and flip attributes
+            %(<font name="#{icon_set}"#{size_attr}#{class_attr}>#{glyph}</font>)
+          else
+            logger.warn %(#{icon_name} is not a valid icon name in the #{icon_set} icon set) unless scratch?
+            %([#{node.attr 'alt'}])
+          end
+        else
+          %([#{node.attr 'alt'}])
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_inline_image node
+        if node.type == 'icon'
+          convert_inline_icon node
+        else
+          node.extend ::Asciidoctor::Image unless ::Asciidoctor::Image === node
+          target, image_format = node.target_and_format
+          if image_format == 'gif' && !(defined? ::GMagick::Image)
+            logger.warn %(GIF image format not supported. Install the prawn-gmagick gem or convert #{target} to PNG.) unless scratch?
+            img = %([#{node.attr 'alt'}])
+          # NOTE an image with a data URI is handled using a temporary file
+          elsif (image_path = resolve_image_path node, target, true, image_format)
+            if ::File.readable? image_path
+              width_attr = (width = preresolve_explicit_width node.attributes) ? %( width="#{width}") : ''
+              fit_attr = (fit = node.attr 'fit', nil, false) ? %( fit="#{fit}") : ''
+              img = %(<img src="#{image_path}" format="#{image_format}" alt="[#{encode_quotes node.attr 'alt'}]"#{width_attr}#{fit_attr}>)
+            else
+              logger.warn %(image to embed not found or not readable: #{image_path}) unless scratch?
+              img = %([#{node.attr 'alt'}])
+            end
+          else
+            img = %([#{node.attr 'alt'}])
+          end
+          (node.attr? 'link', nil, false) ? %(<a href="#{node.attr 'link'}">#{img}</a>) : img
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_inline_indexterm node
+        # NOTE indexterms not supported if text gets substituted before PDF is initialized
+        if !(defined? @index)
+          ''
+        elsif scratch?
+          node.type == :visible ? node.text : ''
+        else
+          # NOTE page number (:page key) is added by InlineDestinationMarker
+          dest = { anchor: (anchor_name = @index.next_anchor_name) }
+          anchor = %(<a id="#{anchor_name}" type="indexterm">#{DummyText}</a>)
+          if node.type == :visible
+            visible_term = node.text
+            @index.store_primary_term (sanitize visible_term), dest
+            %(#{anchor}#{visible_term})
+          else
+            @index.store_term((node.attr 'terms').map {|term| sanitize term }, dest)
+            anchor
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_inline_kbd node
+        if (keys = node.attr 'keys').size == 1
+          %(<key>#{keys[0]}</key>)
+        else
+          keys.map {|key| %(<key>#{key}</key>) }.join @theme.key_separator || '+'
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_inline_menu node
+        menu = node.attr 'menu'
+        caret = (load_theme node.document).menu_caret_content || %( \u203a )
+        if !(submenus = node.attr 'submenus').empty?
+          %(<strong>#{[menu, *submenus, (node.attr 'menuitem')].join caret}</strong>)
+        elsif (menuitem = node.attr 'menuitem')
+          %(<strong>#{menu}#{caret}#{menuitem}</strong>)
+        else
+          %(<strong>#{menu}</strong>)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_inline_quoted node
+        case node.type
+        when :emphasis
+          open, close, is_tag = ['<em>', '</em>', true]
+        when :strong
+          open, close, is_tag = ['<strong>', '</strong>', true]
+        when :monospaced, :asciimath, :latexmath
+          open, close, is_tag = ['<code>', '</code>', true]
+        when :superscript
+          open, close, is_tag = ['<sup>', '</sup>', true]
+        when :subscript
+          open, close, is_tag = ['<sub>', '</sub>', true]
+        when :double
+          open, close, is_tag = ['&#8220;', '&#8221;', false]
+        when :single
+          open, close, is_tag = ['&#8216;', '&#8217;', false]
+        when :mark
+          open, close, is_tag = ['<mark>', '</mark>', true]
+        else
+          open, close, is_tag = [nil, nil, false]
+        end
+
+        inner_text = node.text
+
+        if (role = node.role)
+          if (text_transform = (load_theme node.document)[%(role_#{role}_text_transform)])
+            inner_text = transform_text inner_text, text_transform
+          end
+          quoted_text = is_tag ? %(#{open.chop} class="#{role}">#{inner_text}#{close}) : %(<span class="#{role}">#{open}#{inner_text}#{close}</span>)
+        else
+          quoted_text = %(#{open}#{inner_text}#{close})
+        end
+
+        # NOTE destination is created inside callback registered by FormattedTextTransform#build_fragment
+        node.id ? %(<a id="#{node.id}">#{DummyText}</a>#{quoted_text}) : quoted_text
+      end
+
+      def layout_title_page doc
+        return unless doc.header? && !doc.notitle
+
+        # NOTE a new page may have already been started at this point, so decide what to do with it
+        if page.empty?
+          page.reset_content if (recycle = @ppbook ? recto_page? : true)
+        elsif @ppbook && page_number > 0 && recto_page?
+          start_new_page
+        end
+
+        side = recycle ? page_side : (page_side page_number + 1)
+        prev_bg_image = @page_bg_image[side]
+        prev_bg_color = @page_bg_color
+        if (bg_image = resolve_background_image doc, @theme, 'title-page-background-image')
+          @page_bg_image[side] = bg_image[0] && bg_image
+        end
+        if (bg_color = resolve_theme_color :title_page_background_color)
+          @page_bg_color = bg_color
+        end
+        recycle ? (init_page self) : start_new_page
+        @page_bg_image[side] = prev_bg_image if bg_image
+        @page_bg_color = prev_bg_color if bg_color
+
+        # IMPORTANT this is the first page created, so we need to set the base font
+        font @theme.base_font_family, size: @root_font_size
+
+        # QUESTION allow alignment per element on title page?
+        title_align = (@theme.title_page_align || @base_align).to_sym
+
+        # FIXME: disallow .pdf as image type
+        if @theme.title_page_logo_display != 'none' && (logo_image_path = (doc.attr 'title-logo-image') || (logo_image_from_theme = @theme.title_page_logo_image))
+          if (logo_image_path.include? ':') && logo_image_path =~ ImageAttributeValueRx
+            logo_image_attrs = (AttributeList.new $2).parse %w(alt width height)
+            if logo_image_from_theme
+              relative_to_imagesdir = false
+              logo_image_path = sub_attributes_discretely doc, $1
+              logo_image_path = ThemeLoader.resolve_theme_asset logo_image_path, @themesdir unless doc.is_uri? logo_image_path
+            else
+              relative_to_imagesdir = true
+              logo_image_path = $1
+            end
+          else
+            logo_image_attrs = {}
+            relative_to_imagesdir = false
+            if logo_image_from_theme
+              logo_image_path = sub_attributes_discretely doc, logo_image_path
+              logo_image_path = ThemeLoader.resolve_theme_asset logo_image_path, @themesdir unless doc.is_uri? logo_image_path
+            end
+          end
+          logo_image_attrs['target'] = logo_image_path
+          if (logo_align = [(logo_image_attrs.delete 'align'), @theme.title_page_logo_align, title_align.to_s].find {|val| (BlockAlignmentNames.include? val) })
+            logo_image_attrs['align'] = logo_align
+          end
+          if (logo_image_top = logo_image_attrs['top'] || @theme.title_page_logo_top)
+            initial_y, @y = @y, (resolve_top logo_image_top)
+          end
+          # FIXME: add API to Asciidoctor for creating blocks like this (extract from extensions module?)
+          image_block = ::Asciidoctor::Block.new doc, :image, content_model: :empty, attributes: logo_image_attrs
+          # NOTE pinned option keeps image on same page
+          indent (@theme.title_page_logo_margin_left || 0), (@theme.title_page_logo_margin_right || 0) do
+            convert_image image_block, relative_to_imagesdir: relative_to_imagesdir, pinned: true
+          end
+          @y = initial_y if initial_y
+        end
+
+        # TODO: prevent content from spilling to next page
+        theme_font :title_page do
+          if (title_top = @theme.title_page_title_top)
+            @y = resolve_top title_top
+          end
+          unless @theme.title_page_title_display == 'none'
+            doctitle = doc.doctitle partition: true
+            move_down(@theme.title_page_title_margin_top || 0)
+            indent (@theme.title_page_title_margin_left || 0), (@theme.title_page_title_margin_right || 0) do
+              theme_font :title_page_title do
+                layout_prose doctitle.main,
+                    align: title_align,
+                    margin: 0,
+                    line_height: @theme.title_page_title_line_height
+              end
+            end
+            move_down(@theme.title_page_title_margin_bottom || 0)
+          end
+          if @theme.title_page_subtitle_display != 'none' && (subtitle = (doctitle || (doc.doctitle partition: true)).subtitle)
+            move_down(@theme.title_page_subtitle_margin_top || 0)
+            indent (@theme.title_page_subtitle_margin_left || 0), (@theme.title_page_subtitle_margin_right || 0) do
+              theme_font :title_page_subtitle do
+                layout_prose subtitle,
+                    align: title_align,
+                    margin: 0,
+                    line_height: @theme.title_page_subtitle_line_height
+              end
+            end
+            move_down(@theme.title_page_subtitle_margin_bottom || 0)
+          end
+          if @theme.title_page_authors_display != 'none' && (doc.attr? 'authors')
+            move_down(@theme.title_page_authors_margin_top || 0)
+            indent (@theme.title_page_authors_margin_left || 0), (@theme.title_page_authors_margin_right || 0) do
+              authors_content = @theme.title_page_authors_content
+              authors_content = {
+                name_only: @theme.title_page_authors_content_name_only || authors_content,
+                with_email: @theme.title_page_authors_content_with_email || authors_content,
+                with_url: @theme.title_page_authors_content_with_url || authors_content,
+              }
+              # TODO: provide an API in core to get authors as an array
+              authors = (1..(doc.attr 'authorcount', 1).to_i).map {|idx|
+                promote_author doc, idx do
+                  author_content_key = (url = doc.attr 'url') ? ((url.start_with? 'mailto:') ? :with_email : :with_url) : :name_only
+                  if (author_content = authors_content[author_content_key])
+                    apply_subs_discretely doc, author_content
+                  else
+                    doc.attr 'author'
+                  end
+                end
+              }.join (@theme.title_page_authors_delimiter || ', ')
+              theme_font :title_page_authors do
+                layout_prose authors,
+                    align: title_align,
+                    margin: 0,
+                    normalize: false
+              end
+            end
+            move_down(@theme.title_page_authors_margin_bottom || 0)
+          end
+          unless @theme.title_page_revision_display == 'none' || (revision_info = [(doc.attr? 'revnumber') ? %(#{doc.attr 'version-label'} #{doc.attr 'revnumber'}) : nil, (doc.attr 'revdate')].compact).empty?
+            move_down(@theme.title_page_revision_margin_top || 0)
+            revision_text = revision_info.join (@theme.title_page_revision_delimiter || ', ')
+            if (revremark = doc.attr 'revremark')
+              revision_text = %(#{revision_text}: #{revremark})
+            end
+            indent (@theme.title_page_revision_margin_left || 0), (@theme.title_page_revision_margin_right || 0) do
+              theme_font :title_page_revision do
+                layout_prose revision_text,
+                    align: title_align,
+                    margin: 0,
+                    normalize: false
+              end
+            end
+            move_down(@theme.title_page_revision_margin_bottom || 0)
+          end
+        end
+
+        layout_prose DummyText, margin: 0, line_height: 1, normalize: false if page.empty?
+      end
+
+      def layout_cover_page doc, face
+        # TODO: turn processing of attribute with inline image a utility function in Asciidoctor
+        if (image_path = (doc.attr %(#{face}-cover-image)))
+          if image_path.empty?
+            go_to_page page_count if face == :back
+            start_new_page_discretely
+            # NOTE open graphics state to prevent page from being reused
+            open_graphics_state if face == :front
+            return
+          elsif image_path == '~'
+            image_path = nil
+            @page_margin_by_side[:cover] = @page_margin_by_side[:recto] if @media == 'prepress'
+          elsif (image_path.include? ':') && image_path =~ ImageAttributeValueRx
+            image_attrs = (AttributeList.new $2).parse %w(alt width)
+            image_path = resolve_image_path doc, $1, true, (image_format = image_attrs['format'])
+          else
+            image_path = resolve_image_path doc, image_path, false
+          end
+
+          return unless image_path
+
+          unless ::File.readable? image_path
+            logger.warn %(#{face} cover image not found or readable: #{image_path})
+            return
+          end
+
+          go_to_page page_count if face == :back
+          if image_path.downcase.end_with? '.pdf'
+            import_page image_path, page: [((image_attrs || {})['page']).to_i, 1].max, advance: face != :back
+          else
+            image_opts = resolve_image_options image_path, image_attrs, background: true, format: image_format
+            image_page image_path, (image_opts.merge canvas: true)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def stamp_foreground_image doc, has_front_cover
+        pages = state.pages
+        if (first_page = (has_front_cover ? (pages.slice 1, pages.size) : pages).find {|it| !it.imported_page? }) &&
+            (first_page_num = (pages.index first_page) + 1) &&
+            (fg_image = resolve_background_image doc, @theme, 'page-foreground-image') && fg_image[0]
+          go_to_page first_page_num
+          create_stamp 'foreground-image' do
+            canvas { image fg_image[0], ({ position: :center, vposition: :center }.merge fg_image[1]) }
+          end
+          stamp 'foreground-image'
+          (first_page_num.next..page_count).each do |num|
+            go_to_page num
+            stamp 'foreground-image' unless page.imported_page?
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def start_new_chapter chapter
+        start_new_page unless at_page_top?
+        # TODO: must call update_colors before advancing to next page if start_new_page is called in layout_chapter_title
+        start_new_page if @ppbook && verso_page? && !(chapter.option? 'nonfacing')
+      end
+
+      alias start_new_part start_new_chapter
+
+      def layout_chapter_title _node, title, opts = {}
+        layout_heading title, (opts.merge outdent: true)
+      end
+
+      alias layout_part_title layout_chapter_title
+
+      # NOTE layout_heading doesn't set the theme font because it's used for various types of headings
+      # QUESTION why doesn't layout_heading accept a node?
+      def layout_heading string, opts = {}
+        hlevel = opts[:level]
+        unless (top_margin = (margin = (opts.delete :margin)) || (opts.delete :margin_top))
+          if at_page_top?
+            if hlevel && (top_margin = @theme[%(heading_h#{hlevel}_margin_page_top)] || @theme.heading_margin_page_top || 0) > 0
+              move_down top_margin
+            end
+            top_margin = 0
+          else
+            top_margin = (hlevel ? @theme[%(heading_h#{hlevel}_margin_top)] : nil) || @theme.heading_margin_top
+          end
+        end
+        bot_margin = margin || (opts.delete :margin_bottom) || (hlevel ? @theme[%(heading_h#{hlevel}_margin_bottom)] : nil) || @theme.heading_margin_bottom
+        if (transform = resolve_text_transform opts)
+          string = transform_text string, transform
+        end
+        outdent_section opts.delete :outdent do
+          margin_top top_margin
+          # QUESTION should we move inherited styles to typeset_text?
+          if (inherited = apply_text_decoration ::Set.new, :heading, hlevel).empty?
+            inline_format_opts = true
+          else
+            inline_format_opts = [{ inherited: inherited }]
+          end
+          typeset_text string, calc_line_metrics((opts.delete :line_height) || (hlevel ? @theme[%(heading_h#{hlevel}_line_height)] : nil) || @theme.heading_line_height || @theme.base_line_height), {
+            color: @font_color,
+            inline_format: inline_format_opts,
+            align: @base_align.to_sym,
+          }.merge(opts)
+          margin_bottom bot_margin
+        end
+      end
+
+      # NOTE inline_format is true by default
+      def layout_prose string, opts = {}
+        top_margin = (margin = (opts.delete :margin)) || (opts.delete :margin_top) || @theme.prose_margin_top
+        bot_margin = margin || (opts.delete :margin_bottom) || @theme.prose_margin_bottom
+        if (transform = resolve_text_transform opts)
+          string = transform_text string, transform
+        end
+        string = hyphenate_text string, @hyphenator if (opts.delete :hyphenate) && (defined? @hyphenator)
+        # NOTE used by extensions; ensures linked text gets formatted using the link styles
+        if (anchor = opts.delete :anchor)
+          string = %(<a anchor="#{anchor}">#{string}</a>)
+        end
+        margin_top top_margin
+        string = ZeroWidthSpace + string if opts.delete :normalize_line_height
+        # NOTE normalize makes endlines soft (replaces "\n" with ' ')
+        inline_format_opts = { normalize: (opts.delete :normalize) != false }
+        if (styles = opts.delete :styles)
+          inline_format_opts[:inherited] = { styles: styles }
+        end
+        typeset_text string, calc_line_metrics((opts.delete :line_height) || @theme.base_line_height), {
+          color: @font_color,
+          inline_format: [inline_format_opts],
+          align: @base_align.to_sym,
+        }.merge(opts)
+        margin_bottom bot_margin
+      end
+
+      def generate_manname_section node
+        title = node.attr 'manname-title', 'Name'
+        if (next_section = node.sections[0]) && (next_section_title = next_section.title) == next_section_title.upcase
+          title = title.upcase
+        end
+        sect = Section.new node, 1
+        sect.sectname = 'section'
+        sect.id = node.attr 'manname-id'
+        sect.title = title
+        sect << (Block.new sect, :paragraph, source: %(#{node.attr 'manname'} - #{node.attr 'manpurpose'}), subs: :normal)
+        sect
+      end
+
+      # Render the caption and return the height of the rendered content
+      #
+      # The subject argument can either be a String or an AbstractNode. If
+      # subject is an AbstractNode, only call this method if the node has a
+      # title (i.e., subject.title? return true).
+      #--
+      # TODO: allow margin to be zeroed
+      def layout_caption subject, opts = {}
+        if opts.delete :dry_run
+          height = nil
+          dry_run do
+            move_down 1 # HACK: force top margin to be applied
+            height = (layout_caption subject, opts) - 1
+          end
+          return height
+        end
+        mark = { cursor: cursor, page_number: page_number }
+        case subject
+        when ::String
+          string = subject
+        when ::Asciidoctor::AbstractBlock
+          string = subject.captioned_title
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, 'invalid subject'
+        end
+        category_caption = (category = opts[:category]) ? %(#{category}_caption) : 'caption'
+        container_width = bounds.width
+        block_align = opts.delete :block_align
+        if (align = @theme[%(#{category_caption}_align)] || @theme.caption_align)
+          align = align == 'inherit' ? (block_align || @base_align) : align.to_sym
+        else
+          align = @base_align.to_sym
+        end
+        indent_by = [0, 0]
+        block_width = opts.delete :block_width
+        if (max_width = opts.delete :max_width) && max_width != 'none'
+          if max_width == 'fit-content'
+            max_width = block_width || container_width
+          else
+            max_width = [max_width.to_f / 100 * bounds.width, bounds.width].min if ::String === max_width && (max_width.end_with? '%')
+            block_align = align
+          end
+          if (remainder = container_width - max_width) > 0
+            case block_align
+            when :right
+              indent_by = [remainder, 0]
+            when :center
+              indent_by = [(side_margin = remainder * 0.5), side_margin]
+            else # :left, nil
+              indent_by = [0, remainder]
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        theme_font :caption do
+          theme_font category_caption do
+            caption_margin_outside = @theme[%(#{category_caption}_margin_outside)] || @theme.caption_margin_outside
+            caption_margin_inside = @theme[%(#{category_caption}_margin_inside)] || @theme.caption_margin_inside
+            if (side = (opts.delete :side) || :top) == :top
+              margin = { top: caption_margin_outside, bottom: caption_margin_inside }
+            else
+              margin = { top: caption_margin_inside, bottom: caption_margin_outside }
+            end
+            indent(*indent_by) do
+              layout_prose string, {
+                margin_top: margin[:top],
+                margin_bottom: margin[:bottom],
+                align: align,
+                normalize: false,
+                normalize_line_height: true,
+                hyphenate: true,
+              }.merge(opts)
+            end
+            if side == :top && (bb_color = @theme[%(#{category_caption}_border_bottom_color)] || @theme.caption_border_bottom_color)
+              stroke_horizontal_rule bb_color
+              # FIXME: HACK move down slightly so line isn't covered by filled area (half width of line)
+              move_down 0.25
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        # NOTE we assume we don't clear more than one page
+        if page_number > mark[:page_number]
+          mark[:cursor] + (bounds.top - cursor)
+        else
+          mark[:cursor] - cursor
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Render the caption for a table and return the height of the rendered content
+      def layout_table_caption node, table_alignment = :left, table_width = nil, max_width = nil, side = :top
+        layout_caption node, category: :table, side: side, block_align: table_alignment, block_width: table_width, max_width: max_width
+      end
+
+      def allocate_toc doc, toc_num_levels, toc_start_y, use_title_page
+        toc_page_nums = page_number
+        toc_end = nil
+        dry_run do
+          toc_page_nums = layout_toc doc, toc_num_levels, toc_page_nums, toc_start_y
+          move_down @theme.block_margin_bottom unless use_title_page
+          toc_end = @y
+        end
+        # NOTE reserve pages for the toc; leaves cursor on page after last page in toc
+        if use_title_page
+          toc_page_nums.each { start_new_page }
+        else
+          (toc_page_nums.size - 1).times { start_new_page }
+          @y = toc_end
+        end
+        @toc_extent = { page_nums: toc_page_nums, start_y: toc_start_y }
+      end
+
+      # NOTE num_front_matter_pages is not used during a dry run
+      def layout_toc doc, num_levels = 2, toc_page_number = 2, start_y = nil, num_front_matter_pages = 0
+        go_to_page toc_page_number unless (page_number == toc_page_number) || scratch?
+        start_page_number = page_number
+        @y = start_y if start_y
+        unless (toc_title = doc.attr 'toc-title').nil_or_empty?
+          theme_font :heading, level: 2 do
+            theme_font :toc_title do
+              toc_title_align = (@theme.toc_title_align || @theme.heading_h2_align || @theme.heading_align || @base_align).to_sym
+              layout_heading toc_title, align: toc_title_align, level: 2, outdent: true
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        # QUESTION should we skip this whole method if num_levels < 0?
+        unless num_levels < 0
+          dot_leader = theme_font :toc do
+            # TODO: we could simplify by using nested theme_font :toc_dot_leader
+            if (dot_leader_font_style = (@theme.toc_dot_leader_font_style || :normal).to_sym) != font_style
+              font_style dot_leader_font_style
+            end
+            {
+              font_color: @theme.toc_dot_leader_font_color || @font_color,
+              font_style: dot_leader_font_style,
+              levels: ((dot_leader_l = @theme.toc_dot_leader_levels) == 'none' ? ::Set.new :
+                  (dot_leader_l && dot_leader_l != 'all' ? dot_leader_l.to_s.split.map(&:to_i).to_set : (0..num_levels).to_set)),
+              text: (dot_leader_text = @theme.toc_dot_leader_content || DotLeaderTextDefault),
+              width: dot_leader_text.empty? ? 0 : (rendered_width_of_string dot_leader_text),
+              # TODO: spacer gives a little bit of room between dots and page number
+              spacer: { text: NoBreakSpace, size: (spacer_font_size = @font_size * 0.25) },
+              spacer_width: (rendered_width_of_char NoBreakSpace, size: spacer_font_size),
+            }
+          end
+          line_metrics = calc_line_metrics @theme.toc_line_height
+          theme_margin :toc, :top
+          layout_toc_level doc.sections, num_levels, line_metrics, dot_leader, num_front_matter_pages
+        end
+        # NOTE range must be calculated relative to toc_page_number; absolute page number in scratch document is arbitrary
+        toc_page_numbers = (toc_page_number..(toc_page_number + (page_number - start_page_number)))
+        go_to_page page_count - 1 unless scratch?
+        toc_page_numbers
+      end
+
+      def layout_toc_level sections, num_levels, line_metrics, dot_leader, num_front_matter_pages = 0
+        # NOTE font options aren't always reliable, so store size separately
+        toc_font_info = theme_font :toc do
+          { font: font, size: @font_size }
+        end
+        hanging_indent = @theme.toc_hanging_indent || 0
+        sections.each do |sect|
+          next if (num_levels_for_sect = (sect.attr 'toclevels', num_levels, false).to_i) < sect.level
+          theme_font :toc, level: (sect.level + 1) do
+            sect_title = ZeroWidthSpace + (@text_transform ? (transform_text sect.numbered_title, @text_transform) : sect.numbered_title)
+            pgnum_label_placeholder_width = rendered_width_of_string '0' * @toc_max_pagenum_digits
+            # NOTE only write section title (excluding dots and page number) if this is a dry run
+            if scratch?
+              indent 0, pgnum_label_placeholder_width do
+                # FIXME: use layout_prose
+                # NOTE must wrap title in empty anchor element in case links are styled with different font family / size
+                typeset_text %(<a>#{sect_title}</a>), line_metrics, inline_format: true, hanging_indent: hanging_indent
+              end
+            else
+              physical_pgnum = sect.attr 'pdf-page-start'
+              virtual_pgnum = physical_pgnum - num_front_matter_pages
+              pgnum_label = (virtual_pgnum < 1 ? (RomanNumeral.new physical_pgnum, :lower) : virtual_pgnum).to_s
+              start_page_number = page_number
+              start_cursor = cursor
+              start_dots = nil
+              sect_title_inherited = (apply_text_decoration ::Set.new, :toc, sect.level.next).merge anchor: (sect_anchor = sect.attr 'pdf-anchor'), color: @font_color
+              # NOTE use text formatter to add anchor overlay to avoid using inline format with synthetic anchor tag
+              sect_title_fragments = text_formatter.format sect_title, inherited: sect_title_inherited
+              indent 0, pgnum_label_placeholder_width do
+                sect_title_fragments[-1][:callback] = (last_fragment_pos = ::Asciidoctor::PDF::FormattedText::FragmentPositionRenderer.new)
+                typeset_formatted_text sect_title_fragments, line_metrics, hanging_indent: hanging_indent
+                start_dots = last_fragment_pos.right + hanging_indent
+                last_fragment_cursor = last_fragment_pos.top + line_metrics.padding_top
+                # NOTE this will be incorrect if wrapped line is all monospace
+                if (last_fragment_page_number = last_fragment_pos.page_number) > start_page_number ||
+                    (start_cursor - last_fragment_cursor) > line_metrics.height
+                  start_page_number = last_fragment_page_number
+                  start_cursor = last_fragment_cursor
+                end
+              end
+              end_page_number = page_number
+              end_cursor = cursor
+              # TODO: it would be convenient to have a cursor mark / placement utility that took page number into account
+              go_to_page start_page_number if start_page_number != end_page_number
+              move_cursor_to start_cursor
+              if dot_leader[:width] > 0 && (dot_leader[:levels].include? sect.level)
+                pgnum_label_width = rendered_width_of_string pgnum_label
+                pgnum_label_font_settings = { color: @font_color, font: font_family, size: @font_size, styles: font_styles }
+                save_font do
+                  # NOTE the same font is used for dot leaders throughout toc
+                  set_font toc_font_info[:font], toc_font_info[:size]
+                  font_style dot_leader[:font_style]
+                  num_dots = ((bounds.width - start_dots - dot_leader[:spacer_width] - pgnum_label_width) / dot_leader[:width]).floor
+                  # FIXME: dots don't line up in columns if width of page numbers differ
+                  typeset_formatted_text [
+                    { text: (dot_leader[:text] * (num_dots < 0 ? 0 : num_dots)), color: dot_leader[:font_color] },
+                    dot_leader[:spacer],
+                    { text: pgnum_label, anchor: sect_anchor }.merge(pgnum_label_font_settings),
+                  ], line_metrics, align: :right
+                end
+              else
+                typeset_formatted_text [{ text: pgnum_label, color: @font_color, anchor: sect_anchor }], line_metrics, align: :right
+              end
+              go_to_page end_page_number if page_number != end_page_number
+              move_cursor_to end_cursor
+            end
+          end
+          indent @theme.toc_indent do
+            layout_toc_level sect.sections, num_levels_for_sect, line_metrics, dot_leader, num_front_matter_pages
+          end if num_levels_for_sect > sect.level
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Reduce icon height to fit inside bounds.height. Icons will not render
+      # properly if they are larger than the current bounds.height.
+      def fit_icon_to_bounds preferred_size = 24
+        (max_height = bounds.height) < preferred_size ? max_height : preferred_size
+      end
+
+      def admonition_icon_data key
+        if (icon_data = @theme[%(admonition_icon_#{key})])
+          icon_data = (AdmonitionIcons[key] || {}).merge icon_data
+          if (icon_name = icon_data[:name])
+            unless icon_name.start_with?(*IconSetPrefixes)
+              logger.info { %(#{key} admonition in theme uses icon from deprecated fa icon set; use fas, far, or fab instead) } unless scratch?
+              icon_data[:name] = %(fa-#{icon_name}) unless icon_name.start_with? 'fa-'
+            end
+          end
+          icon_data
+        else
+          AdmonitionIcons[key]
+        end
+      end
+
+      # TODO: delegate to layout_page_header and layout_page_footer per page
+      def layout_running_content periphery, doc, opts = {}
+        skip, skip_pagenums = opts[:skip] || [1, 1]
+        body_start_page_number = opts[:body_start_page_number] || 1
+        # NOTE find and advance to first non-imported content page to use as model page
+        return unless (content_start_page = state.pages[skip..-1].index {|it| !it.imported_page? })
+        content_start_page += (skip + 1)
+        num_pages = page_count
+        prev_page_number = page_number
+        go_to_page content_start_page
+
+        # FIXME: probably need to treat doctypes differently
+        is_book = doc.doctype == 'book'
+        header = doc.header? ? doc.header : nil
+        sectlevels = (@theme[%(#{periphery}_sectlevels)] || 2).to_i
+        sections = doc.find_by(context: :section) {|sect| sect.level <= sectlevels && sect != header } || []
+        if (toc_page_nums = @toc_extent && @toc_extent[:page_nums])
+          toc_title = (doc.attr 'toc-title') || ''
+        end
+
+        title_method = TitleStyles[@theme[%(#{periphery}_title_style)]]
+        # FIXME: we need a proper model for all this page counting
+        # FIXME: we make a big assumption that part & chapter start on new pages
+        # index parts, chapters and sections by the physical page number on which they start
+        part_start_pages = {}
+        chapter_start_pages = {}
+        section_start_pages = {}
+        trailing_section_start_pages = {}
+        sections.each do |sect|
+          pgnum = (sect.attr 'pdf-page-start').to_i
+          if is_book && ((sect_is_part = sect.part?) || sect.chapter?)
+            if sect_is_part
+              part_start_pages[pgnum] ||= sect.send(*title_method)
+            else
+              chapter_start_pages[pgnum] ||= sect.send(*title_method)
+              if sect.sectname == 'appendix' && !part_start_pages.empty?
+                # FIXME: need a better way to indicate that part has ended
+                part_start_pages[pgnum] = ''
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            sect_title = trailing_section_start_pages[pgnum] = sect.send(*title_method)
+            section_start_pages[pgnum] ||= sect_title
+          end
+        end
+
+        # index parts, chapters, and sections by the physical page number on which they appear
+        parts_by_page = {}
+        chapters_by_page = {}
+        sections_by_page = {}
+        # QUESTION should the default part be the doctitle?
+        last_part = nil
+        # QUESTION should we enforce that the preamble is a preface?
+        last_chap = is_book ? :pre : nil
+        last_sect = nil
+        sect_search_threshold = 1
+        (1..num_pages).each do |pgnum|
+          if (part = part_start_pages[pgnum])
+            last_part = part
+            last_chap = nil
+            last_sect = nil
+          end
+          if (chap = chapter_start_pages[pgnum])
+            last_chap = chap
+            last_sect = nil
+          end
+          if (sect = section_start_pages[pgnum])
+            last_sect = sect
+          elsif part || chap
+            sect_search_threshold = pgnum
+          # NOTE we didn't find a section on this page; look back to find last section started
+          elsif last_sect
+            (sect_search_threshold..(pgnum - 1)).reverse_each do |prev|
+              if (sect = trailing_section_start_pages[prev])
+                last_sect = sect
+                break
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          parts_by_page[pgnum] = last_part
+          if last_chap == :pre
+            if pgnum >= body_start_page_number
+              chapters_by_page[pgnum] = is_book ? (doc.attr 'preface-title', 'Preface') : nil
+            elsif toc_page_nums && (toc_page_nums.cover? pgnum)
+              chapters_by_page[pgnum] = toc_title
+            else
+              chapters_by_page[pgnum] = doc.doctitle
+            end
+          else
+            chapters_by_page[pgnum] = last_chap
+          end
+          sections_by_page[pgnum] = last_sect
+        end
+
+        doctitle = doc.doctitle partition: true, use_fallback: true
+        # NOTE set doctitle again so it's properly escaped
+        doc.set_attr 'doctitle', doctitle.combined
+        doc.set_attr 'document-title', doctitle.main
+        doc.set_attr 'document-subtitle', doctitle.subtitle
+        doc.set_attr 'page-count', (num_pages - skip_pagenums)
+
+        pagenums_enabled = doc.attr? 'pagenums'
+        case @media == 'prepress' ? 'physical' : (doc.attr 'pdf-folio-placement')
+        when 'physical'
+          folio_basis, invert_folio = :physical, false
+        when 'physical-inverted'
+          folio_basis, invert_folio = :physical, true
+        when 'virtual-inverted'
+          folio_basis, invert_folio = :virtual, true
+        else
+          folio_basis, invert_folio = :virtual, false
+        end
+        periphery_layout_cache = {}
+        repeat (content_start_page..num_pages), dynamic: true do
+          # NOTE don't write on pages which are imported / inserts (otherwise we can get a corrupt PDF)
+          next if page.imported_page?
+          virtual_pgnum = (pgnum = page_number) - skip_pagenums
+          pgnum_label = (virtual_pgnum < 1 ? (RomanNumeral.new pgnum, :lower) : virtual_pgnum).to_s
+          side = page_side((folio_basis == :physical ? pgnum : virtual_pgnum), invert_folio)
+          # QUESTION should allocation be per side?
+          trim_styles, colspec_dict, content_dict, stamp_names = allocate_running_content_layout doc, page, periphery, periphery_layout_cache
+          # FIXME: we need to have a content setting for chapter pages
+          content_by_position, colspec_by_position = content_dict[side], colspec_dict[side]
+          # TODO: populate chapter-number
+          # TODO: populate numbered and unnumbered chapter and section titles
+          doc.set_attr 'page-number', pgnum_label if pagenums_enabled
+          # QUESTION should the fallback value be nil instead of empty string? or should we remove attribute if no value?
+          doc.set_attr 'part-title', (parts_by_page[pgnum] || '')
+          if toc_page_nums && (toc_page_nums.cover? pgnum)
+            if is_book
+              doc.set_attr 'chapter-title', (sect_or_chap_title = toc_title)
+              doc.set_attr 'section-title', ''
+            else
+              doc.set_attr 'chapter-title', ''
+              doc.set_attr 'section-title', (sect_or_chap_title = section_start_pages[pgnum] ? sections_by_page[pgnum] : toc_title)
+            end
+            doc.set_attr 'section-or-chapter-title', sect_or_chap_title
+            toc_page_nums = nil if toc_page_nums.end == pgnum
+          else
+            doc.set_attr 'chapter-title', (chapters_by_page[pgnum] || '')
+            doc.set_attr 'section-title', (sections_by_page[pgnum] || '')
+            doc.set_attr 'section-or-chapter-title', (sections_by_page[pgnum] || chapters_by_page[pgnum] || '')
+          end
+
+          stamp stamp_names[side] if stamp_names
+
+          theme_font periphery do
+            canvas do
+              bounding_box [trim_styles[:content_left][side], trim_styles[:top]], width: trim_styles[:content_width][side], height: trim_styles[:height] do
+                if (trim_column_rule_width = trim_styles[:column_rule_width]) > 0
+                  trim_column_rule_spacing = trim_styles[:column_rule_spacing]
+                else
+                  trim_column_rule_width = nil
+                end
+                prev_position = nil
+                ColumnPositions.each do |position|
+                  next unless (content = content_by_position[position])
+                  next unless (colspec = colspec_by_position[position])[:width] > 0
+                  left, colwidth = colspec[:x], colspec[:width]
+                  if trim_column_rule_width && colwidth < bounds.width
+                    if (trim_column_rule = prev_position)
+                      left += (trim_column_rule_spacing * 0.5)
+                      colwidth -= trim_column_rule_spacing
+                    else
+                      colwidth -= (trim_column_rule_spacing * 0.5)
+                    end
+                  end
+                  # FIXME: we need to have a content setting for chapter pages
+                  case content
+                  when ::Array
+                    # NOTE float ensures cursor position is restored and returns us to current page if we overrun
+                    float do
+                      # NOTE bounding_box is redundant if both vertical padding and border width are 0
+                      bounding_box [left, bounds.top - trim_styles[:padding][0] - trim_styles[:content_offset]], width: colwidth, height: trim_styles[:content_height] do
+                        # NOTE image vposition respects padding; use negative image_vertical_align value to revert
+                        image_opts = content[1].merge position: colspec[:align], vposition: trim_styles[:img_valign]
+                        begin
+                          image_info = image content[0], image_opts
+                          if (image_link = content[2])
+                            image_info = { width: image_info.scaled_width, height: image_info.scaled_height } unless image_opts[:format] == 'svg'
+                            add_link_to_image image_link, image_info, image_opts
+                          end
+                        rescue
+                          logger.warn %(could not embed image in running content: #{content[0]}; #{$!.message})
+                        end
+                      end
+                    end
+                  when ::String
+                    theme_font %(#{periphery}_#{side}_#{position}) do
+                      # NOTE minor optimization
+                      if content == '{page-number}'
+                        content = pagenums_enabled ? pgnum_label : nil
+                      else
+                        content = apply_subs_discretely doc, content, drop_lines_with_unresolved_attributes: true
+                        content = transform_text content, @text_transform if @text_transform
+                      end
+                      formatted_text_box parse_text(content, color: @font_color, inline_format: [normalize: true]),
+                          at: [left, bounds.top - trim_styles[:padding][0] - trim_styles[:content_offset] + ((Array trim_styles[:valign])[0] == :center ? font.descender * 0.5 : 0)],
+                          width: colwidth,
+                          height: trim_styles[:prose_content_height],
+                          align: colspec[:align],
+                          valign: trim_styles[:valign],
+                          leading: trim_styles[:line_metrics].leading,
+                          final_gap: false,
+                          overflow: :truncate
+                    end
+                  end
+                  bounding_box [colspec[:x], bounds.top - trim_styles[:padding][0] - trim_styles[:content_offset]], width: colspec[:width], height: trim_styles[:content_height] do
+                    stroke_vertical_rule trim_styles[:column_rule_color], at: bounds.left, line_style: trim_styles[:column_rule_style], line_width: trim_column_rule_width
+                  end if trim_column_rule
+                  prev_position = position
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        go_to_page prev_page_number
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def allocate_running_content_layout doc, page, periphery, cache
+        cache[layout = page.layout] ||= begin
+          valign, valign_offset = @theme[%(#{periphery}_vertical_align)]
+          if (valign = (valign || :middle).to_sym) == :middle
+            valign = :center
+          end
+          trim_styles = {
+            line_metrics: (trim_line_metrics = calc_line_metrics @theme[%(#{periphery}_line_height)] || @theme.base_line_height),
+            # NOTE we've already verified this property is set
+            height: (trim_height = @theme[%(#{periphery}_height)]),
+            top: periphery == :header ? page_height : trim_height,
+            padding: (trim_padding = inflate_padding @theme[%(#{periphery}_padding)] || 0),
+            bg_color: (resolve_theme_color %(#{periphery}_background_color).to_sym),
+            border_color: (trim_border_color = resolve_theme_color %(#{periphery}_border_color).to_sym),
+            border_style: (@theme[%(#{periphery}_border_style)] || :solid).to_sym,
+            border_width: (trim_border_width = trim_border_color ? @theme[%(#{periphery}_border_width)] || @theme.base_border_width || 0 : 0),
+            column_rule_color: (trim_column_rule_color = resolve_theme_color %(#{periphery}_column_rule_color).to_sym),
+            column_rule_style: (@theme[%(#{periphery}_column_rule_style)] || :solid).to_sym,
+            column_rule_width: (trim_column_rule_color ? @theme[%(#{periphery}_column_rule_width)] || 0 : 0),
+            column_rule_spacing: (@theme[%(#{periphery}_column_rule_spacing)] || 0),
+            valign: valign_offset ? [valign, valign_offset] : valign,
+            img_valign: @theme[%(#{periphery}_image_vertical_align)],
+            left: {
+              recto: (trim_left_recto = @page_margin_by_side[:recto][3]),
+              verso: (trim_left_verso = @page_margin_by_side[:verso][3]),
+            },
+            width: {
+              recto: (trim_width_recto = page_width - trim_left_recto - @page_margin_by_side[:recto][1]),
+              verso: (trim_width_verso = page_width - trim_left_verso - @page_margin_by_side[:verso][1]),
+            },
+            content_left: {
+              recto: trim_left_recto + trim_padding[3],
+              verso: trim_left_verso + trim_padding[3],
+            },
+            content_width: (trim_content_width = {
+              recto: trim_width_recto - trim_padding[1] - trim_padding[3],
+              verso: trim_width_verso - trim_padding[1] - trim_padding[3],
+            }),
+            content_height: (content_height = trim_height - trim_padding[0] - trim_padding[2] - (trim_border_width * 0.5)),
+            prose_content_height: content_height - trim_line_metrics.padding_top - trim_line_metrics.padding_bottom,
+            # NOTE content offset adjusts y position to account for border
+            content_offset: (periphery == :footer ? trim_border_width * 0.5 : 0),
+          }
+          case trim_styles[:img_valign]
+          when nil
+            trim_styles[:img_valign] = valign
+          when 'middle'
+            trim_styles[:img_valign] = :center
+          when 'top', 'center', 'bottom'
+            trim_styles[:img_valign] = trim_styles[:img_valign].to_sym
+          end
+
+          if (trim_bg_image = resolve_background_image doc, @theme, %(#{periphery}_background_image).to_sym, container_size: [page_width, trim_height]) && trim_bg_image[0]
+            trim_styles[:bg_image] = trim_bg_image
+          else
+            trim_bg_image = nil
+          end
+
+          colspec_dict = PageSides.each_with_object({}) do |side, acc|
+            side_trim_content_width = trim_content_width[side]
+            if (custom_colspecs = @theme[%(#{periphery}_#{side}_columns)] || @theme[%(#{periphery}_columns)])
+              case (colspecs = (custom_colspecs.to_s.tr ',', ' ').split).size
+              when 0, 1
+                colspecs = { left: '0', center: colspecs[0] || '100', right: '0' }
+              when 2
+                colspecs = { left: colspecs[0], center: '0', right: colspecs[1] }
+              else # 3
+                colspecs = { left: colspecs[0], center: colspecs[1], right: colspecs[2] }
+              end
+              tot_width = 0
+              side_colspecs = colspecs.map {|col, spec|
+                if (alignment_char = spec.chr).to_i.to_s != alignment_char
+                  alignment = AlignmentTable[alignment_char] || :left
+                  rel_width = (spec.slice 1, spec.length).to_f
+                else
+                  alignment = :left
+                  rel_width = spec.to_f
+                end
+                tot_width += rel_width
+                [col, { align: alignment, width: rel_width, x: 0 }]
+              }.to_h
+              # QUESTION should we allow the columns to overlap (capping width at 100%)?
+              side_colspecs.each {|_, colspec| colspec[:width] = (colspec[:width] / tot_width) * side_trim_content_width }
+              side_colspecs[:right][:x] = (side_colspecs[:center][:x] = side_colspecs[:left][:width]) + side_colspecs[:center][:width]
+              acc[side] = side_colspecs
+            else
+              acc[side] = {
+                left: { align: :left, width: side_trim_content_width, x: 0 },
+                center: { align: :center, width: side_trim_content_width, x: 0 },
+                right: { align: :right, width: side_trim_content_width, x: 0 },
+              }
+            end
+          end
+
+          content_dict = PageSides.each_with_object({}) do |side, acc|
+            side_content = {}
+            ColumnPositions.each do |position|
+              unless (val = @theme[%(#{periphery}_#{side}_#{position}_content)]).nil_or_empty?
+                if (val.include? ':') && val =~ ImageAttributeValueRx
+                  attrlist = $2
+                  image_attrs = (AttributeList.new attrlist).parse %w(alt width)
+                  image_path, image_format = ::Asciidoctor::Image.target_and_format $1, image_attrs
+                  if (image_path = resolve_image_path doc, image_path, @themesdir, image_format) && (::File.readable? image_path)
+                    image_opts = resolve_image_options image_path, image_attrs, container_size: [colspec_dict[side][position][:width], trim_styles[:content_height]], format: image_format
+                    side_content[position] = [image_path, image_opts, image_attrs['link']]
+                  else
+                    # NOTE allows inline image handler to report invalid reference and replace with alt text
+                    side_content[position] = %(image:#{image_path}[#{attrlist}])
+                  end
+                else
+                  side_content[position] = val
+                end
+              end
+            end
+
+            acc[side] = side_content
+          end
+
+          if (trim_bg_color = trim_styles[:bg_color]) || trim_bg_image || trim_border_width > 0
+            stamp_names = { recto: %(#{layout}_#{periphery}_recto), verso: %(#{layout}_#{periphery}_verso) }
+            PageSides.each do |side|
+              create_stamp stamp_names[side] do
+                canvas do
+                  if trim_bg_color || trim_bg_image
+                    bounding_box [0, trim_styles[:top]], width: bounds.width, height: trim_styles[:height] do
+                      fill_bounds trim_bg_color if trim_bg_color
+                      if trim_border_width > 0
+                        stroke_horizontal_rule trim_styles[:border_color], line_width: trim_border_width, line_style: trim_styles[:border_style], at: (periphery == :header ? bounds.height : 0)
+                      end
+                      # NOTE: must draw line first or SVG will cause border to disappear
+                      image trim_bg_image[0], ({ position: :center, vposition: :center }.merge trim_bg_image[1]) if trim_bg_image
+                    end
+                  elsif trim_border_width > 0
+                    bounding_box [trim_styles[:left][side], trim_styles[:top]], width: trim_styles[:width][side], height: trim_styles[:height] do
+                      stroke_horizontal_rule trim_styles[:border_color], line_width: trim_styles[:border_width], line_style: trim_styles[:border_style], at: (periphery == :header ? bounds.height : 0)
+                    end
+                  end
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          [trim_styles, colspec_dict, content_dict, stamp_names]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def add_outline doc, num_levels = 2, toc_page_nums = [], num_front_matter_pages = 0, has_front_cover = false
+        if ::String === num_levels
+          if num_levels.include? ':'
+            num_levels, expand_levels = num_levels.split ':', 2
+            num_levels = num_levels.empty? ? (doc.attr 'toclevels', 2).to_i : num_levels.to_i
+            expand_levels = expand_levels.to_i
+          else
+            num_levels = expand_levels = num_levels.to_i
+          end
+        else
+          expand_levels = num_levels
+        end
+        front_matter_counter = RomanNumeral.new 0, :lower
+        pagenum_labels = {}
+
+        num_front_matter_pages.times do |n|
+          pagenum_labels[n] = { P: (::PDF::Core::LiteralString.new front_matter_counter.next!.to_s) }
+        end
+
+        # add labels for each content page, which is required for reader's page navigator to work correctly
+        (num_front_matter_pages..(page_count - 1)).each_with_index do |n, i|
+          pagenum_labels[n] = { P: (::PDF::Core::LiteralString.new (i + 1).to_s) }
+        end
+
+        unless toc_page_nums.none? || (toc_title = doc.attr 'toc-title').nil_or_empty?
+          toc_section = insert_toc_section doc, toc_title, toc_page_nums
+        end
+
+        outline.define do
+          initial_pagenum = has_front_cover ? 2 : 1
+          # FIXME: use sanitize: :plain_text once available
+          if document.page_count >= initial_pagenum && (doctitle = doc.header? ? doc.doctitle : (doc.attr 'untitled-label'))
+            page title: (document.sanitize doctitle), destination: (document.dest_top has_front_cover ? 2 : 1)
+          end
+          # QUESTION is there any way to get add_outline_level to invoke in the context of the outline?
+          document.add_outline_level self, doc.sections, num_levels, expand_levels
+        end
+
+        toc_section.parent.blocks.delete toc_section if toc_section
+
+        catalog.data[:PageLabels] = state.store.ref Nums: pagenum_labels.flatten
+        primary_page_mode, secondary_page_mode = PageModes[(doc.attr 'pdf-page-mode') || @theme.page_mode]
+        catalog.data[:PageMode] = primary_page_mode
+        catalog.data[:NonFullScreenPageMode] = secondary_page_mode if secondary_page_mode
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def add_outline_level outline, sections, num_levels, expand_levels
+        sections.each do |sect|
+          sect_title = sanitize sect.numbered_title formal: true
+          sect_destination = sect.attr 'pdf-destination'
+          if (level = sect.level) == num_levels || !sect.sections?
+            outline.page title: sect_title, destination: sect_destination
+          elsif level <= num_levels
+            outline.section sect_title, destination: sect_destination, closed: expand_levels < 1 do
+              add_outline_level outline, sect.sections, num_levels, (expand_levels - 1)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def insert_toc_section doc, toc_title, toc_page_nums
+        if (doc.attr? 'toc-placement', 'macro') && (toc_node = (doc.find_by context: :toc)[0])
+          if (parent_section = toc_node.parent).context == :section
+            grandparent_section = parent_section.parent
+            toc_level = parent_section.level
+            insert_idx = (grandparent_section.blocks.index parent_section) + 1
+          else
+            grandparent_section = doc
+            toc_level = doc.sections[0].level
+            insert_idx = 0
+          end
+          toc_dest = toc_node.attr 'pdf-destination'
+        else
+          grandparent_section = doc
+          toc_level = doc.sections[0].level
+          insert_idx = 0
+          toc_dest = dest_top toc_page_nums.first
+        end
+        toc_section = Section.new grandparent_section, toc_level, false, attributes: { 'pdf-destination' => toc_dest }
+        toc_section.title = toc_title
+        grandparent_section.blocks.insert insert_idx, toc_section
+        toc_section
+      end
+
+      def write pdf_doc, target
+        if target.respond_to? :write
+          target = ::QuantifiableStdout.new STDOUT if target == STDOUT
+          pdf_doc.render target
+        else
+          pdf_doc.render_file target
+          # QUESTION restore attributes first?
+          @pdfmark&.generate_file target
+          (Optimizer.new @optimize, pdf_doc.min_version).generate_file target if @optimize && ((defined? ::Asciidoctor::PDF::Optimizer) || !(Helpers.require_library OptimizerRequirePath, 'rghost', :warn).nil?)
+        end
+        # write scratch document if debug is enabled (or perhaps DEBUG_STEPS env)
+        #get_scratch_document.render_file 'scratch.pdf'
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def register_fonts font_catalog, fonts_dir
+        return unless font_catalog
+        dirs = (fonts_dir.split ValueSeparatorRx, -1).map do |dir|
+          dir == 'GEM_FONTS_DIR' || dir.empty? ? ThemeLoader::FontsDir : dir
+        end
+        font_catalog.each do |key, styles|
+          styles = styles.each_with_object({}) do |(style, path), accum|
+            found = dirs.find do |dir|
+              resolved_font_path = font_path path, dir
+              if ::File.readable? resolved_font_path
+                accum[style.to_sym] = resolved_font_path
+                true
+              end
+            end
+            raise ::Errno::ENOENT, ((File.absolute_path? path) ? %(#{path} not found) : %(#{path} not found in #{fonts_dir.gsub ValueSeparatorRx, ' or '})) unless found
+          end
+          register_font key => styles
+        end
+      end
+
+      def font_path font_file, fonts_dir
+        # resolve relative to built-in font dir unless path is absolute
+        ::File.absolute_path font_file, fonts_dir
+      end
+
+      def fallback_svg_font_name
+        @theme.svg_fallback_font_family || @theme.svg_font_family || @theme.base_font_family
+      end
+
+      def apply_text_decoration styles, category, level = nil
+        if (text_decoration_style = TextDecorationStyleTable[(level && @theme[%(#{category}_h#{level}_text_decoration)]) || @theme[%(#{category}_text_decoration)]])
+          {
+            styles: (styles << text_decoration_style),
+            text_decoration_color: (level && @theme[%(#{category}_h#{level}_text_decoration_color)]) || @theme[%(#{category}_text_decoration_color)],
+            text_decoration_width: (level && @theme[%(#{category}_h#{level}_text_decoration_width)]) || @theme[%(#{category}_text_decoration_width)],
+          }.compact
+        else
+          styles.empty? ? {} : { styles: styles }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def resolve_text_transform key, use_fallback = true
+        if (transform = ::Hash === key ? (key.delete :text_transform) : @theme[key.to_s])
+          transform == 'none' ? nil : transform
+        elsif use_fallback
+          @text_transform
+        end
+      end
+
+      # QUESTION should we pass a category as an argument?
+      # QUESTION should we make this a method on the theme ostruct? (e.g., @theme.resolve_color key, fallback)
+      def resolve_theme_color key, fallback_color = nil
+        if (color = @theme[key.to_s]) && color != 'transparent'
+          color
+        else
+          fallback_color
+        end
+      end
+
+      def resolve_font_kerning keyword, fallback = default_kerning?
+        keyword && (FontKerningTable.key? keyword) ? FontKerningTable[keyword] : fallback
+      end
+
+      def theme_fill_and_stroke_bounds category, opts = {}
+        bg_color = (opts.key? :background_color) ? opts[:background_color] : @theme[%(#{category}_background_color)]
+        fill_and_stroke_bounds bg_color, @theme[%(#{category}_border_color)],
+            line_width: (@theme[%(#{category}_border_width)] || 0),
+            radius: @theme[%(#{category}_border_radius)]
+      end
+
+      def theme_fill_and_stroke_block category, block_height, opts = {}
+        if (b_width = (opts.key? :border_width) ? opts[:border_width] : @theme[%(#{category}_border_width)])
+          b_width = nil unless b_width > 0
+        end
+        if (bg_color = opts[:background_color] || @theme[%(#{category}_background_color)]) == 'transparent'
+          bg_color = nil
+        end
+        unless b_width || bg_color
+          (node = opts[:caption_node]) && node.title? && (layout_caption node, category: category)
+          return
+        end
+        if (b_color = @theme[%(#{category}_border_color)]) == 'transparent'
+          b_color = @page_bg_color
+        end
+        b_radius = (@theme[%(#{category}_border_radius)] || 0) + (b_width || 0)
+        if b_width && b_color
+          if b_color == @page_bg_color # let page background cut into block background
+            b_gap_color, b_shift = @page_bg_color, b_width
+          elsif (b_gap_color = bg_color) && b_gap_color != b_color
+            b_shift = 0
+          else # let page background cut into border
+            b_gap_color, b_shift = @page_bg_color, 0
+          end
+        else # let page background cut into block background
+          b_shift, b_gap_color = (b_width ||= 0.5) * 0.5, @page_bg_color
+        end
+        # FIXME: due to the calculation error logged in #789, we must advance page even when content is split across pages
+        advance_page if (opts.fetch :split_from_top, true) && block_height > cursor && !at_page_top?
+        caption_height = (node = opts[:caption_node]) && node.title? ? (layout_caption node, category: category) - 1 : 0
+        float do
+          remaining_height = block_height - caption_height
+          initial_page = true
+          while remaining_height > 0
+            advance_page unless initial_page
+            chunk_height = [(available_height = cursor), remaining_height].min
+            bounding_box [0, available_height], width: bounds.width, height: chunk_height do
+              theme_fill_and_stroke_bounds category, background_color: bg_color
+              if b_width
+                indent b_radius, b_radius do
+                  # dashed line indicates continuation from previous page; swell line slightly to cover background
+                  stroke_horizontal_rule b_gap_color, line_width: b_width * 1.2, line_style: :dashed, at: b_shift
+                end unless initial_page
+                if remaining_height > chunk_height
+                  move_down chunk_height - b_shift
+                  indent b_radius, b_radius do
+                    # dashed line indicates continuation from previous page; swell line slightly to cover background
+                    stroke_horizontal_rule b_gap_color, line_width: b_width * 1.2, line_style: :dashed
+                  end
+                end
+              end
+            end
+            initial_page = false
+            remaining_height -= chunk_height
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Insert a top margin equal to amount if cursor is not at the top of the
+      # page. Start a new page instead if amount is greater than the remaining
+      # space on the page.
+      def margin_top amount
+        margin amount, :top
+      end
+
+      # Insert a bottom margin equal to amount unless cursor is at the top of the
+      # page (not likely). Start a new page instead if amount is greater than the
+      # remaining space on the page.
+      def margin_bottom amount
+        margin amount, :bottom
+      end
+
+      # Insert a margin at the specified side if the cursor is not at the top of
+      # the page. Start a new page if amount is greater than the remaining space on
+      # the page.
+      def margin amount, _side
+        unless (amount || 0) == 0 || at_page_top?
+          # NOTE use low-level cursor calculation to workaround cursor bug in column_box context
+          if y - reference_bounds.absolute_bottom > amount
+            move_down amount
+          else
+            # set cursor at top of next page
+            reference_bounds.move_past_bottom
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Lookup margin for theme element and side, then delegate to margin method.
+      # If margin value is not found, assume:
+      # - 0 when side == :top
+      # - @theme.vertical_spacing when side == :bottom
+      def theme_margin category, side
+        margin((@theme[%(#{category}_margin_#{side})] || (side == :bottom ? @theme.vertical_spacing : 0)), side)
+      end
+
+      def theme_font category, opts = {}
+        result = nil
+        # TODO: inheriting from generic category should be an option
+        if opts.key? :level
+          hlevel_category = %(#{category}_h#{opts[:level]})
+          family = @theme[%(#{hlevel_category}_font_family)] || @theme[%(#{category}_font_family)] || @theme.base_font_family || font_family
+          size = @theme[%(#{hlevel_category}_font_size)] || @theme[%(#{category}_font_size)] || @root_font_size
+          style = @theme[%(#{hlevel_category}_font_style)] || @theme[%(#{category}_font_style)]
+          color = @theme[%(#{hlevel_category}_font_color)] || @theme[%(#{category}_font_color)]
+          kerning = resolve_font_kerning @theme[%(#{hlevel_category}_font_kerning)] || @theme[%(#{category}_font_kerning)], nil
+          # NOTE global text_transform is not currently supported
+          transform = @theme[%(#{hlevel_category}_text_transform)] || @theme[%(#{category}_text_transform)]
+        else
+          inherited_font = font_info
+          family = @theme[%(#{category}_font_family)] || inherited_font[:family]
+          size = @theme[%(#{category}_font_size)] || inherited_font[:size]
+          style = @theme[%(#{category}_font_style)] || inherited_font[:style]
+          color = @theme[%(#{category}_font_color)]
+          kerning = resolve_font_kerning @theme[%(#{category}_font_kerning)], nil
+          # NOTE global text_transform is not currently supported
+          transform = @theme[%(#{category}_text_transform)]
+        end
+
+        prev_color, @font_color = @font_color, color if color
+        prev_kerning, self.default_kerning = default_kerning?, kerning unless kerning.nil?
+        prev_transform, @text_transform = @text_transform, (transform == 'none' ? nil : transform) if transform
+
+        font family, size: size, style: (style && style.to_sym) do
+          result = yield
+        end
+
+        @font_color = prev_color if color
+        default_kerning prev_kerning unless kerning.nil?
+        @text_transform = prev_transform if transform
+        result
+      end
+
+      # Calculate the font size (down to the minimum font size) that would allow
+      # all the specified fragments to fit in the available width without wrapping lines.
+      #
+      # Return the calculated font size if an adjustment is necessary or nil if no
+      # font size adjustment is necessary.
+      def theme_font_size_autofit fragments, category
+        arranger = arrange_fragments_by_line fragments
+        theme_font category do
+          # NOTE finalizing the line here generates fragments & calculates their widths using the current font settings
+          # CAUTION it also removes zero-width spaces
+          arranger.finalize_line
+          actual_width = width_of_fragments arranger.fragments
+          unless ::Array === (padding = @theme[%(#{category}_padding)])
+            padding = ::Array.new 4, padding
+          end
+          available_width = bounds.width - (padding[3] || 0) - (padding[1] || 0)
+          if actual_width > available_width
+            adjusted_font_size = ((available_width * font_size).to_f / actual_width).truncate 4
+            if (min = @theme[%(#{category}_font_size_min)] || @theme.base_font_size_min) && adjusted_font_size < min
+              min
+            else
+              adjusted_font_size
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Arrange fragments by line in an arranger and return an unfinalized arranger.
+      #
+      # Finalizing the arranger is deferred since it must be done in the context of
+      # the global font settings you want applied to each fragment.
+      def arrange_fragments_by_line fragments, _opts = {}
+        arranger = ::Prawn::Text::Formatted::Arranger.new self
+        by_line = arranger.consumed = []
+        fragments.each do |fragment|
+          if (text = fragment[:text]) == LF
+            by_line << fragment
+          elsif text.include? LF
+            text.scan LineScanRx do |line|
+              by_line << (line == LF ? { text: LF } : (fragment.merge text: line))
+            end
+          else
+            by_line << fragment
+          end
+        end
+        arranger
+      end
+
+      # Calculate the width that is needed to print all the
+      # fragments without wrapping any lines.
+      #
+      # This method assumes endlines are represented as discrete entries in the
+      # fragments array.
+      def width_of_fragments fragments
+        line_widths = [0]
+        fragments.each do |fragment|
+          if fragment.text == LF
+            line_widths << 0
+          else
+            line_widths[-1] += fragment.width
+          end
+        end
+        line_widths.max
+      end
+
+      # Compute the rendered width of a string, taking fallback fonts into account
+      def rendered_width_of_string str, opts = {}
+        opts = opts.merge kerning: default_kerning?
+        if str.length == 1
+          rendered_width_of_char str, opts
+        elsif (chars = str.each_char).all? {|char| font.glyph_present? char }
+          width_of_string str, opts
+        else
+          char_widths = chars.map {|char| rendered_width_of_char char, opts }
+          char_widths.sum + (char_widths.length * character_spacing)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Compute the rendered width of a char, taking fallback fonts into account
+      def rendered_width_of_char char, opts = {}
+        unless @fallback_fonts.empty? || (font.glyph_present? char)
+          @fallback_fonts.each do |fallback_font|
+            font fallback_font do
+              return width_of_string char, opts if font.glyph_present? char
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        width_of_string char, opts
+      end
+
+      # TODO: document me, esp the first line formatting functionality
+      def typeset_text string, line_metrics, opts = {}
+        move_down line_metrics.padding_top
+        opts = { leading: line_metrics.leading, final_gap: line_metrics.final_gap }.merge opts
+        string = string.gsub CjkLineBreakRx, ZeroWidthSpace if @cjk_line_breaks
+        if (hanging_indent = (opts.delete :hanging_indent) || 0) > 0
+          indent hanging_indent do
+            text string, (opts.merge indent_paragraphs: -hanging_indent)
+          end
+        elsif (first_line_opts = opts.delete :first_line_options)
+          # TODO: good candidate for Prawn enhancement!
+          text_with_formatted_first_line string, first_line_opts, opts
+        else
+          text string, opts
+        end
+        move_down line_metrics.padding_bottom
+      end
+
+      # QUESTION combine with typeset_text?
+      def typeset_formatted_text fragments, line_metrics, opts = {}
+        move_down line_metrics.padding_top
+        opts = { leading: line_metrics.leading, final_gap: line_metrics.final_gap }.merge opts
+        if (hanging_indent = (opts.delete :hanging_indent) || 0) > 0
+          indent hanging_indent do
+            formatted_text fragments, (opts.merge indent_paragraphs: -hanging_indent)
+          end
+        else
+          formatted_text fragments, opts
+        end
+        move_down line_metrics.padding_bottom
+      end
+
+      def height_of_typeset_text string, opts = {}
+        line_metrics = (calc_line_metrics opts[:line_height] || @theme.base_line_height)
+        (height_of string, leading: line_metrics.leading, final_gap: line_metrics.final_gap) + line_metrics.padding_top + (opts[:single_line] ? 0 : line_metrics.padding_bottom)
+      end
+
+      # NOTE only used when tabsize attribute is not specified
+      # tabs must always be replaced with spaces in order for the indentation guards to work
+      def expand_tabs string
+        if string.nil_or_empty?
+          ''
+        elsif string.include? TAB
+          full_tab_space = ' ' * (tab_size = 4)
+          (string.split LF, -1).map {|line|
+            if line.empty?
+              line
+            elsif (tab_idx = line.index TAB)
+              if tab_idx == 0
+                leading_tabs = 0
+                line.each_byte do |b|
+                  break unless b == 9
+                  leading_tabs += 1
+                end
+                line = %(#{full_tab_space * leading_tabs}#{rest = line.slice leading_tabs, line.length})
+                next line unless rest.include? TAB
+              end
+              # keeps track of how many spaces were added to adjust offset in match data
+              spaces_added = 0
+              idx = 0
+              result = ''
+              line.each_char do |c|
+                if c == TAB
+                  # calculate how many spaces this tab represents, then replace tab with spaces
+                  if (offset = idx + spaces_added) % tab_size == 0
+                    spaces_added += (tab_size - 1)
+                    result += full_tab_space
+                  else
+                    unless (spaces = tab_size - offset % tab_size) == 1
+                      spaces_added += (spaces - 1)
+                    end
+                    result += (' ' * spaces)
+                  end
+                else
+                  result += c
+                end
+                idx += 1
+              end
+              result
+            else
+              line
+            end
+          }.join LF
+        else
+          string
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Add an indentation guard at the start of indented lines.
+      # Expand tabs to spaces if tabs are present
+      def guard_indentation string
+        unless (string = expand_tabs string).empty?
+          string[0] = GuardedIndent if string.start_with? ' '
+          string.gsub! InnerIndent, GuardedInnerIndent if string.include? InnerIndent
+        end
+        string
+      end
+
+      def guard_indentation_in_fragments fragments
+        start_of_line = true
+        fragments.each do |fragment|
+          next if (text = fragment[:text]).empty?
+          if start_of_line && (text.start_with? ' ')
+            fragment[:text] = GuardedIndent + (((text = text.slice 1, text.length).include? InnerIndent) ? (text.gsub InnerIndent, GuardedInnerIndent) : text)
+          elsif text.include? InnerIndent
+            fragment[:text] = text.gsub InnerIndent, GuardedInnerIndent
+          end
+          start_of_line = text.end_with? LF
+        end
+        fragments
+      end
+
+      # Derive a PDF-safe, ASCII-only anchor name from the given value.
+      # Encodes value into hex if it contains characters outside the ASCII range.
+      # If value is nil, derive an anchor name from the default_value, if given.
+      def derive_anchor_from_id value, default_value = nil
+        if value
+          value.ascii_only? ? value : %(0x#{::PDF::Core.string_to_hex value})
+        elsif default_value
+          %(__anchor-#{default_value})
+        end
+      end
+
+      # If an id is provided or the node passed as the first argument has an id,
+      # add a named destination to the document equivalent to the node id at the
+      # current y position. If the node does not have an id and an id is not
+      # specified, do nothing.
+      #
+      # If the node is a section, and the current y position is the top of the
+      # page, set the y position equal to the page height to improve the navigation
+      # experience. If the current x position is at or inside the left margin, set
+      # the x position equal to 0 (left edge of page) to improve the navigation
+      # experience.
+      def add_dest_for_block node, id = nil
+        if !scratch? && (id ||= node.id)
+          dest_x = bounds.absolute_left.truncate 4
+          # QUESTION when content is aligned to left margin, should we keep precise x value or just use 0?
+          dest_x = 0 if dest_x <= page_margin_left
+          dest_y = at_page_top? && (node.context == :section || node.context == :document) ? page_height : y
+          # TODO: find a way to store only the ref of the destination; look it up when we need it
+          node.set_attr 'pdf-destination', (node_dest = (dest_xyz dest_x, dest_y))
+          add_dest id, node_dest
+        end
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def resolve_alignment_from_role roles
+        if (align_role = roles.reverse.find {|r| TextAlignmentRoles.include? r })
+          (align_role.slice 5, align_role.length).to_sym
+        end
+      end
+
+      # QUESTION is this method still necessary?
+      def resolve_imagesdir doc
+        if (imagesdir = doc.attr 'imagesdir').nil_or_empty? || (imagesdir = imagesdir.chomp '/') == '.'
+          nil
+        else
+          imagesdir
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Resolve the system path of the specified image path.
+      #
+      # Resolve and normalize the absolute system path of the specified image,
+      # taking into account the imagesdir attribute. If an image path is not
+      # specified, the path is read from the target attribute of the specified
+      # document node.
+      #
+      # If the target is a URI and the allow-uri-read attribute is set on the
+      # document, read the file contents to a temporary file and return the path to
+      # the temporary file. If the target is a URI and the allow-uri-read attribute
+      # is not set, or the URI cannot be read, this method returns a nil value.
+      #
+      # When a temporary file is used, the file is stored in @tmp_files to be cleaned up after conversion.
+      def resolve_image_path node, image_path = nil, relative_to = true, image_format = nil
+        doc = node.document
+        imagesdir = relative_to == true ? (resolve_imagesdir doc) : relative_to
+        image_path ||= node.attr 'target'
+        image_format ||= ::Asciidoctor::Image.format image_path, (::Asciidoctor::Image === node ? node.attributes : nil)
+        # NOTE base64 logic currently used for inline images
+        if ::Base64 === image_path
+          return (tmp_file = @tmp_files[image_path]) && tmp_file.path if @tmp_files.key? image_path
+          @tmp_files[image_path] = tmp_image = ::Tempfile.create ['image-', image_format && %(.#{image_format})]
+          tmp_image.binmode unless image_format == 'svg'
+          begin
+            tmp_image.write ::Base64.decode64 image_path
+            tmp_image.close
+            tmp_image.path
+          rescue
+            @tmp_files[image_path] = nil
+            tmp_image.close
+            unlink_tmp_file tmp_image
+            nil
+          end
+        # handle case when image is a URI
+        elsif (node.is_uri? image_path) ||
+            (imagesdir && (node.is_uri? imagesdir) && (image_path = node.normalize_web_path image_path, imagesdir, false))
+          unless allow_uri_read
+            logger.warn %(allow-uri-read is not enabled; cannot embed remote image: #{image_path}) unless scratch?
+            return
+          end
+          if @tmp_files.key? image_path
+            return (tmp_file = @tmp_files[image_path]) && tmp_file.path
+          elsif cache_uri
+            Helpers.require_library 'open-uri/cached', 'open-uri-cached' unless defined? ::OpenURI::Cache
+          else
+            ::OpenURI
+          end
+          @tmp_files[image_path] = tmp_image = ::Tempfile.create ['image-', image_format && %(.#{image_format})]
+          tmp_image.binmode if (binary = image_format != 'svg')
+          begin
+            ::OpenURI.open_uri(image_path, (binary ? 'rb' : 'r')) {|fd| tmp_image.write fd.read }
+            tmp_image.close
+            tmp_image.path
+          rescue
+            logger.warn %(could not retrieve remote image: #{image_path}; #{$!.message}) unless scratch?
+            @tmp_files[image_path] = nil
+            tmp_image.close
+            unlink_tmp_file tmp_image
+            nil
+          end
+        # handle case when image is a local file
+        else
+          node.normalize_system_path image_path, imagesdir, nil, target_name: 'image'
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Resolve the path and sizing of the background image either from a document attribute or theme key.
+      #
+      # Returns the argument list for the image method if the document attribute or theme key is found. Otherwise,
+      # nothing. The first argument in the argument list is the image path. If that value is nil, the background
+      # image is disabled. The second argument is the options hash to specify the dimensions, such as width and fit.
+      def resolve_background_image doc, theme, key, opts = {}
+        if ::String === key
+          image_path = (doc.attr key) || (from_theme = theme[(key.tr '-', '_').to_sym])
+        else
+          image_path = from_theme = theme[key]
+        end
+        if image_path
+          if image_path == 'none'
+            return []
+          elsif (image_path.include? ':') && image_path =~ ImageAttributeValueRx
+            image_attrs = (AttributeList.new $2).parse %w(alt width)
+            if from_theme
+              image_path = sub_attributes_discretely doc, $1
+              image_relative_to = @themesdir
+            else
+              image_path = $1
+              image_relative_to = true
+            end
+          elsif from_theme
+            image_path = sub_attributes_discretely doc, image_path
+            image_relative_to = @themesdir
+          end
+
+          image_path, image_format = ::Asciidoctor::Image.target_and_format image_path, image_attrs
+          image_path = resolve_image_path doc, image_path, image_relative_to, image_format
+
+          return unless image_path
+
+          unless ::File.readable? image_path
+            logger.warn %(#{key.to_s.tr '-_', ' '} not found or readable: #{image_path})
+            return
+          end
+
+          [image_path, (resolve_image_options image_path, image_attrs, (opts.merge background: true, format: image_format))]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def resolve_image_options image_path, image_attrs, opts = {}
+        if (image_format = opts[:format] || (::Asciidoctor::Image.format image_path)) == 'svg'
+          image_opts = {
+            enable_file_requests_with_root: (::File.dirname image_path),
+            enable_web_requests: allow_uri_read,
+            cache_images: cache_uri,
+            fallback_font_name: fallback_svg_font_name,
+            format: 'svg',
+          }
+        else
+          image_opts = {}
+        end
+        background = opts[:background]
+        container_size = opts[:container_size] || (background ? [page_width, page_height] : [bounds.width, bounds.height])
+        if image_attrs
+          if background && (image_pos = image_attrs['position']) && (image_pos = resolve_background_position image_pos, nil)
+            image_opts.update image_pos
+          end
+          if (image_fit = image_attrs['fit'] || (background ? 'contain' : nil))
+            image_fit = 'contain' if image_format == 'svg' && image_fit == 'fill'
+            container_width, container_height = container_size
+            case image_fit
+            when 'none'
+              if (image_width = resolve_explicit_width image_attrs, container_width)
+                image_opts[:width] = image_width
+              end
+            when 'scale-down'
+              # NOTE if width and height aren't set in SVG, real width and height are computed after stretching viewbox to fit page
+              if (image_width = resolve_explicit_width image_attrs, container_width) && image_width > container_width
+                image_opts[:fit] = container_size
+              elsif (image_size = intrinsic_image_dimensions image_path, image_format) &&
+                  (image_width ? image_width * (image_size[:height].to_f / image_size[:width]) > container_height : (to_pt image_size[:width], :px) > container_width || (to_pt image_size[:height], :px) > container_height)
+                image_opts[:fit] = container_size
+              elsif image_width
+                image_opts[:width] = image_width
+              end
+            when 'cover'
+              # QUESTION should we take explicit width into account?
+              if (image_size = intrinsic_image_dimensions image_path, image_format)
+                if container_width * (image_size[:height].to_f / image_size[:width]) < container_height
+                  image_opts[:height] = container_height
+                else
+                  image_opts[:width] = container_width
+                end
+              end
+            when 'fill'
+              image_opts[:width] = container_width
+              image_opts[:height] = container_height
+            else # when 'contain'
+              image_opts[:fit] = container_size
+            end
+          elsif (image_width = resolve_explicit_width image_attrs, container_size[0])
+            image_opts[:width] = image_width
+          else # default to fit=contain if sizing is not specified
+            image_opts[:fit] = container_size
+          end
+        else
+          image_opts[:fit] = container_size
+        end
+        image_opts
+      end
+
+      # Resolves the explicit width as a PDF pt value if the value is specified in
+      # absolute units, but defers resolving a percentage value until later.
+      #
+      # See resolve_explicit_width method for details about which attributes are considered.
+      def preresolve_explicit_width attrs
+        if attrs.key? 'pdfwidth'
+          ((width = attrs['pdfwidth']).end_with? '%') ? width : (str_to_pt width)
+        elsif attrs.key? 'scaledwidth'
+          # NOTE the parser automatically appends % if value is unitless
+          ((width = attrs['scaledwidth']).end_with? '%') ? width : (str_to_pt width)
+        elsif attrs.key? 'width'
+          # QUESTION should we honor percentage width value?
+          to_pt attrs['width'].to_f, :px
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Resolves the explicit width as a PDF pt value, if specified.
+      #
+      # Resolves the explicit width, first considering the pdfwidth attribute, then
+      # the scaledwidth attribute and finally the width attribute. If the specified
+      # value is in pixels, the value is scaled by 75% to perform approximate
+      # CSS px to PDF pt conversion. If the resolved width is larger than the
+      # max_width, the max_width value is returned.
+      #--
+      # QUESTION should we enforce positive result?
+      def resolve_explicit_width attrs, max_width = bounds.width, opts = {}
+        # QUESTION should we restrict width to max_width for pdfwidth?
+        if attrs.key? 'pdfwidth'
+          if (width = attrs['pdfwidth']).end_with? '%'
+            (width.to_f / 100) * max_width
+          elsif opts[:support_vw] && (width.end_with? 'vw')
+            (width.chomp 'vw').extend ViewportWidth
+          else
+            str_to_pt width
+          end
+        elsif attrs.key? 'scaledwidth'
+          # NOTE the parser automatically appends % if value is unitless
+          if (width = attrs['scaledwidth']).end_with? '%'
+            (width.to_f / 100) * max_width
+          else
+            str_to_pt width
+          end
+        elsif opts[:use_fallback] && (width = @theme.image_width)
+          if ::Numeric === width
+            width
+          elsif (width = width.to_s).end_with? '%'
+            (width.to_f / 100) * max_width
+          elsif opts[:support_vw] && (width.end_with? 'vw')
+            (width.chomp 'vw').extend ViewportWidth
+          else
+            str_to_pt width
+          end
+        elsif attrs.key? 'width'
+          if (width = attrs['width']).end_with? '%'
+            width = (width.to_f / 100) * max_width
+          else
+            width = to_pt width.to_f, :px
+          end
+          opts[:constrain_to_bounds] ? [max_width, width].min : width
+        end
+      end
+
+      def resolve_background_position value, default_value = {}
+        if value.include? ' '
+          result = {}
+          center = nil
+          (value.split ' ', 2).each do |keyword|
+            if keyword == 'left' || keyword == 'right'
+              result[:position] = keyword.to_sym
+            elsif keyword == 'top' || keyword == 'bottom'
+              result[:vposition] = keyword.to_sym
+            elsif keyword == 'center'
+              center = true
+            end
+          end
+          if center
+            result[:position] ||= :center
+            result[:vposition] ||= :center
+            result
+          elsif (result.key? :position) && (result.key? :vposition)
+            result
+          else
+            default_value
+          end
+        elsif value == 'left' || value == 'right' || value == 'center'
+          { position: value.to_sym, vposition: :center }
+        elsif value == 'top' || value == 'bottom'
+          { position: :center, vposition: value.to_sym }
+        else
+          default_value
+        end
+      end
+
+      def resolve_top val
+        if val.end_with? 'vh'
+          page_height * (1 - (val.to_f / 100))
+        elsif val.end_with? '%'
+          @y - effective_page_height * (val.to_f / 100)
+        else
+          @y - (str_to_pt val)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def add_link_to_image uri, image_info, image_opts
+        image_width = image_info[:width]
+        image_height = image_info[:height]
+
+        case image_opts[:position]
+        when :center
+          image_x = bounds.left_side + (bounds.width - image_width) * 0.5
+        when :right
+          image_x = bounds.right_side - image_width
+        else # :left or not set
+          image_x = bounds.left_side
+        end
+
+        case image_opts[:vposition]
+        when :top
+          image_y = bounds.absolute_top
+        when :center
+          image_y = bounds.absolute_top - (bounds.height - image_height) * 0.5
+        when :bottom
+          image_y = bounds.absolute_bottom + image_height
+        else
+          image_y = y
+        end unless (image_y = image_opts[:y])
+
+        link_annotation [image_x, (image_y - image_height), (image_x + image_width), image_y], Border: [0, 0, 0], A: { Type: :Action, S: :URI, URI: uri.as_pdf }
+      end
+
+      def clean_up_tmp_files
+        @tmp_files.values.each {|tmp_file| unlink_tmp_file tmp_file if tmp_file }
+        @tmp_files.clear
+      end
+
+      def unlink_tmp_file file
+        path = file.path
+        ::File.unlink path if ::File.exist? path
+      rescue
+        logger.warn %(could not delete temporary file: #{path}; #{$!.message}) unless scratch?
+      end
+
+      def apply_subs_discretely doc, value, opts = {}
+        imagesdir = doc.attr 'imagesdir'
+        doc.set_attr 'imagesdir', @themesdir
+        # FIXME: get sub_attributes to handle drop-line w/o a warning
+        doc.set_attr 'attribute-missing', 'skip' unless (attribute_missing = doc.attr 'attribute-missing') == 'skip'
+        value = value.gsub '\{', '\\\\\\{' if (escaped_attr_ref = value.include? '\{')
+        value = doc.apply_subs value
+        value = (value.split LF).delete_if {|line| SimpleAttributeRefRx.match? line }.join LF if opts[:drop_lines_with_unresolved_attributes] && (value.include? '{')
+        value = value.gsub '\{', '{' if escaped_attr_ref
+        doc.set_attr 'attribute-missing', attribute_missing unless attribute_missing == 'skip'
+        if imagesdir
+          doc.set_attr 'imagesdir', imagesdir
+        else
+          doc.remove_attr 'imagesdir'
+        end
+        value
+      end
+
+      def sub_attributes_discretely doc, value
+        doc.set_attr 'attribute-missing', 'skip' unless (attribute_missing = doc.attr 'attribute-missing') == 'skip'
+        value = doc.apply_subs value, [:attributes]
+        doc.set_attr 'attribute-missing', attribute_missing unless attribute_missing == 'skip'
+        value
+      end
+
+      def promote_author doc, idx = 1
+        doc.remove_attr 'url' if (original_url = doc.attr 'url')
+        email = nil
+        if idx > 1
+          original_attrs = AuthorAttributeNames.each_with_object({}) do |name, accum|
+            accum[name] = doc.attr name
+            if (val = doc.attr %(#{name}_#{idx}))
+              doc.set_attr name, val
+              # NOTE email holds url as well
+              email = val if name == 'email'
+            else
+              doc.remove_attr name
+            end
+          end
+          doc.set_attr 'url', ((email.include? '@') ? %(mailto:#{email}) : email) if email
+          result = yield
+          original_attrs.each {|name, val| val ? (doc.set_attr name, val) : (doc.remove_attr name) }
+        else
+          if (email = doc.attr 'email')
+            doc.set_attr 'url', ((email.include? '@') ? %(mailto:#{email}) : email)
+          end
+          result = yield
+        end
+        if original_url
+          doc.set_attr 'url', original_url
+        elsif email
+          doc.remove_attr 'url'
+        end
+        result
+      end
+
+      # NOTE assume URL is escaped (i.e., contains character references such as &amp;)
+      def breakable_uri uri
+        scheme, address = uri.split UriSchemeBoundaryRx, 2
+        address, scheme = scheme, address unless address
+        unless address.nil_or_empty?
+          address = address.gsub UriBreakCharsRx, UriBreakCharRepl
+          # NOTE require at least two characters after a break
+          address.slice!(-2) if address[-2] == ZeroWidthSpace
+        end
+        %(#{scheme}#{address})
+      end
+
+      def consolidate_ranges nums
+        if nums.size > 1
+          prev = nil
+          nums.each_with_object([]) {|num, accum|
+            if prev && (prev.to_i + 1) == num.to_i
+              accum[-1][1] = num
+            else
+              accum << [num]
+            end
+            prev = num
+          }.map {|range| range.join '-' }
+        else
+          nums
+        end
+      end
+
+      def resolve_pagenums val
+        pgnums = []
+        ((val.include? ',') ? (val.split ',') : (val.split ';')).each do |entry|
+          if entry.include? '..'
+            from, _, to = entry.partition '..'
+            pgnums += ([from.to_i, 1].max..[to.to_i, 1].max).to_a
+          else
+            pgnums << entry.to_i
+          end
+        end
+
+        pgnums
+      end
+
+      def get_char code
+        (code.start_with? '\u') ? ([((code.slice 2, code.length).to_i 16)].pack 'U1') : code
+      end
+
+      # QUESTION move to prawn/extensions.rb?
+      def init_scratch_prototype
+        @save_state = nil
+        @scratch_depth = 0
+        # NOTE can't marshall tmp_files, so clear them before creating prototype
+        saved_tmp_files, @tmp_files = @tmp_files, {}
+        # IMPORTANT don't set font before using Marshal, it causes serialization to fail
+        @prototype = ::Marshal.load ::Marshal.dump self
+        @prototype.state.store.info.data[:Scratch] = @prototype.text_formatter.scratch = true
+        # NOTE we're now starting a new page each time, so no need to do it here
+        #@prototype.start_new_page if @prototype.page_number == 0
+        @tmp_files = saved_tmp_files
+      end
+
+      def push_scratch doc
+        if (@scratch_depth += 1) == 1
+          @save_state = {
+            catalog: {}.tap {|accum| doc.catalog.each {|k, v| accum[k] = v.dup } },
+            attributes: doc.attributes.dup,
+          }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def pop_scratch doc
+        if (@scratch_depth -= 1) == 0
+          doc.catalog.replace @save_state[:catalog]
+          doc.attributes.replace @save_state[:attributes]
+          @save_state = nil
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  Pdf = PDF unless const_defined? :Pdf, false
+end