addressable 2.4.0 → 2.9.0

data/lib/addressable/uri.rb

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-# encoding:utf-8
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 #--
-# Copyright (C) 2006-2015 Bob Aman
+# Copyright (C) Bob Aman
 #
 #    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 #    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@
 
 require "addressable/version"
 require "addressable/idna"
+require "public_suffix"
 
 ##
 # Addressable is a library for processing links and URIs.
@@ -35,20 +37,48 @@ module Addressable
     ##
     # Container for the character classes specified in
     # <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">RFC 3986</a>.
+    #
+    # Note: Concatenated and interpolated `String`s are not affected by the
+    #       `frozen_string_literal` directive and must be frozen explicitly.
+    #
+    #       Interpolated `String`s *were* frozen this way before Ruby 3.0:
+    #       https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17104
     module CharacterClasses
       ALPHA = "a-zA-Z"
       DIGIT = "0-9"
       GEN_DELIMS = "\\:\\/\\?\\#\\[\\]\\@"
       SUB_DELIMS = "\\!\\$\\&\\'\\(\\)\\*\\+\\,\\;\\="
-      RESERVED = GEN_DELIMS + SUB_DELIMS
-      UNRESERVED = ALPHA + DIGIT + "\\-\\.\\_\\~"
-      PCHAR = UNRESERVED + SUB_DELIMS + "\\:\\@"
-      SCHEME = ALPHA + DIGIT + "\\-\\+\\."
-      HOST = ALPHA + DIGIT + "\\-\\.\\[\\:\\]"
-      AUTHORITY = PCHAR
-      PATH = PCHAR + "\\/"
-      QUERY = PCHAR + "\\/\\?"
-      FRAGMENT = PCHAR + "\\/\\?"
+      RESERVED = (GEN_DELIMS + SUB_DELIMS).freeze
+      UNRESERVED = (ALPHA + DIGIT + "\\-\\.\\_\\~").freeze
+      RESERVED_AND_UNRESERVED = RESERVED + UNRESERVED
+      PCHAR = (UNRESERVED + SUB_DELIMS + "\\:\\@").freeze
+      SCHEME = (ALPHA + DIGIT + "\\-\\+\\.").freeze
+      HOST = (UNRESERVED + SUB_DELIMS + "\\[\\:\\]").freeze
+      AUTHORITY = (PCHAR + "\\[\\]").freeze
+      PATH = (PCHAR + "\\/").freeze
+      QUERY = (PCHAR + "\\/\\?").freeze
+      FRAGMENT = (PCHAR + "\\/\\?").freeze
+    end
+
+    module NormalizeCharacterClasses
+      HOST = /[^#{CharacterClasses::HOST}]/
+      UNRESERVED = /[^#{CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED}]/
+      PCHAR = /[^#{CharacterClasses::PCHAR}]/
+      SCHEME = /[^#{CharacterClasses::SCHEME}]/
+      FRAGMENT = /[^#{CharacterClasses::FRAGMENT}]/
+      QUERY = %r{[^a-zA-Z0-9\-\.\_\~\!\$\'\(\)\*\+\,\=\:\@\/\?%]|%(?!2B|2b)}
+    end
+
+    module CharacterClassesRegexps
+      AUTHORITY = /[^#{CharacterClasses::AUTHORITY}]/
+      FRAGMENT = /[^#{CharacterClasses::FRAGMENT}]/
+      HOST = /[^#{CharacterClasses::HOST}]/
+      PATH = /[^#{CharacterClasses::PATH}]/
+      QUERY = /[^#{CharacterClasses::QUERY}]/
+      RESERVED = /[^#{CharacterClasses::RESERVED}]/
+      RESERVED_AND_UNRESERVED = /[^#{CharacterClasses::RESERVED_AND_UNRESERVED}]/
+      SCHEME = /[^#{CharacterClasses::SCHEME}]/
+      UNRESERVED = /[^#{CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED}]/
     end
 
     SLASH = '/'
@@ -70,7 +100,7 @@ module Addressable
       "wais" => 210,
       "ldap" => 389,
       "prospero" => 1525
-    }
+    }.freeze
 
     ##
     # Returns a URI object based on the parsed string.
@@ -100,7 +130,7 @@ module Addressable
         uri = uri.to_str
       rescue TypeError, NoMethodError
         raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{uri.class} into String."
-      end if not uri.is_a? String
+      end unless uri.is_a?(String)
 
       # This Regexp supplied as an example in RFC 3986, and it works great.
       scan = uri.scan(URIREGEX)
@@ -121,15 +151,15 @@ module Addressable
           user = userinfo.strip[/^([^:]*):?/, 1]
           password = userinfo.strip[/:(.*)$/, 1]
         end
-        host = authority.gsub(
+
+        host = authority.sub(
           /^([^\[\]]*)@/, EMPTY_STR
-        ).gsub(
+        ).sub(
           /:([^:@\[\]]*?)$/, EMPTY_STR
         )
+
         port = authority[/:([^:@\[\]]*?)$/, 1]
-      end
-      if port == EMPTY_STR
-        port = nil
+        port = nil if port == EMPTY_STR
       end
 
       return new(
@@ -172,37 +202,54 @@ module Addressable
         uri = uri.to_s
       end
 
-      if !uri.respond_to?(:to_str)
+      unless uri.respond_to?(:to_str)
         raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{uri.class} into String."
       end
       # Otherwise, convert to a String
-      uri = uri.to_str.dup
+      uri = uri.to_str.dup.strip
       hints = {
         :scheme => "http"
       }.merge(hints)
       case uri
-      when /^http:\/+/
-        uri.gsub!(/^http:\/+/, "http://")
-      when /^https:\/+/
-        uri.gsub!(/^https:\/+/, "https://")
-      when /^feed:\/+http:\/+/
-        uri.gsub!(/^feed:\/+http:\/+/, "feed:http://")
-      when /^feed:\/+/
-        uri.gsub!(/^feed:\/+/, "feed://")
-      when /^file:\/+/
-        uri.gsub!(/^file:\/+/, "file:///")
+      when /^http:\//i
+        uri.sub!(/^http:\/+/i, "http://")
+      when /^https:\//i
+        uri.sub!(/^https:\/+/i, "https://")
+      when /^feed:\/+http:\//i
+        uri.sub!(/^feed:\/+http:\/+/i, "feed:http://")
+      when /^feed:\//i
+        uri.sub!(/^feed:\/+/i, "feed://")
+      when %r[^file:/{4}]i
+        uri.sub!(%r[^file:/+]i, "file:////")
+      when %r[^file://localhost/]i
+        uri.sub!(%r[^file://localhost/+]i, "file:///")
+      when %r[^file:/+]i
+        uri.sub!(%r[^file:/+]i, "file:///")
       when /^\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}/
-        uri.gsub!(/^/, hints[:scheme] + "://")
+        uri.sub!(/^/, hints[:scheme] + "://")
+      when /\A\d+\..*:\d+\z/
+        uri = "#{hints[:scheme]}://#{uri}"
+      end
+      match = uri.match(URIREGEX)
+      fragments = match.captures
+      authority = fragments[3]
+      if authority && authority.length > 0
+        new_authority = authority.tr("\\", "/").gsub(" ", "%20")
+        # NOTE: We want offset 4, not 3!
+        offset = match.offset(4)
+        uri = uri.dup
+        uri[offset[0]...offset[1]] = new_authority
       end
       parsed = self.parse(uri)
       if parsed.scheme =~ /^[^\/?#\.]+\.[^\/?#]+$/
         parsed = self.parse(hints[:scheme] + "://" + uri)
       end
       if parsed.path.include?(".")
-        new_host = parsed.path[/^([^\/]+\.[^\/]*)/, 1]
-        if new_host
+        if parsed.path[/\b@\b/]
+          parsed.scheme = "mailto" unless parsed.scheme
+        elsif new_host = parsed.path[/^([^\/]+\.[^\/]*)/, 1]
           parsed.defer_validation do
-            new_path = parsed.path.gsub(
+            new_path = parsed.path.sub(
               Regexp.new("^" + Regexp.escape(new_host)), EMPTY_STR)
             parsed.host = new_host
             parsed.path = new_path
@@ -247,30 +294,30 @@ module Addressable
       return nil unless path
       # If a URI object is passed, just return itself.
       return path if path.kind_of?(self)
-      if !path.respond_to?(:to_str)
+      unless path.respond_to?(:to_str)
         raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{path.class} into String."
       end
       # Otherwise, convert to a String
       path = path.to_str.strip
 
-      path.gsub!(/^file:\/?\/?/, EMPTY_STR) if path =~ /^file:\/?\/?/
+      path.sub!(/^file:\/?\/?/, EMPTY_STR) if path =~ /^file:\/?\/?/
       path = SLASH + path if path =~ /^([a-zA-Z])[\|:]/
       uri = self.parse(path)
 
       if uri.scheme == nil
         # Adjust windows-style uris
-        uri.path.gsub!(/^\/?([a-zA-Z])[\|:][\\\/]/) do
+        uri.path.sub!(/^\/?([a-zA-Z])[\|:][\\\/]/) do
           "/#{$1.downcase}:/"
         end
-        uri.path.gsub!(/\\/, SLASH)
+        uri.path.tr!("\\", SLASH)
         if File.exist?(uri.path) &&
             File.stat(uri.path).directory?
-          uri.path.gsub!(/\/$/, EMPTY_STR)
+          uri.path.chomp!(SLASH)
           uri.path = uri.path + '/'
         end
 
         # If the path is absolute, set the scheme and host.
-        if uri.path =~ /^\//
+        if uri.path.start_with?(SLASH)
           uri.scheme = "file"
           uri.host = EMPTY_STR
         end
@@ -295,18 +342,29 @@ module Addressable
     #   #=> #<Addressable::URI:0xcab390 URI:http://example.com/relative/path>
     def self.join(*uris)
       uri_objects = uris.collect do |uri|
-        if !uri.respond_to?(:to_str)
+        unless uri.respond_to?(:to_str)
           raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{uri.class} into String."
         end
         uri.kind_of?(self) ? uri : self.parse(uri.to_str)
       end
       result = uri_objects.shift.dup
-      for uri in uri_objects
+      uri_objects.each do |uri|
         result.join!(uri)
       end
       return result
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Tables used to optimize encoding operations in `self.encode_component`
+    # and `self.normalize_component`
+    SEQUENCE_ENCODING_TABLE = (0..255).map do |byte|
+      format("%02x", byte).freeze
+    end.freeze
+
+    SEQUENCE_UPCASED_PERCENT_ENCODING_TABLE = (0..255).map do |byte|
+      format("%%%02X", byte).freeze
+    end.freeze
+
     ##
     # Percent encodes a URI component.
     #
@@ -342,9 +400,7 @@ module Addressable
     #     "simple/example", Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
     #   )
     #   => "simple%2Fexample"
-    def self.encode_component(component, character_class=
-        CharacterClasses::RESERVED + CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED,
-        upcase_encoded='')
+    def self.encode_component(component, character_class=CharacterClassesRegexps::RESERVED_AND_UNRESERVED, upcase_encoded='')
       return nil if component.nil?
 
       begin
@@ -367,26 +423,27 @@ module Addressable
       if character_class.kind_of?(String)
         character_class = /[^#{character_class}]/
       end
-      if component.respond_to?(:force_encoding)
-        # We can't perform regexps on invalid UTF sequences, but
-        # here we need to, so switch to ASCII.
-        component = component.dup
-        component.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
-      end
+      # We can't perform regexps on invalid UTF sequences, but
+      # here we need to, so switch to ASCII.
+      component = component.dup
+      component.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
       # Avoiding gsub! because there are edge cases with frozen strings
-      component = component.gsub(character_class) do |sequence|
-        (sequence.unpack('C*').map { |c| "%" + ("%02x" % c).upcase }).join
+      component = component.gsub(character_class) do |char|
+        SEQUENCE_UPCASED_PERCENT_ENCODING_TABLE[char.ord]
       end
       if upcase_encoded.length > 0
-        component = component.gsub(/%(#{upcase_encoded.chars.map do |char|
-          char.unpack('C*').map { |c| '%02x' % c }.join
-        end.join('|')})/i) { |s| s.upcase }
+        upcase_encoded_chars = upcase_encoded.bytes.map do |byte|
+          SEQUENCE_ENCODING_TABLE[byte]
+        end
+        component = component.gsub(/%(#{upcase_encoded_chars.join('|')})/,
+                                   &:upcase)
       end
+
       return component
     end
 
     class << self
-      alias_method :encode_component, :encode_component
+      alias_method :escape_component, :encode_component
     end
 
     ##
@@ -425,16 +482,14 @@ module Addressable
           "Expected Class (String or Addressable::URI), " +
           "got #{return_type.inspect}"
       end
-      uri = uri.dup
-      # Seriously, only use UTF-8. I'm really not kidding!
-      uri.force_encoding("utf-8") if uri.respond_to?(:force_encoding)
-      leave_encoded.force_encoding("utf-8") if leave_encoded.respond_to?(:force_encoding)
-      result = uri.gsub(/%[0-9a-f]{2}/iu) do |sequence|
+
+      result = uri.gsub(/%[0-9a-f]{2}/i) do |sequence|
         c = sequence[1..3].to_i(16).chr
-        c.force_encoding("utf-8") if c.respond_to?(:force_encoding)
+        c.force_encoding(sequence.encoding)
         leave_encoded.include?(c) ? sequence : c
       end
-      result.force_encoding("utf-8") if result.respond_to?(:force_encoding)
+
+      result.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
       if return_type == String
         return result
       elsif return_type == ::Addressable::URI
@@ -495,7 +550,7 @@ module Addressable
     #   )
     #   => "one two%2Fthree&four"
     def self.normalize_component(component, character_class=
-        CharacterClasses::RESERVED + CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED,
+        CharacterClassesRegexps::RESERVED_AND_UNRESERVED,
         leave_encoded='')
       return nil if component.nil?
 
@@ -513,33 +568,32 @@ module Addressable
         leave_re = if leave_encoded.length > 0
           character_class = "#{character_class}%" unless character_class.include?('%')
 
-          "|%(?!#{leave_encoded.chars.map do |char|
-            seq = char.unpack('C*').map { |c| '%02x' % c }.join
-            [seq.upcase, seq.downcase]
-          end.flatten.join('|')})"
+          bytes = leave_encoded.bytes
+          leave_encoded_pattern = bytes.map { |b| SEQUENCE_ENCODING_TABLE[b] }.join('|')
+          "|%(?!#{leave_encoded_pattern}|#{leave_encoded_pattern.upcase})"
         end
 
-        character_class = /[^#{character_class}]#{leave_re}/
-      end
-      if component.respond_to?(:force_encoding)
-        # We can't perform regexps on invalid UTF sequences, but
-        # here we need to, so switch to ASCII.
-        component = component.dup
-        component.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+        character_class = if leave_re
+                            /[^#{character_class}]#{leave_re}/
+                          else
+                            /[^#{character_class}]/
+                          end
       end
+      # We can't perform regexps on invalid UTF sequences, but
+      # here we need to, so switch to ASCII.
+      component = component.dup
+      component.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
       unencoded = self.unencode_component(component, String, leave_encoded)
       begin
         encoded = self.encode_component(
-          Addressable::IDNA.unicode_normalize_kc(unencoded),
+          unencoded.unicode_normalize(:nfc),
           character_class,
           leave_encoded
         )
       rescue ArgumentError
         encoded = self.encode_component(unencoded)
       end
-      if encoded.respond_to?(:force_encoding)
-        encoded.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
-      end
+      encoded.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
       return encoded
     end
 
@@ -576,15 +630,15 @@ module Addressable
       uri_object = uri.kind_of?(self) ? uri : self.parse(uri)
       encoded_uri = Addressable::URI.new(
         :scheme => self.encode_component(uri_object.scheme,
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::SCHEME),
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClassesRegexps::SCHEME),
         :authority => self.encode_component(uri_object.authority,
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::AUTHORITY),
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClassesRegexps::AUTHORITY),
         :path => self.encode_component(uri_object.path,
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::PATH),
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClassesRegexps::PATH),
         :query => self.encode_component(uri_object.query,
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::QUERY),
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClassesRegexps::QUERY),
         :fragment => self.encode_component(uri_object.fragment,
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::FRAGMENT)
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClassesRegexps::FRAGMENT)
       )
       if return_type == String
         return encoded_uri.to_s
@@ -640,8 +694,7 @@ module Addressable
       components.each do |key, value|
         if value != nil
           begin
-            components[key] =
-              Addressable::IDNA.unicode_normalize_kc(value.to_str)
+            components[key] = value.to_str.unicode_normalize(:nfc)
           rescue ArgumentError
             # Likely a malformed UTF-8 character, skip unicode normalization
             components[key] = value.to_str
@@ -650,19 +703,19 @@ module Addressable
       end
       encoded_uri = Addressable::URI.new(
         :scheme => self.encode_component(components[:scheme],
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::SCHEME),
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClassesRegexps::SCHEME),
         :user => self.encode_component(components[:user],
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED),
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClassesRegexps::UNRESERVED),
         :password => self.encode_component(components[:password],
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED),
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClassesRegexps::UNRESERVED),
         :host => components[:host],
         :port => components[:port],
         :path => self.encode_component(components[:path],
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::PATH),
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClassesRegexps::PATH),
         :query => self.encode_component(components[:query],
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::QUERY),
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClassesRegexps::QUERY),
         :fragment => self.encode_component(components[:fragment],
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::FRAGMENT)
+          Addressable::URI::CharacterClassesRegexps::FRAGMENT)
       )
       if return_type == String
         return encoded_uri.to_s
@@ -713,11 +766,11 @@ module Addressable
         [
           self.encode_component(
             key.gsub(/(\r\n|\n|\r)/, "\r\n"),
-            CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
+            CharacterClassesRegexps::UNRESERVED
           ).gsub("%20", "+"),
           self.encode_component(
             value.gsub(/(\r\n|\n|\r)/, "\r\n"),
-            CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
+            CharacterClassesRegexps::UNRESERVED
           ).gsub("%20", "+")
         ]
       end
@@ -789,7 +842,9 @@ module Addressable
         end
       end
 
-      self.defer_validation do
+      reset_ivs
+
+      defer_validation do
         # Bunch of crazy logic required because of the composite components
         # like userinfo and authority.
         self.scheme = options[:scheme] if options[:scheme]
@@ -804,7 +859,8 @@ module Addressable
         self.query_values = options[:query_values] if options[:query_values]
         self.fragment = options[:fragment] if options[:fragment]
       end
-      self.to_s
+
+      to_s # force path validation
     end
 
     ##
@@ -831,9 +887,7 @@ module Addressable
     # The scheme component for this URI.
     #
     # @return [String] The scheme component.
-    def scheme
-      return defined?(@scheme) ? @scheme : nil
-    end
+    attr_reader :scheme
 
     ##
     # The scheme component for this URI, normalized.
@@ -841,16 +895,19 @@ module Addressable
     # @return [String] The scheme component, normalized.
     def normalized_scheme
       return nil unless self.scheme
-      @normalized_scheme ||= begin
-        if self.scheme =~ /^\s*ssh\+svn\s*$/i
-          "svn+ssh"
+      if @normalized_scheme == NONE
+        @normalized_scheme = if self.scheme =~ /^\s*ssh\+svn\s*$/i
+          "svn+ssh".dup
         else
           Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
             self.scheme.strip.downcase,
-            Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::SCHEME
+            Addressable::URI::NormalizeCharacterClasses::SCHEME
           )
         end
       end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_scheme)
+      @normalized_scheme
     end
 
     ##
@@ -864,13 +921,13 @@ module Addressable
         new_scheme = new_scheme.to_str
       end
       if new_scheme && new_scheme !~ /\A[a-z][a-z0-9\.\+\-]*\z/i
-        raise InvalidURIError, "Invalid scheme format: #{new_scheme}"
+        raise InvalidURIError, "Invalid scheme format: '#{new_scheme}'"
       end
       @scheme = new_scheme
       @scheme = nil if @scheme.to_s.strip.empty?
 
       # Reset dependent values
-      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_scheme) if defined?(@normalized_scheme)
+      @normalized_scheme = NONE
       remove_composite_values
 
       # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
@@ -881,9 +938,7 @@ module Addressable
     # The user component for this URI.
     #
     # @return [String] The user component.
-    def user
-      return defined?(@user) ? @user : nil
-    end
+    attr_reader :user
 
     ##
     # The user component for this URI, normalized.
@@ -891,18 +946,21 @@ module Addressable
     # @return [String] The user component, normalized.
     def normalized_user
       return nil unless self.user
-      return @normalized_user if defined?(@normalized_user)
-      @normalized_user ||= begin
+      return @normalized_user unless @normalized_user == NONE
+      @normalized_user = begin
         if normalized_scheme =~ /https?/ && self.user.strip.empty? &&
             (!self.password || self.password.strip.empty?)
           nil
         else
           Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
             self.user.strip,
-            Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
+            Addressable::URI::NormalizeCharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
           )
         end
       end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_user)
+      @normalized_user
     end
 
     ##
@@ -917,14 +975,14 @@ module Addressable
 
       # You can't have a nil user with a non-nil password
       if password != nil
-        @user = EMPTY_STR if @user.nil?
+        @user = EMPTY_STR unless user
       end
 
       # Reset dependent values
-      remove_instance_variable(:@userinfo) if defined?(@userinfo)
-      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_userinfo) if defined?(@normalized_userinfo)
-      remove_instance_variable(:@authority) if defined?(@authority)
-      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_user) if defined?(@normalized_user)
+      @userinfo = nil
+      @normalized_userinfo = NONE
+      @authority = nil
+      @normalized_user = NONE
       remove_composite_values
 
       # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
@@ -935,9 +993,7 @@ module Addressable
     # The password component for this URI.
     #
     # @return [String] The password component.
-    def password
-      return defined?(@password) ? @password : nil
-    end
+    attr_reader :password
 
     ##
     # The password component for this URI, normalized.
@@ -945,18 +1001,21 @@ module Addressable
     # @return [String] The password component, normalized.
     def normalized_password
       return nil unless self.password
-      return @normalized_password if defined?(@normalized_password)
-      @normalized_password ||= begin
+      return @normalized_password unless @normalized_password == NONE
+      @normalized_password = begin
         if self.normalized_scheme =~ /https?/ && self.password.strip.empty? &&
             (!self.user || self.user.strip.empty?)
           nil
         else
           Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
             self.password.strip,
-            Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
+            Addressable::URI::NormalizeCharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
           )
         end
       end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_password)
+      @normalized_password
     end
 
     ##
@@ -970,17 +1029,15 @@ module Addressable
       @password = new_password ? new_password.to_str : nil
 
       # You can't have a nil user with a non-nil password
-      @password ||= nil
-      @user ||= nil
       if @password != nil
-        @user = EMPTY_STR if @user.nil?
+        self.user = EMPTY_STR if user.nil?
       end
 
       # Reset dependent values
-      remove_instance_variable(:@userinfo) if defined?(@userinfo)
-      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_userinfo) if defined?(@normalized_userinfo)
-      remove_instance_variable(:@authority) if defined?(@authority)
-      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_password) if defined?(@normalized_password)
+      @userinfo = nil
+      @normalized_userinfo = NONE
+      @authority = nil
+      @normalized_password = NONE
       remove_composite_values
 
       # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
@@ -1010,18 +1067,21 @@ module Addressable
     # @return [String] The userinfo component, normalized.
     def normalized_userinfo
       return nil unless self.userinfo
-      return @normalized_userinfo if defined?(@normalized_userinfo)
-      @normalized_userinfo ||= begin
+      return @normalized_userinfo unless @normalized_userinfo == NONE
+      @normalized_userinfo = begin
         current_user = self.normalized_user
         current_password = self.normalized_password
         if !current_user && !current_password
           nil
         elsif current_user && current_password
-          "#{current_user}:#{current_password}"
+          "#{current_user}:#{current_password}".dup
         elsif current_user && !current_password
-          "#{current_user}"
+          "#{current_user}".dup
         end
       end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_userinfo)
+      @normalized_userinfo
     end
 
     ##
@@ -1046,7 +1106,7 @@ module Addressable
       self.user = new_user
 
       # Reset dependent values
-      remove_instance_variable(:@authority) if defined?(@authority)
+      @authority = nil
       remove_composite_values
 
       # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
@@ -1057,9 +1117,7 @@ module Addressable
     # The host component for this URI.
     #
     # @return [String] The host component.
-    def host
-      return defined?(@host) ? @host : nil
-    end
+    attr_reader :host
 
     ##
     # The host component for this URI, normalized.
@@ -1067,6 +1125,7 @@ module Addressable
     # @return [String] The host component, normalized.
     def normalized_host
       return nil unless self.host
+
       @normalized_host ||= begin
         if !self.host.strip.empty?
           result = ::Addressable::IDNA.to_ascii(
@@ -1078,12 +1137,16 @@ module Addressable
           end
           result = Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
             result,
-            CharacterClasses::HOST)
+            NormalizeCharacterClasses::HOST
+          )
           result
         else
-          EMPTY_STR
+          EMPTY_STR.dup
         end
       end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_host)
+      @normalized_host
     end
 
     ##
@@ -1096,17 +1159,9 @@ module Addressable
       end
       @host = new_host ? new_host.to_str : nil
 
-      unreserved = CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
-      sub_delims = CharacterClasses::SUB_DELIMS
-      if !@host.nil? && (@host =~ /[<>{}\/\?\#\@"[[:space:]]]/ ||
-          (@host[/^\[(.*)\]$/, 1] != nil && @host[/^\[(.*)\]$/, 1] !~
-          Regexp.new("^[#{unreserved}#{sub_delims}:]*$")))
-        raise InvalidURIError, "Invalid character in host: '#{@host.to_s}'"
-      end
-
       # Reset dependent values
-      remove_instance_variable(:@authority) if defined?(@authority)
-      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_host) if defined?(@normalized_host)
+      @authority = nil
+      @normalized_host = nil
       remove_composite_values
 
       # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
@@ -1144,6 +1199,33 @@ module Addressable
       self.host = v
     end
 
+    ##
+    # Returns the top-level domain for this host.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   Addressable::URI.parse("http://www.example.co.uk").tld # => "co.uk"
+    def tld
+      PublicSuffix.parse(self.host, ignore_private: true).tld
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Sets the top-level domain for this URI.
+    #
+    # @param [String, #to_str] new_tld The new top-level domain.
+    def tld=(new_tld)
+      replaced_tld = host.sub(/#{tld}\z/, new_tld)
+      self.host = PublicSuffix::Domain.new(replaced_tld).to_s
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Returns the public suffix domain for this host.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   Addressable::URI.parse("http://www.example.co.uk").domain # => "example.co.uk"
+    def domain
+      PublicSuffix.domain(self.host, ignore_private: true)
+    end
+
     ##
     # The authority component for this URI.
     # Combines the user, password, host, and port components.
@@ -1151,7 +1233,7 @@ module Addressable
     # @return [String] The authority component.
     def authority
       self.host && @authority ||= begin
-        authority = ""
+        authority = String.new
         if self.userinfo != nil
           authority << "#{self.userinfo}@"
         end
@@ -1170,7 +1252,7 @@ module Addressable
     def normalized_authority
       return nil unless self.authority
       @normalized_authority ||= begin
-        authority = ""
+        authority = String.new
         if self.normalized_userinfo != nil
           authority << "#{self.normalized_userinfo}@"
         end
@@ -1180,6 +1262,9 @@ module Addressable
         end
         authority
       end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_authority)
+      @normalized_authority
     end
 
     ##
@@ -1197,9 +1282,9 @@ module Addressable
           new_user = new_userinfo.strip[/^([^:]*):?/, 1]
           new_password = new_userinfo.strip[/:(.*)$/, 1]
         end
-        new_host = new_authority.gsub(
+        new_host = new_authority.sub(
           /^([^\[\]]*)@/, EMPTY_STR
-        ).gsub(
+        ).sub(
           /:([^:@\[\]]*?)$/, EMPTY_STR
         )
         new_port =
@@ -1207,14 +1292,14 @@ module Addressable
       end
 
       # Password assigned first to ensure validity in case of nil
-      self.password = defined?(new_password) ? new_password : nil
-      self.user = defined?(new_user) ? new_user : nil
-      self.host = defined?(new_host) ? new_host : nil
-      self.port = defined?(new_port) ? new_port : nil
+      self.password = new_password
+      self.user = new_user
+      self.host = new_host
+      self.port = new_port
 
       # Reset dependent values
-      remove_instance_variable(:@userinfo) if defined?(@userinfo)
-      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_userinfo) if defined?(@normalized_userinfo)
+      @userinfo = nil
+      @normalized_userinfo = NONE
       remove_composite_values
 
       # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
@@ -1262,16 +1347,16 @@ module Addressable
         new_port = new_origin[/:([^:@\[\]\/]*?)$/, 1]
       end
 
-      self.scheme = defined?(new_scheme) ? new_scheme : nil
-      self.host = defined?(new_host) ? new_host : nil
-      self.port = defined?(new_port) ? new_port : nil
+      self.scheme = new_scheme
+      self.host = new_host
+      self.port = new_port
       self.userinfo = nil
 
       # Reset dependent values
-      remove_instance_variable(:@userinfo) if defined?(@userinfo)
-      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_userinfo) if defined?(@normalized_userinfo)
-      remove_instance_variable(:@authority) if defined?(@authority)
-      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_authority) if defined?(@normalized_authority)
+      @userinfo = nil
+      @normalized_userinfo = NONE
+      @authority = nil
+      @normalized_authority = nil
       remove_composite_values
 
       # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
@@ -1298,9 +1383,7 @@ module Addressable
     # infer port numbers from default values.
     #
     # @return [Integer] The port component.
-    def port
-      return defined?(@port) ? @port : nil
-    end
+    attr_reader :port
 
     ##
     # The port component for this URI, normalized.
@@ -1308,8 +1391,8 @@ module Addressable
     # @return [Integer] The port component, normalized.
     def normalized_port
       return nil unless self.port
-      return @normalized_port if defined?(@normalized_port)
-      @normalized_port ||= begin
+      return @normalized_port unless @normalized_port == NONE
+      @normalized_port = begin
         if URI.port_mapping[self.normalized_scheme] == self.port
           nil
         else
@@ -1340,8 +1423,8 @@ module Addressable
       @port = nil if @port == 0
 
       # Reset dependent values
-      remove_instance_variable(:@authority) if defined?(@authority)
-      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_port) if defined?(@normalized_port)
+      @authority = nil
+      @normalized_port = NONE
       remove_composite_values
 
       # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
@@ -1383,7 +1466,7 @@ module Addressable
     # @return [String] The components that identify a site.
     def site
       (self.scheme || self.authority) && @site ||= begin
-        site_string = ""
+        site_string = "".dup
         site_string << "#{self.scheme}:" if self.scheme != nil
         site_string << "//#{self.authority}" if self.authority != nil
         site_string
@@ -1402,7 +1485,7 @@ module Addressable
     def normalized_site
       return nil unless self.site
       @normalized_site ||= begin
-        site_string = ""
+        site_string = "".dup
         if self.normalized_scheme != nil
           site_string << "#{self.normalized_scheme}:"
         end
@@ -1411,6 +1494,9 @@ module Addressable
         end
         site_string
       end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_site)
+      @normalized_site
     end
 
     ##
@@ -1439,9 +1525,7 @@ module Addressable
     # The path component for this URI.
     #
     # @return [String] The path component.
-    def path
-      return defined?(@path) ? @path : EMPTY_STR
-    end
+    attr_reader :path
 
     NORMPATH = /^(?!\/)[^\/:]*:.*$/
     ##
@@ -1455,22 +1539,25 @@ module Addressable
           # Relative paths with colons in the first segment are ambiguous.
           path = path.sub(":", "%2F")
         end
-        # String#split(delimeter, -1) uses the more strict splitting behavior
+        # String#split(delimiter, -1) uses the more strict splitting behavior
         # found by default in Python.
         result = path.strip.split(SLASH, -1).map do |segment|
           Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
             segment,
-            Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::PCHAR
+            Addressable::URI::NormalizeCharacterClasses::PCHAR
           )
         end.join(SLASH)
 
         result = URI.normalize_path(result)
         if result.empty? &&
             ["http", "https", "ftp", "tftp"].include?(self.normalized_scheme)
-          result = SLASH
+          result = SLASH.dup
         end
         result
       end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_path)
+      @normalized_path
     end
 
     ##
@@ -1487,8 +1574,11 @@ module Addressable
       end
 
       # Reset dependent values
-      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_path) if defined?(@normalized_path)
+      @normalized_path = nil
       remove_composite_values
+
+      # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
+      validate()
     end
 
     ##
@@ -1497,7 +1587,7 @@ module Addressable
     # @return [String] The path's basename.
     def basename
       # Path cannot be nil
-      return File.basename(self.path).gsub(/;[^\/]*$/, EMPTY_STR)
+      return File.basename(self.path).sub(/;[^\/]*$/, EMPTY_STR)
     end
 
     ##
@@ -1514,9 +1604,7 @@ module Addressable
     # The query component for this URI.
     #
     # @return [String] The query component.
-    def query
-      return defined?(@query) ? @query : nil
-    end
+    attr_reader :query
 
     ##
     # The query component for this URI, normalized.
@@ -1524,18 +1612,26 @@ module Addressable
     # @return [String] The query component, normalized.
     def normalized_query(*flags)
       return nil unless self.query
-      return @normalized_query if defined?(@normalized_query)
-      @normalized_query ||= begin
+      return @normalized_query unless @normalized_query == NONE
+      @normalized_query = begin
         modified_query_class = Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::QUERY.dup
         # Make sure possible key-value pair delimiters are escaped.
         modified_query_class.sub!("\\&", "").sub!("\\;", "")
-        pairs = (self.query || "").split("&", -1)
+        pairs = (query || "").split("&", -1)
+        pairs.delete_if(&:empty?).uniq! if flags.include?(:compacted)
         pairs.sort! if flags.include?(:sorted)
         component = pairs.map do |pair|
-          Addressable::URI.normalize_component(pair, modified_query_class, "+")
+          Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
+            pair,
+            Addressable::URI::NormalizeCharacterClasses::QUERY,
+            "+"
+          )
         end.join("&")
         component == "" ? nil : component
       end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_query)
+      @normalized_query
     end
 
     ##
@@ -1549,7 +1645,7 @@ module Addressable
       @query = new_query ? new_query.to_str : nil
 
       # Reset dependent values
-      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_query) if defined?(@normalized_query)
+      @normalized_query = NONE
       remove_composite_values
     end
 
@@ -1588,11 +1684,13 @@ module Addressable
         # so it's best to make all changes in-place.
         pair[0] = URI.unencode_component(pair[0])
         if pair[1].respond_to?(:to_str)
+          value = pair[1].to_str
           # I loathe the fact that I have to do this. Stupid HTML 4.01.
           # Treating '+' as a space was just an unbelievably bad idea.
           # There was nothing wrong with '%20'!
           # If it ain't broke, don't fix it!
-          pair[1] = URI.unencode_component(pair[1].to_str.gsub(/\+/, " "))
+          value = value.tr("+", " ") if ["http", "https", nil].include?(scheme)
+          pair[1] = URI.unencode_component(value)
         end
         if return_type == Hash
           accu[pair[0]] = pair[1]
@@ -1644,23 +1742,23 @@ module Addressable
       end
 
       # new_query_values have form [['key1', 'value1'], ['key2', 'value2']]
-      buffer = ""
+      buffer = "".dup
       new_query_values.each do |key, value|
         encoded_key = URI.encode_component(
-          key, CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
+          key, CharacterClassesRegexps::UNRESERVED
         )
         if value == nil
           buffer << "#{encoded_key}&"
         elsif value.kind_of?(Array)
           value.each do |sub_value|
             encoded_value = URI.encode_component(
-              sub_value, CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
+              sub_value, CharacterClassesRegexps::UNRESERVED
             )
             buffer << "#{encoded_key}=#{encoded_value}&"
           end
         else
           encoded_value = URI.encode_component(
-            value, CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
+            value, CharacterClassesRegexps::UNRESERVED
           )
           buffer << "#{encoded_key}=#{encoded_value}&"
         end
@@ -1674,7 +1772,7 @@ module Addressable
     #
     # @return [String] The request URI required for an HTTP request.
     def request_uri
-      return nil if self.absolute? && self.scheme !~ /^https?$/
+      return nil if self.absolute? && self.scheme !~ /^https?$/i
       return (
         (!self.path.empty? ? self.path : SLASH) +
         (self.query ? "?#{self.query}" : EMPTY_STR)
@@ -1689,12 +1787,12 @@ module Addressable
       if !new_request_uri.respond_to?(:to_str)
         raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{new_request_uri.class} into String."
       end
-      if self.absolute? && self.scheme !~ /^https?$/
+      if self.absolute? && self.scheme !~ /^https?$/i
         raise InvalidURIError,
           "Cannot set an HTTP request URI for a non-HTTP URI."
       end
       new_request_uri = new_request_uri.to_str
-      path_component = new_request_uri[/^([^\?]*)\?(?:.*)$/, 1]
+      path_component = new_request_uri[/^([^\?]*)\??(?:.*)$/, 1]
       query_component = new_request_uri[/^(?:[^\?]*)\?(.*)$/, 1]
       path_component = path_component.to_s
       path_component = (!path_component.empty? ? path_component : SLASH)
@@ -1709,9 +1807,7 @@ module Addressable
     # The fragment component for this URI.
     #
     # @return [String] The fragment component.
-    def fragment
-      return defined?(@fragment) ? @fragment : nil
-    end
+    attr_reader :fragment
 
     ##
     # The fragment component for this URI, normalized.
@@ -1719,14 +1815,17 @@ module Addressable
     # @return [String] The fragment component, normalized.
     def normalized_fragment
       return nil unless self.fragment
-      return @normalized_fragment if defined?(@normalized_fragment)
-      @normalized_fragment ||= begin
+      return @normalized_fragment unless @normalized_fragment == NONE
+      @normalized_fragment = begin
         component = Addressable::URI.normalize_component(
           self.fragment,
-          Addressable::URI::CharacterClasses::FRAGMENT
+          Addressable::URI::NormalizeCharacterClasses::FRAGMENT
         )
         component == "" ? nil : component
       end
+      # All normalized values should be UTF-8
+      force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(@normalized_fragment)
+      @normalized_fragment
     end
 
     ##
@@ -1740,7 +1839,7 @@ module Addressable
       @fragment = new_fragment ? new_fragment.to_str : nil
 
       # Reset dependent values
-      remove_instance_variable(:@normalized_fragment) if defined?(@normalized_fragment)
+      @normalized_fragment = NONE
       remove_composite_values
 
       # Ensure we haven't created an invalid URI
@@ -1844,8 +1943,8 @@ module Addressable
               # Section 5.2.3 of RFC 3986
               #
               # Removes the right-most path segment from the base path.
-              if base_path =~ /\//
-                base_path.gsub!(/\/[^\/]+$/, SLASH)
+              if base_path.include?(SLASH)
+                base_path.sub!(/\/[^\/]+$/, SLASH)
               else
                 base_path = EMPTY_STR
               end
@@ -1906,7 +2005,7 @@ module Addressable
     #
     # @see Hash#merge
     def merge(hash)
-      if !hash.respond_to?(:to_hash)
+      unless hash.respond_to?(:to_hash)
         raise TypeError, "Can't convert #{hash.class} into Hash."
       end
       hash = hash.to_hash
@@ -2246,15 +2345,13 @@ module Addressable
           "Cannot assemble URI string with ambiguous path: '#{self.path}'"
       end
       @uri_string ||= begin
-        uri_string = ""
+        uri_string = String.new
         uri_string << "#{self.scheme}:" if self.scheme != nil
         uri_string << "//#{self.authority}" if self.authority != nil
         uri_string << self.path.to_s
         uri_string << "?#{self.query}" if self.query != nil
         uri_string << "##{self.fragment}" if self.fragment != nil
-        if uri_string.respond_to?(:force_encoding)
-          uri_string.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
-        end
+        uri_string.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
         uri_string
       end
     end
@@ -2285,7 +2382,7 @@ module Addressable
     #
     # @return [String] The URI object's state, as a <code>String</code>.
     def inspect
-      sprintf("#<%s:%#0x URI:%s>", URI.to_s, self.object_id, self.to_s)
+      sprintf("#<%s:%#0x URI:%s>", self.class.to_s, self.object_id, self.to_s)
     end
 
     ##
@@ -2296,13 +2393,33 @@ module Addressable
     #
     # @param [Proc] block
     #   A set of operations to perform on a given URI.
-    def defer_validation(&block)
-      raise LocalJumpError, "No block given." unless block
+    def defer_validation
+      raise LocalJumpError, "No block given." unless block_given?
       @validation_deferred = true
-      block.call()
+      yield
       @validation_deferred = false
       validate
-      return nil
+    ensure
+      @validation_deferred = false
+    end
+
+    def encode_with(coder)
+      instance_variables.each do |ivar|
+        value = instance_variable_get(ivar)
+        if value != NONE
+          key = ivar.to_s.slice(1..-1)
+          coder[key] = value
+        end
+      end
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def init_with(coder)
+      reset_ivs
+      coder.map.each do |key, value|
+        instance_variable_set("@#{key}", value)
+      end
+      nil
     end
 
   protected
@@ -2323,30 +2440,35 @@ module Addressable
     def self.normalize_path(path)
       # Section 5.2.4 of RFC 3986
 
-      return nil if path.nil?
+      return if path.nil?
       normalized_path = path.dup
-      begin
-        mod = nil
+      loop do
         mod ||= normalized_path.gsub!(RULE_2A, SLASH)
 
         pair = normalized_path.match(RULE_2B_2C)
-        parent, current = pair[1], pair[2] if pair
+        if pair
+          parent  = pair[1]
+          current = pair[2]
+        else
+          parent  = nil
+          current = nil
+        end
+
+        regexp = "/#{Regexp.escape(parent.to_s)}/\\.\\./|"
+        regexp += "(/#{Regexp.escape(current.to_s)}/\\.\\.$)"
+
         if pair && ((parent != SELF_REF && parent != PARENT) ||
             (current != SELF_REF && current != PARENT))
-          mod ||= normalized_path.gsub!(
-            Regexp.new(
-              "/#{Regexp.escape(parent.to_s)}/\\.\\./|" +
-              "(/#{Regexp.escape(current.to_s)}/\\.\\.$)"
-            ), SLASH
-          )
+          mod ||= normalized_path.gsub!(Regexp.new(regexp), SLASH)
         end
 
         mod ||= normalized_path.gsub!(RULE_2D, EMPTY_STR)
         # Non-standard, removes prefixed dotted segments from path.
         mod ||= normalized_path.gsub!(RULE_PREFIXED_PARENT, SLASH)
-      end until mod.nil?
+        break if mod.nil?
+      end
 
-      return normalized_path
+      normalized_path
     end
 
     ##
@@ -2371,6 +2493,19 @@ module Addressable
         raise InvalidURIError,
           "Cannot have a relative path with an authority set: '#{self.to_s}'"
       end
+      if self.path != nil && !self.path.empty? &&
+          self.path[0..1] == SLASH + SLASH && self.authority == nil
+        raise InvalidURIError,
+          "Cannot have a path with two leading slashes " +
+          "without an authority set: '#{self.to_s}'"
+      end
+      unreserved = CharacterClasses::UNRESERVED
+      sub_delims = CharacterClasses::SUB_DELIMS
+      if !self.host.nil? && (self.host =~ /[<>{}\/\\\?\#\@"[[:space:]]]/ ||
+          (self.host[/^\[(.*)\]$/, 1] != nil && self.host[/^\[(.*)\]$/, 1] !~
+          Regexp.new("^[#{unreserved}#{sub_delims}:]*$")))
+        raise InvalidURIError, "Invalid character in host: '#{self.host.to_s}'"
+      end
       return nil
     end
 
@@ -2383,9 +2518,7 @@ module Addressable
     # @return [Addressable::URI] <code>self</code>.
     def replace_self(uri)
       # Reset dependent values
-      instance_variables.each do |var|
-        remove_instance_variable(var) if instance_variable_defined?(var)
-      end
+      reset_ivs
 
       @scheme = uri.scheme
       @user = uri.user
@@ -2417,8 +2550,53 @@ module Addressable
     #
     # @api private
     def remove_composite_values
-      remove_instance_variable(:@uri_string) if defined?(@uri_string)
-      remove_instance_variable(:@hash) if defined?(@hash)
+      @uri_string = nil
+      @hash = nil
     end
+
+    ##
+    # Converts the string to be UTF-8 if it is not already UTF-8
+    #
+    # @api private
+    def force_utf8_encoding_if_needed(str)
+      if str && str.encoding != Encoding::UTF_8
+        str.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    ##
+    # Resets instance variables
+    #
+    # @api private
+    def reset_ivs
+      @scheme = nil
+      @user = nil
+      @normalized_scheme = NONE
+      @normalized_user = NONE
+      @uri_string = nil
+      @hash = nil
+      @userinfo = nil
+      @normalized_userinfo = NONE
+      @authority = nil
+      @password = nil
+      @normalized_authority = nil
+      @port = nil
+      @normalized_password = NONE
+      @host = nil
+      @normalized_host = nil
+      @normalized_port = NONE
+      @path = EMPTY_STR
+      @normalized_path = nil
+      @normalized_query = NONE
+      @fragment = nil
+      @normalized_fragment = NONE
+      @query = nil
+    end
+
+    NONE = Module.new.freeze
+
+    private_constant :NONE
   end
 end