activesupport 4.2.11.1 → 5.2.8.1

data/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
-require 'openssl'
-require 'base64'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "openssl"
+require "base64"
+require "active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options"
+require "active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors"
+require "active_support/message_verifier"
+require "active_support/messages/metadata"
 
 module ActiveSupport
   # MessageEncryptor is a simple way to encrypt values which get stored
@@ -12,13 +17,82 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # This can be used in situations similar to the <tt>MessageVerifier</tt>, but
   # where you don't want users to be able to determine the value of the payload.
   #
-  #   salt  = SecureRandom.random_bytes(64)
-  #   key   = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new('password').generate_key(salt) # => "\x89\xE0\x156\xAC..."
-  #   crypt = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(key)                       # => #<ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor ...>
-  #   encrypted_data = crypt.encrypt_and_sign('my secret data')              # => "NlFBTTMwOUV5UlA1QlNEN2xkY2d6eThYWWh..."
-  #   crypt.decrypt_and_verify(encrypted_data)                               # => "my secret data"
+  #   len   = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.key_len
+  #   salt  = SecureRandom.random_bytes(len)
+  #   key   = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new('password').generate_key(salt, len) # => "\x89\xE0\x156\xAC..."
+  #   crypt = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(key)                            # => #<ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor ...>
+  #   encrypted_data = crypt.encrypt_and_sign('my secret data')                   # => "NlFBTTMwOUV5UlA1QlNEN2xkY2d6eThYWWh..."
+  #   crypt.decrypt_and_verify(encrypted_data)                                    # => "my secret data"
+  #
+  # === Confining messages to a specific purpose
+  #
+  # By default any message can be used throughout your app. But they can also be
+  # confined to a specific +:purpose+.
+  #
+  #   token = crypt.encrypt_and_sign("this is the chair", purpose: :login)
+  #
+  # Then that same purpose must be passed when verifying to get the data back out:
+  #
+  #   crypt.decrypt_and_verify(token, purpose: :login)    # => "this is the chair"
+  #   crypt.decrypt_and_verify(token, purpose: :shipping) # => nil
+  #   crypt.decrypt_and_verify(token)                     # => nil
+  #
+  # Likewise, if a message has no purpose it won't be returned when verifying with
+  # a specific purpose.
+  #
+  #   token = crypt.encrypt_and_sign("the conversation is lively")
+  #   crypt.decrypt_and_verify(token, purpose: :scare_tactics) # => nil
+  #   crypt.decrypt_and_verify(token)                          # => "the conversation is lively"
+  #
+  # === Making messages expire
+  #
+  # By default messages last forever and verifying one year from now will still
+  # return the original value. But messages can be set to expire at a given
+  # time with +:expires_in+ or +:expires_at+.
+  #
+  #   crypt.encrypt_and_sign(parcel, expires_in: 1.month)
+  #   crypt.encrypt_and_sign(doowad, expires_at: Time.now.end_of_year)
+  #
+  # Then the messages can be verified and returned upto the expire time.
+  # Thereafter, verifying returns +nil+.
+  #
+  # === Rotating keys
+  #
+  # MessageEncryptor also supports rotating out old configurations by falling
+  # back to a stack of encryptors. Call +rotate+ to build and add an encryptor
+  # so +decrypt_and_verify+ will also try the fallback.
+  #
+  # By default any rotated encryptors use the values of the primary
+  # encryptor unless specified otherwise.
+  #
+  # You'd give your encryptor the new defaults:
+  #
+  #   crypt = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(@secret, cipher: "aes-256-gcm")
+  #
+  # Then gradually rotate the old values out by adding them as fallbacks. Any message
+  # generated with the old values will then work until the rotation is removed.
+  #
+  #   crypt.rotate old_secret            # Fallback to an old secret instead of @secret.
+  #   crypt.rotate cipher: "aes-256-cbc" # Fallback to an old cipher instead of aes-256-gcm.
+  #
+  # Though if both the secret and the cipher was changed at the same time,
+  # the above should be combined into:
+  #
+  #   crypt.rotate old_secret, cipher: "aes-256-cbc"
   class MessageEncryptor
-    DEFAULT_CIPHER = "aes-256-cbc"
+    prepend Messages::Rotator::Encryptor
+
+    cattr_accessor :use_authenticated_message_encryption, instance_accessor: false, default: false
+
+    class << self
+      def default_cipher #:nodoc:
+        if use_authenticated_message_encryption
+          "aes-256-gcm"
+        else
+          "aes-256-cbc"
+        end
+      end
+    end
 
     module NullSerializer #:nodoc:
       def self.load(value)
@@ -30,85 +104,126 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
     end
 
+    module NullVerifier #:nodoc:
+      def self.verify(value)
+        value
+      end
+
+      def self.generate(value)
+        value
+      end
+    end
+
     class InvalidMessage < StandardError; end
     OpenSSLCipherError = OpenSSL::Cipher::CipherError
 
     # Initialize a new MessageEncryptor. +secret+ must be at least as long as
-    # the cipher key size. For the default 'aes-256-cbc' cipher, this is 256
+    # the cipher key size. For the default 'aes-256-gcm' cipher, this is 256
     # bits. If you are using a user-entered secret, you can generate a suitable
-    # key with <tt>OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new(user_secret).digest</tt> or
-    # similar.
+    # key by using <tt>ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator</tt> or a similar key
+    # derivation function.
+    #
+    # First additional parameter is used as the signature key for +MessageVerifier+.
+    # This allows you to specify keys to encrypt and sign data.
+    #
+    #    ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new('secret', 'signature_secret')
     #
     # Options:
     # * <tt>:cipher</tt>     - Cipher to use. Can be any cipher returned by
-    #   <tt>OpenSSL::Cipher.ciphers</tt>. Default is 'aes-256-cbc'.
-    # * <tt>:digest</tt> - String of digest to use for signing. Default is +SHA1+.
+    #   <tt>OpenSSL::Cipher.ciphers</tt>. Default is 'aes-256-gcm'.
+    # * <tt>:digest</tt> - String of digest to use for signing. Default is
+    #   +SHA1+. Ignored when using an AEAD cipher like 'aes-256-gcm'.
     # * <tt>:serializer</tt> - Object serializer to use. Default is +Marshal+.
     def initialize(secret, *signature_key_or_options)
       options = signature_key_or_options.extract_options!
       sign_secret = signature_key_or_options.first
       @secret = secret
       @sign_secret = sign_secret
-      @cipher = options[:cipher] || 'aes-256-cbc'
-      @verifier = MessageVerifier.new(@sign_secret || @secret, digest: options[:digest] || 'SHA1', serializer: NullSerializer)
+      @cipher = options[:cipher] || self.class.default_cipher
+      @digest = options[:digest] || "SHA1" unless aead_mode?
+      @verifier = resolve_verifier
       @serializer = options[:serializer] || Marshal
     end
 
     # Encrypt and sign a message. We need to sign the message in order to avoid
-    # padding attacks. Reference: http://www.limited-entropy.com/padding-oracle-attacks.
-    def encrypt_and_sign(value)
-      verifier.generate(_encrypt(value))
+    # padding attacks. Reference: https://www.limited-entropy.com/padding-oracle-attacks/.
+    def encrypt_and_sign(value, expires_at: nil, expires_in: nil, purpose: nil)
+      verifier.generate(_encrypt(value, expires_at: expires_at, expires_in: expires_in, purpose: purpose))
     end
 
     # Decrypt and verify a message. We need to verify the message in order to
-    # avoid padding attacks. Reference: http://www.limited-entropy.com/padding-oracle-attacks.
-    def decrypt_and_verify(value)
-      _decrypt(verifier.verify(value))
+    # avoid padding attacks. Reference: https://www.limited-entropy.com/padding-oracle-attacks/.
+    def decrypt_and_verify(data, purpose: nil, **)
+      _decrypt(verifier.verify(data), purpose)
     end
 
     # Given a cipher, returns the key length of the cipher to help generate the key of desired size
-    def self.key_len(cipher = DEFAULT_CIPHER)
+    def self.key_len(cipher = default_cipher)
       OpenSSL::Cipher.new(cipher).key_len
     end
 
     private
+      def _encrypt(value, **metadata_options)
+        cipher = new_cipher
+        cipher.encrypt
+        cipher.key = @secret
 
-    def _encrypt(value)
-      cipher = new_cipher
-      cipher.encrypt
-      cipher.key = @secret
-
-      # Rely on OpenSSL for the initialization vector
-      iv = cipher.random_iv
+        # Rely on OpenSSL for the initialization vector
+        iv = cipher.random_iv
+        cipher.auth_data = "" if aead_mode?
 
-      encrypted_data = cipher.update(@serializer.dump(value))
-      encrypted_data << cipher.final
+        encrypted_data = cipher.update(Messages::Metadata.wrap(@serializer.dump(value), metadata_options))
+        encrypted_data << cipher.final
 
-      "#{::Base64.strict_encode64 encrypted_data}--#{::Base64.strict_encode64 iv}"
-    end
-
-    def _decrypt(encrypted_message)
-      cipher = new_cipher
-      encrypted_data, iv = encrypted_message.split("--").map {|v| ::Base64.strict_decode64(v)}
+        blob = "#{::Base64.strict_encode64 encrypted_data}--#{::Base64.strict_encode64 iv}"
+        blob = "#{blob}--#{::Base64.strict_encode64 cipher.auth_tag}" if aead_mode?
+        blob
+      end
 
-      cipher.decrypt
-      cipher.key = @secret
-      cipher.iv  = iv
+      def _decrypt(encrypted_message, purpose)
+        cipher = new_cipher
+        encrypted_data, iv, auth_tag = encrypted_message.split("--".freeze).map { |v| ::Base64.strict_decode64(v) }
+
+        # Currently the OpenSSL bindings do not raise an error if auth_tag is
+        # truncated, which would allow an attacker to easily forge it. See
+        # https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/63
+        raise InvalidMessage if aead_mode? && (auth_tag.nil? || auth_tag.bytes.length != 16)
+
+        cipher.decrypt
+        cipher.key = @secret
+        cipher.iv  = iv
+        if aead_mode?
+          cipher.auth_tag = auth_tag
+          cipher.auth_data = ""
+        end
+
+        decrypted_data = cipher.update(encrypted_data)
+        decrypted_data << cipher.final
+
+        message = Messages::Metadata.verify(decrypted_data, purpose)
+        @serializer.load(message) if message
+      rescue OpenSSLCipherError, TypeError, ArgumentError
+        raise InvalidMessage
+      end
 
-      decrypted_data = cipher.update(encrypted_data)
-      decrypted_data << cipher.final
+      def new_cipher
+        OpenSSL::Cipher.new(@cipher)
+      end
 
-      @serializer.load(decrypted_data)
-    rescue OpenSSLCipherError, TypeError, ArgumentError
-      raise InvalidMessage
-    end
+      def verifier
+        @verifier
+      end
 
-    def new_cipher
-      OpenSSL::Cipher.new(@cipher)
-    end
+      def aead_mode?
+        @aead_mode ||= new_cipher.authenticated?
+      end
 
-    def verifier
-      @verifier
-    end
+      def resolve_verifier
+        if aead_mode?
+          NullVerifier
+        else
+          MessageVerifier.new(@sign_secret || @secret, digest: @digest, serializer: NullSerializer)
+        end
+      end
   end
 end

data/lib/active_support/message_verifier.rb

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
-require 'base64'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
-require 'active_support/security_utils'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "base64"
+require "active_support/core_ext/object/blank"
+require "active_support/security_utils"
+require "active_support/messages/metadata"
+require "active_support/messages/rotator"
 
 module ActiveSupport
   # +MessageVerifier+ makes it easy to generate and verify messages which are
@@ -15,7 +19,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # In the authentication filter:
   #
   #   id, time = @verifier.verify(cookies[:remember_me])
-  #   if time < Time.now
+  #   if Time.now < time
   #     self.current_user = User.find(id)
   #   end
   #
@@ -24,34 +28,163 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # hash upon initialization:
   #
   #   @verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new('s3Krit', serializer: YAML)
+  #
+  # +MessageVerifier+ creates HMAC signatures using SHA1 hash algorithm by default.
+  # If you want to use a different hash algorithm, you can change it by providing
+  # +:digest+ key as an option while initializing the verifier:
+  #
+  #   @verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new('s3Krit', digest: 'SHA256')
+  #
+  # === Confining messages to a specific purpose
+  #
+  # By default any message can be used throughout your app. But they can also be
+  # confined to a specific +:purpose+.
+  #
+  #   token = @verifier.generate("this is the chair", purpose: :login)
+  #
+  # Then that same purpose must be passed when verifying to get the data back out:
+  #
+  #   @verifier.verified(token, purpose: :login)    # => "this is the chair"
+  #   @verifier.verified(token, purpose: :shipping) # => nil
+  #   @verifier.verified(token)                     # => nil
+  #
+  #   @verifier.verify(token, purpose: :login)      # => "this is the chair"
+  #   @verifier.verify(token, purpose: :shipping)   # => ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature
+  #   @verifier.verify(token)                       # => ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature
+  #
+  # Likewise, if a message has no purpose it won't be returned when verifying with
+  # a specific purpose.
+  #
+  #   token = @verifier.generate("the conversation is lively")
+  #   @verifier.verified(token, purpose: :scare_tactics) # => nil
+  #   @verifier.verified(token)                          # => "the conversation is lively"
+  #
+  #   @verifier.verify(token, purpose: :scare_tactics)   # => ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature
+  #   @verifier.verify(token)                            # => "the conversation is lively"
+  #
+  # === Making messages expire
+  #
+  # By default messages last forever and verifying one year from now will still
+  # return the original value. But messages can be set to expire at a given
+  # time with +:expires_in+ or +:expires_at+.
+  #
+  #   @verifier.generate(parcel, expires_in: 1.month)
+  #   @verifier.generate(doowad, expires_at: Time.now.end_of_year)
+  #
+  # Then the messages can be verified and returned upto the expire time.
+  # Thereafter, the +verified+ method returns +nil+ while +verify+ raises
+  # <tt>ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature</tt>.
+  #
+  # === Rotating keys
+  #
+  # MessageVerifier also supports rotating out old configurations by falling
+  # back to a stack of verifiers. Call +rotate+ to build and add a verifier to
+  # so either +verified+ or +verify+ will also try verifying with the fallback.
+  #
+  # By default any rotated verifiers use the values of the primary
+  # verifier unless specified otherwise.
+  #
+  # You'd give your verifier the new defaults:
+  #
+  #   verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(@secret, digest: "SHA512", serializer: JSON)
+  #
+  # Then gradually rotate the old values out by adding them as fallbacks. Any message
+  # generated with the old values will then work until the rotation is removed.
+  #
+  #   verifier.rotate old_secret          # Fallback to an old secret instead of @secret.
+  #   verifier.rotate digest: "SHA256"    # Fallback to an old digest instead of SHA512.
+  #   verifier.rotate serializer: Marshal # Fallback to an old serializer instead of JSON.
+  #
+  # Though the above would most likely be combined into one rotation:
+  #
+  #   verifier.rotate old_secret, digest: "SHA256", serializer: Marshal
   class MessageVerifier
+    prepend Messages::Rotator::Verifier
+
     class InvalidSignature < StandardError; end
 
     def initialize(secret, options = {})
-      raise ArgumentError, 'Secret should not be nil.' unless secret
+      raise ArgumentError, "Secret should not be nil." unless secret
       @secret = secret
-      @digest = options[:digest] || 'SHA1'
+      @digest = options[:digest] || "SHA1"
       @serializer = options[:serializer] || Marshal
     end
 
-    def verify(signed_message)
-      raise InvalidSignature if signed_message.nil? || !signed_message.valid_encoding? || signed_message.blank?
+    # Checks if a signed message could have been generated by signing an object
+    # with the +MessageVerifier+'s secret.
+    #
+    #   verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new 's3Krit'
+    #   signed_message = verifier.generate 'a private message'
+    #   verifier.valid_message?(signed_message) # => true
+    #
+    #   tampered_message = signed_message.chop # editing the message invalidates the signature
+    #   verifier.valid_message?(tampered_message) # => false
+    def valid_message?(signed_message)
+      return if signed_message.nil? || !signed_message.valid_encoding? || signed_message.blank?
 
-      data, digest = signed_message.split("--")
-      if data.present? && digest.present? && ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare(digest, generate_digest(data))
+      data, digest = signed_message.split("--".freeze)
+      data.present? && digest.present? && ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare(digest, generate_digest(data))
+    end
+
+    # Decodes the signed message using the +MessageVerifier+'s secret.
+    #
+    #   verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new 's3Krit'
+    #
+    #   signed_message = verifier.generate 'a private message'
+    #   verifier.verified(signed_message) # => 'a private message'
+    #
+    # Returns +nil+ if the message was not signed with the same secret.
+    #
+    #   other_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new 'd1ff3r3nt-s3Krit'
+    #   other_verifier.verified(signed_message) # => nil
+    #
+    # Returns +nil+ if the message is not Base64-encoded.
+    #
+    #   invalid_message = "f--46a0120593880c733a53b6dad75b42ddc1c8996d"
+    #   verifier.verified(invalid_message) # => nil
+    #
+    # Raises any error raised while decoding the signed message.
+    #
+    #   incompatible_message = "test--dad7b06c94abba8d46a15fafaef56c327665d5ff"
+    #   verifier.verified(incompatible_message) # => TypeError: incompatible marshal file format
+    def verified(signed_message, purpose: nil, **)
+      if valid_message?(signed_message)
         begin
-          @serializer.load(decode(data))
+          data = signed_message.split("--".freeze)[0]
+          message = Messages::Metadata.verify(decode(data), purpose)
+          @serializer.load(message) if message
         rescue ArgumentError => argument_error
-          raise InvalidSignature if argument_error.message =~ %r{invalid base64}
+          return if argument_error.message.include?("invalid base64")
           raise
         end
-      else
-        raise InvalidSignature
       end
     end
 
-    def generate(value)
-      data = encode(@serializer.dump(value))
+    # Decodes the signed message using the +MessageVerifier+'s secret.
+    #
+    #   verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new 's3Krit'
+    #   signed_message = verifier.generate 'a private message'
+    #
+    #   verifier.verify(signed_message) # => 'a private message'
+    #
+    # Raises +InvalidSignature+ if the message was not signed with the same
+    # secret or was not Base64-encoded.
+    #
+    #   other_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new 'd1ff3r3nt-s3Krit'
+    #   other_verifier.verify(signed_message) # => ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature
+    def verify(*args)
+      verified(*args) || raise(InvalidSignature)
+    end
+
+    # Generates a signed message for the provided value.
+    #
+    # The message is signed with the +MessageVerifier+'s secret. Without knowing
+    # the secret, the original value cannot be extracted from the message.
+    #
+    #   verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new 's3Krit'
+    #   verifier.generate 'a private message' # => "BAhJIhRwcml2YXRlLW1lc3NhZ2UGOgZFVA==--e2d724331ebdee96a10fb99b089508d1c72bd772"
+    def generate(value, expires_at: nil, expires_in: nil, purpose: nil)
+      data = encode(Messages::Metadata.wrap(@serializer.dump(value), expires_at: expires_at, expires_in: expires_in, purpose: purpose))
       "#{data}--#{generate_digest(data)}"
     end
 
@@ -65,7 +198,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       def generate_digest(data)
-        require 'openssl' unless defined?(OpenSSL)
+        require "openssl" unless defined?(OpenSSL)
         OpenSSL::HMAC.hexdigest(OpenSSL::Digest.const_get(@digest).new, @secret, data)
       end
   end

data/lib/active_support/messages/metadata.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "time"
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Messages #:nodoc:
+    class Metadata #:nodoc:
+      def initialize(message, expires_at = nil, purpose = nil)
+        @message, @expires_at, @purpose = message, expires_at, purpose
+      end
+
+      def as_json(options = {})
+        { _rails: { message: @message, exp: @expires_at, pur: @purpose } }
+      end
+
+      class << self
+        def wrap(message, expires_at: nil, expires_in: nil, purpose: nil)
+          if expires_at || expires_in || purpose
+            JSON.encode new(encode(message), pick_expiry(expires_at, expires_in), purpose)
+          else
+            message
+          end
+        end
+
+        def verify(message, purpose)
+          extract_metadata(message).verify(purpose)
+        end
+
+        private
+          def pick_expiry(expires_at, expires_in)
+            if expires_at
+              expires_at.utc.iso8601(3)
+            elsif expires_in
+              Time.now.utc.advance(seconds: expires_in).iso8601(3)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def extract_metadata(message)
+            data = JSON.decode(message) rescue nil
+
+            if data.is_a?(Hash) && data.key?("_rails")
+              new(decode(data["_rails"]["message"]), data["_rails"]["exp"], data["_rails"]["pur"])
+            else
+              new(message)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def encode(message)
+            ::Base64.strict_encode64(message)
+          end
+
+          def decode(message)
+            ::Base64.strict_decode64(message)
+          end
+      end
+
+      def verify(purpose)
+        @message if match?(purpose) && fresh?
+      end
+
+      private
+        def match?(purpose)
+          @purpose.to_s == purpose.to_s
+        end
+
+        def fresh?
+          @expires_at.nil? || Time.now.utc < Time.iso8601(@expires_at)
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_support/messages/rotation_configuration.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Messages
+    class RotationConfiguration # :nodoc:
+      attr_reader :signed, :encrypted
+
+      def initialize
+        @signed, @encrypted = [], []
+      end
+
+      def rotate(kind, *args)
+        case kind
+        when :signed
+          @signed << args
+        when :encrypted
+          @encrypted << args
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_support/messages/rotator.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Messages
+    module Rotator # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(*, **options)
+        super
+
+        @options   = options
+        @rotations = []
+      end
+
+      def rotate(*secrets, **options)
+        @rotations << build_rotation(*secrets, @options.merge(options))
+      end
+
+      module Encryptor
+        include Rotator
+
+        def decrypt_and_verify(*args, on_rotation: nil, **options)
+          super
+        rescue MessageEncryptor::InvalidMessage, MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature
+          run_rotations(on_rotation) { |encryptor| encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(*args, options) } || raise
+        end
+
+        private
+          def build_rotation(secret = @secret, sign_secret = @sign_secret, options)
+            self.class.new(secret, sign_secret, options)
+          end
+      end
+
+      module Verifier
+        include Rotator
+
+        def verified(*args, on_rotation: nil, **options)
+          super || run_rotations(on_rotation) { |verifier| verifier.verified(*args, options) }
+        end
+
+        private
+          def build_rotation(secret = @secret, options)
+            self.class.new(secret, options)
+          end
+      end
+
+      private
+        def run_rotations(on_rotation)
+          @rotations.find do |rotation|
+            if message = yield(rotation) rescue next
+              on_rotation.call if on_rotation
+              return message
+            end
+          end
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end