aim-sqlite3 2.9.6.1.rc1-x86_64-linux-gnu

data/ext/sqlite3/database.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1263 @@
+#include <sqlite3_ruby.h>
+#include <aggregator.h>
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning( push )
+#pragma warning( disable : 4028 )
+#endif
+
+#define REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(_ctxt) \
+  if(!_ctxt->db) \
+    rb_raise(rb_path2class("SQLite3::Exception"), "cannot use a closed database");
+
+#define REQUIRE_CLOSED_DB(_ctxt) \
+  if(_ctxt->db) \
+    rb_raise(rb_path2class("SQLite3::Exception"), "cannot open a database that is already open");
+
+VALUE cSqlite3Database;
+
+/* See adr/2024-09-fork-safety.md */
+static void
+discard_db(sqlite3RubyPtr ctx)
+{
+    sqlite3_file *sfile;
+    int status;
+
+    // release as much heap memory as possible by deallocating non-essential memory
+    // allocations held by the database library. Memory used to cache database pages to
+    // improve performance is an example of non-essential memory.
+    // on my development machine, this reduces the lost memory from 152k to 69k.
+    sqlite3_db_release_memory(ctx->db);
+
+    // release file descriptors
+#ifdef HAVE_SQLITE3_DB_NAME
+    const char *db_name;
+    int j_db = 0;
+    while ((db_name = sqlite3_db_name(ctx->db, j_db)) != NULL) {
+        status = sqlite3_file_control(ctx->db, db_name, SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER, &sfile);
+        if (status == 0 && sfile->pMethods != NULL) {
+            sfile->pMethods->xClose(sfile);
+        }
+        j_db++;
+    }
+#else
+    status = sqlite3_file_control(ctx->db, NULL, SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER, &sfile);
+    if (status == 0 && sfile->pMethods != NULL) {
+        sfile->pMethods->xClose(sfile);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    status = sqlite3_file_control(ctx->db, NULL, SQLITE_FCNTL_JOURNAL_POINTER, &sfile);
+    if (status == 0 && sfile->pMethods != NULL) {
+        sfile->pMethods->xClose(sfile);
+    }
+
+    ctx->db = NULL;
+    ctx->flags |= SQLITE3_RB_DATABASE_DISCARDED;
+}
+
+static void
+close_or_discard_db(sqlite3RubyPtr ctx)
+{
+    if (ctx->db) {
+        int is_readonly = (ctx->flags & SQLITE3_RB_DATABASE_READONLY);
+
+        if (is_readonly || ctx->owner == getpid()) {
+            // Ordinary close.
+            sqlite3_close_v2(ctx->db);
+            ctx->db = NULL;
+        } else {
+            // This is an open connection carried across a fork(). "Discard" it.
+            discard_db(ctx);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+void
+rb_sqlite3_pin_array_and_contents(VALUE ary)
+{
+    long i;
+
+    if (NIL_P(ary) || !ary) { return; }
+
+    rb_gc_mark(ary);
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+        rb_gc_mark(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+pin_hash_value(VALUE UNUSED(key), VALUE value, VALUE UNUSED(arg))
+{
+    rb_gc_mark(value);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+pin_hash_and_contents(VALUE hash)
+{
+    if (NIL_P(hash) || !hash) { return; }
+
+    rb_gc_mark(hash);
+    rb_hash_foreach(hash, pin_hash_value, 0);
+}
+
+/* Each wrapper also owns live aggregate instances, whose VALUEs sqlite keeps in
+ * its own aggregate contexts. */
+static void
+pin_aggregators(VALUE aggregators)
+{
+    long i;
+
+    rb_sqlite3_pin_array_and_contents(aggregators);
+
+    if (NIL_P(aggregators) || !aggregators) { return; }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(aggregators); i++) {
+        rb_sqlite3_aggregator_pin_instances(RARRAY_AREF(aggregators, i));
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+database_mark(void *ctx)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr c = (sqlite3RubyPtr)ctx;
+
+    /* sqlite holds raw pointers to these, so they must not move. */
+    rb_gc_mark(c->busy_handler);
+    rb_gc_mark(c->trace_handler);
+    rb_gc_mark(c->authorizer);
+
+    rb_sqlite3_pin_array_and_contents(c->functions);
+    pin_hash_and_contents(c->collations);
+    pin_aggregators(c->aggregators);
+}
+
+static void
+deallocate(void *ctx)
+{
+    close_or_discard_db((sqlite3RubyPtr)ctx);
+    xfree(ctx);
+}
+
+static size_t
+database_memsize(const void *ctx)
+{
+    const sqlite3RubyPtr c = (const sqlite3RubyPtr)ctx;
+    // NB: can't account for ctx->db because the type is incomplete.
+    return sizeof(*c);
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t database_type = {
+    .wrap_struct_name = "SQLite3::Backup",
+    .function = {
+        .dmark = database_mark,
+        .dfree = deallocate,
+        .dsize = database_memsize,
+    },
+    .flags = RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED, // Not freed immediately because the dfree function do IOs.
+};
+
+static VALUE
+allocate(VALUE klass)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    VALUE object = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    ctx->owner = getpid();
+    return object;
+}
+
+static char *
+utf16_string_value_ptr(VALUE str)
+{
+    VALUE utf16str, codepoints;
+
+    StringValue(str);
+
+    utf16str = rb_str_dup(str);
+    if (!UTF16_LE_P(utf16str) && !UTF16_BE_P(utf16str)) {
+        /* an untagged string (the utf16 option) holds native-byte-order UTF-16 */
+        const union { uint16_t u16; uint8_t u8[2]; } native = { 1 };
+        rb_enc_associate_index(utf16str, rb_enc_find_index(native.u8[0] ? "UTF-16LE" : "UTF-16BE"));
+    }
+    codepoints = rb_funcall(utf16str, rb_intern("codepoints"), 0);
+    if (RTEST(rb_funcall(codepoints, rb_intern("include?"), 1, INT2FIX(0)))) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "string contains null char");
+    }
+
+    rb_str_buf_cat(str, "\x00\x00", 2L);
+    return RSTRING_PTR(str);
+}
+
+sqlite3RubyPtr
+sqlite3_database_unwrap(VALUE database)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(database, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    return ctx;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_sqlite3_open_v2(VALUE self, VALUE file, VALUE mode, VALUE zvfs)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    int status;
+    int flags;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_CLOSED_DB(ctx);
+
+#if defined TAINTING_SUPPORT
+#  if defined StringValueCStr
+    StringValuePtr(file);
+    rb_check_safe_obj(file);
+#  else
+    Check_SafeStr(file);
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+    flags = NUM2INT(mode);
+    status = sqlite3_open_v2(
+                 StringValueCStr(file),
+                 &ctx->db,
+                 flags,
+                 NIL_P(zvfs) ? NULL : StringValueCStr(zvfs)
+             );
+
+    if (status != SQLITE_OK) {
+        char *msg = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", sqlite3_errmsg(ctx->db));
+        sqlite3_close_v2(ctx->db);
+        ctx->db = NULL;
+        CHECK_MSG(ctx->db, status, msg);
+    }
+
+    if (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY) {
+        ctx->flags |= SQLITE3_RB_DATABASE_READONLY;
+    }
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_sqlite3_disable_quirk_mode(VALUE self)
+{
+#if defined SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DDL
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+
+    if (!ctx->db) { return Qfalse; }
+
+    sqlite3_db_config(ctx->db, SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DDL, 0, (void *)0);
+    sqlite3_db_config(ctx->db, SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DML, 0, (void *)0);
+
+    return Qtrue;
+#else
+    return Qfalse;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Close the database and release all associated resources.
+ *
+ *  ⚠ Writable connections that are carried across a <tt>fork()</tt> are not completely
+ *  closed. {Sqlite does not support forking}[https://www.sqlite.org/howtocorrupt.html],
+ *  and fully closing a writable connection that has been carried across a fork may corrupt the
+ *  database. Since it is an incomplete close, not all memory resources are freed, but this is safer
+ *  than risking data loss.
+ *
+ *  See rdoc-ref:adr/2024-09-fork-safety.md for more information on fork safety.
+ */
+static VALUE
+sqlite3_rb_close(VALUE self)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+
+    close_or_discard_db(ctx);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/* private method, primarily for testing */
+static VALUE
+sqlite3_rb_discard(VALUE self)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+
+    discard_db(ctx);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/* call-seq: db.closed?
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if this database instance has been closed (see #close).
+ */
+static VALUE
+closed_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+
+    if (!ctx->db) { return Qtrue; }
+
+    return Qfalse;
+}
+
+/* call-seq: total_changes
+ *
+ * Returns the total number of changes made to this database instance
+ * since it was opened.
+ */
+static VALUE
+total_changes(VALUE self)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    return INT2NUM(sqlite3_total_changes(ctx->db));
+}
+
+static void
+tracefunc(void *data, const char *sql)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx = (sqlite3RubyPtr)data;
+    rb_funcall(ctx->trace_handler, rb_intern("call"), 1, rb_str_new2(sql));
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    void *data;
+    const char *sql;
+} tracefunc_args_t;
+
+static void *
+tracefunc_body(void *ptr)
+{
+    tracefunc_args_t *args = (tracefunc_args_t *)ptr;
+    tracefunc(args->data, args->sql);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+tracefunc_gvl(void *data, const char *sql)
+{
+    tracefunc_args_t args = { data, sql };
+    rb_sqlite3_with_gvl(tracefunc_body, &args);
+}
+
+/* call-seq:
+ *    trace { |sql| ... }
+ *    trace(Class.new { def call sql; end }.new)
+ *
+ * Installs (or removes) a block that will be invoked for every SQL
+ * statement executed. The block receives one parameter: the SQL statement
+ * executed. If the block is +nil+, any existing tracer will be uninstalled.
+ */
+static VALUE
+trace(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    VALUE block;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &block);
+
+    if (NIL_P(block) && rb_block_given_p()) { block = rb_block_proc(); }
+
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &ctx->trace_handler, block);
+
+    sqlite3_trace(ctx->db, NIL_P(block) ? NULL : tracefunc_gvl, (void *)ctx);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+static int
+rb_sqlite3_busy_handler(void *context, int count)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx = (sqlite3RubyPtr)context;
+
+    VALUE handle = ctx->busy_handler;
+    VALUE result = rb_funcall(handle, rb_intern("call"), 1, INT2NUM(count));
+
+    if (Qfalse == result) { return 0; }
+
+    return 1;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    void *context;
+    int count;
+} busy_handler_args_t;
+
+static void *
+rb_sqlite3_busy_handler_body(void *ptr)
+{
+    busy_handler_args_t *args = (busy_handler_args_t *)ptr;
+    return (void *)(intptr_t)rb_sqlite3_busy_handler(args->context, args->count);
+}
+
+static int
+rb_sqlite3_busy_handler_gvl(void *context, int count)
+{
+    busy_handler_args_t args = { context, count };
+    return (int)(intptr_t)rb_sqlite3_with_gvl(rb_sqlite3_busy_handler_body, &args);
+}
+
+/* call-seq:
+ *    busy_handler { |count| ... }
+ *    busy_handler(Class.new { def call count; end }.new)
+ *
+ * Register a busy handler with this database instance. When a requested
+ * resource is busy, this handler will be invoked. If the handler returns
+ * +false+, the operation will be aborted; otherwise, the resource will
+ * be requested again.
+ *
+ * The handler will be invoked with the name of the resource that was
+ * busy, and the number of times it has been retried.
+ *
+ * See also the mutually exclusive #busy_timeout.
+ */
+static VALUE
+busy_handler(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    VALUE block;
+    int status;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &block);
+
+    if (NIL_P(block) && rb_block_given_p()) { block = rb_block_proc(); }
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &ctx->busy_handler, block);
+
+    status = sqlite3_busy_handler(
+                 ctx->db,
+                 NIL_P(block) ? NULL : rb_sqlite3_busy_handler_gvl,
+                 (void *)ctx
+             );
+
+    CHECK(ctx->db, status);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+static int
+rb_sqlite3_statement_timeout(void *context)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx = (sqlite3RubyPtr)context;
+    struct timespec currentTime;
+    clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &currentTime);
+
+    if (!timespecisset(&ctx->stmt_deadline)) {
+        // Set stmt_deadline if not already set
+        ctx->stmt_deadline = currentTime;
+        ctx->stmt_deadline.tv_sec  += ctx->stmt_timeout / 1000;
+        ctx->stmt_deadline.tv_nsec += (ctx->stmt_timeout % 1000) * 1000000L;
+        if (ctx->stmt_deadline.tv_nsec >= 1000000000L) {
+            ctx->stmt_deadline.tv_sec++;
+            ctx->stmt_deadline.tv_nsec -= 1000000000L;
+        }
+    } else if (timespecafter(&currentTime, &ctx->stmt_deadline)) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* call-seq: db.statement_timeout = ms
+ *
+ * Indicates that if a query lasts longer than the indicated number of
+ * milliseconds, SQLite should interrupt that query and return an error.
+ * By default, SQLite does not interrupt queries. To restore the default
+ * behavior, send 0 as the +ms+ parameter.
+ */
+static VALUE
+set_statement_timeout(VALUE self, VALUE milliseconds)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+
+    ctx->stmt_timeout = NUM2INT(milliseconds);
+    int n = NUM2INT(milliseconds) == 0 ? -1 : 1000;
+
+    sqlite3_progress_handler(ctx->db, n, rb_sqlite3_statement_timeout, (void *)ctx);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/* call-seq: last_insert_row_id
+ *
+ * Obtains the unique row ID of the last row to be inserted by this Database
+ * instance.
+ */
+static VALUE
+last_insert_row_id(VALUE self)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    return LL2NUM(sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(ctx->db));
+}
+
+VALUE
+sqlite3val2rb(sqlite3_value *val)
+{
+    VALUE rb_val;
+
+    switch (sqlite3_value_type(val)) {
+        case SQLITE_INTEGER:
+            rb_val = LL2NUM(sqlite3_value_int64(val));
+            break;
+        case SQLITE_FLOAT:
+            rb_val = rb_float_new(sqlite3_value_double(val));
+            break;
+        case SQLITE_TEXT: {
+            const char *text = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(val);
+            int len = sqlite3_value_bytes(val);
+            rb_val = rb_utf8_str_new(text, len);
+            rb_obj_freeze(rb_val);
+            break;
+        }
+        case SQLITE_BLOB: {
+            int len = sqlite3_value_bytes(val);
+            rb_val = rb_str_new((const char *)sqlite3_value_blob(val), len);
+            rb_obj_freeze(rb_val);
+            break;
+        }
+        case SQLITE_NULL:
+            rb_val = Qnil;
+            break;
+        default:
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "bad type");
+    }
+
+    return rb_val;
+}
+
+void
+set_sqlite3_func_result(sqlite3_context *ctx, VALUE result)
+{
+    switch (TYPE(result)) {
+        case T_NIL:
+            sqlite3_result_null(ctx);
+            break;
+        case T_FIXNUM:
+            sqlite3_result_int64(ctx, (sqlite3_int64)FIX2LONG(result));
+            break;
+        case T_BIGNUM: {
+#if SIZEOF_LONG < 8
+            sqlite3_int64 num64;
+
+            if (bignum_to_int64(result, &num64)) {
+                sqlite3_result_int64(ctx, num64);
+                break;
+            }
+#endif
+        }
+        case T_FLOAT:
+            sqlite3_result_double(ctx, NUM2DBL(result));
+            break;
+        case T_STRING:
+            if (CLASS_OF(result) == cSqlite3Blob
+                    || rb_enc_get_index(result) == rb_ascii8bit_encindex()
+               ) {
+                sqlite3_result_blob(
+                    ctx,
+                    (const void *)StringValuePtr(result),
+                    (int)RSTRING_LEN(result),
+                    SQLITE_TRANSIENT
+                );
+            } else {
+                sqlite3_result_text(
+                    ctx,
+                    (const char *)StringValuePtr(result),
+                    (int)RSTRING_LEN(result),
+                    SQLITE_TRANSIENT
+                );
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can't return %s",
+                     rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(result)));
+    }
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    sqlite3_context *ctx;
+    int argc;
+    sqlite3_value **argv;
+} rb_sqlite3_func_args_t;
+
+static VALUE
+rb_sqlite3_func_protected(VALUE func_args_value)
+{
+    rb_sqlite3_func_args_t *args = (rb_sqlite3_func_args_t *)func_args_value;
+    VALUE callable = (VALUE)sqlite3_user_data(args->ctx);
+    VALUE params = rb_ary_new2(args->argc);
+    VALUE result;
+    int i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < args->argc; i++) {
+        VALUE param = sqlite3val2rb(args->argv[i]);
+        rb_ary_push(params, param);
+    }
+
+    result = rb_apply(callable, rb_intern("call"), params);
+
+    set_sqlite3_func_result(args->ctx, result);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static void
+rb_sqlite3_func(sqlite3_context *ctx, int argc, sqlite3_value **argv)
+{
+    rb_sqlite3_func_args_t args = { .ctx = ctx, .argc = argc, .argv = argv };
+    int exc_status;
+
+    rb_protect(rb_sqlite3_func_protected, (VALUE)&args, &exc_status);
+
+    if (exc_status) {
+        /* the user should never see this message, because Statement#step will
+         * re-raise the exception still in rb_errinfo */
+        sqlite3_result_error(ctx, "Ruby Exception occurred", -1);
+    }
+}
+
+static void *
+rb_sqlite3_func_body(void *ptr)
+{
+    rb_sqlite3_func_args_t *args = (rb_sqlite3_func_args_t *)ptr;
+    rb_sqlite3_func(args->ctx, args->argc, args->argv);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+rb_sqlite3_func_gvl(sqlite3_context *ctx, int argc, sqlite3_value **argv)
+{
+    rb_sqlite3_func_args_t args = { .ctx = ctx, .argc = argc, .argv = argv };
+    rb_sqlite3_with_gvl(rb_sqlite3_func_body, &args);
+}
+
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_PROC_ARITY
+int
+rb_proc_arity(VALUE self)
+{
+    return (int)NUM2INT(rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("arity"), 0));
+}
+#endif
+
+/* call-seq: define_function_with_flags(name, flags) { |args,...| }
+ *
+ * Define a function named +name+ with +args+ using TextRep bitflags +flags+.  The arity of the block
+ * will be used as the arity for the function defined.
+ */
+static VALUE
+define_function_with_flags(VALUE self, VALUE name, VALUE flags)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    VALUE block, functions;
+    int status;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    block = rb_block_proc();
+
+    status = sqlite3_create_function(
+                 ctx->db,
+                 StringValuePtr(name),
+                 rb_proc_arity(block),
+                 NUM2INT(flags),
+                 (void *)block,
+                 rb_sqlite3_func_gvl,
+                 NULL,
+                 NULL
+             );
+
+    CHECK(ctx->db, status);
+
+    functions = rb_iv_get(self, "@functions");
+    rb_ary_push(functions, block);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &ctx->functions, functions);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/* call-seq: define_function(name) { |args,...| }
+ *
+ * Define a function named +name+ with +args+.  The arity of the block
+ * will be used as the arity for the function defined.
+ */
+static VALUE
+define_function(VALUE self, VALUE name)
+{
+    return define_function_with_flags(self, name, INT2FIX(SQLITE_UTF8));
+}
+
+/* call-seq: interrupt
+ *
+ * Interrupts the currently executing operation, causing it to abort.
+ */
+static VALUE
+interrupt(VALUE self)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    sqlite3_interrupt(ctx->db);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/* call-seq: errmsg
+ *
+ * Return a string describing the last error to have occurred with this
+ * database.
+ */
+static VALUE
+errmsg(VALUE self)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    return rb_str_new2(sqlite3_errmsg(ctx->db));
+}
+
+/* call-seq: errcode
+ *
+ * Return an integer representing the last error to have occurred with this
+ * database.
+ */
+static VALUE
+errcode_(VALUE self)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    return INT2NUM(sqlite3_errcode(ctx->db));
+}
+
+/* call-seq: complete?(sql)
+ *
+ * Return +true+ if the string is a valid (ie, parsable) SQL statement, and
+ * +false+ otherwise.
+ */
+static VALUE
+complete_p(VALUE UNUSED(self), VALUE sql)
+{
+    if (sqlite3_complete(StringValuePtr(sql))) {
+        return Qtrue;
+    }
+
+    return Qfalse;
+}
+
+/* call-seq: changes
+ *
+ * Returns the number of changes made to this database instance by the last
+ * operation performed. Note that a "delete from table" without a where
+ * clause will not affect this value.
+ */
+static VALUE
+changes(VALUE self)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    return INT2NUM(sqlite3_changes(ctx->db));
+}
+
+static int
+rb_sqlite3_auth(
+    void *ctx,
+    int _action,
+    const char *_a,
+    const char *_b,
+    const char *_c,
+    const char *_d)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr db_ctx = (sqlite3RubyPtr)ctx;
+    VALUE action = INT2NUM(_action);
+    VALUE a      = _a ? rb_str_new2(_a) : Qnil;
+    VALUE b      = _b ? rb_str_new2(_b) : Qnil;
+    VALUE c      = _c ? rb_str_new2(_c) : Qnil;
+    VALUE d      = _d ? rb_str_new2(_d) : Qnil;
+    VALUE result = rb_funcall(db_ctx->authorizer, rb_intern("call"), 5, action, a, b, c, d);
+
+    if (T_FIXNUM == TYPE(result)) { return (int)NUM2INT(result); }
+    if (Qtrue == result) { return SQLITE_OK; }
+    if (Qfalse == result) { return SQLITE_DENY; }
+
+    return SQLITE_IGNORE;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    void *ctx;
+    int action;
+    const char *a;
+    const char *b;
+    const char *c;
+    const char *d;
+} auth_args_t;
+
+static void *
+rb_sqlite3_auth_body(void *ptr)
+{
+    auth_args_t *args = (auth_args_t *)ptr;
+    return (void *)(intptr_t)rb_sqlite3_auth(
+               args->ctx, args->action, args->a, args->b, args->c, args->d);
+}
+
+static int
+rb_sqlite3_auth_gvl(
+    void *ctx,
+    int _action,
+    const char *_a,
+    const char *_b,
+    const char *_c,
+    const char *_d)
+{
+    auth_args_t args = { ctx, _action, _a, _b, _c, _d };
+    return (int)(intptr_t)rb_sqlite3_with_gvl(rb_sqlite3_auth_body, &args);
+}
+
+/* call-seq: set_authorizer = auth
+ *
+ * Set the authorizer for this database.  +auth+ must respond to +call+, and
+ * +call+ must take 5 arguments.
+ *
+ * Installs (or removes) a block that will be invoked for every access
+ * to the database. If the block returns 0 (or +true+), the statement
+ * is allowed to proceed. Returning 1 or false causes an authorization error to
+ * occur, and returning 2 or nil causes the access to be silently denied.
+ */
+static VALUE
+set_authorizer(VALUE self, VALUE authorizer)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    int status;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    status = sqlite3_set_authorizer(
+                 ctx->db, NIL_P(authorizer) ? NULL : rb_sqlite3_auth_gvl, (void *)ctx
+             );
+
+    CHECK(ctx->db, status);
+
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &ctx->authorizer, authorizer);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/* call-seq: db.busy_timeout = ms
+ *
+ * Indicates that if a request for a resource terminates because that
+ * resource is busy, SQLite should sleep and retry for up to the indicated
+ * number of milliseconds. By default, SQLite does not retry
+ * busy resources. To restore the default behavior, send 0 as the
+ * +ms+ parameter.
+ *
+ * See also the mutually exclusive #busy_handler.
+ */
+static VALUE
+set_busy_timeout(VALUE self, VALUE timeout)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    CHECK(ctx->db, sqlite3_busy_timeout(ctx->db, (int)NUM2INT(timeout)));
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/* call-seq: db.extended_result_codes = true
+ *
+ * Enable extended result codes in SQLite.  These result codes allow for more
+ * detailed exception reporting, such a which type of constraint is violated.
+ */
+static VALUE
+set_extended_result_codes(VALUE self, VALUE enable)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    CHECK(ctx->db, sqlite3_extended_result_codes(ctx->db, RTEST(enable) ? 1 : 0));
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+int
+rb_comparator_func(void *ctx, int a_len, const void *a, int b_len, const void *b)
+{
+    VALUE comparator;
+    VALUE a_str;
+    VALUE b_str;
+    VALUE comparison;
+    rb_encoding *internal_encoding;
+
+    internal_encoding = rb_default_internal_encoding();
+
+    comparator = (VALUE)ctx;
+    a_str = rb_str_new((const char *)a, a_len);
+    b_str = rb_str_new((const char *)b, b_len);
+
+    rb_enc_associate_index(a_str, rb_utf8_encindex());
+    rb_enc_associate_index(b_str, rb_utf8_encindex());
+
+    if (internal_encoding) {
+        a_str = rb_str_export_to_enc(a_str, internal_encoding);
+        b_str = rb_str_export_to_enc(b_str, internal_encoding);
+    }
+
+    comparison = rb_funcall(comparator, rb_intern("compare"), 2, a_str, b_str);
+
+    return NUM2INT(comparison);
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    void *ctx;
+    int a_len;
+    const void *a;
+    int b_len;
+    const void *b;
+} comparator_args_t;
+
+static void *
+rb_comparator_func_body(void *ptr)
+{
+    comparator_args_t *args = (comparator_args_t *)ptr;
+    return (void *)(intptr_t)rb_comparator_func(
+               args->ctx, args->a_len, args->a, args->b_len, args->b);
+}
+
+static int
+rb_comparator_func_gvl(void *ctx, int a_len, const void *a, int b_len, const void *b)
+{
+    comparator_args_t args = { ctx, a_len, a, b_len, b };
+    return (int)(intptr_t)rb_sqlite3_with_gvl(rb_comparator_func_body, &args);
+}
+
+/* call-seq: db.collation(name, comparator)
+ *
+ * Add a collation with name +name+, and a +comparator+ object.  The
+ * +comparator+ object should implement a method called "compare" that takes
+ * two parameters and returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater than
+ * 0.
+ */
+static VALUE
+collation(VALUE self, VALUE name, VALUE comparator)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    VALUE collations;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    CHECK(ctx->db, sqlite3_create_collation(
+              ctx->db,
+              StringValuePtr(name),
+              SQLITE_UTF8,
+              (void *)comparator,
+              NIL_P(comparator) ? NULL : rb_comparator_func_gvl));
+
+    /* sqlite holds a raw pointer to the comparator, so keep it alive and unmoved. */
+    collations = rb_iv_get(self, "@collations");
+    rb_hash_aset(collations, name, comparator);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &ctx->collations, collations);
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SQLITE3_LOAD_EXTENSION
+static VALUE
+load_extension_internal(VALUE self, VALUE file)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    int status;
+    char *errMsg;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    status = sqlite3_load_extension(ctx->db, StringValuePtr(file), 0, &errMsg);
+
+    CHECK_MSG(ctx->db, status, errMsg);
+
+    return self;
+}
+#endif
+
+#if defined(HAVE_SQLITE3_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION) && defined(HAVE_SQLITE3_LOAD_EXTENSION)
+/* call-seq: db.enable_load_extension(onoff)
+ *
+ * Enable or disable extension loading.
+ */
+static VALUE
+enable_load_extension(VALUE self, VALUE onoff)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    int onoffparam;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    if (Qtrue == onoff) {
+        onoffparam = 1;
+    } else if (Qfalse == onoff) {
+        onoffparam = 0;
+    } else {
+        onoffparam = (int)NUM2INT(onoff);
+    }
+
+    CHECK(ctx->db, sqlite3_enable_load_extension(ctx->db, onoffparam));
+
+    return self;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* call-seq: db.transaction_active?
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if there is a transaction active, and +false+ otherwise.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+transaction_active_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    return sqlite3_get_autocommit(ctx->db) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
+}
+
+static int
+hash_callback_function(VALUE callback_ary, int count, char **data, char **columns)
+{
+    VALUE new_hash = rb_hash_new();
+    int i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        if (data[i] == NULL) {
+            rb_hash_aset(new_hash, rb_str_new_cstr(columns[i]), Qnil);
+        } else {
+            rb_hash_aset(new_hash, rb_str_new_cstr(columns[i]), rb_str_new_cstr(data[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    rb_ary_push(callback_ary, new_hash);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+regular_callback_function(VALUE callback_ary, int count, char **data, char **columns)
+{
+    VALUE new_ary = rb_ary_new();
+    int i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        if (data[i] == NULL) {
+            rb_ary_push(new_ary, Qnil);
+        } else {
+            rb_ary_push(new_ary, rb_str_new_cstr(data[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    rb_ary_push(callback_ary, new_ary);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    VALUE callback_ary;
+    int count;
+    char **data;
+    char **columns;
+} exec_callback_args_t;
+
+static void *
+hash_callback_body(void *ptr)
+{
+    exec_callback_args_t *args = (exec_callback_args_t *)ptr;
+    return (void *)(intptr_t)hash_callback_function(
+               args->callback_ary, args->count, args->data, args->columns);
+}
+
+static int
+hash_callback_function_gvl(VALUE callback_ary, int count, char **data, char **columns)
+{
+    exec_callback_args_t args = { callback_ary, count, data, columns };
+    return (int)(intptr_t)rb_sqlite3_with_gvl(hash_callback_body, &args);
+}
+
+static void *
+regular_callback_body(void *ptr)
+{
+    exec_callback_args_t *args = (exec_callback_args_t *)ptr;
+    return (void *)(intptr_t)regular_callback_function(
+               args->callback_ary, args->count, args->data, args->columns);
+}
+
+static int
+regular_callback_function_gvl(VALUE callback_ary, int count, char **data, char **columns)
+{
+    exec_callback_args_t args = { callback_ary, count, data, columns };
+    return (int)(intptr_t)rb_sqlite3_with_gvl(regular_callback_body, &args);
+}
+
+
+/* Is invoked by calling db.execute_batch2(sql, &block)
+ *
+ * Executes all statements in a given string separated by semicolons.
+ * If a query is made, all values returned are strings
+ * (except for 'NULL' values which return nil),
+ * so the user may parse values with a block.
+ * If no query is made, an empty array will be returned.
+ */
+static VALUE
+exec_batch(VALUE self, VALUE sql, VALUE results_as_hash)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    int status;
+    VALUE callback_ary = rb_ary_new();
+    char *errMsg;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    if (results_as_hash == Qtrue) {
+        status = rb_sqlite3_exec_without_gvl(ctx->db, StringValuePtr(sql), (sqlite3_callback)hash_callback_function_gvl,
+                              (void *)callback_ary,
+                              &errMsg);
+    } else {
+        status = rb_sqlite3_exec_without_gvl(ctx->db, StringValuePtr(sql), (sqlite3_callback)regular_callback_function_gvl,
+                              (void *)callback_ary,
+                              &errMsg);
+    }
+
+    CHECK_MSG(ctx->db, status, errMsg);
+
+    return callback_ary;
+}
+
+/* call-seq: db.db_filename(database_name)
+ *
+ * Returns the file associated with +database_name+.  Can return nil or an
+ * empty string if the database is temporary, or in-memory.
+ */
+static VALUE
+db_filename(VALUE self, VALUE db_name)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    const char *fname;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    fname = sqlite3_db_filename(ctx->db, StringValueCStr(db_name));
+
+    if (fname) { return SQLITE3_UTF8_STR_NEW2(fname); }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_sqlite3_open16(VALUE self, VALUE file)
+{
+    int status;
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_CLOSED_DB(ctx);
+
+#if defined TAINTING_SUPPORT
+#if defined StringValueCStr
+    StringValuePtr(file);
+    rb_check_safe_obj(file);
+#else
+    Check_SafeStr(file);
+#endif
+#endif
+
+    // sqlite3_open16 implicitly uses flags (SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE)
+    // see https://www.sqlite.org/capi3ref.html#sqlite3_open
+    // so we do not ever set SQLITE3_RB_DATABASE_READONLY in ctx->flags
+    status = sqlite3_open16(utf16_string_value_ptr(file), &ctx->db);
+
+    if (status != SQLITE_OK) {
+        char *msg = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", sqlite3_errmsg(ctx->db));
+        sqlite3_close_v2(ctx->db);
+        ctx->db = NULL;
+        CHECK_MSG(ctx->db, status, msg);
+    }
+
+    return INT2NUM(status);
+}
+
+void
+init_sqlite3_database(void)
+{
+#if 0
+    VALUE mSqlite3 = rb_define_module("SQLite3");
+#endif
+    cSqlite3Database = rb_define_class_under(mSqlite3, "Database", rb_cObject);
+
+    rb_define_alloc_func(cSqlite3Database, allocate);
+    rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "open_v2", rb_sqlite3_open_v2, 3);
+    rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "open16", rb_sqlite3_open16, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "collation", collation, 2);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "close", sqlite3_rb_close, 0);
+    rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "discard", sqlite3_rb_discard, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "closed?", closed_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "total_changes", total_changes, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "trace", trace, -1);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "last_insert_row_id", last_insert_row_id, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "define_function", define_function, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "define_function_with_flags", define_function_with_flags, 2);
+    /* public "define_aggregator" is now a shim around define_aggregator2
+     * implemented in Ruby */
+    rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "define_aggregator2", rb_sqlite3_define_aggregator2, 2);
+    rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "disable_quirk_mode", rb_sqlite3_disable_quirk_mode, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "interrupt", interrupt, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "errmsg", errmsg, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "errcode", errcode_, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "complete?", complete_p, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "changes", changes, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "authorizer=", set_authorizer, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "busy_handler", busy_handler, -1);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "busy_timeout=", set_busy_timeout, 1);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "statement_timeout=", set_statement_timeout, 1);
+#endif
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "extended_result_codes=", set_extended_result_codes, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "transaction_active?", transaction_active_p, 0);
+    rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "exec_batch", exec_batch, 2);
+    rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "db_filename", db_filename, 1);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SQLITE3_LOAD_EXTENSION
+    rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "load_extension_internal", load_extension_internal, 1);
+#ifdef HAVE_SQLITE3_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "enable_load_extension", enable_load_extension, 1);
+#endif
+#endif
+
+
+    rb_sqlite3_aggregator_init();
+}
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning( pop )
+#endif