adhearsion 0.7.7 → 0.8.0

data/lib/adhearsion/logging.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+require 'log4r'
+
+module Adhearsion
+  module Logging
+    
+    @@logging_level_lock = Mutex.new
+    
+    class << self
+      
+      def silence!
+        self.logging_level = :fatal
+      end
+
+      def unsilence!
+        self.logging_level = :info
+      end
+      
+      def logging_level=(new_logging_level)
+        new_logging_level = Log4r.const_get(new_logging_level.to_s.upcase)
+        @@logging_level_lock.synchronize do
+          @@logging_level = new_logging_level
+          Log4r::Logger.each_logger do |logger|
+            logger.level = new_logging_level
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def logging_level
+        @@logging_level_lock.synchronize do
+          return @@logging_level ||= Log4r::INFO
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    
+    class AdhearsionLogger < Log4r::Logger
+      
+      @@outputters = [Log4r::Outputter.stdout]
+      
+      class << self
+        def outputters
+          @@outputters
+        end
+        
+        def outputters=(other)
+          @@outputters = other
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def initialize(*args)
+        super
+        redefine_outputters
+      end
+      
+      def redefine_outputters
+        self.outputters = @@outputters
+      end
+      
+      def method_missing(logger_name, *args, &block)
+        define_logging_method(logger_name, self.class.new(logger_name.to_s))
+        send(logger_name, *args, &block)
+      end
+      
+      private
+      
+      def define_logging_method(name, logger)
+        # Can't use Module#define_method() because blocks in Ruby 1.8.x can't
+        # have their own block arguments.
+        self.class.class_eval(<<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+          def #{name}(*args, &block)
+            logger = Log4r::Logger['#{name}']
+            if args.any? || block_given?
+              logger.info(*args, &block)
+            else
+              logger
+            end
+          end
+        CODE
+      end
+    end
+    
+    DefaultAdhearsionLogger = AdhearsionLogger.new 'ahn'
+    
+  end
+end
+
+def ahn_log(*args)
+  if args.any?
+    Adhearsion::Logging::DefaultAdhearsionLogger.info(*args)
+  else
+    Adhearsion::Logging::DefaultAdhearsionLogger
+  end
+end

data/lib/adhearsion/tasks.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+require 'rake/testtask'
+require 'adhearsion'
+require 'adhearsion/tasks/database'
+require 'adhearsion/tasks/testing'
+require 'adhearsion/tasks/generating'
+require 'adhearsion/tasks/lint'
+require 'adhearsion/tasks/deprecations'
+
+namespace :adhearsion do
+  desc "Dump useful information about this application's adhearsion environment"
+  task :about do
+    puts "Adhearsion version: #{Adhearsion::VERSION::STRING}"
+  end
+end
+
+task :default => "adhearsion:about"

data/lib/adhearsion/tasks/database.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+task:migrate do
+  require 'active_record'
+  %w.db/migrate db/ahn..each
+  ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrate 'db/migrate', ENV['VERSION'] ? ENV['VERSION'].to_i : nil
+end

data/lib/adhearsion/tasks/deprecations.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+namespace :deprecations do
+  desc <<-DESC
+Older versions of Adhearsion had an .ahnrc "paths" section similar to the following...
+
+  paths:
+    models:
+      directory: models
+      pattern: *.rb
+
+This has been deprecated. The new format is this:
+
+  paths:
+    models: {models,gui/app/models}/*.rb
+
+This Rake task will fix your .ahnrc if you have 
+  DESC
+  task :fix_ahnrc_path_format do
+    puts "\nThis will remove all comments from your .ahnrc file. A backup will be created as .ahnrc.backup."
+    puts "If you wish to do this manually to preserve your comments, simply overwrite .ahnrc with .ahnrc.backup"
+    puts "and apply the change manually."
+    puts 
+    
+    require 'fileutils'
+    require 'yaml'
+    
+    ahnrc_file = File.expand_path(".ahnrc")
+    
+    FileUtils.cp ahnrc_file, ahnrc_file + ".backup"
+    ahnrc_contents = YAML.load_file ahnrc_file
+    
+    abort '.ahnrc does not have a "paths" section!' unless ahnrc_contents.has_key? "paths"
+    
+    paths = ahnrc_contents["paths"]
+    paths.clone.each_pair do |key,value|
+      if value.kind_of?(Hash)
+        if value.has_key?("directory") || value.has_key?("pattern")
+          directory, pattern = value.values_at "directory", "pattern"
+          new_path = "#{directory}/#{pattern}"
+          
+          puts "!!! CHANGING KEY #{key.inspect}!"
+          puts "!!! NEW: #{new_path.inspect}"
+          puts "!!! OLD:\n#{{key => value}.to_yaml.sub("---", "")}\n\n"
+          
+          paths[key] = new_path
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    
+    ahnrc_contents["paths"] = paths
+    new_yaml = ahnrc_contents.to_yaml.gsub("--- \n", "")
+    
+    puts "New .ahnrc file:\n" + ("#" * 25) + "\n"
+    puts new_yaml
+    puts '#' * 25
+    
+    File.open(ahnrc_file, "w") { |file| file.puts new_yaml }
+    puts "Wrote to .ahnrc. Done!"
+  end
+end

data/lib/adhearsion/tasks/generating.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+namespace:create do
+
+  task:war do
+    # Hmm, this will is a tough one
+  end
+  
+  task:rails_plugin do
+    
+  end
+
+  task:migration do
+    name = ARGV.shift
+  end
+end
+
+namespace:delete do
+  task:migration do
+    # Take arg.underscore and remove it
+  end
+end

data/lib/adhearsion/tasks/lint.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+task :sanity do
+  puts "Performing many checks on your Adhearsion application!"
+  # TODO: Anything that should be brought to the user's attention should be placed here!
+end

data/lib/adhearsion/tasks/testing.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+namespace:test do
+  desc "Run tests for a component specified by COMPONENT=<component_name>.  If no component is specified, tests will be executed for all components"
+  task :component do
+    component = ENV['COMPONENT']
+    components_to_test = component.nil? ? all_component_directories : [full_path_for(component)]
+    components_to_test.each do |component_name|
+      setup_and_execute(component_name)
+    end
+  end
+  
+  private  
+  
+    def setup_and_execute(component_path)
+      task = create_test_task_for(component_path)
+      Rake::Task[task.name].execute
+    end
+    
+    def create_test_task_for(component_path)
+      Rake::TestTask.new(task_name_for(component_path)) do |t|
+         t.libs = ["lib", "test"].map{|subdir| File.join(component_path, subdir)}
+         t.test_files = FileList["#{component_path}/test/test_*.rb"]
+         t.verbose = true
+       end
+    end
+    
+    def task_name_for(component_path)
+      "test_#{component_path.split(/\//).last}"
+    end
+    
+    def all_component_directories
+      Dir['components/*']
+    end
+  
+    def full_path_for(component)
+      component =~ /^components\// ? component : File.join("components", component)
+    end
+end

data/lib/adhearsion/version.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+module Adhearsion #:nodoc:
+  module VERSION #:nodoc:
+    MAJOR = 0 unless defined? MAJOR
+    MINOR = 8 unless defined? MINOR
+    TINY  = 0 unless defined? TINY
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY].join('.') unless defined? STRING
+  end
+end

data/lib/adhearsion/voip/asterisk.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/dsl/numerical_string"
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/asterisk/agi_server"
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/asterisk/manager_interface"
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/asterisk/commands"

data/lib/adhearsion/voip/asterisk/agi_server.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+require 'gserver'
+module Adhearsion
+  module VoIP
+    module Asterisk
+      module AGI
+        class Server
+          
+          class RubyServer < GServer
+            
+            def initialize(port, host)
+              super(port, host, (1.0/0.0)) # (1.0/0.0) == Infinity
+            end
+            
+            def serve(io)
+              call = Adhearsion.receive_call_from(io)
+              Events.trigger_immediately([:asterisk, :before_call], call)
+          	  ahn_log.agi "Handling call with variables #{call.variables.inspect}"
+          	  
+          	  return DialPlan::ConfirmationManager.handle(call) if DialPlan::ConfirmationManager.confirmation_call?(call)
+          	  
+      	      # This is what happens 99.9% of the time.
+      	      
+      	      DialPlan::Manager.handle call
+            rescue DialPlan::Manager::NoContextError => e
+              ahn_log.agi e.message
+              call.hangup!
+            rescue FailedExtensionCallException => failed_call
+              begin
+                ahn_log.agi "Received \"failed\" meta-call with :failed_reason => #{failed_call.call.failed_reason.inspect}. Executing Executing /asterisk/failed_call event callbacks."
+                Events.trigger [:asterisk, :failed_call], failed_call.call
+                call.hangup!
+              rescue => e
+                ahn_log.agi.error e
+              end
+            rescue HungupExtensionCallException => hungup_call
+              begin
+                ahn_log.agi "Received \"h\" meta-call. Executing /asterisk/call_hangup event callbacks."
+                Events.trigger [:asterisk, :call_hangup], hungup_call.call
+                call.hangup!
+              rescue => e
+                ahn_log.agi.error e
+              end
+            rescue UselessCallException
+              ahn_log.agi "Ignoring meta-AGI request"
+              call.hangup!
+        	  # TBD: (may have more hooks than what Jay has defined in hooks.rb)
+            rescue => e
+              ahn_log.agi.error e.inspect
+              ahn_log.agi.error e.backtrace.map { |s| " " * 5 + s }.join("\n")
+            ensure
+              Adhearsion.remove_inactive_call call rescue nil
+            end
+            
+          end
+         
+          DEFAULT_OPTIONS = { :server_class => RubyServer, :port => 4573, :host => "0.0.0.0" } unless defined? DEFAULT_OPTIONS
+          attr_reader :host, :port, :server_class, :server
+
+          def initialize(options = {})
+            options                     = DEFAULT_OPTIONS.merge options
+            @host, @port, @server_class = options.values_at(:host, :port, :server_class)
+            @server                     = server_class.new(port, host)
+          end
+
+          def start
+            server.start
+          end
+
+          def shutdown
+            server.stop
+          end
+          
+          def join
+            server.join
+          end
+          
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/adhearsion/voip/asterisk/commands.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1284 @@
+
+require 'adhearsion/voip/menu_state_machine/menu_class'
+
+module Adhearsion
+  module VoIP
+    module Asterisk
+      module Commands
+        
+        RESPONSE_PREFIX = "200 result=" unless defined? RESPONSE_PREFIX
+        
+        # These are the status messages that asterisk will issue after a dial command is executed.
+        # More information here: http://www.voip-info.org/wiki/index.php?page=Asterisk+variable+DIALSTATUS
+        # Here is a current list of dial status messages which are not all necessarily supported by adhearsion:
+        # 
+        # ANSWER: Call is answered. A successful dial. The caller reached the callee.
+        # BUSY: Busy signal. The dial command reached its number but the number is busy.
+        # NOANSWER: No answer. The dial command reached its number, the number rang for too long, then the dial timed out.
+        # CANCEL: Call is cancelled. The dial command reached its number but the caller hung up before the callee picked up.
+        # CONGESTION: Congestion. This status is usually a sign that the dialled number is not recognised.
+        # CHANUNAVAIL: Channel unavailable. On SIP, peer may not be registered.
+        # DONTCALL: Privacy mode, callee rejected the call
+        # TORTURE: Privacy mode, callee chose to send caller to torture menu
+        # INVALIDARGS: Error parsing Dial command arguments (added for Asterisk 1.4.1, SVN r53135-53136)
+        #
+        #
+        DIAL_STATUSES   = Hash.new(:unknown).merge(:answer      => :answered,
+                                                   :congestion  => :congested, 
+                                                   :busy        => :busy,
+                                                   :cancel      => :cancelled,
+                                                   :noanswer    => :unanswered,
+                                                   :cancelled   => :cancelled,
+                                                   :chanunavail => :channel_unavailable) unless defined? DIAL_STATUSES
+        
+        DYNAMIC_FEATURE_EXTENSIONS = {
+          :attended_transfer => lambda do |options|
+            variable "TRANSFER_CONTEXT" => options[:context] if options && options.has_key?(:context)
+            extend_dynamic_features_with "atxfer"
+          end,
+          :blind_transfer => lambda do
+            variable "TRANSFER_CONTEXT" => options[:context] if options && options.has_key?(:context)
+            extend_dynamic_features_with 'blindxfer'
+          end
+        } unless defined? DYNAMIC_FEATURE_EXTENSIONS
+        
+        def write(message)
+          to_pbx.print(message)
+        end
+        
+        def read
+          returning from_pbx.gets do |message|
+            ahn_log.agi.debug "<<< #{message}"
+          end
+        end
+        
+        # This method is the underlying method executed by nearly all the command methods in this module.
+        # It is used to send the plaintext commands in the proper AGI format over TCP/IP back to an Asterisk server via the
+        # FAGI protocol.
+        # It is not recommended that you call this method directly unless you plan to write a new command method
+        # in which case use this method you to communicate directly with an Asterisk server via the FAGI protocol.
+        # For more information about FAGI visit: http://www.voip-info.org/wiki/view/Asterisk+FastAGI
+        def raw_response(message = nil)
+          ahn_log.agi.debug ">>> #{message}"
+          write message if message
+          read
+        end
+        
+        # The answer command must be called first before any other commands can be issued.
+        # In typical adhearsion applications the answer command is called by default as soon
+        # as a call is transfered to a valid context in dialplan.rb.
+        # If you do not want your adhearsion application to automatically issue an answer command,
+        # then you must edit your startup.rb file and configure this setting.
+        # Keep in mind that you should not need to issue another answer command after 
+        # an answer command has already been issued either explicitly by your code or implicitly
+        # by the standard adhearsion configuration.
+        def answer
+          raw_response "ANSWER"
+          true
+        end
+        
+        # This asterisk dialplan command allows you to instruct Asterisk to start applications
+        # which are typically run from extensions.conf.  For a complete list of these commands
+        # please visit: http://www.voip-info.org/wiki/view/Asterisk+-+documentation+of+application+commands
+        #
+        # The most common commands are already made available through the FAGI interface provided
+        # by this code base.  For commands that do not fall into this category, then exec is what you
+        # should use.
+        #
+        # For example, if there are specific asterisk modules you have loaded that will not 
+        # available through the standard commands provided through FAGI - then you can used EXEC.
+        #
+        # Example:
+        # execute 'SIPAddHeader', '"Call-Info: answer-after=0"
+        # 
+        # Using execute in this way will add a header to an existing SIP call.
+        # 
+        def execute(application, *arguments)
+          result = raw_response("EXEC #{application} #{arguments * '|'}")
+          return false if error?(result)
+          result
+        end
+        
+        # Hangs up the current channel.
+        # After this command is issued, your application will stop executing.
+        # This should be used in the same way you would call the ruby exit() method to exit an application.
+        # If it is necessary to do some additional cleanup tasks before returning control back to asterisk, then
+        # make sure you have setup a begin...ensure block in the context of your adhearsion application dialplan.
+        def hangup
+          raw_response 'HANGUP'
+        end
+        
+        # Plays the specified sound file names. This method will handle Time/DateTime objects (e.g. Time.now),
+        # Fixnums (e.g. 1000), Strings which are valid Fixnums (e.g "123"), and direct sound files. When playing
+        # numbers, Adhearsion assumes you're saying the number, not the digits. For example, play("100")
+        # is pronounced as "one hundred" instead of "one zero zero".
+        #
+        # Note: it's not necessary to supply a sound file extension; Asterisk will try to find a sound
+        # file encoded using the current channel's codec, if one exists. If not, it will transcode from
+        # the default codec (GSM). Asterisk stores its sound files in /var/lib/asterisk/sounds.
+        #
+        # Usage:
+        #
+        #   play 'hello-world'
+        #   play Time.now
+        #   play %w"a-connect-charge-of 22 cents-per-minute will-apply"
+        #   play "you-sound-cute", "what-are-you-wearing"
+        #
+        def play(*arguments)
+          arguments.flatten.each do |argument|
+            play_time(argument) || play_numeric(argument) || play_string(argument)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Records a sound file with the given name. If no filename is specified a file named by Asterisk
+        # will be created and returned. Else the given filename will be returned. If a relative path is
+        # given, the file will be saved in the default Asterisk sound directory, /var/lib/spool/asterisk
+        # by default.
+        #
+        # Silence and maxduration is specified in seconds.
+        #
+        # Usage:
+        #   record
+        #   record '/path/to/my-file.gsm'
+        #   record 'my-file.gsm', :silence => 5, :maxduration => 120
+        #
+        def record(*args)
+          options = args.last.kind_of?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+          filename = args.shift || "/tmp/recording_%d.gsm"
+          silence     = options.delete(:silence) || 0
+          maxduration = options.delete(:maxduration) || 0
+
+          execute("Record", filename, silence, maxduration)
+
+          # If the user hangs up before the recording is entered, -1 is returned and RECORDED_FILE
+          # will not contain the name of the file, even though it IS in fact recorded.
+          filename.index("%d") ? get_variable('RECORDED_FILE') : filename
+        end
+        
+        # Simulates pressing the specified digits over the current channel. Can be used to
+        # traverse a phone menu.
+        def dtmf(digits)
+      		execute "SendDTMF", digits.to_s
+      	end
+      	
+      	def with_next_message(&block)
+      	  raise LocalJumpError, "Must supply a block" unless block_given?
+      	  block.call(next_message)
+    	  end
+
+        # This command shouled be used to advance to the next message in the Asterisk Comedian Voicemail application
+        def next_message
+          @call.inbox.pop
+        end
+
+        # This command should be used to check if a message is waiting on the Asterisk Comedian Voicemail application.
+        def messages_waiting?
+          not @call.inbox.empty?
+        end
+
+        # = Menu Command
+        #
+        # The following documentation was derived from this blog post on Jay Phillips' blog:
+        # 
+        # http://jicksta.com/articles/2008/02/11/menu-command
+        # 
+        # The menu() command solves the problem of building enormous input-fetching state machines in Ruby without first-class
+        # message passing facilities or an external DSL.
+        # 
+        # Here is an example dialplan which uses the menu() command effectively.
+        # 
+        #   from_pstn {
+        #     menu 'welcome', 'for-spanish-press-8', 'main-ivr',
+        #          :timeout => 8.seconds, :tries => 3 do |link|
+        #       link.shipment_status  1
+        #       link.ordering         2
+        #       link.representative   4
+        #       link.spanish          8
+        #       link.employee         900..999
+        # 
+        #       link.on_invalid { play 'invalid' }
+        # 
+        #       link.on_premature_timeout do |str|
+        #         play 'sorry'
+        #       end
+        # 
+        #       link.on_failure do
+        #         play 'goodbye'
+        #         hangup
+        #       end
+        #     end
+        #   }
+        # 
+        #   shipment_status {
+        #     # Fetch a tracking number and pass it to a web service.
+        #   }
+        # 
+        #   ordering {
+        #     # Enter another menu that lets them enter credit card
+        #     # information and place their order over the phone.
+        #   }
+        # 
+        #   representative {
+        #     # Place the caller into a queue
+        #   }
+        # 
+        #   spanish {
+        #     # Special options for the spanish menu.
+        #   }
+        # 
+        #   employee {
+        #     dial "SIP/#{extension}" # Overly simplistic
+        #   }
+        # 
+        # The main detail to note is the declarations within the menu() command’s block. Each line seems to refer to a link object
+        # executing a seemingly arbitrary method with an argument that’s either a number or a Range of numbers. The +link+ object
+        # collects these arbitrary method invocations and assembles a set of rules. The seemingly arbitrary method name is the name
+        # of the context to which the menu should jump in case its argument (the pattern) is found to be a match.
+        # 
+        # With these context names and patterns defined, the +menu()+ command plays in sequence the sound files you supply as
+        # arguments, stopping playback abruptly if the user enters a digit. If no digits were pressed when the files finish playing,
+        # it waits +:timeout+ seconds. If no digits are pressed after the timeout, it executes the +on_premature_timeout+ hook you
+        # define (if any) and then tries again a maximum of +:tries+ times. If digits are pressed that result in no possible match,
+        # it executes the +on_invalid+ hook. When/if all tries are exhausted with no positive match, it executes the +on_failure+
+        # hook after the other hook (e.g. +on_invalid+, then +on_failure+).
+        # 
+        # When the +menu()+ state machine runs through the defined rules, it must distinguish between exact and potential matches.
+        # It’s important to understand the differences between these and how they affect the overall outcome:
+        # 
+        # |---------------|-------------------|------------------------------------------------------|
+        # | exact matches |	potential matches	| result                                               |
+        # |---------------|-------------------|------------------------------------------------------|
+        # |  0	          |  0	              | Fail and start over                                  |
+        # |  1	          |  0	              | Match found!                                         |
+        # |  0	          | >0	              | Get another digit                                    |
+        # | >1	          |  0	              | Go with the first exact match                        |
+        # |  1	          | >0	              | Get another digit. If timeout, use exact match       |
+        # | >1	          | >0	              | Get another digit. If timeout, use first exact match |
+        # |---------------|-------------------|------------------------------------------------------|
+        # 
+        # == Database integration
+        # 
+        # To do database integration, I recommend programatically executing methods on the link object within the block. For example:
+        # 
+        #   menu do |link|
+        #     for employee in Employee.find(:all)
+        #       link.internal employee.extension
+        #     end
+        #   end
+        # 
+        # or this more efficient and Rubyish way
+        # 
+        #   menu do |link|
+        #     link.internal *Employee.find(:all).map(&:extension)
+        #   end
+        # 
+        # If this second example seems like too much Ruby magic, let me explain — +Employee.find(:all)+ effectively does a “SELECT *
+        # FROM employees” on the database with ActiveRecord, returning (what you’d think is) an Array. The +map(&:extension)+ is
+        # fanciness that means “replace every instance in this Array with the result of calling extension on that object”. Now we
+        # have an Array of every extension in the database. The splat operator (*) before the argument changes the argument from
+        # being one argument (an Array) into a sequence of n arguments, where n is the number of items in the Array it’s “splatting”.
+        # Lastly, these arguments are passed to the internal method, the name of a context which will handle dialing this user if one
+        # of the supplied patterns matches.
+        # 
+        # == Handling a successful pattern match
+        # 
+        # Which brings me to another important note. Let’s say that the user’s input successfully matched one of the patterns
+        # returned by that Employe.find... magic. When it jumps to the internal context, that context can access the variable entered
+        # through the extension variable. This was a tricky design decision that I think, overall, works great. It makes the +menu()+
+        # command feel much more first-class in the Adhearsion dialplan grammar and decouples the receiving context from the menu
+        # that caused the jump. After all, the context doesn’t necessary need to be the endpoint from a menu; it can be its own entry
+        # point, making menu() effectively a pipeline of re-creating the call.
+        # 
+        def menu(*args, &block)
+          options = args.last.kind_of?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+          sound_files = args.flatten
+          
+          menu_instance = Menu.new(options, &block)
+          
+          initial_digit_prompt = sound_files.any?
+
+          # This method is basically one big begin/rescue block. When we start the Menu state machine by continue()ing, the state
+          # machine will pass messages back to this method in the form of Exceptions. This decoupling allows the menu system to
+          # work on, say, Freeswitch and Asterisk both.
+          begin
+            if menu_instance.should_continue?
+              menu_instance.continue
+            else
+              menu_instance.execute_failure_hook
+              return :failed
+            end
+          rescue Menu::MenuResult => result_of_menu
+            case result_of_menu
+              when Menu::MenuResultInvalid
+                menu_instance.execute_invalid_hook
+                menu_instance.restart!
+              when Menu::MenuGetAnotherDigit
+                
+                next_digit = play_sound_files_for_menu(menu_instance, sound_files)
+                if next_digit
+                  menu_instance << next_digit
+                else
+                  # The user timed out entering another digit!
+                  case result_of_menu
+                    when Menu::MenuGetAnotherDigitOrFinish
+                      # This raises a ControlPassingException
+                      jump_to result_of_menu.match_payload, :extension => result_of_menu.new_extension
+                    when Menu::MenuGetAnotherDigitOrTimeout
+                      # This should execute premature_timeout AND reset if the number of retries
+                      # has not been exhausted.
+                      menu_instance.execute_timeout_hook
+                      menu_instance.restart!
+                  end
+                end
+              when Menu::MenuResultFound
+                jump_to result_of_menu.match_payload, :extension => result_of_menu.new_extension
+              else
+                raise "Unrecognized MenuResult! This may be a bug!"
+            end
+
+            # Retry will re-execute the begin block, preserving our changes to the menu_instance object.
+            retry
+
+          end
+        end
+        
+        # This method is used to receive keypad input from the user. Digits are collected
+        # via DTMF (keypad) input until one of three things happens:
+        #
+        #  1. The number of digits you specify as the first argument is collected
+        #  2. The timeout you specify with the :timeout option elapses.
+        #  3. The "#" key (or the key you specify with :accept_key) is pressed
+      	#
+      	# Usage examples
+      	#
+      	#   input   # Receives digits until the caller presses the "#" key
+      	#   input 3 # Receives three digits. Can be 0-9, * or #
+      	#   input 5, :accept_key => "*"   # Receive at most 5 digits, stopping if '*' is pressed
+      	#   input 1, :timeout => 1.minute # Receive a single digit, returning an empty
+      	#                                   string if the timeout is encountered
+      	#   input 9, :timeout => 7, :accept_key => "0" # Receives nine digits, returning
+      	#                                              # when the timeout is encountered
+      	#                                              # or when the "0" key is pressed.
+      	#   input 3, :play => "you-sound-cute"
+      	#   input :play => ["if-this-is-correct-press", 1, "otherwise-press", 2]
+      	# 
+      	# When specifying files to play, the playback of the sequence of files will stop
+      	# immediately when the user presses the first digit.
+      	#
+      	# The :timeout option works like a digit timeout, therefore each digit pressed
+      	# causes the timer to reset. This is a much more user-friendly approach than an
+        # absolute timeout.
+      	#
+      	# Note that when you don't specify a digit limit, the :accept_key becomes "#"
+      	# because there'd be no other way to end the collection of digits. You can
+      	# obviously override this by passing in a new key with :accept_key.
+        def input(*args)
+          options = args.last.kind_of?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+          number_of_digits = args.shift
+          
+          sound_files     = Array options.delete(:play)
+          timeout         = options.delete(:timeout)
+          terminating_key = options.delete(:accept_key)
+          terminating_key = if terminating_key
+            terminating_key.to_s
+          elsif number_of_digits.nil? && !terminating_key.equal?(false)
+            '#'
+          end
+          
+          if number_of_digits && number_of_digits < 0
+            ahn_log.agi.warn "Giving -1 to input() is now deprecated. Don't specify a first " +
+                             "argument to simulate unlimited digits." if number_of_digits == -1
+            raise ArgumentError, "The number of digits must be positive!"
+          end
+          
+          buffer = ''
+          key = sound_files.any? ? interruptable_play(*sound_files) || '' : wait_for_digit(timeout || -1)
+          loop do
+            return buffer if key.nil?
+            if terminating_key
+              if key == terminating_key
+                return buffer
+              else
+                buffer << key
+                return buffer if number_of_digits && number_of_digits == buffer.length
+              end
+            else
+              buffer << key
+              return buffer if number_of_digits && number_of_digits == buffer.length
+            end
+            key = wait_for_digit timeout || -1
+          end
+      	end
+      	
+        # An alternative to DialplanContextProc#+@. When jumping to a context, it will *not* resume executing
+        # the former context when the jumped-to context has finished executing. Make sure you don't have any
+        # +ensure+ closures which you expect to execute when the call has finished, as they will run when
+        # this method is called.
+        #
+        # You can optionally override certain dialplan variables when jumping to the context. A popular use of
+        # this is to redefine +extension+ (which this method automatically boxes with a PhoneNumber object) so
+        # you can effectively "restart" a call (from the perspective of the jumped-to context). When you override
+        # variables here, you're effectively blowing away the old variables. If you need them for some reason,
+        # you should assign the important ones to an instance variable first before calling this method.
+        def jump_to(context, overrides={})
+          context = lookup_context_with_name(context) if context.kind_of?(Symbol) || (context.kind_of?(String) && context =~ /^[\w_]+$/)
+          raise Adhearsion::VoIP::DSL::Dialplan::ContextNotFoundException unless context.kind_of?(Adhearsion::DialPlan::DialplanContextProc)
+          
+          if overrides.any?
+            overrides = overrides.symbolize_keys
+            if overrides.has_key?(:extension) && !overrides[:extension].kind_of?(Adhearsion::VoIP::DSL::PhoneNumber)
+              overrides[:extension] = Adhearsion::VoIP::DSL::PhoneNumber.new overrides[:extension]
+            end
+          
+            overrides.each_pair do |key, value|
+              meta_def(key) { value }
+            end
+          end
+          
+          raise Adhearsion::VoIP::DSL::Dialplan::ControlPassingException.new(context)
+        end
+      	
+      	def queue(queue_name)
+      	  queue_name = queue_name.to_s
+      	  
+      	  @queue_proxy_hash_lock = Mutex.new unless defined? @queue_proxy_hash_lock
+      	  @queue_proxy_hash_lock.synchronize do
+      	    @queue_proxy_hash ||= {}
+      	    if @queue_proxy_hash.has_key? queue_name
+        	    return @queue_proxy_hash[queue_name]
+      	    else
+      	      proxy = @queue_proxy_hash[queue_name] = QueueProxy.new(queue_name, self)
+      	      return proxy
+    	      end
+      	  end
+    	  end
+      	
+      	# Returns the status of the last dial(). Possible dial
+        # statuses include :answer, :busy, :no_answer, :cancelled,
+        # :congested, and :channel_unavailable. If :cancel is
+      	# returned, the caller hung up before the callee picked
+      	# up. If :congestion is returned, the dialed extension
+      	# probably doesn't exist. If :channel_unavailable, the callee
+      	# phone may not be registered.
+      	def last_dial_status
+      	  DIAL_STATUSES[get_dial_status]
+      	end
+
+        # Returns true if your last call to dial() finished with the ANSWER state, as reported
+        # by Asterisk. Returns false otherwise
+        def last_dial_successful?
+          last_dial_status == :answered
+        end
+
+        # Opposite of last_dial_successful?()
+        def last_dial_unsuccessful?
+          not last_dial_successful?
+        end
+        
+        # This feature is presently experimental! Do not use it!
+        def speak(text, engine=:none)
+          engine = Adhearsion::Configuration::AsteriskConfiguration.speech_engine || engine
+          execute SpeechEngines.send(engine, text)
+        end
+        
+        # This method is a high-level way of enabling features you create/uncomment from features.conf.
+        # 
+        # Certain Symbol features you enable (as defined in DYNAMIC_FEATURE_EXTENSIONS) have optional
+        # arguments that you can also specify here. The usage examples show how to do this.
+        #
+        # Usage examples:
+        #
+        #   enable_feature :attended_transfer                        # Enables "atxfer"
+        #
+        #   enable_feature :attended_transfer, :context => "my_dial" # Enables "atxfer" and then
+        #                                                            # sets "TRANSFER_CONTEXT" to :context's value
+        #
+        #   enable_feature :blind_transfer, :context => 'my_dial'    # Enables 'blindxfer' and sets TRANSFER_CONTEXT
+        #
+        #   enable_feature "foobar"                                  # Enables "foobar"
+        # 
+        #   enable_feature("dup"); enable_feature("dup")             # Enables "dup" only once.
+        def enable_feature(feature_name, optional_options=nil)
+          if DYNAMIC_FEATURE_EXTENSIONS.has_key? feature_name
+            instance_exec(optional_options, &DYNAMIC_FEATURE_EXTENSIONS[feature_name])
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, "You cannot supply optional options when the feature name is " +
+                                 "not internally recognized!" if optional_options
+            extend_dynamic_features_with feature_name
+          end
+        end
+        
+        # Disables a feature name specified in features.conf. If you're disabling it, it was probably
+        # set by enable_feature().
+        def disable_feature(feature_name)
+          enabled_features_variable = variable 'DYNAMIC_FEATURES'
+          enabled_features = enabled_features_variable.split('#')
+          if enabled_features.include? feature_name
+            enabled_features.delete feature_name
+            variable 'DYNAMIC_FEATURES' => enabled_features.join('#')
+          end
+        end
+        
+        # Used to join a particular conference with the MeetMe application. To
+        # use MeetMe, be sure you have a proper timing device configured on your
+        # Asterisk box. MeetMe is Asterisk's built-in conferencing program.
+        # More info: http://www.voip-info.org/wiki-Asterisk+cmd+MeetMe
+        def join(conference_id, options={})
+          conference_id = conference_id.to_s.scan(/\w/).join
+          command_flags = options[:options].to_s # This is a passthrough string straight to Asterisk
+          pin = options[:pin]
+          raise ArgumentError, "A conference PIN number must be numerical!" if pin && pin.to_s !~ /^\d+$/
+          # The 'd' option of MeetMe creates conferences dynamically.
+          command_flags += 'd' unless command_flags.include? 'd'
+          
+          execute "MeetMe", conference_id, command_flags, options[:pin]
+        end
+        
+        # Issue this command to access a channel variable that exists in the asterisk dialplan (i.e. extensions.conf)
+        # A complete description is available here: http://www.voip-info.org/wiki/view/get+variable
+        # Use get_variable to pass information from other modules or high level configurations from the asterisk dialplan
+        # to the adhearsion dialplan.
+      	def get_variable(variable_name)
+      	  result = raw_response("GET VARIABLE #{variable_name}")
+      	  case result
+      	    when "200 result=0"
+      	      return nil
+    	      when /^200 result=1 \((.*)\)$/
+    	        return $LAST_PAREN_MATCH
+    	    end
+    	  end
+    	  
+    	  # Use set_variable to pass information back to the asterisk dial plan.
+    	  # A complete decription is available here: http://www.voip-info.org/wiki/view/set+variable
+    	  # Keep in mind that the variables are not global variables.  These variables only exist for the channel
+    	  # related to the call that is being serviced by the particular instance of your adhearsion application.
+    	  # You will not be able to pass information back to the asterisk dialplan for other instances of your adhearsion
+    	  # application to share.  Once the channel is "hungup" then the variables are cleared and their information is gone.
+    	  def set_variable(variable_name, value)
+    	    raw_response("SET VARIABLE %s %p" % [variable_name.to_s, value.to_s]) == "200 result=1"
+  	    end
+    	  
+    	  def variable(*args)
+    	    if args.last.kind_of? Hash
+      	    assignments = args.pop
+      	    raise ArgumentError, "Can't mix variable setting and fetching!" if args.any?
+      	    assignments.each_pair do |key, value|
+      	      set_variable(key, value)
+    	      end
+    	    else
+    	      if args.size == 1
+    	        get_variable args.first
+  	        else
+      	      args.map { |var| get_variable(var) }
+    	      end
+    	    end
+  	    end
+    	  
+        def voicemail(*args)
+          options_hash    = args.last.kind_of?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+          mailbox_number  = args.shift
+          greeting_option = options_hash.delete(:greeting)
+          skip_option     = options_hash.delete(:skip)
+          raise ArgumentError, 'You supplied too many arguments!' if mailbox_number && options_hash.any?
+          greeting_option = case greeting_option
+            when :busy: 'b'
+            when :unavailable: 'u'
+            when nil: nil
+            else raise ArgumentError, "Unrecognized greeting #{greeting_option}"
+          end
+          skip_option &&= 's'
+          options = "#{greeting_option}#{skip_option}"
+          
+          raise ArgumentError, "Mailbox cannot be blank!" if !mailbox_number.nil? && mailbox_number.blank?
+          number_with_context = if mailbox_number then mailbox_number else
+            raise ArgumentError, "You must supply ONE context name!" if options_hash.size != 1
+            context_name, mailboxes = options_hash.to_a.first
+            Array(mailboxes).map do |mailbox|
+              raise ArgumentError, "Mailbox numbers must be numerical!" unless mailbox.to_s =~ /^\d+$/
+              "#{mailbox}@#{context_name}"
+            end.join('&')
+          end
+          execute('voicemail', number_with_context, options)
+          case variable('VMSTATUS')
+            when 'SUCCESS': true
+            when 'USEREXIT': false
+            else nil
+          end
+        end
+        
+        def voicemail_main(options={})
+          mailbox, context, folder = options.values_at :mailbox, :context, :folder
+          authenticate = options.has_key?(:authenticate) ? options[:authenticate] : true
+          
+          folder = if folder
+            if folder.to_s =~ /^[\w_]+$/
+              "a(#{folder})"
+            else
+              raise ArgumentError, "Voicemail folder must be alphanumerical/underscore characters only!" 
+            end
+          elsif folder == ''
+            raise "Folder name cannot be an empty String!"
+          else
+            nil
+          end
+          
+          real_mailbox = ""
+          real_mailbox << "#{mailbox}"  unless mailbox.blank?
+          real_mailbox << "@#{context}" unless context.blank?
+          
+          real_options = ""
+          real_options << "s" if !authenticate
+          real_options << folder unless folder.blank?
+          
+          command_args = [real_mailbox]
+          command_args << real_options unless real_options.blank?
+          command_args.clear if command_args == [""]
+          
+          execute 'VoiceMailMain', *command_args
+        end
+        
+        def check_voicemail
+          ahn_log.agi.warn "THE check_voicemail() DIALPLAN METHOD WILL SOON BE DEPRECATED! CHANGE THIS TO voicemail_main() INSTEAD"
+          voicemail_main
+        end
+        
+        # Use this command to dial an extension i.e. "phone number" in asterisk
+        # This command maps to the Asterisk DIAL command in the asterisk dialplan: http://www.voip-info.org/wiki-Asterisk+cmd+Dial
+        #
+        # The first parameter, number, must be a string that represents the extension or "number" that asterisk should dial.
+        # Be careful to not just specify a number like 5001, 9095551001
+        # You must specify a properly formatted string as Asterisk would expect to use in order to understand
+        # whether the call should be dialed using SIP, IAX, or some other means.
+        # Examples:
+        #
+        # Make a call to the PSTN using my SIP provider for VoIP termination:
+        # dial("SIP/19095551001@my.sip.voip.terminator.us")
+        # 
+        # Make 3 Simulataneous calls to the SIP extensions separated by & symbols, try for 15 seconds and use the callerid
+        # for this call specified by the variable my_callerid
+        # dial "SIP/jay-desk-650&SIP/jay-desk-601&SIP/jay-desk-601-2", :for => 15.seconds, :caller_id => my_callerid
+        #
+        # Make a call using the IAX provider to the PSTN 
+        # dial("IAX2/my.id@voipjet/19095551234", :name=>"John Doe", :caller_id=>"9095551234")
+        #
+        # Options Parameter:
+        # :caller_id - the caller id number to be used when the call is placed.  It is advised you properly adhere to the
+        # policy of VoIP termination providers with respect to caller id values.
+        #
+        # :name - this is the name which should be passed with the caller ID information 
+        # if :name=>"John Doe" and :caller_id => "444-333-1000" then the compelete CID and name would be "John Doe" <4443331000>
+        # support for caller id information varies from country to country and from one VoIP termination provider to another.
+        #
+        # :for - this option can be thought of best as a timeout.  i.e. timeout after :for if no one answers the call
+        # For example, dial("SIP/jay-desk-650&SIP/jay-desk-601&SIP/jay-desk-601-2", :for => 15.seconds, :caller_id => callerid)
+        # this call will timeout after 15 seconds if 1 of the 3 extensions being dialed do not pick prior to the 15 second time limit 
+        #
+        # :options - This is a string of options like "Tr" which are supported by the asterisk DIAL application.
+        # for a complete list of these options and their usage please visit: http://www.voip-info.org/wiki-Asterisk+cmd+Dial
+        #
+        # :confirm - ?
+        # 
+        def dial(number, options={})
+          *recognized_options = :caller_id, :name, :for, :options, :confirm
+          
+          unrecognized_options = options.keys - recognized_options
+          raise ArgumentError, "Unknown dial options: #{unrecognized_options.to_sentence}" if unrecognized_options.any?
+          set_caller_id_name options[:name]
+          set_caller_id_number options[:caller_id]
+          confirm_option = dial_macro_option_compiler options[:confirm]
+          all_options = options[:options]
+          all_options = all_options ? all_options + confirm_option : confirm_option
+          execute "Dial", number, options[:for], all_options
+        end
+        
+        
+        # This implementation of dial() uses the experimental call routing DSL.
+        #
+        # def dial(number, options={})
+        #   rules = callable_routes_for number
+        #   return :no_route if rules.empty?
+        #   call_attempt_status = nil
+        #   rules.each do |provider|
+        #     
+        #     response = execute "Dial",
+        #       provider.format_number_for_platform(number),
+        #       timeout_from_dial_options(options),
+        #       asterisk_options_from_dial_options(options)
+        #       
+        #     call_attempt_status = last_dial_status
+        #     break if call_attempt_status == :answered
+        #   end
+        #   call_attempt_status
+        # end
+      	
+      	
+      	# Speaks the digits given as an argument. For example, "123" is spoken as "one two three".
+      	def say_digits(digits)
+      	  execute "saydigits", validate_digits(digits)
+      	end
+      	
+      	# Returns the number of seconds the given block takes to execute as a Float. This
+      	# is particularly useful in dialplans for tracking billable time. Note that
+      	# if the call is hung up during the block, you will need to rescue the
+      	# exception if you have some mission-critical logic after it with which
+      	# you're recording this return-value.
+        def duration_of
+          start_time = Time.now
+          yield
+          Time.now - start_time
+        end
+
+        protected
+        
+          def wait_for_digit(timeout=-1)
+            timeout *= 1_000 if timeout != -1
+            result = result_digit_from raw_response("WAIT FOR DIGIT #{timeout.to_i}")
+            (result == 0.chr) ? nil : result
+          end
+        
+          def interruptable_play(*files)
+            files.flatten.each do |file|
+              result = result_digit_from raw_response("EXEC BACKGROUND #{file}")
+              return result if result != 0.chr
+            end
+            nil
+          end
+          
+          def set_caller_id_number(caller_id)
+            return unless caller_id
+            raise ArgumentError, "Caller ID must be numerical" if caller_id.to_s !~ /^\d+$/
+            raw_response %(SET CALLERID %p) % caller_id
+          end
+          
+          def set_caller_id_name(caller_id_name)
+            return unless caller_id_name
+            variable "CALLERID(name)" => caller_id_name
+          end
+          
+          def timeout_from_dial_options(options)
+            options[:for] || options[:timeout]
+          end
+          
+          def asterisk_options_from_dial_options(options)
+            # TODO: Will become much more sophisticated soon to handle callerid, etc
+            options[:options]
+          end
+          
+          def dial_macro_option_compiler(confirm_argument_value)
+            defaults = { :macro => 'ahn_dial_confirmer',
+                         :timeout => 20.seconds,
+                         :play => "beep",
+                         :key => '#' }
+            
+            case confirm_argument_value
+              when true
+                DialPlan::ConfirmationManager.encode_hash_for_dial_macro_argument(defaults)
+              when false, nil
+                ''
+              when Proc
+                raise NotImplementedError, "Coming in the future, you can do :confirm => my_context."
+                
+              when Hash
+                options = defaults.merge confirm_argument_value
+                if((confirm_argument_value.keys - defaults.keys).any?)
+                  raise ArgumentError, "Known options: #{defaults.keys.to_sentence}"
+                end
+                raise ArgumentError, "Bad macro name!" unless options[:macro].to_s =~ /^[\w_]+$/
+                options[:timeout] = case options[:timeout]
+                  when Fixnum, ActiveSupport::Duration
+                    options[:timeout]
+                  when String
+                    raise ArgumentError, "Timeout must be numerical!" unless options[:timeout] =~ /^\d+$/
+                    options[:timeout].to_i
+                  when :none
+                    0
+                  else
+                    raise ArgumentError, "Unrecognized :timeout! #{options[:timeout].inspect}"
+                end
+                raise ArgumentError, "Unrecognized DTMF key: #{options[:key]}" unless options[:key].to_s =~ /^[\d#*]$/
+                options[:play] = Array(options[:play]).join('++')
+                DialPlan::ConfirmationManager.encode_hash_for_dial_macro_argument options
+                
+              else
+                raise ArgumentError, "Unrecognized :confirm option: #{confirm_argument_value.inspect}!"
+            end
+          end
+          
+          def result_digit_from(response_string)
+            raise ArgumentError, "Can't coerce nil into AGI response! This could be a bug!" unless response_string
+            digit = response_string[/^#{response_prefix}(-?\d+(\.\d+)?)/,1]
+            digit.to_i.chr if digit && digit.to_s != "-1"
+          end
+          
+          def extract_input_from(result)
+            return false if error?(result)
+            # return false if input_timed_out?(result)
+            
+            # This regexp doesn't match if there was a timeout with no
+            # inputted digits, therefore returning nil.
+            
+            result[/^#{response_prefix}([\d*]+)/, 1] 
+          end
+          
+          def extract_variable_from(result)
+            return false if error?(result)
+            result[/^#{response_prefix}1 \((.+)\)/, 1]
+          end
+          
+          def get_dial_status
+            dial_status = variable('DIALSTATUS')
+            dial_status ? dial_status.downcase.to_sym : :cancelled
+          end
+
+          def play_time(argument)
+            if argument.kind_of? Time
+              execute(:sayunixtime, argument.to_i)
+            end
+          end
+        
+          def play_numeric(argument)
+            if argument.kind_of?(Numeric) || argument =~ /^\d+$/
+              execute(:saynumber, argument)
+            end
+          end
+          
+          def play_string(argument)
+            execute(:playback, argument)
+          end
+
+          def play_sound_files_for_menu(menu_instance, sound_files)
+            digit = nil
+            if sound_files.any? && menu_instance.digit_buffer_empty?
+              digit = interruptable_play(*sound_files)
+            end
+            digit || wait_for_digit(menu_instance.timeout)
+          end
+          
+          def extend_dynamic_features_with(feature_name)
+            current_variable = variable("DYNAMIC_FEATURES") || ''
+            enabled_features = current_variable.split '#'
+            unless enabled_features.include? feature_name
+              enabled_features << feature_name 
+              variable "DYNAMIC_FEATURES" => enabled_features.join('#')
+            end
+          end
+
+          def jump_to_context_with_name(context_name)
+            context_lambda = lookup_context_with_name context_name
+            raise Adhearsion::VoIP::DSL::Dialplan::ControlPassingException.new(context_lambda)
+          end
+
+          def lookup_context_with_name(context_name)
+            begin
+              send context_name
+            rescue NameError
+              raise Adhearsion::VoIP::DSL::Dialplan::ContextNotFoundException
+            end
+          end
+
+          def redefine_extension_to_be(new_extension)
+            new_extension = Adhearsion::VoIP::DSL::PhoneNumber.new new_extension
+            meta_def(:extension) { new_extension }
+          end
+
+          def to_pbx
+            io
+          end
+          
+          def from_pbx
+            io
+          end
+          
+          def validate_digits(digits)
+            returning digits.to_s do |digits_as_string|
+              raise ArgumentError, "Can only be called with valid digits!" unless digits_as_string =~ /^\d+$/
+            end
+          end
+          
+          def error?(result)
+            result.to_s[/^#{response_prefix}(?:-\d+|0)/]
+          end
+          
+          # timeout with pressed digits:    200 result=<digits> (timeout)
+          # timeout without pressed digits: 200 result= (timeout)
+          # (http://www.voip-info.org/wiki/view/get+data)
+          def input_timed_out?(result)
+            result.starts_with?(response_prefix) && result.ends_with?('(timeout)')
+          end
+          
+          def io
+            call.io
+          end
+          
+          def response_prefix
+            RESPONSE_PREFIX
+          end
+          
+          class QueueProxy
+            
+            class << self
+              
+              def format_join_hash_key_arguments(options)
+                
+                bad_argument = lambda do |(key, value)|
+                  raise ArgumentError, "Unrecognize value for #{key.inspect} -- #{value.inspect}"
+                end
+                
+                # Direct Queue() arguments:
+                timeout        = options.delete :timeout
+                announcement   = options.delete :announce
+
+                # Terse single-character options
+                ring_style     = options.delete :play
+                allow_hangup   = options.delete :allow_hangup
+                allow_transfer = options.delete :allow_transfer
+
+                raise ArgumentError, "Unrecognized args to join!: #{options.inspect}" if options.any?
+
+                ring_style = case ring_style
+                  when :ringing: 'r'
+                  when :music:   ''
+                  when nil
+                  else bad_argument[:play => ring_style]
+                end.to_s
+                
+                allow_hangup = case allow_hangup
+                  when :caller:   'H'
+                  when :agent:    'h'
+                  when :everyone: 'Hh'
+                  when nil
+                  else bad_argument[:allow_hangup => allow_hangup]
+                end.to_s
+                
+                allow_transfer = case allow_transfer
+                  when :caller:   'T'
+                  when :agent:    't'
+                  when :everyone: 'Tt'
+                  when nil
+                  else bad_argument[:allow_transfer => allow_transfer]
+                end.to_s
+                
+                terse_character_options = ring_style + allow_transfer + allow_hangup
+                
+                [terse_character_options, '', announcement, timeout].map(&:to_s)
+              end
+
+            end
+            
+            attr_reader :name, :environment
+            def initialize(name, environment)
+              @name, @environment = name, environment
+            end
+            
+            # Makes the current channel join the queue. Below are explanations of the recognized Hash-key
+            # arguments supported by this method.
+            #
+            #   :timeout        - The number of seconds to wait for an agent to answer
+            #   :play           - Can be :ringing or :music.
+            #   :announce       - A sound file to play instead of the normal queue announcement.
+            #   :allow_transfer - Can be :caller, :agent, or :everyone. Allow someone to transfer the call.
+            #   :allow_hangup   - Can be :caller, :agent, or :everyone. Allow someone to hangup with the * key.
+            # 
+            # Usage examples:
+            # 
+            #  - queue('sales').join!
+            #  - queue('sales').join! :timeout => 1.minute
+            #  - queue('sales').join! :play => :music
+            #  - queue('sales').join! :play => :ringing
+            #  - queue('sales').join! :announce => "custom/special-queue-announcement"
+            #  - queue('sales').join! :allow_transfer => :caller
+            #  - queue('sales').join! :allow_transfer => :agent
+            #  - queue('sales').join! :allow_hangup   => :caller
+            #  - queue('sales').join! :allow_hangup   => :agent
+            #  - queue('sales').join! :allow_hangup   => :everyone
+            #  - queue('sales').join! :allow_transfer => :agent, :timeout => 30.seconds, 
+            def join!(options={})
+              environment.execute("queue", name, *self.class.format_join_hash_key_arguments(options))
+          	  normalize_queue_status_variable environment.variable("QUEUESTATUS")
+            end
+            
+            def agents(options={})
+              cached = options.has_key?(:cache) ? options.delete(:cache) : true
+              raise ArgumentError, "Unrecognized arguments to agents(): #{options.inspect}" if options.keys.any?
+              if cached
+                @cached_proxy ||= QueueAgentsListProxy.new(self, true)
+              else
+                @uncached_proxy ||=  QueueAgentsListProxy.new(self, false)
+              end
+            end
+            
+            def waiting_count
+              raise QueueDoesNotExistError.new(name) unless exists?
+              environment.variable("QUEUE_WAITING_COUNT(#{name})").to_i
+            end
+            
+            def empty?
+              waiting_count == 0
+            end
+            
+            def any?
+              waiting_count > 0
+            end
+            
+            def exists?
+              environment.execute('RemoveQueueMember', name, 'SIP/AdhearsionQueueExistenceCheck')
+              environment.variable("RQMSTATUS") != 'NOSUCHQUEUE'
+            end
+            
+            private
+            
+            def normalize_queue_status_variable(variable)
+              returning variable.downcase.to_sym do |queue_status|
+                raise QueueDoesNotExistError.new(name) if queue_status == :unknown
+              end
+            end
+            
+            class QueueAgentsListProxy
+              
+              include Enumerable
+              
+              attr_reader :proxy, :agents
+              def initialize(proxy, cached=false)
+                @proxy  = proxy
+                @cached = cached
+              end
+              
+              def count
+                if cached? && @cached_count
+                  @cached_count
+                else
+                  @cached_count = proxy.environment.variable("QUEUE_MEMBER_COUNT(#{proxy.name})").to_i
+                end
+              end
+              alias size count
+              alias length count
+              
+              # Supported Hash-key arguments are :penalty and :name. The :name value will be viewable in
+              # the queue_log. The :penalty is the penalty assigned to this agent for answering calls on
+              # this queue
+              def new(*args)
+                
+                options   = args.last.kind_of?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+                interface = args.shift || ''
+                
+                raise ArgumentError, "You may only supply an interface and a Hash argument!" if args.any?
+                
+                penalty = options.delete(:penalty) || ''
+                name    = options.delete(:name)    || ''
+                
+                raise ArgumentError, "Unrecognized argument(s): #{options.inspect}" if options.any?
+                
+                proxy.environment.execute("AddQueueMember", proxy.name, interface, penalty, '', name)
+                
+                case proxy.environment.variable("AQMSTATUS")
+                  when "ADDED"         : true
+                  when "MEMBERALREADY" : false
+                  when "NOSUCHQUEUE"   : raise QueueDoesNotExistError.new(proxy.name)
+                  else
+                    raise "UNRECOGNIZED AQMSTATUS VALUE!"
+                end
+                
+                # TODO: THIS SHOULD RETURN AN AGENT INSTANCE
+              end
+              
+              # Logs a pre-defined agent into this queue and waits for calls. Pass in :silent => true to stop
+              # the message which says "Agent logged in".
+              def login!(*args)
+                options = args.last.kind_of?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+                
+                silent = options.delete(:silent).equal?(false) ? '' : 's'
+                id     = args.shift
+                id   &&= AgentProxy.id_from_agent_channel(id)
+                raise ArgumentError, "Unrecognized Hash options to login(): #{options.inspect}" if options.any?
+                raise ArgumentError, "Unrecognized argument to login(): #{args.inspect}" if args.any?
+                
+                proxy.environment.execute('AgentLogin', id, silent)
+              end
+              
+              # Removes the current channel from this queue
+              def logout!
+                # TODO: DRY this up. Repeated in the AgentProxy...
+                proxy.environment.execute 'RemoveQueueMember', proxy.name
+                case proxy.environment.variable("RQMSTATUS")
+                  when "REMOVED"     : true
+                  when "NOTINQUEUE"  : false
+                  when "NOSUCHQUEUE"
+                    raise QueueDoesNotExistError.new(proxy.name)
+                  else
+                    raise "Unrecognized RQMSTATUS variable!"
+                end
+              end
+              
+              def each(&block)
+                check_agent_cache!
+                agents.each(&block)
+              end
+              
+              def first
+                check_agent_cache!
+                agents.first
+              end
+              
+              def last
+                check_agent_cache!
+                agents.last
+              end
+              
+              def cached?
+                @cached
+              end
+              
+              def to_a
+                check_agent_cache!
+                @agents
+              end
+              
+              private
+              
+              def check_agent_cache!
+                if cached?
+                  load_agents! unless agents
+                else
+                  load_agents!
+                end
+              end
+              
+              def load_agents!
+                raw_data = proxy.environment.variable "QUEUE_MEMBER_LIST(#{proxy.name})"
+                @agents = raw_data.split(',').map(&:strip).reject(&:empty?).map do |agent|
+                  AgentProxy.new(agent, proxy)
+                end
+                @cached_count = @agents.size
+              end
+              
+            end
+            
+            class AgentProxy
+              
+              SUPPORTED_METADATA_NAMES = %w[status password name mohclass exten channel] unless defined? SUPPORTED_METADATA_NAMES
+
+              class << self
+                def id_from_agent_channel(id)
+                  id = id.to_s
+                  id.starts_with?('Agent/') ? id[%r[^Agent/(.+)$],1] : id
+                end
+              end
+
+              attr_reader :interface, :proxy, :queue_name, :id
+              def initialize(interface, proxy)
+                @interface  = interface
+                @id         = self.class.id_from_agent_channel interface
+                @proxy      = proxy
+                @queue_name = proxy.name
+              end
+              
+              def remove!
+                proxy.environment.execute 'RemoveQueueMember', queue_name, interface
+                case proxy.environment.variable("RQMSTATUS")
+                  when "REMOVED"     : true
+                  when "NOTINQUEUE"  : false
+                  when "NOSUCHQUEUE"
+                    raise QueueDoesNotExistError.new(queue_name)
+                  else
+                    raise "Unrecognized RQMSTATUS variable!"
+                end
+              end
+              
+              # Pauses the given agent for this queue only. If you wish to pause this agent
+              # for all queues, pass in :everywhere => true. Returns true if the agent was
+              # successfully paused and false if the agent was not found.
+              def pause!(options={})
+                everywhere = options.delete(:everywhere)
+                args = [(everywhere ? nil : queue_name), interface]
+                proxy.environment.execute('PauseQueueMember', *args)
+                case proxy.environment.variable("PQMSTATUS")
+                  when "PAUSED"   : true
+                  when "NOTFOUND" : false
+                  else
+                    raise "Unrecognized PQMSTATUS value!"
+                end
+              end
+              
+              # Pauses the given agent for this queue only. If you wish to pause this agent
+              # for all queues, pass in :everywhere => true. Returns true if the agent was
+              # successfully paused and false if the agent was not found.
+              def unpause!(options={})
+                everywhere = options.delete(:everywhere)
+                args = [(everywhere ? nil : queue_name), interface]
+                proxy.environment.execute('UnpauseQueueMember', *args)
+                case proxy.environment.variable("UPQMSTATUS")
+                  when "UNPAUSED" : true
+                  when "NOTFOUND" : false
+                  else
+                    raise "Unrecognized UPQMSTATUS value!"
+                end
+              end
+              
+              # Returns true/false depending on whether this agent is logged in.
+              def logged_in?
+                status == 'LOGGEDIN'
+              end
+              
+              private
+              
+              def status
+                agent_metadata 'status'
+              end
+              
+              def agent_metadata(data_name)
+                data_name = data_name.to_s.downcase
+                raise ArgumentError, "unrecognized agent metadata name #{data_name}" unless SUPPORTED_METADATA_NAMES.include? data_name
+                proxy.environment.variable "AGENT(#{id}:#{data_name})"
+              end
+              
+            end
+            
+            class QueueDoesNotExistError < Exception
+              def initialize(queue_name)
+                super "Queue #{queue_name} does not exist!"
+              end
+            end
+            
+          end
+          
+          module MenuDigitResponse
+            def timed_out?
+              eql? 0.chr
+            end
+          end
+
+          module SpeechEngines
+            
+            class InvalidSpeechEngine < Exception; end
+            
+            class << self
+              def cepstral(text)
+                puts "in ceptral"
+                puts escape(text)
+              end
+              
+              def festival(text)
+                raise NotImplementedError
+              end
+              
+              def none(text)
+                raise InvalidSpeechEngine, "No speech engine selected. You must specify one in your Adhearsion config file."
+              end
+              
+              def method_missing(engine_name, text)
+                raise InvalidSpeechEngine, "Unsupported speech engine #{engine_name} for speaking '#{text}'"
+              end
+              
+              private
+              
+              def escape(text)
+                "%p" % text
+              end
+              
+            end
+          end
+          
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end