anomaly_detection 0.1.3 → 0.1.4

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data/CHANGELOG.md CHANGED
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
1
+ ## 0.1.4 (2022-03-19)
2
+
3
+ - Fixed initial median calculation
4
+
1
5
  ## 0.1.3 (2022-01-03)
2
6
 
3
7
  - Switched to dist.h
data/README.md CHANGED
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Learn [how it works](https://blog.twitter.com/engineering/en_us/a/2015/introduci
11
11
  Add this line to your application’s Gemfile:
12
12
 
13
13
  ```ruby
14
- gem 'anomaly_detection'
14
+ gem "anomaly_detection"
15
15
  ```
16
16
 
17
17
  ## Getting Started
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ AnomalyDetection.detect(
63
63
  Add [Vega](https://github.com/ankane/vega) to your application’s Gemfile:
64
64
 
65
65
  ```ruby
66
- gem 'vega'
66
+ gem "vega"
67
67
  ```
68
68
 
69
69
  And use:
@@ -1,12 +1,203 @@
1
+ /*!
2
+ * AnomalyDetection.cpp v0.1.0
3
+ * https://github.com/ankane/AnomalyDetection.cpp
4
+ * GPL-3.0-or-later License
5
+ */
6
+
1
7
  #pragma once
2
8
 
3
- #include <string>
9
+ #include <functional>
10
+ #include <iostream>
11
+ #include <iterator>
12
+ #include <numeric>
4
13
  #include <vector>
5
14
 
15
+ #include "dist.h"
16
+ #include "stl.hpp"
17
+
6
18
  namespace anomaly_detection {
7
19
 
8
20
  enum Direction { Positive, Negative, Both };
9
21
 
10
- std::vector<size_t> anomalies(const std::vector<float>& x, int period, float k, float alpha, Direction direction, bool verbose, std::function<void()> interrupt);
22
+ float median_sorted(const std::vector<float>& sorted) {
23
+ return (sorted[(sorted.size() - 1) / 2] + sorted[sorted.size() / 2]) / 2.0;
24
+ }
25
+
26
+ float median(const std::vector<float>& data) {
27
+ std::vector<float> sorted(data);
28
+ std::sort(sorted.begin(), sorted.end());
29
+ return median_sorted(sorted);
30
+ }
31
+
32
+ float mad(const std::vector<float>& data, float med) {
33
+ std::vector<float> res;
34
+ res.reserve(data.size());
35
+ for (auto v : data) {
36
+ res.push_back(fabs(v - med));
37
+ }
38
+ std::sort(res.begin(), res.end());
39
+ return 1.4826 * median_sorted(res);
40
+ }
41
+
42
+ std::vector<size_t> detect_anoms(const std::vector<float>& data, int num_obs_per_period, float k, float alpha, bool one_tail, bool upper_tail, bool verbose, std::function<void()> callback) {
43
+ auto n = data.size();
44
+
45
+ // Check to make sure we have at least two periods worth of data for anomaly context
46
+ if (n < num_obs_per_period * 2) {
47
+ throw std::invalid_argument("series must contain at least 2 periods");
48
+ }
49
+
50
+ // Handle NANs
51
+ auto nan = std::count_if(data.begin(), data.end(), [](const auto& value) { return std::isnan(value); });
52
+ if (nan > 0) {
53
+ throw std::invalid_argument("series contains NANs");
54
+ }
55
+
56
+ // Decompose data. This returns a univarite remainder which will be used for anomaly detection. Optionally, we might NOT decompose.
57
+ auto data_decomp = stl::params().robust(true).seasonal_length(data.size() * 10 + 1).fit(data, num_obs_per_period);
58
+ auto seasonal = data_decomp.seasonal;
59
+
60
+ std::vector<float> data2;
61
+ data2.reserve(n);
62
+ auto med = median(data);
63
+ for (auto i = 0; i < n; i++) {
64
+ data2.push_back(data[i] - seasonal[i] - med);
65
+ }
66
+
67
+ auto num_anoms = 0;
68
+ auto max_outliers = (size_t) n * k;
69
+ std::vector<size_t> anomalies;
70
+ anomalies.reserve(max_outliers);
71
+
72
+ // Sort data for fast median
73
+ // Use stable sort for indexes for deterministic results
74
+ std::vector<size_t> indexes(n);
75
+ std::iota(indexes.begin(), indexes.end(), 0);
76
+ std::stable_sort(indexes.begin(), indexes.end(), [&data2](size_t a, size_t b) { return data2[a] < data2[b]; });
77
+ std::sort(data2.begin(), data2.end());
78
+
79
+ // Compute test statistic until r=max_outliers values have been removed from the sample
80
+ for (auto i = 1; i <= max_outliers; i++) {
81
+ if (verbose) {
82
+ std::cout << i << " / " << max_outliers << " completed" << std::endl;
83
+ }
84
+
85
+ // TODO Improve performance between loop iterations
86
+ auto ma = median_sorted(data2);
87
+ std::vector<float> ares;
88
+ ares.reserve(data2.size());
89
+ if (one_tail) {
90
+ if (upper_tail) {
91
+ for (auto v : data2) {
92
+ ares.push_back(v - ma);
93
+ }
94
+ } else {
95
+ for (auto v : data2) {
96
+ ares.push_back(ma - v);
97
+ }
98
+ }
99
+ } else {
100
+ for (auto v : data2) {
101
+ ares.push_back(fabs(v - ma));
102
+ }
103
+ }
104
+
105
+ // Protect against constant time series
106
+ auto data_sigma = mad(data2, ma);
107
+ if (data_sigma == 0.0) {
108
+ break;
109
+ }
110
+
111
+ auto iter = std::max_element(ares.begin(), ares.end());
112
+ auto r_idx_i = std::distance(ares.begin(), iter);
113
+
114
+ // Only need to take sigma of r for performance
115
+ auto r = ares[r_idx_i] / data_sigma;
116
+
117
+ anomalies.push_back(indexes[r_idx_i]);
118
+ data2.erase(data2.begin() + r_idx_i);
119
+ indexes.erase(indexes.begin() + r_idx_i);
120
+
121
+ // Compute critical value
122
+ float p;
123
+ if (one_tail) {
124
+ p = 1.0 - alpha / (n - i + 1);
125
+ } else {
126
+ p = 1.0 - alpha / (2.0 * (n - i + 1));
127
+ }
128
+
129
+ auto t = students_t_ppf(p, n - i - 1);
130
+ auto lam = t * (n - i) / sqrt(((n - i - 1) + t * t) * (n - i + 1));
131
+
132
+ if (r > lam) {
133
+ num_anoms = i;
134
+ }
135
+
136
+ if (callback != nullptr) {
137
+ callback();
138
+ }
139
+ }
140
+
141
+ anomalies.resize(num_anoms);
142
+
143
+ // Sort like R version
144
+ std::sort(anomalies.begin(), anomalies.end());
145
+
146
+ return anomalies;
147
+ }
148
+
149
+ class AnomalyDetectionResult {
150
+ public:
151
+ std::vector<size_t> anomalies;
152
+ };
153
+
154
+ class AnomalyDetectionParams {
155
+ float alpha_ = 0.05;
156
+ float max_anoms_ = 0.1;
157
+ Direction direction_ = Direction::Both;
158
+ bool verbose_ = false;
159
+ std::function<void()> callback_ = nullptr;
160
+
161
+ public:
162
+ inline AnomalyDetectionParams alpha(float alpha) {
163
+ this->alpha_ = alpha;
164
+ return *this;
165
+ };
166
+
167
+ inline AnomalyDetectionParams max_anoms(float max_anoms) {
168
+ this->max_anoms_ = max_anoms;
169
+ return *this;
170
+ };
171
+
172
+ inline AnomalyDetectionParams direction(Direction direction) {
173
+ this->direction_ = direction;
174
+ return *this;
175
+ };
176
+
177
+ inline AnomalyDetectionParams verbose(bool verbose) {
178
+ this->verbose_ = verbose;
179
+ return *this;
180
+ };
181
+
182
+ inline AnomalyDetectionParams callback(std::function<void()> callback) {
183
+ this->callback_ = callback;
184
+ return *this;
185
+ };
186
+
187
+ AnomalyDetectionResult fit(const std::vector<float>& series, size_t period);
188
+ };
189
+
190
+ AnomalyDetectionParams params() {
191
+ return AnomalyDetectionParams();
192
+ }
193
+
194
+ AnomalyDetectionResult AnomalyDetectionParams::fit(const std::vector<float>& series, size_t period) {
195
+ bool one_tail = this->direction_ != Direction::Both;
196
+ bool upper_tail = this->direction_ == Direction::Positive;
197
+
198
+ auto res = AnomalyDetectionResult();
199
+ res.anomalies = detect_anoms(series, period, this->max_anoms_, this->alpha_, one_tail, upper_tail, this->verbose_, this->callback_);
200
+ return res;
201
+ }
11
202
 
12
203
  }
@@ -1,16 +1,26 @@
1
1
  /*!
2
- * dist.h v0.1.0
2
+ * dist.h v0.1.1
3
3
  * https://github.com/ankane/dist.h
4
4
  * Unlicense OR MIT License
5
5
  */
6
6
 
7
7
  #pragma once
8
8
 
9
- #define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
10
-
11
9
  #include <assert.h>
12
10
  #include <math.h>
13
11
 
12
+ #ifdef M_E
13
+ #define DIST_E M_E
14
+ #else
15
+ #define DIST_E 2.71828182845904523536
16
+ #endif
17
+
18
+ #ifdef M_PI
19
+ #define DIST_PI M_PI
20
+ #else
21
+ #define DIST_PI 3.14159265358979323846
22
+ #endif
23
+
14
24
  // Winitzki, S. (2008).
15
25
  // A handy approximation for the error function and its inverse.
16
26
  // https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2Mt7luZYBrwZlctV3A3eF82VGM/view?resourcekey=0-UQpPhwZgzP0sF4LHBDlLtg
@@ -21,7 +31,7 @@ double erf(double x) {
21
31
 
22
32
  double a = 0.14;
23
33
  double x2 = x * x;
24
- return sign * sqrt(1.0 - exp(-x2 * (4.0 / M_PI + a * x2) / (1.0 + a * x2)));
34
+ return sign * sqrt(1.0 - exp(-x2 * (4.0 / DIST_PI + a * x2) / (1.0 + a * x2)));
25
35
  }
26
36
 
27
37
  // Winitzki, S. (2008).
@@ -34,7 +44,7 @@ double inverse_erf(double x) {
34
44
 
35
45
  double a = 0.147;
36
46
  double ln = log(1.0 - x * x);
37
- double f1 = 2.0 / (M_PI * a);
47
+ double f1 = 2.0 / (DIST_PI * a);
38
48
  double f2 = ln / 2.0;
39
49
  double f3 = f1 + f2;
40
50
  double f4 = 1.0 / a * ln;
@@ -43,7 +53,7 @@ double inverse_erf(double x) {
43
53
 
44
54
  double normal_pdf(double x, double mean, double std_dev) {
45
55
  double var = std_dev * std_dev;
46
- return (1.0 / (var * sqrt(2.0 * M_PI))) * pow(M_E, -0.5 * pow((x - mean) / var, 2));
56
+ return (1.0 / (var * sqrt(2.0 * DIST_PI))) * pow(DIST_E, -0.5 * pow((x - mean) / var, 2));
47
57
  }
48
58
 
49
59
  double normal_cdf(double x, double mean, double std_dev) {
@@ -59,7 +69,7 @@ double normal_ppf(double p, double mean, double std_dev) {
59
69
  double students_t_pdf(double x, unsigned int n) {
60
70
  assert(n >= 1);
61
71
 
62
- return tgamma((n + 1.0) / 2.0) / (sqrt(n * M_PI) * tgamma(n / 2.0)) * pow(1.0 + x * x / n, -(n + 1.0) / 2.0);
72
+ return tgamma((n + 1.0) / 2.0) / (sqrt(n * DIST_PI) * tgamma(n / 2.0)) * pow(1.0 + x * x / n, -(n + 1.0) / 2.0);
63
73
  }
64
74
 
65
75
  // Hill, G. W. (1970).
@@ -104,7 +114,7 @@ double students_t_cdf(double x, unsigned int n) {
104
114
  n -= 2;
105
115
  }
106
116
  }
107
- a = n == 0 ? a / sqrt(b) : (atan(y) + a / b) * (2.0 / M_PI);
117
+ a = n == 0 ? a / sqrt(b) : (atan(y) + a / b) * (2.0 / DIST_PI);
108
118
  return start + sign * (z - a) / 2;
109
119
  }
110
120
 
@@ -127,7 +137,7 @@ double students_t_cdf(double x, unsigned int n) {
127
137
  a = (n - 1) / (b * n) * a + y;
128
138
  n -= 2;
129
139
  }
130
- a = n == 0 ? a / sqrt(b) : (atan(y) + a / b) * (2.0 / M_PI);
140
+ a = n == 0 ? a / sqrt(b) : (atan(y) + a / b) * (2.0 / DIST_PI);
131
141
  return start + sign * (z - a) / 2;
132
142
  }
133
143
 
@@ -149,7 +159,7 @@ double students_t_ppf(double p, unsigned int n) {
149
159
  return sign * sqrt(2.0 / (p * (2.0 - p)) - 2.0);
150
160
  }
151
161
 
152
- double half_pi = M_PI / 2.0;
162
+ double half_pi = DIST_PI / 2.0;
153
163
 
154
164
  if (n == 1) {
155
165
  p = p * half_pi;
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ void Init_ext() {
12
12
  rb_mAnomalyDetection
13
13
  .define_singleton_function(
14
14
  "_detect",
15
- [](std::vector<float> x, int period, float k, float alpha, const std::string& direction, bool verbose) {
15
+ [](std::vector<float> series, int period, float k, float alpha, const std::string& direction, bool verbose) {
16
16
  Direction dir;
17
17
  if (direction == "pos") {
18
18
  dir = Direction::Positive;
@@ -24,10 +24,16 @@ void Init_ext() {
24
24
  throw std::invalid_argument("direction must be pos, neg, or both");
25
25
  }
26
26
 
27
- auto res = anomaly_detection::anomalies(x, period, k, alpha, dir, verbose, rb_thread_check_ints);
27
+ auto res = anomaly_detection::params()
28
+ .max_anoms(k)
29
+ .alpha(alpha)
30
+ .direction(dir)
31
+ .verbose(verbose)
32
+ .callback(rb_thread_check_ints)
33
+ .fit(series, period);
28
34
 
29
35
  auto a = Rice::Array();
30
- for (auto v : res) {
36
+ for (auto v : res.anomalies) {
31
37
  a.push(v);
32
38
  }
33
39
  return a;
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
1
1
  module AnomalyDetection
2
- VERSION = "0.1.3"
2
+ VERSION = "0.1.4"
3
3
  end
@@ -0,0 +1,675 @@
1
+ GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
2
+ Version 3, 29 June 2007
3
+
4
+ Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
5
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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+ 12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
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+ END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
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+ How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
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+ If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
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+
629
+ To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
630
+ to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
631
+ state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
632
+ the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
633
+
634
+ {one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.}
635
+ Copyright (C) {year} {name of author}
636
+
637
+ This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
638
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
639
+ the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
640
+ (at your option) any later version.
641
+
642
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
643
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
644
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
645
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
646
+
647
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
648
+ along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
649
+
650
+ Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
651
+
652
+ If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
653
+ notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
654
+
655
+ {project} Copyright (C) {year} {fullname}
656
+ This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
657
+ This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
658
+ under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
659
+
660
+ The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
661
+ parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands
662
+ might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
663
+
664
+ You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
665
+ if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
666
+ For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
667
+ <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
668
+
669
+ The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
670
+ into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
671
+ may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
672
+ the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
673
+ Public License instead of this License. But first, please read
674
+ <http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.
675
+
metadata CHANGED
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
1
1
  --- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
2
2
  name: anomaly_detection
3
3
  version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
4
- version: 0.1.3
4
+ version: 0.1.4
5
5
  platform: ruby
6
6
  authors:
7
7
  - Andrew Kane
8
8
  autorequire:
9
9
  bindir: bin
10
10
  cert_chain: []
11
- date: 2022-01-04 00:00:00.000000000 Z
11
+ date: 2022-03-19 00:00:00.000000000 Z
12
12
  dependencies:
13
13
  - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
14
14
  name: rice
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ files:
35
35
  - LICENSE.txt
36
36
  - NOTICE.txt
37
37
  - README.md
38
- - ext/anomaly_detection/anomaly_detection.cpp
39
38
  - ext/anomaly_detection/anomaly_detection.hpp
40
39
  - ext/anomaly_detection/dist.h
41
40
  - ext/anomaly_detection/ext.cpp
@@ -43,6 +42,7 @@ files:
43
42
  - ext/anomaly_detection/stl.hpp
44
43
  - lib/anomaly_detection.rb
45
44
  - lib/anomaly_detection/version.rb
45
+ - licenses/LICENSE-AnomalyDetection-cpp.txt
46
46
  - licenses/LICENSE-MIT-dist-h.txt
47
47
  - licenses/LICENSE-MIT-stl-cpp.txt
48
48
  - licenses/UNLICENSE-dist-h.txt
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ required_rubygems_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
66
66
  - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
67
67
  version: '0'
68
68
  requirements: []
69
- rubygems_version: 3.2.32
69
+ rubygems_version: 3.3.7
70
70
  signing_key:
71
71
  specification_version: 4
72
72
  summary: Time series anomaly detection for Ruby
@@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
1
- #include <functional>
2
- #include <iostream>
3
- #include <iterator>
4
- #include <numeric>
5
- #include <string>
6
- #include <vector>
7
-
8
- #include "anomaly_detection.hpp"
9
- #include "dist.h"
10
- #include "stl.hpp"
11
-
12
- namespace anomaly_detection {
13
-
14
- float median(const std::vector<float>& sorted) {
15
- return (sorted[(sorted.size() - 1) / 2] + sorted[sorted.size() / 2]) / 2.0;
16
- }
17
-
18
- float mad(const std::vector<float>& data, float med) {
19
- std::vector<float> res;
20
- res.reserve(data.size());
21
- for (auto v : data) {
22
- res.push_back(fabs(v - med));
23
- }
24
- std::sort(res.begin(), res.end());
25
- return 1.4826 * median(res);
26
- }
27
-
28
- std::vector<size_t> detect_anoms(const std::vector<float>& data, int num_obs_per_period, float k, float alpha, bool one_tail, bool upper_tail, bool verbose, std::function<void()> check_for_interrupts) {
29
- auto n = data.size();
30
-
31
- // Check to make sure we have at least two periods worth of data for anomaly context
32
- if (n < num_obs_per_period * 2) {
33
- throw std::invalid_argument("series must contain at least 2 periods");
34
- }
35
-
36
- // Handle NANs
37
- auto nan = std::count_if(data.begin(), data.end(), [](const auto& value) { return std::isnan(value); });
38
- if (nan > 0) {
39
- throw std::invalid_argument("series contains NANs");
40
- }
41
-
42
- // Decompose data. This returns a univarite remainder which will be used for anomaly detection. Optionally, we might NOT decompose.
43
- auto seasonal_length = n * 10 + 1;
44
- auto data_decomp = stl::params().robust(true).seasonal_length(seasonal_length).fit(data, num_obs_per_period);
45
-
46
- auto seasonal = data_decomp.seasonal;
47
- auto med = median(data);
48
- std::vector<float> data2;
49
- data2.reserve(n);
50
- for (auto i = 0; i < n; i++) {
51
- data2.push_back(data[i] - seasonal[i] - med);
52
- }
53
-
54
- std::vector<size_t> r_idx;
55
- auto num_anoms = 0;
56
- auto max_outliers = (size_t) n * k;
57
-
58
- // Sort data for fast median
59
- // Use stable sort for indexes for deterministic results
60
- std::vector<size_t> indexes(n);
61
- std::iota(indexes.begin(), indexes.end(), 0);
62
- std::stable_sort(indexes.begin(), indexes.end(), [&data2](size_t a, size_t b) { return data2[a] < data2[b]; });
63
- std::sort(data2.begin(), data2.end());
64
-
65
- // Compute test statistic until r=max_outliers values have been removed from the sample
66
- for (auto i = 1; i <= max_outliers; i++) {
67
- check_for_interrupts();
68
-
69
- if (verbose) {
70
- std::cout << i << " / " << max_outliers << " completed" << std::endl;
71
- }
72
-
73
- // TODO Improve performance between loop iterations
74
- auto ma = median(data2);
75
- std::vector<float> ares;
76
- ares.reserve(data2.size());
77
- if (one_tail) {
78
- if (upper_tail) {
79
- for (auto v : data2) {
80
- ares.push_back(v - ma);
81
- }
82
- } else {
83
- for (auto v : data2) {
84
- ares.push_back(ma - v);
85
- }
86
- }
87
- } else {
88
- for (auto v : data2) {
89
- ares.push_back(fabs(v - ma));
90
- }
91
- }
92
-
93
- // Protect against constant time series
94
- auto data_sigma = mad(data2, ma);
95
- if (data_sigma == 0.0) {
96
- break;
97
- }
98
-
99
- auto iter = std::max_element(ares.begin(), ares.end());
100
- auto r_idx_i = std::distance(ares.begin(), iter);
101
-
102
- // Only need to take sigma of r for performance
103
- auto r = ares[r_idx_i] / data_sigma;
104
-
105
- r_idx.push_back(indexes[r_idx_i]);
106
- data2.erase(data2.begin() + r_idx_i);
107
- indexes.erase(indexes.begin() + r_idx_i);
108
-
109
- // Compute critical value
110
- float p;
111
- if (one_tail) {
112
- p = 1.0 - alpha / (n - i + 1);
113
- } else {
114
- p = 1.0 - alpha / (2.0 * (n - i + 1));
115
- }
116
-
117
- auto t = students_t_ppf(p, n - i - 1);
118
- auto lam = t * (n - i) / sqrt(((n - i - 1) + powf(t, 2.0)) * (n - i + 1));
119
-
120
- if (r > lam) {
121
- num_anoms = i;
122
- }
123
- }
124
-
125
- std::vector<size_t> anomalies(r_idx.begin(), r_idx.begin() + num_anoms);
126
-
127
- // Sort like R version
128
- std::sort(anomalies.begin(), anomalies.end());
129
-
130
- return anomalies;
131
- }
132
-
133
- std::vector<size_t> anomalies(const std::vector<float>& x, int period, float k, float alpha, Direction direction, bool verbose, std::function<void()> check_for_interrupts) {
134
- bool one_tail = direction != Direction::Both;
135
- bool upper_tail = direction == Direction::Positive;
136
- return detect_anoms(x, period, k, alpha, one_tail, upper_tail, verbose, check_for_interrupts);
137
- }
138
-
139
- }