ae_declarative_authorization 0.7.0 → 0.7.1

data/Gemfile.lock

@@ -8,41 +8,41 @@ PATH
 GEM
   remote: http://rubygems.org/
   specs:
-    actioncable (5.0.7)
-      actionpack (= 5.0.7)
+    actioncable (5.0.6)
+      actionpack (= 5.0.6)
       nio4r (>= 1.2, < 3.0)
       websocket-driver (~> 0.6.1)
-    actionmailer (5.0.7)
-      actionpack (= 5.0.7)
-      actionview (= 5.0.7)
-      activejob (= 5.0.7)
+    actionmailer (5.0.6)
+      actionpack (= 5.0.6)
+      actionview (= 5.0.6)
+      activejob (= 5.0.6)
       mail (~> 2.5, >= 2.5.4)
       rails-dom-testing (~> 2.0)
-    actionpack (5.0.7)
-      actionview (= 5.0.7)
-      activesupport (= 5.0.7)
+    actionpack (5.0.6)
+      actionview (= 5.0.6)
+      activesupport (= 5.0.6)
       rack (~> 2.0)
       rack-test (~> 0.6.3)
       rails-dom-testing (~> 2.0)
       rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.2)
-    actionview (5.0.7)
-      activesupport (= 5.0.7)
+    actionview (5.0.6)
+      activesupport (= 5.0.6)
       builder (~> 3.1)
       erubis (~> 2.7.0)
       rails-dom-testing (~> 2.0)
       rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.3)
-    activejob (5.0.7)
-      activesupport (= 5.0.7)
+    activejob (5.0.6)
+      activesupport (= 5.0.6)
       globalid (>= 0.3.6)
-    activemodel (5.0.7)
-      activesupport (= 5.0.7)
-    activerecord (5.0.7)
-      activemodel (= 5.0.7)
-      activesupport (= 5.0.7)
+    activemodel (5.0.6)
+      activesupport (= 5.0.6)
+    activerecord (5.0.6)
+      activemodel (= 5.0.6)
+      activesupport (= 5.0.6)
       arel (~> 7.0)
-    activesupport (5.0.7)
+    activesupport (5.0.6)
       concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.2)
-      i18n (>= 0.7, < 2)
+      i18n (~> 0.7)
       minitest (~> 5.1)
       tzinfo (~> 1.1)
     appraisal (2.2.0)
@@ -53,13 +53,13 @@ GEM
     blockenspiel (0.5.0)
     builder (3.2.3)
     concurrent-ruby (1.0.5)
-    crass (1.0.4)
+    crass (1.0.3)
     erubis (2.7.0)
     globalid (0.4.1)
       activesupport (>= 4.2.0)
-    i18n (1.0.1)
+    i18n (0.9.5)
       concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0)
-    loofah (2.2.2)
+    loofah (2.1.1)
       crass (~> 1.0.2)
       nokogiri (>= 1.5.9)
     mail (2.7.0)
@@ -68,35 +68,35 @@ GEM
     method_source (0.9.0)
     mini_mime (1.0.0)
     mini_portile2 (2.3.0)
-    minitest (5.11.3)
-    mocha (1.5.0)
+    minitest (5.10.3)
+    mocha (1.3.0)
       metaclass (~> 0.0.1)
-    nio4r (2.3.1)
-    nokogiri (1.8.3)
+    nio4r (2.2.0)
+    nokogiri (1.8.1)
       mini_portile2 (~> 2.3.0)
-    rack (2.0.5)
+    rack (2.0.3)
     rack-test (0.6.3)
       rack (>= 1.0)
-    rails (5.0.7)
-      actioncable (= 5.0.7)
-      actionmailer (= 5.0.7)
-      actionpack (= 5.0.7)
-      actionview (= 5.0.7)
-      activejob (= 5.0.7)
-      activemodel (= 5.0.7)
-      activerecord (= 5.0.7)
-      activesupport (= 5.0.7)
+    rails (5.0.6)
+      actioncable (= 5.0.6)
+      actionmailer (= 5.0.6)
+      actionpack (= 5.0.6)
+      actionview (= 5.0.6)
+      activejob (= 5.0.6)
+      activemodel (= 5.0.6)
+      activerecord (= 5.0.6)
+      activesupport (= 5.0.6)
       bundler (>= 1.3.0)
-      railties (= 5.0.7)
+      railties (= 5.0.6)
       sprockets-rails (>= 2.0.0)
     rails-dom-testing (2.0.3)
       activesupport (>= 4.2.0)
       nokogiri (>= 1.6)
-    rails-html-sanitizer (1.0.4)
-      loofah (~> 2.2, >= 2.2.2)
-    railties (5.0.7)
-      actionpack (= 5.0.7)
-      activesupport (= 5.0.7)
+    rails-html-sanitizer (1.0.3)
+      loofah (~> 2.0)
+    railties (5.0.6)
+      actionpack (= 5.0.6)
+      activesupport (= 5.0.6)
       method_source
       rake (>= 0.8.7)
       thor (>= 0.18.1, < 2.0)
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ GEM
     sqlite3 (1.3.13)
     thor (0.20.0)
     thread_safe (0.3.6)
-    tzinfo (1.2.5)
+    tzinfo (1.2.4)
       thread_safe (~> 0.1)
     websocket-driver (0.6.5)
       websocket-extensions (>= 0.1.0)
@@ -127,4 +127,4 @@ DEPENDENCIES
   sqlite3
 
 BUNDLED WITH
-   1.16.1
+   1.15.4

data/LICENSE.txt

@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
-Copyright (c) 2017 AppFolio, Inc., Steffen Bartsch
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
-a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
-permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
-the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
-included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
-EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
-NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
-LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
-OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
-WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+Copyright (c) 2017 AppFolio, Inc., Steffen Bartsch
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

data/README.md

@@ -1,620 +1,620 @@
-# Declarative Authorization
-
-The declarative authorization plugin offers an authorization mechanism inspired 
-by _RBAC_. The most notable distinction to other authorization plugins is the
-declarative approach. That is, authorization rules are not defined
-programmatically in between business logic but in an authorization configuration.
-
-With programmatic authorization rules, the developer needs to specify which roles are
-allowed to access a specific controller action or a part of a view, which is
-not DRY. With a growing application code base roles' permissions often
-change and new roles are introduced. Then, at several places of the source code
-the changes have to be implemented, possibly leading to omissions and thus hard
-to find errors. In these cases, a declarative approach as offered by decl_auth
-increases the development and maintenance efficiency.
-
-
-Plugin features
-* Authorization at controller action level
-* Authorization helpers for Views
-* Authorization at model level
-  * Authorize CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) activities
-  * Query rewriting to automatically only fetch authorized records
-* DSL for specifying Authorization rules in an authorization configuration
-* Support for Rails 4 and 5
-
-
-Requirements
-* An authentication mechanism 
-  * User object in Controller#current_user
-  * (For model security) Setting Authorization.current_user
-* User objects need to respond to a method `:role_symbols` that returns an
-  array of role symbols
-See below for installation instructions.
-
-
-There is a decl_auth screencast by Ryan Bates, nicely introducing the main concepts:
-http://railscasts.com/episodes/188-declarative-authorization
-
-
-## Quick Start
-
-### Install
-
-Declarative Authorization comes with an installer to make setup easy.
-
-First, include ae_declarative_authorization in your gemfile.
-
-```ruby
-gem 'ae_declarative_authorization'
-```
-
-Next, bundle and install.
-
-    $ bundle
-    $ rails g authorization:install [UserModel=User] [field:type field:type ...] [--create-user --commit --user-belongs-to-role]
-
-This installer will create a Role model, an admin and a user role, and set a
-has_and_belongs_to_many relationship between the User model and the Role model.
-It will also add a `role_symbols` method to the user model to meet
-declarative_authorization's requirements. The default User model is User. You can override this by simply typing the name of a model as above.
-
-You can create the model with the fields provided by using the `--create-user` option.
-
-The `--commit` option will run `rake db:migrate` and `rake db:seed`.
-
-The `--user-belongs-to-role` option will set up a one-to-many relationship between Users and Roles.
-That is, each user has a role_id column and can only have one role. Role inheritance can be used
-in authorization rules.
-
-Finally, the installer also copies default authorization rules, as below.
-
-### Generate Authorization Rules
-
-To copy a default set of authorization rules which includes CRUD priveleges, run:
-
-    $ rails g authorization:rules
-
-This command will copy the following to `config/authorization_rules.rb`. Remember
-to implement the requirements of this gem as described in the Installation section
-at the end of this README if you do not use the above installer.
-
-```ruby
-authorization do
-  role :guest do
-    # add permissions for guests here, e.g.
-    # has_permission_on :conferences, :to => :read
-  end
-  
-  # permissions on other roles, such as
-  # role :admin do
-  #   has_permission_on :conferences, :to => :manage
-  # end
-  # role :user do
-  #   has_permission_on :conferences, :to => [:read, :create]
-  #   has_permission_on :conferences, :to => [:update, :delete] do
-  #     if_attribute :user_id => is {user.id}
-  #   end
-  # end
-  # See the readme or GitHub for more examples
-end
-
-privileges do
-  # default privilege hierarchies to facilitate RESTful Rails apps
-  privilege :manage, :includes => [:create, :read, :update, :delete]
-  privilege :create, :includes => :new
-  privilege :read, :includes => [:index, :show]
-  privilege :update, :includes => :edit
-  privilege :delete, :includes => :destroy
-end
-```
-
-### Controller Authorization
-
-For RESTful controllers, add `filter_resource_access`:
-
-```ruby
-class MyRestfulController < ApplicationController
-  filter_resource_access
-end
-```
-
-For a non-RESTful controller, you can use `filter_access_to`:
-
-```ruby
-class MyOtherController < ApplicationController
-  filter_access_to :all
-  # or a group: filter_access_to [:action1, :action2]
-end
-```
-
-
-### View Authorization
-
-Declarative Authorization will use `current_user` to check authorization.
-
-```erb
-<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) if permitted_to? :update, @post %>
-```
-
-
-## Authorization Data Model
-
-```
------ App domain ----|-------- Authorization conf ---------|------- App domain ------
-
-                      includes                   includes
-                       .--.                        .---.
-                       |  v                        |   v
- .------.  can_play  .------.  has_permission  .------------.  requires  .----------.
- | User |----------->| Role |----------------->| Permission |<-----------| Activity |
- '------' *        * '------' *              * '------------' 1        * '----------'
-                                                     |
-                                             .-------+------.
-                                          1 /        | 1     \ *
-                                .-----------.   .---------.  .-----------.
-                                | Privilege |   | Context |  | Attribute |
-                                '-----------'   '---------'  '-----------'
-```
-
-In the application domain, each *User* may be assigned to *Roles* that should 
-define the users' job in the application, such as _Administrator_. On the 
-right-hand side of this diagram, application developers specify which *Permissions* 
-are necessary for users to perform activities, such as calling a controller action,
-viewing parts of a View or acting on records in the database. Note that
-Permissions consist of an *Privilege* that is to be performed, such as _read_, 
-and a *Context* in that the Operation takes place, such as _companies_.
-
-In the authorization configuration, Permissions are assigned to Roles and Role
-and Permission hierarchies are defined. *Attributes* may be employed to allow
-authorization according to dynamic information about the context and the
-current user, e.g. "only allow access on employees that belong to the
-current user's branch."
-
-
-## Examples
-
-A fully functional example application can be found at
-http://github.com/stffn/decl_auth_demo_app
-
-
-## Controller
-
-If authentication is in place, there are two ways to enable user-specific
-access control on controller actions. For resource controllers, which more
-or less follow the CRUD pattern, `filter_resource_access` is the simplest
-approach. It sets up instance variables in before filters and calls
-`filter_access_to` with the appropriate parameters to protect the CRUD methods.
-
-```ruby
-class EmployeesController < ApplicationController
-  filter_resource_access
-end
-```
-
-See `Authorization::AuthorizationInController::ClassMethods` for options on
-nested resources and custom member and collection actions.
-
-By default, Declarative Authorization will enable `filter_resource_access` compatibility with `strong_parameters`.
-If you want to disable this behavior, you can use the `:strong_parameters` option.
-
-```ruby
-class EmployeesController < ApplicationController
-  filter_resource_access :strong_parameters => false
-end
-```
-
-If you prefer less magic or your controller has no resemblance with the resource
-controllers, directly calling `filter_access_to` may be the better option. Examples
-are given in the following. E.g. the privilege index users is required for
-action index. This works as a first default configuration for RESTful
-controllers, with these privileges easily handled in the authorization
-configuration, which will be described below.
-
-```ruby
-class EmployeesController < ApplicationController
-  filter_access_to :all
-  def index
-  end
-end
-```
-
-When custom actions are added to such a controller, it helps to define more
-clearly which privileges are the respective requirements. That is when the
-`filter_access_to` call may become more verbose:
-
-```ruby
-class EmployeesController < ApplicationController
-  filter_access_to :all
-
-  # this one would be included in :all, but :read seems to be
-  # a more suitable privilege than :auto_complete_for_user_name
-  filter_access_to :auto_complete_for_employee_name, :require => :read
-
-  def auto_complete_for_employee_name
-  end
-end
-```
-
-For some actions it might be necessary to check certain attributes of the
-object the action is to be acting on. Then, the object needs to be loaded 
-before the action's access control is evaluated. On the other hand, some actions
-might prefer the authorization to ignore specific attribute checks as the object is
-unknown at checking time, so attribute checks and thus automatic loading of
-objects needs to be enabled explicitly.
-
-```ruby
-class EmployeesController < ApplicationController
-  filter_access_to :update, :attribute_check => true
-  def update
-    # @employee is already loaded from param[:id] because of :attribute_check
-  end
-end
-```
-
-You can provide the needed object through before_actions. This way, you have
-full control over the object that the conditions are checked against. Just make
-sure, your before_actions occur before any of the `filter_access_to` calls.
-
-```ruby
-class EmployeesController < ApplicationController
-  before_action :new_employee_from_params, :only => :create
-  before_action :new_employee, :only => [:index, :new]
-  filter_access_to :all, :attribute_check => true
-
-  def create
-    @employee.save!
-  end
-
-  protected
-  def new_employee_from_params
-    @employee = Employee.new(params[:employee])
-  end
-end
-```
-
-If the access is denied, a `permission_denied` method is called on the
-current_controller, if defined, and the issue is logged.
-For further customization of the filters and object loading, have a look at 
-the complete API documentation of `filter_access_to` in 
-`Authorization::AuthorizationInController::ClassMethods`.
-
-
-## Views
-
-In views, a simple permitted_to? helper makes showing blocks according to the
-current user's privileges easy:
-
-```erb
-<% permitted_to? :create, :employees do %>
-  <%= link_to 'New', new_employee_path %>
-<% end %>
-```
-
-Only giving a symbol :employees as context prevents any checks of attributes
-as there is no object to check against. For example, in case of nested resources
-a new object may come in handy:
-
-```erb
-<% permitted_to? :create, Branch.new(:company => @company) do
-        # or @company.branches.new
-        # or even @company.branches %>
-  <%= link_to 'New', new_company_branch_path(@company) %>
-<% end %>
-```
-
-Lists are straight-forward:
-
-```erb
-<% for employee in @employees do %>
-  <%= link_to 'Edit', edit_employee_path(employee) if permitted_to? :update, employee %>
-<% end %>
-```
-
-See also `Authorization::AuthorizationHelper`.
-
-
-## Models
-
-There are two distinct features for model security built into this plugin:
-authorizing CRUD operations on objects as well as query rewriting to limit
-results according to certain privileges.
-
-See also Authorization::AuthorizationInModel.
-
-
-### Model security for CRUD operations
-
-To activate model security, all it takes is an explicit enabling for each
-model that model security should be enforced on, i.e.
-
-```ruby
-class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
-  using_access_control
-end
-```
-
-Thus,
-    `Employee.create(...)`
-fails, if the current user is not allowed to `:create` `:employees` according
-to the authorization rules. For the application to find out about what 
-happened if an operation is denied, the filters throw 
-`Authorization::NotAuthorized` exceptions.
-
-As access control on read are costly, with possibly lots of objects being
-loaded at a time in one query, checks on read need to be activated explicitly by
-adding the `:include_read` option.
-
-
-### Query rewriting through named scopes
-
-When retrieving large sets of records from databases, any authorization needs
-to be integrated into the query in order to prevent inefficient filtering
-afterwards and to use LIMIT and OFFSET in SQL statements. To keep authorization
-rules out of the source code, this plugin offers query rewriting mechanisms
-through named scopes. Thus,
-
-```ruby
-Employee.with_permissions_to(:read)
-```
-
-returns all employee records that the current user is authorized to read. In
-addition, just like normal named scopes, query rewriting may be chained with
-the usual find method:
-
-```ruby
-Employee.with_permissions_to(:read).find(:all, :conditions => ...)
-```
-
-If the current user is completely missing the permissions, an 
-`Authorization::NotAuthorized` exception is raised. Through 
-`Model.obligation_conditions`, application developers may retrieve
-the conditions for manual rewrites.
-
-
-## Authorization Rules
-
-Authorization rules are defined in config/authorization_rules.rb
-(Or redefine rules files path via `Authorization::AUTH_DSL_FILES`). E.g.
-
-```ruby
-authorization do
-  role :admin do
-    has_permission_on :employees, :to => [:create, :read, :update, :delete]
-  end
-end
-```
-
-There is a default role `:guest` that is used if a request is not associated
-with any user or with a user without any roles. So, if your application has
-public pages, `:guest` can be used to allow access for users that are not
-logged in. All other roles are application defined and need to be associated
-with users by the application.
-
-If you need to change the default role, you can do so by adding an initializer
-that contains the following statement:
-
-```ruby
-Authorization.default_role = :anonymous
-```
-
-Privileges, such as :create, may be put into hierarchies to simplify
-maintenance. So the example above has the same meaning as
-
-```ruby
-authorization do
-  role :admin do
-    has_permission_on :employees, :to => :manage
-  end
-end
-
-privileges do
-  privilege :manage do
-    includes :create, :read, :update, :delete
-  end
-end
-```
-
-Privilege hierarchies may be context-specific, e.g. applicable to `:employees`.
-
-```ruby
-privileges do
-  privilege :manage, :employees, :includes => :increase_salary
-end
-```
-For more complex use cases, authorizations need to be based on attributes. Note 
-that you then also need to set `:attribute_check => true` in controllers for `filter_access_to`.
-E.g. if a branch admin should manage only employees of his branch (see 
-`Authorization::Reader` in the API docs for a full list of available operators):
-
-```ruby
-    authorization do
-      role :branch_admin do
-        has_permission_on :employees do
-          to :manage
-          # user refers to the current_user when evaluating
-          if_attribute :branch => is {user.branch}
-        end
-      end
-    end
-```
-
-To reduce redundancy in has_permission_on blocks, a rule may depend on
-permissions on associated objects:
-
-```ruby
-authorization do
-  role :branch_admin do
-    has_permission_on :branches, :to => :manage do
-      if_attribute :managers => contains {user}
-    end
-
-    has_permission_on :employees, :to => :manage do
-      if_permitted_to :manage, :branch
-      # instead of
-      # if_attribute :branch => {:managers => contains {user}}
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-
-Lastly, not only privileges may be organized in a hierarchy but roles as well.
-Here, project manager inherit the permissions of employees.
-
-```ruby
-role :project_manager do
-  includes :employee
-end
-```
-
-See also `Authorization::Reader`.
-
-## Testing
-
-ae_declarative_authorization provides a few helpers to ease the testing with
-authorization in mind.
-
-In your test_helper.rb, to enable the helpers add
-
-```ruby
-require 'declarative_authorization/maintenance'
-
-class Test::Unit::TestCase
-  include Authorization::TestHelper
-end
-```
-
-For using the test helpers with RSpec, just add the following lines to your
-spec_helper.rb (somewhere after `require 'spec/rails'`):
-
-```ruby
-require 'declarative_authorization/maintenance'
-include Authorization::TestHelper
-```
-
-Now, in unit tests, you may deactivate authorization if needed e.g. for test
-setup and assume certain identities for tests:
-
-```ruby
-class EmployeeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_should_read
-    without_access_control do
-      Employee.create(...)
-    end
-
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      with_user(admin) do
-        Employee.find(:first)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-    
-Or, with RSpec, it would work like this:
-
-```ruby
-describe Employee do
-  it 'should read' do
-    without_access_control do
-      Employee.create(...)
-    end
-
-    with_user(admin) do
-      Employee.find(:first)
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-
-In functional tests, get, posts, etc. may be tested in the name of certain users:
-
-```ruby
-get_with admin, :index
-post_with admin, :update, :employee => {...}
-```
-
-See `Authorization::TestHelper` for more information.
-
-
-## Providing the Plugin's Requirements
-The requirements are
-* Rails >= 4.2.5.2 and Ruby >= 2.1.x
-* An authentication mechanism 
-* A user object returned by Controller#current_user
-* An array of role symbols returned by User#role_symbols
-* (For model security) Setting Authorization.current_user to the request's user
-
-Of the various ways to provide these requirements, here is one way employing
-restful_authentication.
-
-* Install restful_authentication
-   cd vendor/plugins && git clone git://github.com/technoweenie/restful-authentication.git restful_authentication
-   cd ../.. && ruby script/generate authenticated user sessions
-* Move "include AuthenticatedSystem" to ApplicationController
-* Add +filter_access_to+ calls as described above.
-* If you'd like to use model security, add a before_action that sets the user 
-  globally to your ApplicationController. This is thread-safe.
-   before_action :set_current_user
-   protected
-   def set_current_user
-     Authorization.current_user = current_user
-   end
-
-* Add roles field to the User model through a :+has_many+ association
-  (this is just one possible approach; you could just as easily use 
-  :+has_many+ :+through+ or a serialized roles array):
-  * create a migration for table roles 
-
-     class CreateRoles < ActiveRecord::Migration
-       def self.up
-         create_table "roles" do |t|
-           t.column :title, :string
-           t.references :user
-         end
-       end
-
-       def self.down
-         drop_table "roles"
-       end
-     end
-
-  * create a model Role,
-     class Role < ActiveRecord::Base
-       belongs_to :user
-     end
-
-  * add +has_many+ :+roles+ to the User model and a roles method that returns the roles 
-    as an Array of Symbols, e.g.
-     class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-       has_many :roles
-       def role_symbols
-         (roles || []).map {|r| r.title.to_sym}
-       end
-     end
-
-  * add roles to your User objects using e.g.
-     user.roles.create(:title => "admin")
-
-Note: If you choose to generate an Account model for restful_authentication
-instead of a User model as described above, you have to customize the
-examples and create a ApplicationController#current_user method.
-
-
-## Debugging Authorization
-
-Currently, the main means of debugging authorization decisions is logging and
-exceptions. Denied access to actions is logged to `warn` or `info`, including
-some hints about what went wrong.
-
-All bang methods throw exceptions which may be used to retrieve more
-information about a denied access than a Boolean value.
-
-
-## License
-
-Released under MIT license.
-
-Copyright (c) 2008 Steffen Bartsch, TZI, Universität Bremen, Germany
-
-Copyright (c) 2011-2017 AppFolio, Inc.
+# Declarative Authorization
+
+The declarative authorization plugin offers an authorization mechanism inspired 
+by _RBAC_. The most notable distinction to other authorization plugins is the
+declarative approach. That is, authorization rules are not defined
+programmatically in between business logic but in an authorization configuration.
+
+With programmatic authorization rules, the developer needs to specify which roles are
+allowed to access a specific controller action or a part of a view, which is
+not DRY. With a growing application code base roles' permissions often
+change and new roles are introduced. Then, at several places of the source code
+the changes have to be implemented, possibly leading to omissions and thus hard
+to find errors. In these cases, a declarative approach as offered by decl_auth
+increases the development and maintenance efficiency.
+
+
+Plugin features
+* Authorization at controller action level
+* Authorization helpers for Views
+* Authorization at model level
+  * Authorize CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) activities
+  * Query rewriting to automatically only fetch authorized records
+* DSL for specifying Authorization rules in an authorization configuration
+* Support for Rails 4 and 5
+
+
+Requirements
+* An authentication mechanism 
+  * User object in Controller#current_user
+  * (For model security) Setting Authorization.current_user
+* User objects need to respond to a method `:role_symbols` that returns an
+  array of role symbols
+See below for installation instructions.
+
+
+There is a decl_auth screencast by Ryan Bates, nicely introducing the main concepts:
+http://railscasts.com/episodes/188-declarative-authorization
+
+
+## Quick Start
+
+### Install
+
+Declarative Authorization comes with an installer to make setup easy.
+
+First, include ae_declarative_authorization in your gemfile.
+
+```ruby
+gem 'ae_declarative_authorization'
+```
+
+Next, bundle and install.
+
+    $ bundle
+    $ rails g authorization:install [UserModel=User] [field:type field:type ...] [--create-user --commit --user-belongs-to-role]
+
+This installer will create a Role model, an admin and a user role, and set a
+has_and_belongs_to_many relationship between the User model and the Role model.
+It will also add a `role_symbols` method to the user model to meet
+declarative_authorization's requirements. The default User model is User. You can override this by simply typing the name of a model as above.
+
+You can create the model with the fields provided by using the `--create-user` option.
+
+The `--commit` option will run `rake db:migrate` and `rake db:seed`.
+
+The `--user-belongs-to-role` option will set up a one-to-many relationship between Users and Roles.
+That is, each user has a role_id column and can only have one role. Role inheritance can be used
+in authorization rules.
+
+Finally, the installer also copies default authorization rules, as below.
+
+### Generate Authorization Rules
+
+To copy a default set of authorization rules which includes CRUD priveleges, run:
+
+    $ rails g authorization:rules
+
+This command will copy the following to `config/authorization_rules.rb`. Remember
+to implement the requirements of this gem as described in the Installation section
+at the end of this README if you do not use the above installer.
+
+```ruby
+authorization do
+  role :guest do
+    # add permissions for guests here, e.g.
+    # has_permission_on :conferences, :to => :read
+  end
+  
+  # permissions on other roles, such as
+  # role :admin do
+  #   has_permission_on :conferences, :to => :manage
+  # end
+  # role :user do
+  #   has_permission_on :conferences, :to => [:read, :create]
+  #   has_permission_on :conferences, :to => [:update, :delete] do
+  #     if_attribute :user_id => is {user.id}
+  #   end
+  # end
+  # See the readme or GitHub for more examples
+end
+
+privileges do
+  # default privilege hierarchies to facilitate RESTful Rails apps
+  privilege :manage, :includes => [:create, :read, :update, :delete]
+  privilege :create, :includes => :new
+  privilege :read, :includes => [:index, :show]
+  privilege :update, :includes => :edit
+  privilege :delete, :includes => :destroy
+end
+```
+
+### Controller Authorization
+
+For RESTful controllers, add `filter_resource_access`:
+
+```ruby
+class MyRestfulController < ApplicationController
+  filter_resource_access
+end
+```
+
+For a non-RESTful controller, you can use `filter_access_to`:
+
+```ruby
+class MyOtherController < ApplicationController
+  filter_access_to :all
+  # or a group: filter_access_to [:action1, :action2]
+end
+```
+
+
+### View Authorization
+
+Declarative Authorization will use `current_user` to check authorization.
+
+```erb
+<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) if permitted_to? :update, @post %>
+```
+
+
+## Authorization Data Model
+
+```
+----- App domain ----|-------- Authorization conf ---------|------- App domain ------
+
+                      includes                   includes
+                       .--.                        .---.
+                       |  v                        |   v
+ .------.  can_play  .------.  has_permission  .------------.  requires  .----------.
+ | User |----------->| Role |----------------->| Permission |<-----------| Activity |
+ '------' *        * '------' *              * '------------' 1        * '----------'
+                                                     |
+                                             .-------+------.
+                                          1 /        | 1     \ *
+                                .-----------.   .---------.  .-----------.
+                                | Privilege |   | Context |  | Attribute |
+                                '-----------'   '---------'  '-----------'
+```
+
+In the application domain, each *User* may be assigned to *Roles* that should 
+define the users' job in the application, such as _Administrator_. On the 
+right-hand side of this diagram, application developers specify which *Permissions* 
+are necessary for users to perform activities, such as calling a controller action,
+viewing parts of a View or acting on records in the database. Note that
+Permissions consist of an *Privilege* that is to be performed, such as _read_, 
+and a *Context* in that the Operation takes place, such as _companies_.
+
+In the authorization configuration, Permissions are assigned to Roles and Role
+and Permission hierarchies are defined. *Attributes* may be employed to allow
+authorization according to dynamic information about the context and the
+current user, e.g. "only allow access on employees that belong to the
+current user's branch."
+
+
+## Examples
+
+A fully functional example application can be found at
+http://github.com/stffn/decl_auth_demo_app
+
+
+## Controller
+
+If authentication is in place, there are two ways to enable user-specific
+access control on controller actions. For resource controllers, which more
+or less follow the CRUD pattern, `filter_resource_access` is the simplest
+approach. It sets up instance variables in before filters and calls
+`filter_access_to` with the appropriate parameters to protect the CRUD methods.
+
+```ruby
+class EmployeesController < ApplicationController
+  filter_resource_access
+end
+```
+
+See `Authorization::AuthorizationInController::ClassMethods` for options on
+nested resources and custom member and collection actions.
+
+By default, Declarative Authorization will enable `filter_resource_access` compatibility with `strong_parameters`.
+If you want to disable this behavior, you can use the `:strong_parameters` option.
+
+```ruby
+class EmployeesController < ApplicationController
+  filter_resource_access :strong_parameters => false
+end
+```
+
+If you prefer less magic or your controller has no resemblance with the resource
+controllers, directly calling `filter_access_to` may be the better option. Examples
+are given in the following. E.g. the privilege index users is required for
+action index. This works as a first default configuration for RESTful
+controllers, with these privileges easily handled in the authorization
+configuration, which will be described below.
+
+```ruby
+class EmployeesController < ApplicationController
+  filter_access_to :all
+  def index
+  end
+end
+```
+
+When custom actions are added to such a controller, it helps to define more
+clearly which privileges are the respective requirements. That is when the
+`filter_access_to` call may become more verbose:
+
+```ruby
+class EmployeesController < ApplicationController
+  filter_access_to :all
+
+  # this one would be included in :all, but :read seems to be
+  # a more suitable privilege than :auto_complete_for_user_name
+  filter_access_to :auto_complete_for_employee_name, :require => :read
+
+  def auto_complete_for_employee_name
+  end
+end
+```
+
+For some actions it might be necessary to check certain attributes of the
+object the action is to be acting on. Then, the object needs to be loaded 
+before the action's access control is evaluated. On the other hand, some actions
+might prefer the authorization to ignore specific attribute checks as the object is
+unknown at checking time, so attribute checks and thus automatic loading of
+objects needs to be enabled explicitly.
+
+```ruby
+class EmployeesController < ApplicationController
+  filter_access_to :update, :attribute_check => true
+  def update
+    # @employee is already loaded from param[:id] because of :attribute_check
+  end
+end
+```
+
+You can provide the needed object through before_actions. This way, you have
+full control over the object that the conditions are checked against. Just make
+sure, your before_actions occur before any of the `filter_access_to` calls.
+
+```ruby
+class EmployeesController < ApplicationController
+  before_action :new_employee_from_params, :only => :create
+  before_action :new_employee, :only => [:index, :new]
+  filter_access_to :all, :attribute_check => true
+
+  def create
+    @employee.save!
+  end
+
+  protected
+  def new_employee_from_params
+    @employee = Employee.new(params[:employee])
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If the access is denied, a `permission_denied` method is called on the
+current_controller, if defined, and the issue is logged.
+For further customization of the filters and object loading, have a look at 
+the complete API documentation of `filter_access_to` in 
+`Authorization::AuthorizationInController::ClassMethods`.
+
+
+## Views
+
+In views, a simple permitted_to? helper makes showing blocks according to the
+current user's privileges easy:
+
+```erb
+<% permitted_to? :create, :employees do %>
+  <%= link_to 'New', new_employee_path %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+Only giving a symbol :employees as context prevents any checks of attributes
+as there is no object to check against. For example, in case of nested resources
+a new object may come in handy:
+
+```erb
+<% permitted_to? :create, Branch.new(:company => @company) do
+        # or @company.branches.new
+        # or even @company.branches %>
+  <%= link_to 'New', new_company_branch_path(@company) %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+Lists are straight-forward:
+
+```erb
+<% for employee in @employees do %>
+  <%= link_to 'Edit', edit_employee_path(employee) if permitted_to? :update, employee %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+See also `Authorization::AuthorizationHelper`.
+
+
+## Models
+
+There are two distinct features for model security built into this plugin:
+authorizing CRUD operations on objects as well as query rewriting to limit
+results according to certain privileges.
+
+See also Authorization::AuthorizationInModel.
+
+
+### Model security for CRUD operations
+
+To activate model security, all it takes is an explicit enabling for each
+model that model security should be enforced on, i.e.
+
+```ruby
+class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
+  using_access_control
+end
+```
+
+Thus,
+    `Employee.create(...)`
+fails, if the current user is not allowed to `:create` `:employees` according
+to the authorization rules. For the application to find out about what 
+happened if an operation is denied, the filters throw 
+`Authorization::NotAuthorized` exceptions.
+
+As access control on read are costly, with possibly lots of objects being
+loaded at a time in one query, checks on read need to be activated explicitly by
+adding the `:include_read` option.
+
+
+### Query rewriting through named scopes
+
+When retrieving large sets of records from databases, any authorization needs
+to be integrated into the query in order to prevent inefficient filtering
+afterwards and to use LIMIT and OFFSET in SQL statements. To keep authorization
+rules out of the source code, this plugin offers query rewriting mechanisms
+through named scopes. Thus,
+
+```ruby
+Employee.with_permissions_to(:read)
+```
+
+returns all employee records that the current user is authorized to read. In
+addition, just like normal named scopes, query rewriting may be chained with
+the usual find method:
+
+```ruby
+Employee.with_permissions_to(:read).find(:all, :conditions => ...)
+```
+
+If the current user is completely missing the permissions, an 
+`Authorization::NotAuthorized` exception is raised. Through 
+`Model.obligation_conditions`, application developers may retrieve
+the conditions for manual rewrites.
+
+
+## Authorization Rules
+
+Authorization rules are defined in config/authorization_rules.rb
+(Or redefine rules files path via `Authorization::AUTH_DSL_FILES`). E.g.
+
+```ruby
+authorization do
+  role :admin do
+    has_permission_on :employees, :to => [:create, :read, :update, :delete]
+  end
+end
+```
+
+There is a default role `:guest` that is used if a request is not associated
+with any user or with a user without any roles. So, if your application has
+public pages, `:guest` can be used to allow access for users that are not
+logged in. All other roles are application defined and need to be associated
+with users by the application.
+
+If you need to change the default role, you can do so by adding an initializer
+that contains the following statement:
+
+```ruby
+Authorization.default_role = :anonymous
+```
+
+Privileges, such as :create, may be put into hierarchies to simplify
+maintenance. So the example above has the same meaning as
+
+```ruby
+authorization do
+  role :admin do
+    has_permission_on :employees, :to => :manage
+  end
+end
+
+privileges do
+  privilege :manage do
+    includes :create, :read, :update, :delete
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Privilege hierarchies may be context-specific, e.g. applicable to `:employees`.
+
+```ruby
+privileges do
+  privilege :manage, :employees, :includes => :increase_salary
+end
+```
+For more complex use cases, authorizations need to be based on attributes. Note 
+that you then also need to set `:attribute_check => true` in controllers for `filter_access_to`.
+E.g. if a branch admin should manage only employees of his branch (see 
+`Authorization::Reader` in the API docs for a full list of available operators):
+
+```ruby
+    authorization do
+      role :branch_admin do
+        has_permission_on :employees do
+          to :manage
+          # user refers to the current_user when evaluating
+          if_attribute :branch => is {user.branch}
+        end
+      end
+    end
+```
+
+To reduce redundancy in has_permission_on blocks, a rule may depend on
+permissions on associated objects:
+
+```ruby
+authorization do
+  role :branch_admin do
+    has_permission_on :branches, :to => :manage do
+      if_attribute :managers => contains {user}
+    end
+
+    has_permission_on :employees, :to => :manage do
+      if_permitted_to :manage, :branch
+      # instead of
+      # if_attribute :branch => {:managers => contains {user}}
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Lastly, not only privileges may be organized in a hierarchy but roles as well.
+Here, project manager inherit the permissions of employees.
+
+```ruby
+role :project_manager do
+  includes :employee
+end
+```
+
+See also `Authorization::Reader`.
+
+## Testing
+
+ae_declarative_authorization provides a few helpers to ease the testing with
+authorization in mind.
+
+In your test_helper.rb, to enable the helpers add
+
+```ruby
+require 'declarative_authorization/maintenance'
+
+class Test::Unit::TestCase
+  include Authorization::TestHelper
+end
+```
+
+For using the test helpers with RSpec, just add the following lines to your
+spec_helper.rb (somewhere after `require 'spec/rails'`):
+
+```ruby
+require 'declarative_authorization/maintenance'
+include Authorization::TestHelper
+```
+
+Now, in unit tests, you may deactivate authorization if needed e.g. for test
+setup and assume certain identities for tests:
+
+```ruby
+class EmployeeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_should_read
+    without_access_control do
+      Employee.create(...)
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      with_user(admin) do
+        Employee.find(:first)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+    
+Or, with RSpec, it would work like this:
+
+```ruby
+describe Employee do
+  it 'should read' do
+    without_access_control do
+      Employee.create(...)
+    end
+
+    with_user(admin) do
+      Employee.find(:first)
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+In functional tests, get, posts, etc. may be tested in the name of certain users:
+
+```ruby
+get_with admin, :index
+post_with admin, :update, :employee => {...}
+```
+
+See `Authorization::TestHelper` for more information.
+
+
+## Providing the Plugin's Requirements
+The requirements are
+* Rails >= 4.2.5.2 and Ruby >= 2.1.x
+* An authentication mechanism 
+* A user object returned by Controller#current_user
+* An array of role symbols returned by User#role_symbols
+* (For model security) Setting Authorization.current_user to the request's user
+
+Of the various ways to provide these requirements, here is one way employing
+restful_authentication.
+
+* Install restful_authentication
+   cd vendor/plugins && git clone git://github.com/technoweenie/restful-authentication.git restful_authentication
+   cd ../.. && ruby script/generate authenticated user sessions
+* Move "include AuthenticatedSystem" to ApplicationController
+* Add +filter_access_to+ calls as described above.
+* If you'd like to use model security, add a before_action that sets the user 
+  globally to your ApplicationController. This is thread-safe.
+   before_action :set_current_user
+   protected
+   def set_current_user
+     Authorization.current_user = current_user
+   end
+
+* Add roles field to the User model through a :+has_many+ association
+  (this is just one possible approach; you could just as easily use 
+  :+has_many+ :+through+ or a serialized roles array):
+  * create a migration for table roles 
+
+     class CreateRoles < ActiveRecord::Migration
+       def self.up
+         create_table "roles" do |t|
+           t.column :title, :string
+           t.references :user
+         end
+       end
+
+       def self.down
+         drop_table "roles"
+       end
+     end
+
+  * create a model Role,
+     class Role < ActiveRecord::Base
+       belongs_to :user
+     end
+
+  * add +has_many+ :+roles+ to the User model and a roles method that returns the roles 
+    as an Array of Symbols, e.g.
+     class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+       has_many :roles
+       def role_symbols
+         (roles || []).map {|r| r.title.to_sym}
+       end
+     end
+
+  * add roles to your User objects using e.g.
+     user.roles.create(:title => "admin")
+
+Note: If you choose to generate an Account model for restful_authentication
+instead of a User model as described above, you have to customize the
+examples and create a ApplicationController#current_user method.
+
+
+## Debugging Authorization
+
+Currently, the main means of debugging authorization decisions is logging and
+exceptions. Denied access to actions is logged to `warn` or `info`, including
+some hints about what went wrong.
+
+All bang methods throw exceptions which may be used to retrieve more
+information about a denied access than a Boolean value.
+
+
+## License
+
+Released under MIT license.
+
+Copyright (c) 2008 Steffen Bartsch, TZI, Universität Bremen, Germany
+
+Copyright (c) 2011-2017 AppFolio, Inc.